Backyard hatcheries for finfish and shellfish - UGent Lin.pdf · Fish Backyard scale ... Live feed...
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Backyard hatcheries for Backyard hatcheries for finfish and shellfish:finfish and shellfish:the Asian phenomenonthe Asian phenomenon
ChangChang--KweiKwei LinLinAsian Institute of TechnologyAsian Institute of Technology
And And David LittleDavid Little
StirlingStirling UniversityUniversity
Major aquaculture region in AsiaMajor aquaculture region in Asia
Major Aquaculture Production in Asia Major Aquaculture Production in Asia (FAO 2002 data)(FAO 2002 data)
China (xmillion tonnes)
Fish13.5574%
Crustacean0.845%
Molluscs3.8621%
Indonesia (x1,000 tonnes)
Fish654.2579%
Crustacean170.3221%
P h i l i p p i n e s ( x 1 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s )
F i s h3 7 6 .7 5
8 5 %
C r u s ta c e a n4 2 .2 41 0 %
M o l l u s c s2 4 .2 2
5 %
Thailand (x1,000 tonnes)
Crustacean162.4125%
Fish330.6552%
Others (Frogs and soft-shell
turtle)1.660%
Molluscs145.3023%
Vietnam (x1,000 tonnes)
Fish390.0076%
Crustacean95.5018%
Molluscs33.006%
Key components in aquaculture Key components in aquaculture developmentdevelopment
Seed Seed
Feed Feed
Post harvest processPost harvest process
marketmarket
xxxxGiant river prawn, Giant river prawn, MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium rosenbergiirosenbergii
xxChinese river crab, Chinese river crab, EriocheirEriocheir sinensissinensis
CrustaceansCrustaceans
xxxxMarble goby, Marble goby, OxyeleotrisOxyeleotris marmoratamarmorata
xxxxCommon carps, Common carps, CyprinusCyprinus carpiocarpio
xxxxSnakehead, Snakehead, ChannaChanna sppspp..
xxxxSnakeskin Snakeskin gouramigourami, , TrichogasterTrichogaster pectoralispectoralis
xxxxGiant Giant gouramigourami, , OsphronemusOsphronemus goramygoramy
xxxxTorpedoTorpedo--shaped catfishes, shaped catfishes, ClariasClarias sppspp
xxxxStriped catfish, Striped catfish, PangasiusPangasius hypophthalmushypophthalmus
xxxxThai silver barb, Thai silver barb, PuntiusPuntius gonionotusgonionotus
xxJapanese eel, Japanese eel, AnguillaAnguilla japonicajaponica
xxxxTilapia, Tilapia, OreochromisOreochromis sppspp..
xxxxIndian carpsIndian carps
xxxxChinese carpsChinese carps
Large Large scalescaleBackyardBackyardFishFish
HatcheryHatcheryWildWild
Seed sourceSeed source
MAJOR FRESHWATER FISH AND CRUSTACEANS BEING CULTURED IN THE REGION
MAJOR SPECIES OF MARINE FISH, CRUSTACEANS & MOLLUSKS BEING CULTURED IN THE REGION
xxxxSweet snail, Sweet snail, BabyloniaBabylonia sppspp. .
xxxxAbalone, Abalone, HaliotisHaliotis sppspp..
xxGreen mussel, Green mussel, PernaPerna viridisviridis
xxBlood cockle, Blood cockle, AnadaraAnadara granosagranosa
xxPacific cupped oyster, Pacific cupped oyster, CrassostreaCrassostrea gigasgigas
MollusksMollusksxxTropical spiny lobsters, Tropical spiny lobsters, PanulirusPanulirus sp.sp.
xxSwimming crabs, Swimming crabs, PortunusPortunus sp.sp.
xxxxMud crab, Mud crab, Scylla Scylla serrataserrata
xxxxGreasy back shrimp, Greasy back shrimp, MetapenaeusMetapenaeus ensisensis
xxBanana prawn, Banana prawn, PenaeusPenaeus merguiensismerguiensis
xxxxWhite shrimp, White shrimp, LitopenaeusLitopenaeus vannameivannamei
xxxxJapanese shrimpJapanese shrimp, , PenaeusPenaeus japonicusjaponicus
xxxxxxGiant tiger shrimp, Giant tiger shrimp, PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodonCrustaceansCrustaceans
xxxxMulletMullet, , MugilMugil sppspp..
