Bacterial Inactivation in Apple Juice by UV-light and Radio Frequency Electric Fields Processing
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EasternRegionalResearch
Center
Bacterial Inactivation in Apple Juice by UV-light and Radio Frequency Electric Fields
Processing
Dike O. Ukuku Ph.D.
FSIT-ERRC-ARS-USDA
Wyndmoor, PA 19038
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Human bacterial pathogens
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella are recognized foodborne pathogens and are capable of surviving in low acid foods like fruit juices
Outbreaks involving E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider and Salmonella in orange juices have raised concerns about the safety of consuming unpasteurized fruit juices
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Foodborne Illness in the U.S.
76 million illnesses each year
325,000 hospitalizations
5,200 deaths
$3 Billion in hospitalizations
$20-40 Billion = lost productivity
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Recent outbreaks of E. coli O104:H4 linked to contaminated organic bean sprouts (Bill Marler, 23, June , 2011)
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The European Union
3798 sickness, 865 with HUS cases, 2,930 with non-HUS cases, 44 deaths reported
Source : http://www.marlerblog.com/legal-cases/new-world-wide
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USA 5 confirmed cases (Three with HUS) connected to the
outbreak (Michigan, Massachusetts, Wisconsin and North Carolina)
* 1 death in Arizona linked to the outbreak
Japan In May of 2011 there was E. coli O111 outbreak 90 people sick, 23 with hemolytic uremic syndrome 4 deaths tied to a raw beef dish called yukhoe
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Processing treatments for juices
Physical and chemical treatments have been used in food processing to eliminate or at least reduce the presence of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods
Thermal processing is used by the juice industry to inactivate food borne pathogens however; it impairs the characteristic flavor of juices
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Objective
To develop, evaluate, validate, recommend and transfer post-harvest handling intervention technologies to enhance the quality and safety of the nation’s food supplies
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Fig 2: Enhancing Food SafetyAn Integrated Approach
Detection
CharacterizationProcessing
and Interventions
Outbreaks /Contamination
Safe Foods
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Technologies in use
Pulsed electric fields Radio frequency electric fields UV and pulse light Super-critical carbon dioxide High hydrostatic pressure Ohmic heating HTST/UHT, TDT devices Aseptic Processing and Packaging
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EasternRegionalResearch
Center
Fig 3: Radio Frequency Electric Fields Processing
80 kW RFEF Unit – World’s most powerful
Operates at 20, 30, and 40 kHz
Similar to Pulsed Electric Field
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Time
Voltage
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Modification of UV-light equipment
A UV apparatus was assembled at the Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services of United States Department of Agriculture with slight modification (Geveke, 2008)
The UV lamp was surrounded by a coil of tubing instead of having the tubing surrounded by UV lamps
The apple juice flowed through the UV transparent Chemfluor tubing. One, two, three, or four UV bulbs were used in series, depending on the experimental condition.
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Ultraviolet light equipment
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Effect of RFEF treatment on the survival and injured populations of E. coli cells in apple juice
Ukuku et al., 2008 J. Food Prot.71:684-690
Survival of E. coli cells in apple juice Injured populations in apple juice
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Damage to membrane surface structure of bacteria by RFEF treatment led to leakage of intracellular ATP [SEM (Figure 1, A= Control, B=40C, C= 50C and D= 55C)] Ukuku et al., 2008 J. Food Prot.71:684-690
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UV-light inactivation of E. coli in liquid eggs
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0 50 100 150 200
Treatment Time, s
0
1
2
3
4
5In
activation, lo
g c
fu/m
l
D = 37 s
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Survival and percent injury by RFEF treatment
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Effect of combined UV-light and RFEF treatment
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___0.5 µm
TEM observation of E. coli cells (A= control; B= Heat@75C; C= RFEF+55C
A
CB
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Leakage of UV-materials at 260 nm
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CONCLUSION
The results of this study clearly showed the differences in bacterial inactivation by UV light alone, RFEF treatment and a combine UV light + RFEF treatment
Proper modifications of treatment parameters is likely to improve process treatment and enhanced the microbial safety of treated juices
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A combination of the two processing treatments did not increase cell injury or leakage of UV-substances
Mechanism of bacterial inactivation by RFEF treatment is different from UV-light treatment
RFEF treatment caused more membrane injury
and cellular leakage of UV-substances than UV-light treatment
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Process commercialization/products
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Acknowledgments
Dr. Howard Zhang Dr. John Phillips Dr. David Geveke Dr. Ms. Donyel M. Jones, Mr. Lee Chau
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For more information
Contact:Dr. Dike O. UkukuSenior Scientist, FSIT- ERRC- ARS-USDA600 E. Mermaid La, Wyndmoor, PA 19038215-233-6427, Fax [email protected]://www.ars.usda.gov/naa/errc
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