Bacteria and Viruses AP Biology Bacteria Very diverse Most abundant Prokaryotic Single chromosome;...
Transcript of Bacteria and Viruses AP Biology Bacteria Very diverse Most abundant Prokaryotic Single chromosome;...
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Bacteria and Viruses
AP Biology
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Bacteria
• Very diverse
• Most abundant
• Prokaryotic
• Single chromosome; some have a plasmid
• Usually a cell wall
• Prokaryotic fission
• Great diversity in metabolism
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Three Shapes
• Coccus—pl. cocci spherical
• Bacillus—pl. bacilli rod
• Spirillum—pl. spirilla spiral
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Three Shapes
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Three Shapes
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Three Shapes
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Three Shapes
bacillus
coccus
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Three Shapes
• Diplococcus: chain of two
• Streptococcus: chain of many
• Tetrad: ball of four• Sarcinae: larger ball• Staphylococci: bunch
of grapes
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Three Shapes
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Three Shapes
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Three Shapes
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Three Shapes
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Typical Cell
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Typical Cell
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Gram Stain• Bacteria are often identified as gram positive or
gram negative• This refers to their reaction to a staining method
developed by Hans Christian Gram• The structure of the cell wall determines the
response
+-
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Gram Stain
• Gram positive appears purple or blue because the cell wall contains more peptidoglycan, which holds the violet stain.
• Gram negative appears pink or red. These have less peptidoglycan, which does not hold the violet dye.
• After the violet stain, they are rinsed in a red dye. The gram negative pick up only the second color.
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Gram Stain
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Gram Stain
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Prokaryotic Fission
• DNA is copied• New cell membrane
and new cell wall sections are made
• Cells separate
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Prokaryotic Fission
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Conjugation
• A tube connects the two bacteria
• The plasmid is replicated and transferred to the recipient cell
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Classification
• Eubacteria: most abundant; now includes the blue-green algae and other monerans
• Archaebacteria: three groups based on metabolism
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Viruses
• Are they alive?
• Do they exhibit the characteristics of life?
• What diseases do they cause?
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Viruses
• Non-cellular• Infectious agent• Consist only of protein
coat surrounding genetic material; coat contains proteins that bind with a receptor protein
• Genetic material can be DNA or RNA
• Range from 4 genes to several hundred genes
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Viruses
• 4 typical body plans• Helical• Polyhedral-many
sided coat• T-even• Enveloped • Page 356
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Viruses• Cannot reproduce itself
• Must have a host cell
• Mutates frequently, outer protein coat changes
• That’s why we can’t make some vaccines and why we get some illnesses over and over again
RNA viruses are called retroviruses;
They must make cDNA from RNA and then proceed with replication
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Viruses
• Viruses can attack animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells
• Viruses which attack bacteria are called bacteriophages, or phages
• Notice different types by shape
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Viral reproduction in host cells
• Virus matches a receptor on host cell membrane
• Enters by endocytosis
• Directs replication of viral DNA and the manufacture of new viruses
• Damages or destroys the cell, resulting in symptoms
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Viruses
• Replication in phages takes one of two pathways: lytic or lysogenic
• Lytic progresses right away
• Lysogenic may be latent and reactivated later
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Viruses
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• Lytic cycle in a human cell
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Viruses
• Lyse means “to burst”• The lytic cycle always
results in the death of the host cell
• Page 358 in text
Computer generated picture of the polio virus
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Smaller than Viruses
• Prions are small proteins that cause diseases of the nervous system—Mad Cow Disease
• Viroids are tightly folded strands or circles of RNA that resemble introns—mostly plant diseases
Prions
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Viroid plant infections
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Influenza virus