xxxxBarramundi, Barramundi, LatesLates calcarifercalcarifer
xxxxxxGroupers, Groupers, EpinephelusEpinephelus sppspp..xxxxxxMilkfish, Milkfish, ChanosChanos chanoschanos
LargeLargescalescale
BackyardBackyardFishFish
HatcheryHatcheryWildWild
Seed sourceSeed source
Developmental Pattern in Seed ProductionDevelopmental Pattern in Seed Production
DomestificationDomestification (Public/Private sector)(Public/Private sector)
Propagation (demonstration/extension)Propagation (demonstration/extension)
Backyard operatorsBackyard operators
Medium/large scale operators Medium/large scale operators
Components involved in seed productionComponents involved in seed production
Process Task FacilityProcess Task FacilityBrood fishBrood fish Feed, water quality Tank, pondFeed, water quality Tank, pond
diseasesdiseasesSpawning Spawning Natural, artificial Tank, Natural, artificial Tank, hapahapa, pond , pond
Hatching Hatching Water quality, disease Tank, Water quality, disease Tank, hapahapa
Larval rearingLarval rearing Feed (live/artificial), Tank, Feed (live/artificial), Tank, hapahapa, pond , pond water quality, diseasewater quality, disease
Fry nursingFry nursing Feed (live/artificial), Tank, Feed (live/artificial), Tank, hapahapa, pond , pond water quality, disease water quality, disease
Fingering rearingFingering rearing Feed, water quality Feed, water quality HapaHapa, pond, ponddiseasedisease
Attributes of Backyard HatcheriesAttributes of Backyard Hatcheries
SmallSmall--scale family based operationscale family based operation
Simple facility and equipmentSimple facility and equipment
Low investment Low investment
Low cost operationLow cost operation
Flexibility/diversificationFlexibility/diversification
Requirements for operating backyard hatcheriesRequirements for operating backyard hatcheries
FinanceFinance
Facility Facility
Technical knowTechnical know--howhow
Personnel Personnel
Management Management
MarketingMarketing
Examples of Backyard HatcheriesExamples of Backyard Hatcheries
Freshwater Freshwater TilapiaTilapia
CatfishCatfish
Marine Marine Grouper/milkfish/Grouper/milkfish/seabassseabass
ShrimpShrimp
Tilapias (1) Tilapias (1) The expanding cultured fishThe expanding cultured fish
Commonly cultured speciesCommonly cultured species
Nile tilapia,Nile tilapia, OreochromisOreochromis niloticusniloticus
Red tilapiaRed tilapia, , OreochromisOreochromis hybridshybrids
Hybrid tilapiaHybrid tilapia,, O.niloticusO.niloticus x x O. O. aureaaurea
Tilapia Hatchery Tasks (2)Tilapia Hatchery Tasks (2)
Brood fish Brood fish maintenancemaintenance
SpawningSpawning
Egg collectionEgg collection
Egg hatchingEgg hatching
Fry rearing Fry rearing –– sex sex manipulationmanipulation
Advanced nursingAdvanced nursing
David Little: backyard tilapia hatchery guruDavid Little: backyard tilapia hatchery guru
Catfish Cultured in SE Asia (1)Catfish Cultured in SE Asia (1)the air breathersthe air breathers
ClariasClarias macrocephalusmacrocephalusC. C. fuscusfuscusC. C. gariepinusgariepinusHybrid (Hybrid (C. C. gariepinusgariepinus x x CC. . macrocephalusmacrocephalus))PangasiusPangasius hypothalmushypothalmusP. P. suthisuthiP. P. bocourtibocourtiPangasianodonPangasianodon gigasgigasMystusMystus sppspp..
Catfish market in Bangkok (2)Catfish market in Bangkok (2)
Brood catfish producers (3)Brood catfish producers (3)
Backyard catfish Hatchery in Backyard catfish Hatchery in Thailand (4)Thailand (4)
Hatchery Tasks (5)Hatchery Tasks (5)
1.6 billion/yr fry of 1.6 billion/yr fry of hybridehybride catfish produced in Thailandcatfish produced in Thailand
A backyard hatchery of A backyard hatchery of BasaBasa catfish catfish in Vietnam (6)in Vietnam (6)
Wild seedWild seed
50 hatcheries 50 hatcheries
620 million fry /yr620 million fry /yr
205 million f 205 million f ingerlingsingerlings/yr/yr
Artificial breeding of Mekong giant catfish (7) Artificial breeding of Mekong giant catfish (7) from wild to backyard fry productionfrom wild to backyard fry production
Diversifying Livelihood of Tsunami Affected Diversifying Livelihood of Tsunami Affected Fishermen in Thailand (8)Fishermen in Thailand (8)
Training of backyard catfish breeding for Training of backyard catfish breeding for tsunami affected fishermen at AIT (9)tsunami affected fishermen at AIT (9)
Live food production Live food production –– a hatchery supporting business a hatchery supporting business Water flea, blood worm, midget, etc.Water flea, blood worm, midget, etc.
