BA-BSc III Sem. Common Course Malayala Sahithyam.pmd
Transcript of BA-BSc III Sem. Common Course Malayala Sahithyam.pmd
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COMMON COURSE
For
BA / B ScIII SEMESTER
(2011 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
111
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA/B Sc
III SEMESTER
COMMON COURSE
ae-bmf kmln-Xyw
Prepared by:
Module I - Sri. N. Balakrishnan,Module II (hr≤-kZ\w) Njayath House,
P.O. Malayamkavu, Kulukkallur.
Module II (sNdp-I-Y) - Dr. Radha. P.I,Module III & IV Associate Professor,
Department of Malayalam,Unity Women’s Collge, Manjeri.
Scruitnised by - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,Kozhikode - 673009.
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)Reserved
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Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿
samU-yqƒ ˛ 1
tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw 5
Km‘mco hnem]w 9
Ie-ym-W-skuK‘nIw 16
N≠m-e- n-£pIn 23
ae-tI-d¬ 28
Hcp tXmWn-bmX 31
IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ 38
_m°n h√-Xp-apt≠m 41
amº-g-°mew 44
samU-yqƒ ˛ 2
hr≤-k-Z\w 46
ssSK¿ 68
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ 71
LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw 73
samU-yqƒ ˛ 3
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ 75
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy 80
samU-yqƒ ˛ 4
ImgvN 83
k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv 87
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samU-yqƒ 1
tKmh¿≤t\m≤m-cWw(IrjvW-Km-Y)
sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncn
ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw hnI-mk ]cn-Wma ]≤-Xn-bnse Hcp hgn-Øn-
cn-hmWv IrjvW-KmY AYhm IrjvW-∏m- v. kmam-\-y-P-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cn∂ \mtSm-Sn-
∏m-´p-I-fp-tSbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v amXw e`n-®n-cp∂ kwkvIrX kmln-XyØns‚bpw kwkvIm-
cßfpsS -k-a-\-z-b-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. \mtSm-Sn-Km-\-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS ssien-bn¬
kmln-Xy KpW-k-ºp-jvS-ambn ae-bm-f-Ønep≠mb H∂m-asØ alm-Im-h-y-amWv IrjvW-KmY F∂p
]d-bmw. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ D≠mbsX∂v hni-z-kn-°m-hp∂ Cu IrXn-bnep-
]-bp-‡-amb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kmc-fyw C∂pw A¤p-Xm-h-l-amWv. kwkvIrX mj-bnepw kwkvIr-
X-Øn\v ap≥Xq°apff aWn-]-hm-f-Ønepw amXw Ihn-X-sb-gpXp∂Xv `qj-W-ambn Icp-Xn-bncp∂
ImeØv Hcp \ºq-Xncn°hn Fgp-Xnb kmln-X-y-aq-e-y-ap-ff Hcp IrXn F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw
AXn-\p-≠v. mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ ae-bm-f-tØmSpw BJ-ym-\-ssi-en-bn¬ aWn-]-hmf kº-Zm-b-tØmSpw
tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv IrjvWKm-Y-bpsS as‰mcp ]tX-y-I-X. ip≤-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-ß-fpsS
Hc-]q¿∆ tiJ-cw-Iq-Sn-bmWv IrjvW-KmY. Fgp-Ø-—\v apºv ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ BJ-ym\w sNbvX
Hcp anI® Imhyw F∂ \nebv°pw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øps‚ Bcw`w kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn
F∂ \nebv°pw IrjvW-Km-Y-bv°p-ff ]m[m-\yw hnkva-cn-bv°m-h-X-√.
sNdp-t»cn \ºqcn
tIme-Øncn cmPm-hmb Hcp DZ-b-h¿Ωs‚ Bin-X-\m-bn-cp∂p sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncnsb∂pw
At±-l-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-]-Imcw cNn-®-XmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-sb∂pw Imh-y- m-K-Øp¬\n∂v kv]jvS-am-Wv.
]memgn-amXp Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂
tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿Ω≥
B⁄-sb-s®-bvI-bm¬
- F∂ KŸm-cw- -Ønse kqN-\bpw
B⁄bm tIme `q]-ky
]m⁄tkym-Z-b-h¿ΩWm˛
IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ymbmw
F∂v A≤-ym-b-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.
Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-X-Im-e-tØbpw Ipdn®v CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-amb sXfp-shm∂pw
e`n-®n- n-√. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv cmam-b-Ww, `mcXw XpS-ßnb ]kn≤ aWn-]-hm-f-N-ºp-
°-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb ]q\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw Hc- n-]m-b-ap-≠v. IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-t∏mse alm-
`m-c-X-Km-Y-sb-s∂mcp IrXnbpw Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. AXpw DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-
]-Imcw cNn-®-sX-∂mWv kqN-\. Cu c≠p KmY-Ifpw GI-I¿Ør-I-am-sW∂pw Hc- n-]m-b-ap-≠v.
IrjvW-KmY, `c-X-Km-Y, cmam-b-Ww, alm- m-cX Nºp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bnse BJ-ym-\-co-Xnbpw `mjm-
co-Xnbpw Ah hn`n∂ I¿Ør-I-ß-sf∂v hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]WvUn-X-aXw. Ime-I-a-Øn¬
sNdn-t»cn C√w A\yw \n∂v ]\w C√Øn¬ ebn-®p-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-l-yhpw ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.
Cu IY Adn-bp-∂-h¿ IrjvW-KmY ]p\Ønt‚sX∂pw A√m-Ø-h¿ sNdn-t»-cn-bp-tS-sX∂pw
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]d™p h∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv ]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂
hni-zmkw D≠m-b-sX∂v alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-cs‚ t]cv
i¶-c≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ s]mXpsh C√-t∏-cn¬ Adn-™p-h-∂n-cp∂Xn\m¬
At±lw sNdp-t»cn F∂ t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv ]kn-≤-\m-b-Xm-sW∂pw Duln-°mw.
InkvX-z_vZw]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠mWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS cN-\m-Imew F∂v qcn-]£w kmln-X-y-
N-cn-XIm-c-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
KŸ-k-z-cq]w
`‡n-c-k-]-[m-\-amb mK-h-X-Ønse Zi-a-kvI-‘-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse IYm-h-kvXp.
Ihn DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hp-ambn NXp-cwKw Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmPm-hn-\v Ifn-bn¬
hnP-bn-°m≥ th≠ kqN\ \¬In-s°m≠p cm⁄n Hcp Xmcm- p-]m-Sn-sb∂pw B Xmcm- ns‚
coXn-bn¬ mK-h-X-Ønse Zi-a-kv°-‘-Øn-ep-ff IYsb Ah-ew-_n-®v- Hcp ae-bmf Imhyw cNn-
°m≥ cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®p-sh-∂p-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS D¬]-Øn-sb-∏‰nbpff ]kn-
≤-amb sFXn-l-yw. IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ mK-hXw Zi-akvI-‘-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ ioIr-jvWm-h-
Xmcw apX¬ kz¿§m-tcm-l-Ww-h-sc-bp-ff ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv apJ-y-ambpw h¿Æn-°p-∂-
sX-¶nepw ]Xn-s\m∂pw ]¥≠pw kvI‘-ß-fn-tebpw Nne mK-߃ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. mK-h-X-
I-Y-I-fpsS icn-∏-I¿∏mb Hcp ]p\-cm-J-ym-\-a√ IrjvW-Km-Y-. aqe-I-Ysb kz¥w A`n-cp-Nn-bv°-
\p-k-cn®v Npcp-°p-∏-d-bm\pw hnkvX-cn-®p-]-]mZn-°m\pw At±lw aSn-®n-√. kq`Zm-l-cWw
t]mse aqeØn¬ Npcp°n ]Xn-]m-Xn-®-Xns\ Hcp ]q¿Æ Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-em°n h¿Æn°p∂ m-
K-ßfpw D≠v. Hcp kz-X¥Imh-y-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ kzo-I-cn-®n- p-f-f-Xv. kwkvIr-
X-Øn-tebpw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebpw ]q¿∆-I-hn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bi-b-߃ kzo-I-cn®v \qX\
`wKn-tbmsS kz¥w IrXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xnepw sNdpt»cn t]mcmbva I≠n- n-√. ]c-Io-
bm-i-b-߃°v kz¥w mh-\m-hn-emkw sIm≠v auen-I-Xzw hcp-Øp-∂-Xnepw At±lw _‘-i-
≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]u-c-∑m-cn¬ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-J-ym-\-Øn-eqsS ‡n Dd-∏n-bv°pbpw sshcm-Kyw P\n-∏n-bv°p-I-bp-amWv Imh-y-e-£-yw.
kµ¿`w
ioIr-jvWs‚ _me-eo-e-I-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw. hrµm-h-\-
hm-kn-Iƒ sIm√w tXmdpw tZthµ\v Hcp hntij ]qP\¬Inbncn-∂p. Hcn-°¬ \µ-tKm-]cpw
kwLhpw Cµ-]q-Pbv°v h´w-Iq- p-∂-Xp-I≠v AsX-¥n-\m-sW∂v DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ At\-z-jn-®p.
tZthµ\mWv ag-bpsS A[n-\m-b-I≥. At±lw ]ng-]-‰msX h¿jn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
kk-y-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw ]p√pw `qan-bn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xv. AXmWv \ΩpsS k¿∆-k-z-amb ]ip-°ƒ°v
`£-Ww. Cu D]-Im-c-kva-c-W-bv°mWv \mw Cµ-]qP \S-Øp-∂Xv F∂v \µ-tKm-]¿ ]d-™p.
Al-¶m-cn-bmb Cµs‚ Z¿∏w AS-°m≥ ]‰nb Ah-kcw CXp-Xs∂ F∂p Xo¿®-bm°n
ioIr-jvW≥ Nncn-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p. CXv h√mØ h¶Øw Xs∂. Cµ≥ ag-s]-øn-°p-∂-
Xp-sIm≠p amX-a√ tKmh¿≤\w F∂ ]¿∆Xw ChnsS D≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠pIqSnbmWv btYjvSw
]p√p apfbv°p-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠mWv \ΩpsS ]ip-°ƒ Xn∂p-sIm-gp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu
]¿∆-X-tØbpw ]ip-°-tf-Ø-t∂-bp-amWv \mw ]qPn-t°-≠Xv .
