back into the linguistic system…

phonetics

phonology

lexicon + morphology

FORM FUNCTIONm o d e l s

Phones, Phonemes, Language

/l/

[p] [pH]

English

/p/

phonology phonetics

[l] […]

/r/[®] Ø

/l/

[p] [pH]/p/

phonology phonetics

[l] […]

/r/[®] Ø

FORMFUNCTIONm o d e l s

Another model

“On Mondays we study linguistics”

• Processes• Participants• Circumstances

Another model

“On Mondays we study linguistics”

• Processes• Participants• Circumstances

Another model

“On Mondays we study linguistics”

• Processes• Participants• Circumstances

Another model

“On Mondays we study linguistics”

• Processes• Participants• Circumstances

Functional structure: clauses

ProcessParticipants

Circumstances

FUNCTION

Functional structure: clauses

ProcessParticipants

Circumstances

verbal group

prepositional phrasesadverbial groups

nominal groups

consist of

FUNCTION FORM

The Rank Scale

• clauses• groups and phrases

– nominal groups– verbal groups– adjectival groups– adverbial groups– prepositional phrases

• words• morphemes

are made up of

Names of parts: Rank Units

A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.

A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands

in the garden

the garden

clause

his handswiped

-edwipe he hand -s

A small gnome

in

group

group

group

group

group

word

word

word wordword word

morphemes

Rank Units: down to groups

A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.

A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands

in the garden

the garden

clause

in

nominal group

prepositional phrase

verbal group

nominalgroup

nominal grouppreposition

The Rank Scale

• clauses• groups and phrases

– nominal groups– verbal groups– adjectival groups– adverbial groups– prepositional phrases

• words• morphemes

are made up of

The Rank Scale

• clauses• groups and phrases

– nominal groups– verbal groups– adjectival groups– adverbial groups– prepositional phrases

• words• morphemes

are made up of

[b t] “bat”

[ p Qt ][ k Qt ]

b

[ b E t ][ b It ]

Q[ b Qp ]

[ b Qd ]

t

Phones / Phonetics

/b t/

pk p

dEI

b Q t

Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units

• phonemes are the minimal units of phonology

• changing a phoneme means that you change the word!

When does a word ‘change’?

sailingnailingmailing

sailednailedmailed

sailnailmail

When does a word ‘change’?

sailingnailingmailing

sailednailedmailed

sailnailmail

Representing Word Structure

sail ing

?

Word

?

Representing Word Structure

sail ing

Word

Word

?

Representing Word Structure

sail ing

Word

Word

AFFIX

Inflectional Affixes

sail ing

Word

Word

AFFIX

Inflectional Affixes

sail ing

V

V

AFFIX

Derivational Affixes

sail er

V

N

AFFIX

Word Structure

-sspeak -er

DERIVATIONALAFFIX

INFLECTIONALAFFIXV

N

N

root or base

[ ][ ]

Morphological Processes:

Word Formation

speak -er

DERIVATIONALAFFIXV

N

[ ]

-sspeaker

INFLECTIONALAFFIXN

N

[ ]

Morphological Processes:

Inflectional Processes

Morphemes

FREE BOUND

Morphemes

FREE BOUND

DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL

un-, mini-, -ion, -ment -s, -ing, -est

Morphemes

FREE BOUND

DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONALOPEN CLOSED

student, new, quick the, of, every, from

English Derivational Suffixes

quiet-ly, slow-lyA → Adv-ly

stupid-ity, prior-ityA → N-ityassert-ive, impress-iveV → A-ive

the sleep-ing giantV → A-ingthe shoot-ingV → N-ing

teach-er, work-erV → N-er

realiz-ation, assert-ionV → N-(at)ion

fix-able, do-ableV → A-able

English Derivational Prefixes

un-tie, un-lockV → Vun-

un-happy, un-fairA → Aun-mis-identify, mis-classifyV → Vmis-

in-complete, in-competentA → Ain-ex-president, ex-wifeN → Nex-

dis-continue, dis-obeyV → Vdis-

de-activate, de-lexicaliseV → Vde-

anti-hero, anti-pollutionN → Nanti-

English Inflectional Suffixes

the longest onesuperlative –estadjectives

the longer onecomparative –eradjectivesthey have calledpast participle –edverbs

walkedpast tense –edverbs

runningprogressive form -ing

verbs

she writes well3rd pers sing -sverbs

the teacher’s textpossessive –’snouns

the textsplural -snouns

More complex example

pre-activation• which morphemes?• what kinds of morphemes are they?• how are they related?• how do they change the word categories?

Bound morphemes: Affixes

• Suffixes• Prefixes• Infixes• Circumfixes

• Internal changes e.g., Umlaut

Other word building processes• Suppletion

– replacement of a morpheme by an alternative phonologically unrelated form

– go vs. went

• Reduplication• Compounding

– street light [N + N]– bluebird [Adj + N]– swear word [V + N]– overload [Prep + N]

Compounding

dog food box

Compounding

N

dog food box

N

N

N

N

Compounding

baseball bat rack

Compounding

N

N

N

base ball bat rack

N

N

N

N

Endocentric vs. Exocentric Compounds

• dog food ⇒ a type of food• cave man ⇒ a type of man

• bluebottle ⇒ not a type of bottle!• Walkman ⇒ not a type of man!• sabre tooth ⇒ not a type of tooth!

endocentric

exocentric

Endocentric vs. Exocentric Compounds

• dog food ⇒ dog foods• cave man ⇒ cave men

• bluebottle ⇒ bluebottles• Walkman ⇒ Walkmans• sabre tooth ⇒ sabre tooths

endocentric

exocentric

A closer look at the relation between phonology and morphology

plural morpheme: inflectional suffix: -s

[b t]bat + -s ⇒ bats [b ts]

A closer look at the relation between phonology and morphology

plural morpheme

[b ]bed + -s ⇒ beds [b ]

A closer look at the relation between phonology and morphology

plural morpheme

[mIs]miss + -s ⇒ misses [mIsI ]

plural → [-s] / voiceless nonsibilant consonant # _

[-z] / vowel or voiced non-sibilant consonant # _

[-Iz] / sibilant consonant # _

Morphemes and Allomorphsmorphophonological rules

Morphemes and Allomorphsmorphophonological rules

Different languages have different sets of rules for expressing their morphemes: these can lead to very different, but

usually systematic, changes in the phonology

Homework / Tutorial Work

• Make sure you can analyse any English word into its component morphemes

• Make sure you can find the right (or at least appropriate) ‘trees’ in N-N compounds

• Do the exercises for the chapter in the reading!