Live feed culture (Live feed culture (MoinaMoina sp.)sp.)A smallA small--scale supporting businessscale supporting business
ShaoShao WenWen Ling:Ling: pioneer of artificial breeding of pioneer of artificial breeding of PangasiusPangasius catfish and catfish and MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium rosenbergiirosenbergii
ZhongZhong LinLin: guru in propagation of Chinese carps: guru in propagation of Chinese carps
Marine FishMarine Fish
Commonly cultured fishCommonly cultured fish
MilkfishMilkfishChanosChanos ChanosChanos
SeaSea bassbassLatesLates calcarifercalcarifer
GroupersGroupersEpihephelusEpihephelus sppspp..
CromileptesCromileptes sp.sp.
MulletMulletMugilMugil sppspp..
The new paradigm The new paradigm Seed production system (1)Seed production system (1)
Backyard hatchery
B
Backyard Hatchery
C
BackyardHatchery
A
Breeder center
Division of Labor in Seed Division of Labor in Seed ProductionProduction
Breeder center:Broodfish
Eggs
Backyard:Egg hatchingLarval rearing
Backyard:Fry/fingerling
rearing
Grouper Grouper BroodfishBroodfish Ponds in Large Ponds in Large Breeder HatcheriesBreeder Hatcheries
BroodfishBroodfish maitntainedmaitntained in various facilityin various facility
An Example for a Backyard Hatchery in An Example for a Backyard Hatchery in GondolGondol, Bali, Bali
Facility Facility Roofed larval and rotiferRoofed larval and rotifertankstanksMicroagaeMicroagae tankstanksSubmersed pumpSubmersed pumpAir blowerAir blowerEmergency generatorEmergency generatorFiltering netsFiltering netsMiscellaneousMiscellaneous
PersonnelPersonnel2 full time workers2 full time workers
Backyard Nurseries for Grouper and Backyard Nurseries for Grouper and Milkfish in Bali, IndonesiaMilkfish in Bali, Indonesia
Grouper nurseryGrouper nursery
Financial FeaturesFinancial FeaturesA case of backyard hatchery for grouper seed A case of backyard hatchery for grouper seed
production in 1 yr in production in 1 yr in GondolGondol, Indonesia, Indonesia
CostsCostsFertilized eggs (300,000) US$ 53Fertilized eggs (300,000) US$ 53Larval feed (Larval feed (artemiaartemia, rotifer, , rotifer,
artificial diets) 594artificial diets) 594Electricity 88 Electricity 88 Wages (2 workers) 565Wages (2 workers) 565Land lease 540 Land lease 540 Depreciation & interest 1,371 Depreciation & interest 1,371 Total expenditure 3,387Total expenditure 3,387Revenue 5,400 Revenue 5,400 Net income 2,013 Net income 2,013
Model of Alliance in Grouper Seed Production in Model of Alliance in Grouper Seed Production in GondolGondol: : GGovernmental overnmental
RresearchRresearch StationStation--Private Breeding CenterPrivate Breeding Center--Backyard HatcheriesBackyard Hatcheries
milkfish milkfish 540 backyard 9 billions 540 backyard 9 billions grouper grouper 4.8 millions4.8 millionsseabassseabass 84,00084,000
Major species of Cultured Marine Shrimp & Major species of Cultured Marine Shrimp & Freshwater prawnFreshwater prawn
PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodon
LitopenaeusLitopenaeus vannameivannamei
MetapenaeusMetapenaeus ensisensis
MacrobrachiumMacrobrachiumrosenbergiirosenbergii
Collection of wild post larvaeCollection of wild post larvae
Shrimp and Prawn Brooders Shrimp and Prawn Brooders
Shrimp/prawn seed production systemShrimp/prawn seed production systemDivision of LaborDivision of Labor
Breeder center:Broodstock rearing
Egg production
Backyard:Egg hatchingLarval rearing
Backyard:Fry/fingerling
rearing
Shrimp Hatchery TasksShrimp Hatchery Tasks
Brood stock maintenanceBrood stock maintenance
Maturation & spawningMaturation & spawning
Egg hatching Egg hatching
Larval rearing: Larval rearing:
naupliusnauplius
zoeazoea
mysismysis
Post larval rearingPost larval rearing
Shrimp Hatcheries in Southern ChinaShrimp Hatcheries in Southern China
HainanHainan: 5 large scale, 500 small scale; PL production/yr: 20x10: 5 large scale, 500 small scale; PL production/yr: 20x1099