AXnepw Hcp-bp-‡n-bp-s≠∂p a\- n-em-°nb tKm]-∑m¿ Cµ-]q-P-bvs°m-cp-°pb
km[-\-߃sIm-≠v ]¿∆X-tØbpw ]ip-°-tfbpw ]qPn-®p. ioIr-jvW≥ amb-sIm≠v ]¿∆-X-
cq]w [cn®v ]X-y-£-\mbn ]qPm-Z-h-y-߃ kz-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tKm]-∑m¿°v AsXmcp
]pXnb A\p- -h-am-bn-cn-∂p. AtXmsS F√m-h¿°pw hni-zm-khpw Xr]vXn-bp-am-bn. X\n-bv°p-ff
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]qP ioIr-jvW≥ apS-°n-b Imcyw \mc-Z≥ ]d-™-dn™v Ip]n-X-\mb tZth-µ≥ tKm]≥amsc
Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]qP-I-gn™v tKm]-∑m¿ Xncn®p t]mIm≥ XpS-ßp∂
ka-bØv Cµ≥ t]amcn XpSßn. `b-hn-l-z-e-cmb tKm]¿ ioIr-jvWt\mSv k¶Sw ]d-™p.
ioIr-jvW≥ \n߃ ]qPn® ]¿∆Xw Xs∂ \nßsf c£nbv°pw F∂p ]d-™m-i-z-kn-∏n®v
tKmh¿≤\]¿∆Xw ]pg-°n-sb-SpØv Hcp IpS-t]mse CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v Db¿Øn∏nSn®v
tKm]-tcbpw tKm°-tfbpw AXn-\p-Io-gn¬ \n¿Øn ]f-b-h¿j-Øn¬ \n∂v c£n®p
\n¬°mØ ag Ggp-Zn-hkw XpS¿∂p. ioIr-jvW≥ ssI Ipg™v ]¿∆Xw Xmsg-bn-Sp-sa-∂mWv
Cµ≥ ]Xo-£n-®-Xv. ]t£ taL-ß-fmWv Ipgßn-bXv. ag X\nsb \n∂p. K¿∆- wKw h∂
tZth-µ≥ Imt[-\p-hn-t\bpw sIm≠p-h∂v ioIr-jvWs‚ ]mZ-߃ hWßn am∏-t]-£n-®p.
Ima-t[-\p-hns‚ ]m¬sIm≠v ioIr-jvWs\ A`n-tjIw sNbvXv tKmhn-µ≥ F∂ Hcp
Hma-\-t∏cpw sImSp-Øp.
t]am-cn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-bv°m≥ tKm]-∑m¿ At]-£n-bv°p-∂-Xp-ap-X¬°mWv ]mT-y- m-Kw.
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
Xt∂bpw ......................................... \n∂-∂p-sNm-∂m≥
tImg-s∏-SpI = Zp:Jnbv°pI
Xs‚ Np‰-]mSpw h∂p-\n¬°p-∂-h-sc√mw Cßs\ Zp:Jnbv°p-∂-\p-I-≠-t∏mƒ Cu tImcn-
s®m-cn-bn∂ s]cp-ag I≠n v Bcpw Zp:Jn°≠ F∂v ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-™p.
tKmh¿≤-\-tØmSv ......................................................... ]n≠-Øn\pw
ioIr-jvW≥ ]d™p, Cu cq]-ج \n∂v c£n-bv°phm≥ \nß-sf-√m-hcpw tKmh¿≤-
\-]¿∆-X-tØmSv At]-£n®p t\m°p-hn≥ . tZth-µ-\p-]-Icw \nß-fpsS ]qPsb kzo-I-cn-®Xv
Ch-\m-W-t√m. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah≥ \nß-fpsS k¶-SsØ ]cn-l-cn®v c£n-°pw. I≠-Xn\v
Ah-Im-i-ap-f-f-h≥ Xs∂-bm-Wt√m ]nWvUwsh-bvt°-≠-Xpw.
I≠tØ-bm-≠-h≥ ]n≠-tØbpw
hni-Zo-I-cWw JWvUw , IjvWw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ X¬`m-h-amdn I≠w F∂ ]Z-
sa-Sp-°mw. I≠w F∂ ]ZØn\v qk-zØv F∂ A¿∞-Øn≥ ]Nm-c-ap-≠v. ]q¿∆n-Is‚ kzØn\v
Ah-Im-i-ap-ff A\-¥c-h≥ ]nWvUw (]n≠w ˛ X¬`m-hw) shbv°m\pw (a-c-Wm-\-¥c Inb)
Npa-Xes∏ -h-\m-Wv. kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Ωp-f-f-h\v tij-Inb sNøm\pw Npa-X-e-bp≠v Fs∂mcp
\mS≥ sNm√p≠v. ChnsS ]qP-k-zo-I-cn® ]¿∆-X-Øn\v ]qPn® tKm]sc c£n-bvt°≠ Npa-X-e-
bp-ap-s≠∂p kqN-\.
F∂-ßp-sNm-∂p-ff .............................................. sas√
C]-Imcw ]d™ ioIr-jvW≥ tKmh¿≤\ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚bSp-Øp-sN∂v ssINp-cp´nsas√ Hc-Sn-sIm-Sp-Øp.
I -°n-Sm-hp-X≥ ................................................................ Ip∂p-a-t∏mƒ
ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Ahÿ hnh-cn-bv°-p-∂p.
I -°n-Smhv = I‰-°n-Sm-hv, sNdn-b-Ip´n, imJ = hr£w, Xn´Xn = ]cn-`aw
hm\-c-bqYw = Ipc-ßn≥Iq´w, In∂-c¿ = Hcp hn`mKw tZh-∑m¿,
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Iµcw = Kpl, Ipdp- pI = Ic-bpI, Iºw = Cf°w,
am´pI = NXn-bv°pI, tNWp‰ = at\m-l-c-amb, GWw = am≥,
im¿±qew = \cn, t]mXw = Ip´n, \n¿Qcw = Acphn
B sNdnb Ip´n-bpsS CSn-tb-‰-t∏mƒ B Ip∂v sR´n-Øn-cn™v Id-ßm≥ XpS-ßn.
hr£-߃ sRcn-™p. ]£n-Iƒ ]d-∂p-b¿∂p. ac-s°m-ºp-I-fn-en-cn-bv°p∂ Ipc-ß-∑m¿ Np‰p-
]mSpw NmSm≥ XpS-ßn. ]cn- -an® F´Sn am\p-Iƒ h -Øn-em-bn. ]¿∆-X-Kp-l-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-
bv°p∂ In∂-c-∑m¿ Zp:Jn®p. Iq´w-Iq-Sn-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]∂n-Iƒ Ic-™p-s°m≠v \mep-]m-Sp-tam-Sn.
t]Sn®v hnd-bv°p∂ ]pen-Iƒ ]cn- -an®v Atßm- p-an-tßm´pw HmSm≥ XpS-ßn. \mbm- n-s\-Ønb
Im´m-f-∑m¿ Ft¥mNXn-]-tbmKw \S-ØnbXmbn-cn-bv°m-sa∂p hnNm-cn®v Im´p-t]m-Øp-Ifpw
ae-aq- nse Ims -cp-a-Ifpw NmSn-tbm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. Im´m-\-Iƒ Iq´w sX‰n-tbm-Sn-Øp-S-ßn. wKn-bp-
ff am≥InSm-߃ t]Sn®v ]pen-I-fpsS kao-]-Øpw, ]pen-°p- n-Iƒ am\p-I-fpsS Iq -Øpepw
c£-tX-Sn. CSn-tb‰ thZ-\-sIm≠v Im -cp-hn-I-fm-Ip∂ IÆp-\o¿s]m-gn®v knwl-ß-fpsS b-¶-c-
amb Ae¿® ams‰m-en-s°m-f-fp∂ Kpl-I-fm-Ip∂ hmb-sIm≠v B Ip∂pw ITn-\-ambn Ic-bm≥
XpS-ßn.
Cßs\ Is≠mcp ...................................................... Km\w XpS-ßn-Xms\
hmaw = CSXv h√-h≥ = tKm]≥
h√hn = tKm]kvXo s]m¬°p-g¬ = s]m≥Ip-g¬ (s]m-t∂m-S-°p-g¬)
Cß-s\-bm-b-t∏mƒ ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v ]¿∆-XsØ FSp-Øp-s]m-°n-
s°m-≠p-]-d™p Fs‚ ssIøn-ep-ff Cu Ip∂ns‚ Nph- n-te°v F√m-hcpw \qWp-I-b-dp-hn≥
CXptI´ tKm]-∑mcpw tKm]n-amcpw Ip´n-I-tfbpw FSp-Øp-sIm≠v AXns‚ Nph- n-tebv°p Ib-
dn. ]ip-°fpw inip-°fpw F√mw Ip∂ps‚ Nph- n¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ s]mt∂m-
S-°p-g-se-SpØv B\-µ-KoXw ]mSm≥ XpS-ßn.
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ (A-º-Xp-hm-°n-tem, \qdp-hm-°ntem Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv)
1) C≠e-t∏m-°o´p ]men-®p-sIm-ffpw Xm≥
I≠-sØ-bm-≠-h≥ ]n≠-tØbpw Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.
2) tKmh¿≤-\-Øns‚ Ic-®n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv sNdp-t»cn h¿Æn-bv°p-∂Xv
3) ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ D≠mb am‰-߃ Fs¥√mw?
4) Fss¶-bn-ep-sf-fmcp h≥Ip-∂n≥ Iognte
h∂nßp \qgp-hn≥ \nß-sf√mw kµ¿`w Ipdn-°p-I.
II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw (ap-∂qdp hm°n¬ Fgp-Xp-I)
1) sNdp -t»cn -bpsS h¿Æ-\m-sshZ-Kv[yw ]mT-y -`m -KsØ ASn -ÿm-\-am°n
hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI.
2) sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS Ae-¶m-c-I-ev]-\-I-tf-bpw, mjm-em-fn-X-y-tØbpw ]cn-tim-[n-bv°pI
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 9
Km‘mco hnem]walm- m-cXw Infn-∏m´v ˛ kvXo]¿∆w
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥
Fgp-Ø-—≥
ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn\pw amX-a√ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\pw Hcp \thm-∞m\w
kw`-hn-bv°p-∂Xv alm-Ihn Xp©sØgp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm´m-Wv. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS
]nXm-sh∂p hnfn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ At±-l-sØ-∏‰n almIhn hf-f-tØmƒ:
ss]Xemw ae-bm-f- m-j-X≥ icn-bmb
PmXIw Ipdn-®n- -X-Øncp \mcmbw Xm≥
F∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv A£-cw-]Xn icn-bm-Wv. aWn-]-hm-f-sa∂pw ]ms´∂pw c≠p imJ-
I-fmbn th¿]n-cn™p InS-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bv°v, c≠p ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-tebpw \√ hi-߃
kzo-I-cn®v ]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿°v Hcpt]mse kzo-Im-c-y-amb Hcp ]pXnb Imh-y- mj \S-∏n-em-
°nbXmWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\. B Imh-y- m-j-bv°m-Is´ ]m´nse IrXn-
a-X-ztam aWn-]-hm-f-Ønse ImTn-\-ytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. _ml-y-ku-µ-cyw amX-a√ B¥-c-Ku-c-
hhpw AXns‚ ]tX-y-IXbmbn-cp-∂p. yq-U-en-k-Øns‚ XW-en¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ [m¿Ωn-Im[:]X-
\-Øn\p t\sc IÆv Xpd-∏n-®Xpw km[m-cW P\-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[hpw Bflo-b-Nn-¥bpw
DW¿Øm≥ t]cn-∏n-®-Xp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-bpsS hnP-bw.
ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Xncq-cn-\-SpØv Xr°-≠n-bq-cn-ep-ff Xp©≥]-d-ºn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—≥
P\n-®sX∂pw ]me-°m´p Pn√-bnse Nn‰q-cn¬ (Xp-©≥a-Tw)sh®mWv Pohn-Xm-¥yw kw -hn-®-
sX∂pw hni-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±lØns‚ Pohn-X-Imew. IqSpw-_-N-cn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ,
F¥n-\-[n-Iw, t]cp-t]mepw X¿°hn-j-b-amWn∂v. InkvX-z_vZw 16 ˛mw iXIw (sIm-√-h¿jw
650\pw 750\pw CS-bn¬) BWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa∂v qcn-]£w ]WvUn-Xcpw AwKo-
I-cn-°p-∂p. iqZ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw cma≥ F∂p t]cmbn Kpcp-hmb Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥
D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw IrXn-I-fn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mw. A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Ww, alm- m-cXw F∂o
c≠p Infn-∏m- p-Iƒ, lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø-\w, ssIh-e-y-\-h-\o-Xw. Nn¥m-cXv\w, cmam-bWw Ccp-]-Øn-
\mep hrØw F∂n-h-sb√w At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fm-sW∂pw hni-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn¬Xs∂
A`n-]m-b-t -Z-ap-s≠-¶nepw F√mhcpw AwKo-I-cn®pI-gn-™n- p-≠v. Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P-s\-gp-Ø-—≥
F∂mWv hnfn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. `mK-hXw Infn-∏m´v Fgp-Ø-—s‚ IrXn-bm-sW-∂mWv s]mXp-hmb
hni-zm-kw.
Infn-∏m v
Infnsb k¬°-cn®v kt¥m-jn-∏n®v IY ]d-bm-\m-h-i-y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v
Infn IY ]dbp-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂XmWv Infn-∏m- p-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ kt¶-Xw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬
Infn-∏m- p-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂v Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s\ hnfn-bv°p-∂p. shdpw
_ml-y-amb kt¶-X-Øn¬ amXw HXpßn \n¬°p∂ Infn-∏m-´ns\ Hcp ]ÿm-\-tØmfw
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 10
]pI-gvtØ-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw Kuc-h-ta-dnb
Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff c≠p k¶o¿Ø-\-Im-h-y-ß-fm-sW∂pw kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sn-s\-t∏m-ep-ff
]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hnebncp-Øp-∂p. Xan-gnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw Infn-Isf IYm-J-ym-\-I¿Øm-°-fm-bn-
°m-Wp∂ ]mc-º-cyw ]≠p-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm v ae-bm-f-Øn¬
Infn-∏m- p-cq-]-Øn-emWv [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNnbv°s∏ -sX-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-°msX hø.
alm- m-cXw Infn-∏m v
A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-W-am-bn-cn-°Ww BZ-ysØ Infn-∏m-s´∂p Icp-Xs∏Sp-∂p. kmln-X-y-]-c-
ambn alm- m-c-X-amWv cmam-b-W-sØ-°mƒ anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.
temI-Øn¬sh®v G‰hpw alØpw _rl-Øp-amb hym-k- m-c-XsØ Ah-ew-_n-®mWv mcXw
Infn-∏m v cNn-®n- p-f-f-sX-¶nepw hym-k- m-c-X-Øns‚ t\¿X¿÷-a-b√ Fgp-Ø-—t‚Xv. Hcp e£Øn
Ccp-]-Ø-øm-bn-c-tØmfw t«mI-ßfpw Iptd KZ-yhpw AS-ßp∂ mcXw aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse ][m-\-
s∏´ Bi-b-ßfpw kw -h-ßfpw hn´p-t]m-ImsX ]e mK-ßfpw Xt‚Xmb ]cn-jvIm-c-߃°p
hnt[-b-am°n ]c-am-h[n kwK-ln-®mWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ alm- m-cXw cNn-®-Xv. ‡n-]-N-c-W-Øn\pw
[m¿ΩnIt_m[-\-Øn\pw Xs∂-bmWv At±lw Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv. `K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-t∏mse
Kl-\-amb thZm-¥-X-Ø-z-߃ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ mK-߃ Hgn-hm-°n-bn- p-ap-≠v. hym-k- m-c-X-Ønse
18 ]¿∆-ßsf (A-≤-ym-b-߃) Fgp-Ø-—≥ kuI-c-y-Øn-\p-th-W-°≠n 21 ]¿∆ß-fm°n
am‰n-bn´p≠v. Imh-y-Kp-Ww, ]mX-kr-jvSn, Pohn-X-h-ym-J-ym\w XpS-ßnb Imc-y-ß-fn-se√mw XnI®pw
auen-IX ]men-bv°m≥ Infn-∏m- n¬ i≤n-®n- p-≠v. Iuc-h- -]m-WvU-h- IpSpw-_-I-e-l-Øn-eqsS
Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m ssZ\-ym-h-ÿ-I-tfbpw Ahbv°p Imc-W-amb aZ-am-’-c-ym-Zn-I-tfbpw
ka¿∞ambn NnXo-I-cn-°m≥ Fgp-Ø-—∂p Ign-™n- p-≠v.
kvXo]¿∆w
]Xns\´p Znh-ksØ Ipcp-t£-X-bp-≤-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Zptc-ym-[-\\pw acn-s®-∂-
dn™ [rX-cm-jvS¿ t_m[w-sI- p-ho-gp∂p. kRvP-b\pw hnZpccpw thZ-h-ym-k\pw At±-lsØ
Bi-z-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnP-bn-I-fmb ]mWvU-h¿ [rX-cm-jvS-tcbpw Km‘m-cn-tbbpw hW-ßm-s\-
Øp-∂p. ioIrjvWs‚ kqX-]-tbmKw sIm≠v oa≥ [rX-cm-jvSm-enw-K-\-Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-
Sp-∂p. CjvS-P-\-߃ acn® k¶-S-Øn¬ \ne-sX-‰nb kvXoP-\-߃ Km‘m-cn-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-
Øn¬ ]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS icocw Ah-km-\-ambn Hcp t\m°p ImWp-hm≥ ]S-°-f-Øn-te°v
\oßp-∂p. AhnsS I≠ ImgvN Km‘m-cnsb D∑m-Zn-\n-bm-°p-∂p. Km‘mcn ioIr-jvW-t\bpw
bmZ-h-hw-i-tØbpw i]n-bv°p-∂p.
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
]Øp-k-lkw ........................................