FujenFujen: 660 hatcheries: PL production: 8.36x10: 660 hatcheries: PL production: 8.36x109
Shrimp Hatcheries in Vietnam (1)Shrimp Hatcheries in Vietnam (1)
Shrimp Hatchery operations in Vietnam (2)Shrimp Hatchery operations in Vietnam (2)
2004 statistics2004 statistics
No. hatcheries: 5,094No. hatcheries: 5,094
PL production: 26 billionsPL production: 26 billions
New Paradigm in Shrimp Seed New Paradigm in Shrimp Seed Production SystemProduction System
Recent changes in shrimp speciesRecent changes in shrimp speciescultured in Asiacultured in Asia
PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodon --> > LitopenaeusLitopenaeus vannameivannamei
Changes in hatchery systemChanges in hatchery systemmultiple staged hatchery multiple staged hatchery --> integrated breeding > integrated breeding enterprise enterprise
Impacts on backyard hatcheries Impacts on backyard hatcheries
Backyard shrimp hatcheries destroyed by Backyard shrimp hatcheries destroyed by the tsunami in southern Thailandthe tsunami in southern Thailand
Number of hatcheries destroyed: 573Number of hatcheries destroyed: 573Loss (US$): 3.7 millionsLoss (US$): 3.7 millions
Taiwanese Model for Fish Fry ProductionTaiwanese Model for Fish Fry ProductionFish Breeders Association Fish Breeders Association ((www.fish.org.twwww.fish.org.tw))
Species of fish fry produced: 67Species of fish fry produced: 67Total No. fish fry producers: Total No. fish fry producers: 1000+1000+Number of TFBA members: 430+Number of TFBA members: 430+Major fish fry production (2004):Major fish fry production (2004):Milkfish 105,000,000Milkfish 105,000,000Groupers 26,335,000Groupers 26,335,000SlipmouthSlipmouth 27,500,00027,500,000Snappers 7,150,000 Snappers 7,150,000 Sea bass 6,700,000Sea bass 6,700,000Cobia 5,500,000Cobia 5,500,000Live feed producers:Live feed producers:Rotifers 23Rotifers 23Copepods 20Copepods 20Artemia 12Artemia 12Artificial feed, chemicals : Artificial feed, chemicals : numerousnumerous
FBA
Species A Species B Species C
Dr. Dr. MotosakuMotosaku FujinagaFujinaga & Dr. & Dr. LiaoLiao II--Chiu Chiu Pioneers in hatchery breeding of Marine ShrimpsPioneers in hatchery breeding of Marine Shrimps
ConclusionsConclusions
Backyard hatcheries, particularly nurseries, play a predominant Backyard hatcheries, particularly nurseries, play a predominant role in seed production for many species in Asia role in seed production for many species in Asia
Backyard hatchery enterprise assumes a vital role in providing Backyard hatchery enterprise assumes a vital role in providing employment and improving livelihoods in rural societyemployment and improving livelihoods in rural society
Backyard hatcheries are constraint from resources and Backyard hatcheries are constraint from resources and technical capacity for controlling and improving seed qualitytechnical capacity for controlling and improving seed quality
Backyard hatchery operators are often less aware or affordable Backyard hatchery operators are often less aware or affordable of of biosecuritybiosecurity and environmental concernsand environmental concerns
Backyard hatcheries will have to form business alliance among Backyard hatcheries will have to form business alliance among themselves and with large enterprises which are capable of themselves and with large enterprises which are capable of market strategies and able to ensure seed quality as well as market strategies and able to ensure seed quality as well as production technologies through research. production technologies through research.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsLam My Lam My LanLan
QuiQui--mingming LaiLai
Vu Cam Vu Cam LuongLuong
Truong T. Truong T. NghiaNghia
Nguyen T. Phuong Nguyen T. Phuong
Arlene Arlene SatapornvanitSatapornvanit
SihSih--Yang Yang SimSim
Patrick SorgeloosPatrick Sorgeloos
YunYun--chuan Suchuan Su
KetutKetut SugamaSugama
Hoang Hoang TungTung
Wilfred YapWilfred Yap
Pam T. YenPam T. Yen
DerDer--RenRen Yuen Yuen