...................................... am[-h≥ Xt∂m-Sp-sNm-√n-\mƒ
klkw = Bbncw cYn = tXcn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h≥
]Øn = ssk\-y-ß-fpsS Hc-fhv tZh-h-X≥ = ojva¿
]h-c≥ = tijvT≥ ]Xn-Iƒ = Aºp-Iƒ,
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 11
OnZ-amb AwKw = ]nf¿∂ icocw c‡-k-tcmPw = Nph-∂-Xm-ac
_≤m-RvPen = ssIIƒ Iq∏n-s°m≠v lkvXw = ssI
ap‡n = tam£w ]m¿Øv = ]Xo-£n®v
apSn = IncoSw ISIw = hen-b-hf
OXw = IpS (sh¨sIm‰-°p-S) Xme-hr¥w = hnidn (B-e-h- w)
ikvXw = Bbp[w IrØ-KmXw = Iodn-ap-dn™ icocw
akvXIw Xe NnX-]Sw = Xe-∏mhv
X]vXw = NqSp-]n-Sn-∏n® Im¿Ø-k-zcw = kz¿Æw
kvI‘w = IgpØv lkvXn = B\
Pmew = Iq´w Kf-Z‡w = Hgp-Ip∂ tNmc
kn‡w = \\™ `qsau = qan-bn¬
Kr≤≥ = Igp-I≥ \‡-©-c≥ = cmXn¬ k©-cn-°p-∂-h≥(- q-Xw)
C≠¬ = Zp:Jw
]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n¬ B\-I-tfbpw IpXn-c-I-tfbpw AXn-\p-]m-I-Øn-ep-ff Imemƒ∏-S-I-
tfbpw Hmtcm Znh-khpw sIms∂m-Sp-°n-s°m≠v ]Øp-Zn-h-khpw Iuc-h-∏-Ssb \bn® `ojva-
]n-Xm-a-l-s\-bmWv BZyw I≠-Xv. hn√m-fn-ho-c-\mb A¿÷p-\s‚ ic-ß-tf‰v Iodn-∏-dn™
ico-c-hp-am-bn, `‡-h-’-e-\mb ioIr-jvWs‚ sN¥m-a-c-°m-e-Sn-I-fn¬ `‡n apgpØv Dd-®p-
\n¬°p∂ a\- p-am-bn, Iq∏nb ssII-fp-ambn aq¿®-tb-dnb ic-i-ø-bn¬ ac-W-am-Ip∂ h[p-
hns‚ hchpw ]Xo-£n®p InS-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hmb `ojvasc I≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ hnIm-c
-hn-h-i-bm-bn. (`o-jva¿ C\nbpw acn-®n- n-√. kz-—µarX-yp-hmb At±lw tam£-]m-]vXnbv°p
]‰nb DØ-cm-b-W-Imew Bhp-∂Xpw ImØp-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv). ]Xn-s\´p Znhkw apS-ßmsX
bp≤w sNbvXp acn-®p-hoWp InS-°p∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Inco-Sw, kz¿Æ-h-f, Iq‰≥ tXcp-Iƒ,
sImSn-a-c-߃, tNmc-bn¬ Cg-™p-In-S-°p∂ sImSn-°q-d-Iƒ, sh¨sIm-‰-Ip-S-Iƒ, Be-h- -߃
sh¨Nm-a-c-߃, Bbp-[-߃, Bbp-[-߃sIm-≠p On∂- n-∂-ßfmb ico-c-߃, Xe-bn¬\n∂v
Du¿∂p In-S-°p∂ Xe-∏m-hp-Iƒ, hk-vXme¶m-c-߃, Xnf-ßp∂ kz¿Æm- -c-W-ß-tfmSp IqSnb
amdn-S-߃, NØp-a-e-®p-In-S-°p∂ B\-Iƒ, IpXn-c-Iƒ, FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ Bbp-[-ß-tf‰v
apdn-™p-th¿s]´p InS-°p∂ Ah-b-h-߃ Ch ImW-s∏´p. k‘-ym-Imiw t]mse Nph∂ B
]S-°-f-Øn¬ \nc-∂p-hoWp InS-°p∂ a°-fp-tSbpw _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw ih-i-co-c-߃ Igp-I-
∑mcpw ]´n -Ifpw \cn -Ifpw a‰p ]£n-Ifpw `qX -t] -X -ßfpw ISn -®p -
h-en-°p-∂Xp I≠v Zp:Jw s]mdp-°m-\m-hmØ Km‘mcn sshIp-WvT-hm-kn-bmb ioIr-jvW-t\mSv
]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
Km‘mco-hn-em]w
I≠oetbm \o apIpµm [c-Wn-bn¬ ............................................
................................. a≠n-\mƒ hoWmƒ Dcp-≠mƒ sXcp-sXsc
[cWn = `qan Icn = B\
[\p v = hn√v kwI-µ\≥ = tZth-µ≥
kwI-µ-\m-fl-P≥ = A¿÷p-\≥ timWnXw = c‡w
Ie-ym-W-cq-]≥ = kpµ-c≥ A√¬ = Zp:Jw
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 12
h√-ho-h-√- ≥ = h√-hn-I-fpsS (tKm-]-kvXo-I-fp-sS) ¿Ømhv ioIr-jvW≥
Cµo-chw = Icn-¶qhfw Iµ\w sNøpI = Ic-bpI
B¿ZX = Aenhv Bc-W≥ = _m“-W≥
[rjvSX = [n°mcw alm-atX = alm-flmth
tKm]Xn = ]ip-]m-e-I≥, tKm]≥ [cm-[n-]≥ = cmPmhv
IpWvUew = I¿Æm- -cWw IpWvUew = I¿Æm- -cWw
KWvU-ÿew = IhnƒØSw ]qcn® = h¿≤n®
`qjWw = Ae-¶mcw Dº¿tIm≥ = tZth-µ≥
]pjvS-tIm]w = henb tZjyw ]£w = CjvSw
tl apIpµm (ap-Ip-µ≥ = tam£w sImSp-°p-∂-h≥ F∂m-W¿∞-sa-t∂m¿°-Ww) \o
I≠n-t√, alm-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmb K-Z-Ø≥ Xs‚ B\-bpsS ASpØv ssI∏n-Sn-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw
hn√p-[-cn®v A¿÷p-\s‚ Atº‰p acn-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. (tZm-W-]¿∆-Øn¬ `K-Z-Ø-h[w
]tX-y-In®v h¿Æn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. `K-Z-Øs‚ B\ `oa-tk-\s\ Npg‰n tatem-s -dn™v Xmsg
hogp-tºmƒ sImºn¬ tIm¿°m≥ th≠n Xe Db¿Øn \n¬°p-tºm-gmWv ioIr-jvW≥ A¿÷p-
\∂v Cu cwKw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Cu B]¬L- -Øn¬ k¿∆-i-‡n-Ifpw kw -cn®v
A¿÷p-\≥ Ab® Hscm‰ Aºv, B\-bpsS IgpØpw `K-Z-Ø≥ Aºp-sXm-SpØp hen®p
\n¬°p∂ hn√pw K-Z-Øs‚ IgpØpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® B\-bpsS hmepw Acn™ Hc-km-[m-c-
W-NnX-ap-≠v). AXn-kp-µ-c-\mb A`n-a-\-yp-Ip-am-c-\nXm tNmc-bn¬ Ipfn®p hoWp-In-S-°p-∂p.
\√ ac-X-I-°-√ns‚ tim`-bq-f-f-h≥ A¿÷p-\s‚ ]pX-\m-Wv. tl ioIr-jvWm,-\ns‚
acp-a-I\pamWv. F¥p-sIm≠v Ah-s\-sb-¶nepw \o sIm√msX ImØn√. F√m-h-tcbpw
sIm√n-bv°p-I-bmWv \n\°p ckw. CsXms° ImWpw-tXmdpw F\nbv°p kln-bv°m≥
høm-Xm-Ip-∂p. Rm≥ s]mfn ]d-bp-I-b√ Ip´o, ]p©ncn XqIn-s°m-≠p-ff Cu apJw I≠m¬
Fßs\ kln-bv°pw. tIhew _men-I-bmb DØc (A- n-a-\-yp-hns‚ `mc-y) bpsS Ic-®n¬ \o
ImWp-∂n-t√. kp`Z (A-`n-a-\-yp-hns‚ AΩ) `qan-bn¬ hoWp-cp≠p Ic-bp-∂Xp I≠n´v
\n\-s°m∂pw tXm∂p-∂nt√. \ns‚ a\ v I√m-tWm. I√pw CØcw ImgvN I≠m¬ Dcp-Ipw.
A∏p-dØv oa-]p-X-\mb LtSm¬°-N≥ InS-°p-∂p. Hcp \oe-ae t]mse Ah≥ acn-®p-In-S-°p-
∂p. (I¿Æ≥ th¬ ]tbm-Kn-®-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ X\n-bv°m-hn-s√∂v LtSm¬°-
N\v Dd-∏m-bn. At∏mƒ ambm-hn-Zy sIm≠v Xs‚ icocw ]¿∆Xw t]mse ]c-am-h[n hep-Xm°n
Iuc-h-∏-S-bpsS CS-bn-te°v adn-™p-ho-Wp-. Hcp-]mSp ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ B ico-c-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬s]´p
acn-®p-t]m-bn, acn®p hogp-tºmgpw kz-¥-°m¿°v \∑ hcp-Ønb Cu c‡-km-£nsb I¿Æs‚
then\v Iev]n-®p-Iq´n Cc-bm-°n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.) A¿÷p-\s‚ Atº‰v Igp-؉ Pb-Z-Ys‚
(Iu-c-h-cpsS GI-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb Zp»-f-bpsS ¿Øm-hv) ico-c-am-Wn-Xv. (P-b-Z-Ys‚ inc v ]S-
°-f-Øn-en-√. Pb-Z-Ys‚ Xe-b-dpØv qan-bn-en-Sp∂ BfpsS Xe k-zbw s]m´n-sØ-dn-bv°p-sa-∂p-
ff Hcp hcw At±-lØns‚ A—≥ t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v AdpØ Xe qan-bn¬ hogvØ-
cp-sX∂v IrjvW≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. A¿÷p-\≥ XpS¿®-bmbn Aºp-Iƒ hn´v B apdn® Xe Aß-
Ise k‘-ym-h-µ-\-Øn\v ssI°q-ºn-fn¬ shf-f-sa-SpØv IÆ-S-®p-P-]n®p \n¬°p∂ Pb-ZY
]nXm-hns‚ ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ hogvØn. ssIbn¬ Ft¥m h∂p hoW-Xn-\m¬ At±lw ssIIƒ
s]´∂p hen-®p.Pb-Z-Ys‚ inc v B ssIbn¬ \n∂v qan-bn¬ hoWp. AtXmsS ]nXm-hns‚
Xebpw s]m´n-sØ-dn-®p.) Fs‚ aI-fpsS Ic-®n¬ I≠n´v Fs‚ a\ v sh¥p-cpIp∂p.
tZWm-Nm-c-ysc kwkvI-cn® ÿe-am-Wm-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. At±lw Hcp _m“-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.
[rjvS-Z-yp-av\s‚ [n°mcw ItTmcw Xs∂. \√-h-\mb Kpcp-\m-Ys\ Cßs\ \njvI-cpWw
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 13
h[n-bv°p-hm≥ Ch-\-√msX at‰m-cmƒ°p tXm∂p-tam. (tZ-Wsc h[n-bv°m-\mbn amXw bmKm-·n-
bn¬ \n∂v ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-bm-fmWv [rjvS-Z-yp-av\≥). Atøm, AXnt‚bpw A∏p-d-ØXm AXo-h-
kn-µ-c-\mb Zp»m-k-\≥ InS-°p-∂p. oa≥ Iodn-∏-dn® Cu amdnSw I≠m¬ Fs‚ Ip´o, Fßs\
kln-°pw. ioIr-jvWm, \osb-¥mWv Cßs\ IqcX Im´p-∂-Xv. Fs‚ a\- n¬ XobmWv
IØp-∂-Xv. Fs‚ Cu IÆp-\o¿h‰p-tam. Fs‚ Cu Zp:Jw Fs∂-¶nepw ian-bv°p-tam. Fs‚
aI-\mb Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ aI≥ e£-W-Ip-am-cs‚ DS-em-Wt√m B ImÆn-∂-Xv. e£-W-samØ
e£WIpamcm \obpw Rßsf NXn®p t]mtbm? icnbv°pw IÆp-sIm≠v Cu Zb-\o-b-cw-K-
߃ ImW-W-sa∂v Fs‚ Ip´n-Itf F\nbv°p tXm∂m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v. (AXv as‰mcp
Zpc-¥-am-Wv. Km‘mcn Xs‚ \qs‰m∂p a°-tfbpw CXp-hsc IÆp-sIm≠p I≠n- n-√. ¿Ømhv
A‘-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ]Xn-hX IÆ-S-®p-sI´n kzbw A‘-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ]Xn-hX IÆ-S-®p-
sI´n kzbw B‘yw hcn®psIm-≠mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A‘-\mb [rX-cm-jvS¿°pw A¥n-a-
ambn Xs‚ a°-fpsS ih-i-cocw t\cn¬ Im-Wm≥ hym-k≥ A\p-Klw sImSp-Øp. At∏m-gmWv
Km‘m-cnbpw a°-fpsS ]Xm-]-Im-e-sØm∂pw Ahsc ImWmØ AΩ Ah¿ \qdp-t]cpw acn-®p-
In-S-°p∂ ImgvN ImtW-≠n-h-∂Xv Zb-\obw Xs∂. bmZ-h-hw-i-Øn\p t\tc-bp-ff s]m´n-sØ-
dn-bmb Km‘m-cn-bpsS im]-Øn\v ]›m-Øesamcp-°p-I-bm-Wv. DÆn-I-tf-sb-\n-bvs°-¥nXp tXm∂p-
hm≥ F∂ tNmZ-y-Ønse [z-\n-bm-Wv.) AwKcm-P-y-Ønse cmPmhpw Fs‚ Ip´n-I-fpsS D‰-k-lm-
bn-bmb I¿Æ-\mWv B InS-°p-∂-Xv. B ImXn¬ ISp-°-\n-√. F∂n´pw B IhnƒØSw
Ct∏mgpw Xnf-ßp-∂p. (Bbp[-`-ymk ]co-£-bn¬ A¿÷p-\∂p aosX \n∂ I¿Æs\
kqX-]p-X≥ F∂v Bt£]n®v a’-c-Øn-\-\¿l-\mbn ]J-ym-]n-®-t∏mƒ X¬£Ww Zptc-ym-Z-\-
\mWv I¿Æs\ AwK-cm-Pm-hmbn A`n-tjIw sNbvXXv. ]nXm-hmb kqc-y≥ I¿Æs‚ ico-c-c-£-
bv°mbn \¬In-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Znh-y-i-‡n-bp-ff Ih-N-Ip-WvU-e-߃. _m“-W-th-j- n¬ tZth-
µ≥ AXp I≠pw NXn-bn¬ ssI°-em-°n. AXmWv IpWvU-ea‰p InS°p∂p F∂v ]tX-yIw
kqNn-∏n-®-Xv). hn√m-fn-ho-c-\mb I¿Æs‚ hn√Xm thsd InS-°p-∂p. AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb B
ico-c-aXm Ct∏mƒ ZpjvS-P-¥p-°ƒ ISn-®p-h-en-°p-∂p. Cui-zcm, Cß-s\-sbms° kw -hn-bv°m≥
Imc-W-sa¥v? Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ A‰p-In-S-°p∂ ssI FSpØv X‚ aSnbn¬ h®Xm
Zqcn-i-h- ns‚ mcy Ic-bp-∂p. Cu b-¶-c-amb \mi-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Imc-W-°m-c-\mb iIp\n
(Iu-c-h-cpsS AΩma≥, Km‘m-cn-bpsS ktlm-Z-c≥, If-f-®qXp Ifn®v ]mWvU-hsc Im´n-te-bv°-
b-bv°m≥ D]-tZ-in-®Xpw klm-bn-®Xpw iIp-\n-bm-W-t√m. B kz-Øp-X¿°-am-Wt√m Ipcp-t£-
X-bp-≤-Øn¬ FØn-b-Xv)bpsS ihw ]£n-I-fXm sImØn-h-en-bv°p-∂p. ioIr-jvWm, CXp
ImWm-\t√ Aßv BK-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aXn-bm-bn-t√. DÆo, Zptc-ym-[-\-Ip-am-cm, \ns‚ kz¿Æ-In-co-
Shpw kz¿Æm- -c-W-ßfpw tZth-µ∂p Xpe-y-am-b-hºpw ]Xm-]hpw mh-Kmw- o-c-ybpw F√mw s]s -
∂p-t]-£n®v \ns‚ G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ A—-t\bpw H‰-bv°m°n \o t]mb-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv.
CsXm√mw I≠n´v Fs‚ lrZ-b-anXm ]nf-cp-∂p. Ft∏mgpw ]´p-In-S-°-bn¬ amXw InS-°m-dp-ff
\o CXm Ct∏mƒ, tNmc-bn¬ Ipfn®v acn®v InS°p∂p. CsXm∂pw F\nbv°p ImWm≥ hø
F∂p ]d™v Km‘mcn ]S-°-f-Øn-eqsS Hcp `m¥n-sb-t∏mse ]m™p-\-S-∂p, hoWp, Dcp-≠p.
Km‘m-co-im]w
]ns∂ tamln-®mƒ DW¿∂mƒ s]mSp-°s\ ........
......................... awKew h∂o-Sp-sa-∂mƒ Infn-a-Iƒ
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 14
Jn∂X = tJZw IpSn-e-Xzw = NXn
]mßmbn = ]£w-]n-Sn®v B¥cw = Df-fn-en-cn∏v
Xh = \ns‚ \n¿÷-c≥ = tZh≥
\njvI-f≥ = ]q¿Æ≥
\n¿÷-c\m-bI]pX-]n-b-kJn = tZthµ ]pX-\mb A¿÷p-\s‚ tXmg≥, ioIr-jvW≥
hnhn-‡-hm-k-]n-b≥ = hnh-‡-Øn¬ (G-Im-¥-X-bn¬ H‰-bv°v) Ign-bm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h≥
Km‘mcn t_m[w-sI´p hoWp. DW¿s∂-gp-t∂‰v ]ns∂ AS-°m-\m-hmØ Zp:Jw sIm≠v
s]m´n-°-c-™p-sIm≠v Cßs\ ]d™p ioIr-jvWm, Aß-sb-t∏mse CX h©-I-\mbn
as‰m-cmƒ qan-bn-ep-≠m-hn-√. Hcp- mKw tN¿∂p-\n-∂v, Ccp-tN-cn-bnepw hmin-tbmsS bp≤w sNbvX
A`n-am-\n-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑m-sc-sb√mw sIm√n-®Xv \ob-√msX a‰m-cp-a-√. a‰p-f-f-hsc Ip‰-s∏-Sp-
tØ≠ Imc-y-a-√. Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ F√mw Icp-X-ep-f-f-h-\mb \obpw \ns‚
bmZ-h-hw-ihpw Hcp ap∏-Øm-dp-sIm-√-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ CXp-t]mse \in-®p-t]mIpw, kwi-b-an-√.
IrjvW≥ ]d-™p, Aß-s\-Xs∂-bmWv th≠-sX-∂mWv Ft‚bpw BK-lw. \ΩpsS c≠m-fp-
sSbpw a\ v H∂m-b-Xp-\-∂mbn. (Km-‘m-cn-bpsS G‰hpw henb ]X-n-Im-c-amb im]w-t]mepw
IrjvW≥ Hc-\p-K-l-am-bmWv FSp-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWv Km‘m-cn-bpsS Zb-\o-b-amb ]cm-P-bw).
ioIr-jvW\pw Km‘m-cnbpw Cßs\ kwkm-cn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ [rX-cm-jvS¿
bp≤-Øn¬ acn-®-h-cp-sS-sb√mw ih-kw-kv°mcw hn[n-bmw-hÆw \S-Øn-bv°m≥ [¿Ω-]p-XtcmSv
]d-™p. \njv]-£-_p-≤n-bmb [¿Ω-]p-X¿ AsX√mw DØ-a-\mb Ir]sc Gev]n-®n- p-s≠∂p
]d-™p. lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ IÆp amX-ap-ff [rX-cm-jvS¿ Km‘m-cn-sbbpw a‰pw Iq´n k¶Sw
]c-am-h[n \nb-¥n®v lkvXn-\-]p-cn-bn¬ sN∂p-Xm-a-kn-®p. ip≤m-flm-hmb bp[n-jvTn-c≥
ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSpw Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂-bmb ioIr-jvW-t\mSpw a‰p _‘p-°-tfmSpw IqSn
KwK-bn¬ FØn D‰-h¿°p-th≠n tij-In-b-Iƒ sNbvXv kpJambn Ign-™p.
IqSp-X¬ Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm≥ ]bm-k-ap-s≠∂p ]d™v F√m-h¿°pw \∑ t\¿∂v XØ
IY-]-d-b¬ X¬°m-e-tØ°p \n¿Øn-sh-®p.
tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ (50-/100 hm°n¬ Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-h)
1) `K-Z-Øs‚ ac-W-]-›m-Øew Fgp-XpI
2) “sIm√msX sImffm™sX-¥-h≥ Xs∂ \o’’Bsc sIm√msX? CXm-cpsS Bt£-]-
amWv? BcmWv “\o’’ ? sIm√m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
3) “I√psIm-t≠m-a-\-Xm-h-I-am-In-e˛
°√n-\p-am¿Z-X-bp-≠n-Xp-Im-Wp-tºmƒ ’’ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
4) “as‰mcp-Ø\p tXm∂o-Sptam am\tk ’’ F¥v?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 15
5) “IÆpsIm-≠n-ßs\ ImtW-W-sa-∂Xp
apÆn-I-sf-sb-\n-bv°-¥nXp tXm∂p-hm≥ ’’ Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
6) “Zptcym-[-\s‚ ih-i-cocw ’’ I≠ Km‘m-cn-bpsS ]e-]-\-߃ Npcp°n Fgp-Xp-I.
7) “I≠pIq-Sm-sb-\n-bvs°∂p Km‘m-cnbpw ’’Km‘mcnbv°v I≠p-Iq-SmØ kw -h-sa¥v?
8) “ F¥n\p-a-‰p-f-f-h-sc-∏-d-bp∂p
Nn¥n-bv°n≥ \n≥ amdn-am-b-a-sXm-s°bpw’’kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI
9) “Aßs\Xs∂ htcWsa∂pf-fXp
≠nsß-\nbv°pw a\-°m-ºn¬ kp_-etP’’ kµ¿`w hni-Zo-I-cn®v Bi-bw hy-‡-am-°pI
II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Z-y-߃
1) Km‘mcn-bpsS Zpc-¥-\p- -h-߃ Zb-\o-b-amb \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp∂ ImgvN-bmWv
kvXo ]¿∆-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
2) Icp-W-c-km-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ ]mShw Km‘m-co-hn-em-]sØ ASn-ÿm-
\-am°n N¿® sNøp-I.
******
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 16
Ie-ym-W-sku-K-‘nIw (Xp-f-f¬)Ip©≥ \º-ym¿
ssIcfn-bpsS s]m´n-®ncn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-\p-ff Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-bpsS I¿Ømhpw
Xpf-f-se∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hp-amb alm-Ihn Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Poh-N-cn-X-sØ-
°p-dn®v ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw A⁄m-X-am-Wv. Ip©≥ F∂-t]-cp-t]epw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv.
cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ t]sc∂pw A`n-]m-bap-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-
X-Imew 1700 \pw 1775-\p-an-S-bn-em-sW∂v s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. H‰∏me-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-ff
Inf-fn-°p-dn-»n- aw-K-eØv Ie-°Øv ho´n-emWv At±lw P\n-®-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥
InS-ßq¿°m-c-\mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A—s‚ IqsS InS-ßq-cn-se-Ønb
\º-ym¿ IpS-am-fq-cnse sXt°-SØp `´-Xn-cn-bpsS Bin-X-\mbn kwkvIr-X-]-T-\w-\-S-Øn.
I≠-¶cn apdn-bn¬ \µn-Im´v DÆn-c-hn-°p-dp∏pw At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
tZmW-º-ffn \mbv°-\n¬ \n∂v Btbm-[-\-I-ebpw hi-am-°n. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn\p tijw
sNº-I-t»cn cmPmhv tZh-\m-cm-b-Ws‚bpw a¥n-bmb amØq¿]-Wn-°-cp-tSbpw Bin-X-\m-bn-
°-gn-™p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cmb am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bp-tSbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hnt‚bpw
Bin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n- p-≠v. Aº-e-∏p-gsh-®m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-¥-yw.
Fgp-Ø-—\p-tijw ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-X-y-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Hscm-∂c \q‰m≠p
Ime-tØ°v aµ-X-bm-W-\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. Infn-∏m- p-I-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw B´°YI-fp-amWv
A°m-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xv. FSpØp]d-b-Ø° PohnX ho£-W-[m-c-Itfm kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
ssNX-\-y-Øp-Sn∏p-Itfm A°m-eØv Ihn-X-bn¬ ]X-y-£-s∏- n-√. Cu ÿnXn°v KW-y-am-sbmcp
am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.
\m¬∏-Xn-tesd Xpf-f¬ IrXn-Iƒ \º-ym-cptSXm-bn-´p≠v. Adp-]-tXmfw Ds≠-∂pw-
]-£-ap-≠v. CXn\p ]pdsa ioIrjvW-N-cnXw aWn-]-hm-fw, \f-N-cn-Xw, inh-]p-cm-Ww,
]©-X¥w apXemb Infn-∏m- p-Iƒ, K-h-±qXv ]Xn-\mep hrØw F∂n-hbpw \º-ym-cpsS Imh-y-ß-
fmbn IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Akm-am-\-y-]-mWvUn-Xyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ At±lwB mj-bnepw GXm\pw IrXn-Iƒ Ncn-®n- p-≠v.
Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm\w
Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS
]i-kvXn. kmln-X-y-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw P\-Iob Iem-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw Xpf-f-ens\ hne-bn-
cptØ≠Xp-≠v. a≤-y-tI-c-f-Ønepw sX°≥ tIc-f-Ønepw Pohn-°p-hm\pw Ahn-SpsØ P\-ß-
fp-ambn ASp-Øn-S-]-g-Ip-hm\pw km[n® \º-ym¿ A∂p-C-]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e A\p-jvTm-
\-I-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \mS≥ Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw efn-X-kp-µ-c-amb ]e LS-I-ß-fpw
Iq´n-tN¿ØmWv X\n-t°-c-fo-b-sa-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Xpf-f¬ F∂ Iem-in-ev]-Øn\v cq]w sImSp-
Ø-Xv. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ NmI-ym¿IqØpw ]mT-Ihpw Xs∂-bmWv C°m-c-y-Øn¬
IqSp-X¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn- n-f-f-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb thj- q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, Npcp-ßnb cwK-k-÷o-
I-cWw, ]mI-Øn\v kwKo-X-hm-Z-ym- n-\-b-߃, ct≠m aqt∂m hy-‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂p \n¿∆-ln-bv°m-
hp∂ Ah-X-c-Ww, Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ff ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp \n_-‘-\-bp-an-√mbva
CsXm-s°-bmWv a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v Xpf-f-en-\p-ff ta∑. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚
]Nm-c-Øn\pw hnP-b-Øn\pw Imc-W-ambn hn-®Xpw.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 17
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \º-ymsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xpf-f-ense sIm´pw ]m´pw thj-hp-sa√mw
Xs‚ ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep-ff Imh-y-]-]-©-Øn-te°v klr-Z-bsc hnfn-®p-Iq- m-\p-ff _mtlym]m[n
amX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ImWmw. kmam-\-y-P-\-Øns‚ kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n At±-l-Øn\v km[m-
cW P\-ß-tfmSp Nne-Xp-]-d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv P\-ßsf tIƒ∏nt® ASßq F∂ hminbpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv.
CØcw \qX\ ]h-W-X-I-fn-te°v P\-ßsf ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-c¬ F°m-eØpw ]bm-k-ap-f-f-
Xm-Wv. Hcn-bv°¬ Bk-zm-Zn-®m¬ ]n∂o-S-h¿ FØn-s°m-f-fp-sa∂v B h-iyhN- n\v XnI™
Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Xpf-f-en¬ Ihn-Xbv°v kmln-X-ymw-i-Øn-\p-X-s∂-
bmWv \º-y¿ Du∂¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.
km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ Xs‚ Ihn-Xm-tem-I-Øntebv°Sp-∏n-°m≥ a‰p Nne ]tX-y-I-X-IƒIqSn
thW-sa∂t±lw Dd-®p. mjm emfn-X-y-amWv Ah-bn¬ apJ-yw.
Ihn-X-Iƒ tIƒ°p-t∂-cw-Xs∂
sNhn-bp-tf-fm¿°m-\µw thWw
F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i\w.
Nncn∏m≥ kwK-Xn-bp-ff Ihn-Iƒ sNm√n-bm¬ tI´n´n-cn-∏m-\m-K-l-ap≠mw F∂pw
Nncnbv°p∂ IY tI´m-en-cn-bv°p-am-b-X-s√-¶n¬ Xncnbv°pw F∂pw At±-l-Øn\v
\∂m-b-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
`mj-bpsS Imc-y-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ho£Ww Cß-s\-bm-Wv.
`S-P-\-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn-ep-sf-fmcp
]S-b-Wn-bv°nl tNcp-hm≥
hSn-hn-b-s∂mcp Nmcp-tI-cf
`mj-Xs∂ NnXw hcp.
IpS-I-sS-∏-Sp-I-Tn\ kwkvIrX
hnIS ISp-Ihn sI´n-bm¬
`S-P-\-߃ [cn-bv°-bn√
Xncn-bv°p-sam-s°bp ta‰p-S≥
Cu hI ap≥[m-c-W-Ifpw D]-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-amWv Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm-\sØ \nb-¥n-®-Xv.
Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂nßs\ Xpf-f-ens\ aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n- p-≠v. Zri-y-I-em-cq-
]-Øn\p amXta CXp _m[-I-am-Ip-∂p-f-fq. thj-ß-fnepw Imh-y-c-N-\-bv°p-]-tbm-Kn® hrØ-ß-
fnepw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-bn-ep-ap-ff hy-X-ym-k-ß-fmWv Cu hn -P-\-Øn\v \nZm-\w. Cu aq∂p hn`m-K-
Øn¬sh®v Zri-y- wKn IqSn-bXv Hm -\mWv. AXp-sIm≠v Hm´≥ Xpf-f-en-\mWv km¿∆-Xn-I-amb
]Nm-cw.
kµ¿`w
]mWvU-h¿ h\-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ `oa-tk-\\pw ]m©m-enbpw kwkm-cn-®n-cn-
°p∂Xn\n-S-bn¬ AXn-hn-in-jvS-amb Hcp ]q ˛ sku-K-‘nI∏qhv ˛ kao-]Øv Im‰n¬
h∂p-ho-Wp. AØcw Ipd®p ]q°ƒ In´n-bm¬s°mf-fm-sa∂v ]m©men Xm¬∏-cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-
t∏mƒ oa≥ skuK‘n-I-s∏mbvI tXSn ]pd-s∏- p. ac-ßfpw h√n-Ifpw X√n-Ø-I¿Øv Im´n-eqsS
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 18
hgn-bp-≠m°n apt∂-dnb `oa≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ as‰mcp ]pX-\mb iol-\p-am≥ iocm-as\
[ym-\n-®n-cn-bv°p∂ IZ-fo-h-\-Øn-se-Øn. a‰p tXm -ß-fn¬ \ns∂ms° XnI®pw hy-X-y-kvX-hpw
im¥-kp-µ-chpamb Cu IZ-fo-h\w Bcp-tS-sX∂v A¤p-X-s∏ v oa≥ AXn-tebv°p ]th-in-®p.
`oas‚ bmXm-tIm-em-lew sIm≠p [ym-\-Øn¬\n-∂p-W¿∂ l\p-am≥ [ym-\-Zr-jvSn-bn-
eqsS `oa-t\bpw Cu bmtXm-t±-y-i-y-tØbpw a\- n-em°n. ktlm-Z-cs\ t\cn¬°m-Wm\pw
`oas‚ Al-¶mcw Aev]-sam∂p Ipd-bv°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-hm\pw
l\p-am≥ Xo¿®-bm-°n. `oas‚ Zqc-Øp-\n-∂p-ff hchv l\p-am≥ ImWp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp
apX¬°mWv ]mTy- mKw Bcw- n-bv°p-∂Xv BZ-ysØ iIm-c-h¿j-߃°p-tijw l\p-am-s\-Øn-
cn-®-dn™ oa‚ Bh-i-y-]-Imcw l\p-am≥ Xm≥]≠v e¶-bn-te°v kapZw NmSn-°-S-°p-tºmƒ
kzo-I-cn® oam-Imcw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw b-hn-kva-bm-[o-\-\mb oa≥ l\p-ams\ kvXpXn-
bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂n-SØv ]mT-y- mKw Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂p.
sshi-h-Ws‚ skuK‘n-I-s∏m-bvI-bnte°pff hgn a\- n-em°nb oa≥ Ahn-sS-s®∂v
tXm´w Imh¬°msc Iog-S°n ]pjv]w ]dn-®p-h-cp-∂-XmWv _m°n`m-Kw.
]Zm¿∞-kq-N\
AXpew = AXp-e-y-amb, hf-sc-b-[nIw aXn-am≥ = _p≤n-am≥
amXpXn = acp-Øns‚ (Im-‰ns‚) ]pX≥, l\p-am≥
aXn-sIm≠v = a\- p-sIm≠v Z\p-P-∑m¿ = Akp-c≥am¿
Ic-Øns‚ _ew = ssIbq°v ]S-pXzw = kma¿∞yw
hSn-hmbn = cq]-sa-SpØv, IWvTo-chw = knwlw, IWvtT = IgpØn¬
IW = AkvXw, D≤-X≥ = a¿±n-®-h≥ , ]≤Xn = hgn
_eo-ap-J≥ = hm\-c≥ kwKXn =Im-cWw
Zp¿L-S-ÿm\w = A]-ISw ]nSn® ÿew Zp¿`m-jWw = NoØ-hm-°p-Iƒ
Ib¿Øv = tIm]n®v G‰pam-dm≥ = Fgp-t∂‰p \oßm≥
Ffp-X√ = Ign-bn√, s]mø√ = If-h√, Ie-ºpI = hg-°n-SpI
NphSv = ASn apgp-°p∂p = h¿≤n-°p∂p
]qcp-hwiw = ]qcp-hns‚ Ipew (b-bm-Xn-bpsS ]pX-\mb ]qcp-hns‚ hwi-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s] ]mWvU-h¿)
t\cm-b-am¿§w = [¿Ω-]Yw F∂pw icn-bmb hgn F∂pw
]Xn°pw = hogpw \b-⁄≥ = \b-߃ Adn-bp-∂-h≥
]©-_m-Wm¿Øn = Ima-th-Z\ t]mcpw = aXn-bmIpw
NnXw-hcm = DNn-X-amb, IfXw = mhw, Iq‰p-Im¿ = _‘p-°ƒ
`ffv = Al-¶mcw Imw£ = sImXn
ARvP-\m-]p-X≥ = ARvP-\-bpsS ]pX≥ (l-\p-am≥)
`RvP\w sNøpI = \in-∏n-°pI h£ v = amdnSw
[qa-tIXp = hm¬\-£Xw ([q-a-tI-Xp-hns‚ DZbw \mi-kq-N-I-am-sW∂v hni-z-kw)
cq£X = b-¶-cX Ime-\q¿ = ba-temIw
Ac-°≥ = cm£-k≥, kmew = ]\, Uw`n-®p-h∂ = aZn-®p-h∂
Prw`n® = XSn®, hnKlw = icocw, kn≤≥ = Znh-y≥
πhw-K≥ = Ipc-ß≥, k∂mlw = Hcp°w, Zp»m-k\w = NoØ-°-ev]\
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 19
\mkvXnbmw = C√m-Xmhpw, ISp∏w = siucyw, ]mZ]w = acw
Dcs-ضn¬ = FXn¿Øm¬ ewLn-°pI = NmSn-I-S-°pI
s\Sp°pw =\o≠ KZm-ZWvUw = KZ-sIm-≠p-ff ASn
`wKw = \miw i-hn-°pI = tIƒ°pI
\‡-©-cm-cm-Xn-Zm-k≥ = cm£-k-∑m-cpsS iXp-hns‚ (io-cmsa‚) Zmk≥
]p—mKw = hmcns‚ A‰w Xcn-ºn√ = Aev]-hp-an√
taem = hø, aZv_ew = Fs‚ i‡n, \jvSn = \miw
Cf-s∏´p = ]cm-P-b-s∏´p D¬°-Sm-tSm]w = h¿≤n® K¿t∆msS
apjv°v = [n°mcw, ]w‡n-I-WvT≥ = cmh-W≥, alm-hm-cn-cmin = alm-k-apZw
tIfnIm-\\w = DZ-ym\w kwt¢iw = IjvS-s∏´v
et¶-i-]p-X≥ = (C-hn-sS)-A-£-Ip-am-c≥ NWvUamb = DK-amb
]t¶-cp-lm£n = ]t¶-cplw (Xm-a-c-)t]mse IÆp-f-f-hƒ- -kp-µcn
KWvU-ÿew = IhnƒØSw a£nI = Cu®
]h-\m-fl-P≥ = hmbp-]p-X≥˛l-\p-am≥ D≤-aXn = Al-¶mcn
[hfw = shfpØ k∂n`w = Xpeyw, s\Sp-Xm-In\ = \o≠
sNºp-In-Smcw = sNºp-]mXw, IpSn-em-IrXn = hf™, Z¥-I-Zw_w = ]√n≥°q´w
kS = Ip©n, tcmaw ]cnLw = Ccp-ºp-ZWvUv, ]rYp-Xcw = XSn®
ISn-XSw = Ac-s°´,v Jc-X-c-I-c-\-J-c-\n-Imbw = Dd-t∏-dnb ssI \J-ß-fpsS Iq´w
Dcp-Xcw = henb PwLm-bpKfw = c≠p-I-W-¶m-cp-Iƒ
\n`w =Xp-eyw ZojWw = `b-¶cw Aw_-c-Xew = BIm-i-tZiw
D¬°-S-I-SpZo¿L = ITn-\hpw b-¶-chpw \o≠-Xp-amb
CZm\ow = Ct∏mƒ, lpXm-i-\≥ = Xo khn-Xmhv = kqc-y≥
CXn = C]-Imcw \pXn = kvXnXn
kmcw
Cu ka-bØv l\p-am≥ Znh-y-Zr-jvSn-sIm≠v Cßs\ a\- n-em°n: `mcybpsS BKlw
km[n-∏m≥ hoc-\mb oa≥ Xnc°n´pt]m-Ip-∂p. C-h≥ Fs‚ A\p-P-\m-Wv. cm£-km-¥-I-\mb
kzktlm-Z-cs‚ ssIbq°v Ch-s\-sbm∂p [cn-∏n-°-Ww. Chs‚ hgn XS-b-Ww. Chs‚ Du°p-
i-an-®m¬ hgn sImSp-°p-I-bp-amhmw . Cßs\ Nn¥n®v Zb-\o-b-amb a´n¬ Hcp hr≤-
hm-\-cs‚ cq]-Øn¬ InS-∂p. At∏mƒ ImSn-f°n hcp∂ B\-Isf h´w Npg-‰nbpw Im´p-ar-K-
ßsf b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw oa≥ IZ-fo-h-\-Øn¬ ]th-in-®p. Xs‚ hgn apS-°n-°n-S-°p∂ X¥-°p-
c-ßs\ t\m°n C]-Imcw ]d™p: Fs‚ hgn-bn¬°nS-°p∂ Ip-c-ßm hgn-am-dv. \osb-¥n-
\mWv Cu A]-I-S-ÿ-m\Øp InS-°p∂Xv. am\-ysc I≠m-e-dn-bm-ØXv \ns‚ PmXn-k-z- mhw
Xs∂. \o Iq´w-sX‰n h∂-Xm-tWm. DSs\ Fgp-t∂‰pamdn-bn-s√-¶n¬ B]-Øp-≠m-hpw. Cßs\-
bp-ff oas‚ [n°m-c-hm-°p-Iƒ tI´v hr≤-hm-\-c≥ Nncn-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p: Aßv F¥n-
\mWv Cßs\ tIm]n°p∂Xv. F\n-s°-gpt∂¬°m≥t]mepw hø. Aßv hgn-amdn t]mIp-∂-
XmWv \√-Xv. Ah-i-\mb Cu Ipc-ß-®s\ Aßp I≠n-t√. Xf¿∂p InS-°p∂htcmSv
Bsc-¶nepw tIm]n-bv°m-dpt≠m? icn-bmb hgn-hn´v c≠-Sn-b-tßm´p amdn-bm¬ F¥p Ipg-∏-
amWv? l\p-ams‚ hm°p-tI´v oa≥ H∂p-I-qSn Ip≤-\mbn ]d™p: \obmtcmSmWv kwkm-
cn-°p-∂-X-v. ]qcp-hw-i-Ønse hoc-\mb oa-tk-\-\mWv Rm≥, t\¿h-gn-hn´p \S-°p-I-bp-an-√, BtcmSpw
tXmev°p-I-bp-an√ Rm≥. Ft∂m-Sp-am-dn-\-S-°m≥ ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS amd-tØ-bv°p-f-f-XmWo KZ.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 20
k÷-\ k-º-Zmbw Adn-bmØ ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ Rm≥ kln-bv°n-√. [¿Ω-am¿§-߃
Adn-bmØ \nt∂mSv kwkm-cn-®n-s´¥p Imcyw? [¿a--a-]p-Xs‚ A\p-P-\mb Rm≥ A[¿Ω-߃
sNøp-I-bn-√. CXptI´ l\p-am≥ Nncn®p sIm≠p ]d-™p. \o \b⁄-\m-sW∂pw
]mWvU-h¿ A[¿Ωw ]h¿Øn-°n-s√∂pw ]d-™Xv tIaw Xs∂. ]≠v ]m©men F∂ Hcp
s]Æns\ \n߃ A©p-t]cpw tN¿∂v hnhmlw Ign-®p-sh∂v Rm≥ tI´n- -p≠v. Ah-ƒ°©pw
X©w Xs∂. IS-°-tÆ-¿-sIm≠v \nßsf A©p-t]tcbpw NXn-∏m≥ Ahƒ aXn. \me©p
`¿Ømhv Hcp s]Æn\v F∂ \ne Hcp PmXn°pw ]Xn-hn-√. hmep-ff hm\-c-∑m-cmb R߃t]mepw
Aßs\ sNøn√m Nne-t∏mƒ tPyjvT-Øn, Nne-t∏mƒ A\p-P-Øn. Nne-t∏mƒ `mc-y. CsX¥p
[¿Ω-am-Wv. \nß-fpsS Nm]-e-y-߃ tI´m¬ Nncn-h-cpw. F∂n- mWv t\cmb am¿§w shSn-bn√
F∂p ]d-™-Xv. \o BtcmSpw tXmev°n-s√∂p ]d-™Xpw ck-am-bn- p-≠v. \q‰-h¿ \mSpw
\K-chpw ]nSn-s®-SpØv \nßsf Im´n¬ sX≠m\b®-X-t√. ho´n¬ InS-°m≥ \n߃°pw
tbmK-an-√. Zptc-ym-[-\≥ B´n-bn-d-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw \m´n¬ IS-°m\pw ]‰n-√. F∂m¬ Im´n¬
Ign-bm≥ sskz-c-ap-t≠m. AXpw C√. If-f-®q-Xn¬ tXm¬∏n®v Zptc-ym-[-\≥ \mSp-I-S-Ønb \nß-
fp-sS-IqsS B s]Æpw t]m∂p. IÆn¬ I≠-sXms° Ahƒ Bh-i-y-s∏-Spw. Ah-sf-t∏-Sn®v
\nßtfm AXp-t\-Sm≥ s\t´m´w HmSpw. I≠ \nan-j-Øn¬Xs∂ \ns‚ IY-sbms° F\n°p
a\- n-em-bn. Cu ]cn-lmkw tI´v tIm]n® oa≥ ]d-™p: Im™nc-°mb Xn∂p-I-gn-bp∂
\ns‚ a≠ XI¿°m≥ tXm∂p-∂n-√. Fs‚ tPyjvT-\mb l\p-ams‚ hwi-Ønem-Wt√m \obpw
P\n-®-sX-t∂m¿Øn v. oas‚ tbmK-yX Cu aqfn-°p-c-sß-¥-dn-™p. cm£-km-[n]∑mcmb lnUnw-
_-t\bpw _I-t\bpw X√n-®-X-®Xv Rm\m-Wv. Pcm-k-‘s\ c≠mbn ]nf¿∂n´Xpw Rm≥ Xs∂.
In¿Ωo-cs\ h[n®v Xm]-k-∑m-cpsS k¶Sw Xo¿ØXpw a‰m-cp-s√. Cß-s\-bp-ff Ft∂mSv Hcp
Im´p-Ip-cßmtWm [n°mcw ]d-bp-∂Xv. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p. Fs∂ XI¿°m≥
aSn-bv°-≠. Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v ]≠v Zp»m-k-\≥ ]m©m-ensb ]nSn®v ]c-k-y-
ambn hen-®n-g®v \nß-fpsS A©p-t]-cp-tSbpw apºn-en´v DSp-h-kvX-a-gn-®-t∏mƒ cm£-k-∑msc
sIm∂ \ns‚ ]cm-Iaw Imin°p-t]m-bn-cp-∂pshm? kz¥w mc-y-sb A\-y≥ A]-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ
I≠p \n¬°p∂XmtWm \ns‚ BW-Øw. \ns‚ anSp°pw Du°pw Hs°-sb-\n-°-dn-bmw.
AsX√mw Im´nse ac-ß-tfmSpw ]¿∆-X-ß-tfmSpw ]mh-Øm-\mb X¥-°p-c-ßn-t\mSpw ]‰pw. ]√pw
ISn®v IÆp-cp´n Fs∂ iIm-cn-°p-∂-sX-¥n\m? F\n-s°s‚ hmep-t]mepw A\-°m≥ Bh-Xn-√.
\o Fs∂-®m-Sn-°-S-∂p-t]m-bm-epw. Rm≥ \ns‚ hgn-ap-S-°p-∂n-√. At∏mƒ `oa≥ ]d-™p.
""\obn-∏-d-™-sXms° CØncn Poh-\p-ff Hcm-fmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Fs‚ ssIbq°v ImWn-
®p-X-cm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Nmhm-fn-°p-c-ßs\ `oa≥ X®p-sIm-∂p-sh∂p tI´m¬ alm-P\-߃
Fs∂ ]cn-l-knbv°pw. \ns∂ NmSn-°-S-°m\pw aSn-bp-≠v. Fs‚ tPjvT-\mb l\p-ams‚
Ipe-Øn¬ ]nd∂ \ns∂ NmSn-°-S-°p-∂-Xp alm-]m-]-am-Wv."" At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p:
""aSn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXpw th≠. hgn-bn¬ hne-ßs\ InS-°p∂ Fs‚ Cu \o≠ hmsem∂v am‰n-
sh®v th≠ hgn°pt]m-bm-epw. ssIsIm≠v Ipc-ßs\ sXmSm\pw Ad-∏m-sW-¶n¬ \ns‚ ssIbn-
ep-ff B Iq‰≥ KZ-sIm≠v Cu hm¬ tXm≠n-bn´p t]mbm¬ aXn"". oa≥ tNmZn-®p. tXm≠n-bn-
Sp-tºmƒ apdn-™p-t]m-bmtem F∂v. ""apdn-bp-∂Xv Fs‚ hmtem \ns‚ KZtbm"" F∂m-bn-cp∂p
l\p-ams‚ kwi-bw. `oa≥ ]d-™p. ""h∑-e-Iƒ IpØn-s∏m-Sn-bv°p∂ Fs‚ KZ Xmßm≥
Ign-hp-f-f-h-cn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Nmhm-fn-°p-c-ßns‚ hmep-sXm- m¬ AXp s]mSn-™p-t]m-Ipw.
CXp-hsc tIƒ°mØ \ns‚ CØcw A`n-]m-b-߃ tI v Rm≥ tIm]w sIm≠v Pz-en-°p-∂p.""
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 21
Cßs\ ]d™v oa≥ KZ-sIm≠v l\p-ams‚ \o≠p XSn® hme‰w tXm≠nsbdn-bp-hm≥
ian-®p. kI-e-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®n´pw hmense c≠p tcma-߃t]mepw Cf-°m-\m-bn-√. FX
ian-®n´pw Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ \mW-t°-tSmsS Nn¥n-®p. ""temIw apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°nb Cu
`oa\v Hcp X¥-°p-c-ßns‚ hm¬ Cf-°m-\m-hp-∂n-√. Fs‚ ]cm-Iaw FhnsSt∏mbn. CXp-h-√-
am-bm-]-tbm-K-hp-am-tWm. oa≥ Hcp Ipc-ß-t\mSp tXms‰∂p tI´m¬ Iuc-h¿ ]cn-l-kn-°pw.
Fs‚ Bƒ-°mcpw Fs∂ Dt]-£n-°pw. C\n Rm≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n´p Imc-y-a-√. Cu X¥-°p-c-
ßs\ X®p-sIm-∂m-tem. ]cm-P-b-s∏´v `oa≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°n-√."" Cßs\ Nn¥n® `oa≥
l\p-aps‚ t\sc ]m™-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p ]d-™p: "" \ns‚ NXn-]-tbm-K-߃ Ft∂m-Sp-th-≠.
Zz-µ-bp≤w XpS-ßn-bm¬ \ns‚ lp¶p ian-°pw. At∏mƒ \o CXp-hsc Adn-™n- n-√mØ Fs‚
i‡n t\cn´p a\- n-em-°mw. I≠m-e-dn-bm-Ø-h≥ sIm≠m-e-dn-bpw. \ns‚ a¥-hn-Z-ybpw NXn-]-
tbmK-ßfpw Ft∂mSv th≠. Ipc-ß-\mb \n\-s°-¥p-sN-øm≥ Ignbpw. ASp-sØ-Øn-bm¬
hmepw Db¿Øn ac-Øn-te°v NmSp∂ h¿§-a-t√. \ns‚ [n°mcw \nanØw F\n°pw \ne-hn´p
kwkm-cn-bvt°-≠n-h-∂p."" CXp-tI v l\p-am≥ ]d-™p: ""Ipc-ß-s\∂p hnNm-cn®v \nµn-bvt°≠.
a¿°-S-∑m-cnepw apjv°-c-∑m-cp-≠v. ]s≠mcp Ipc-ß-\m-Ws√m cmh-Ws\ hmen¬ _‘n®v \mep-
k-ap-Z-ßfpw NmSn-°-S∂Xv. as‰mcp hm\-c-\t√ ]≠v kapZw NmSn--°-S∂v e¶-bn¬ sN∂v
cm£-k-∑msc Nnesc sIm∂Xpw DZ-ym\w XI¿ØXpw bp≤-Øn-\p-h∂ cmh-W-]p-Xs\ sIm∂Xpw
koXsb B-i-z-kn-∏n-®Xpw bp≤-Øn-s\-Ønb cmh-Ws‚ tXcn¬ NmSn-hoWv Ahs‚ sNIn-S-
Øm-™-Sn-®Xpw F√mw. CXp-t]mse tbmK-y-∑m-cmb ]e hm\-c-∑m-tcbpw Rm\-dn-bpw. Ipc-ß≥
Ipc-ß≥ F∂p ]d-™p-I-fnbm-°msX \n\°p \ns‚ hgn-°p-t]m-Ip-∂-XmWp \√-Xv"". CXp-tI´
`oa≥ ]d-™p: ""\o ]d-™Xv Fs‚ tPyjvT-\mb l\p-am≥ F∂ alm-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv. At±l-
sa-hnsS \osø-hn-sS. ]d-h-I-fn¬ s] -XmWv Kcp-U≥ F∂p hnNm-cn®v Cu®-Iƒ Al-¶-cn-°p-∂-
t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv. cma- -‡-\mb l\p-ams‚ hwi-Øn¬ ]nd∂p F∂-XmWv \ns‚ lp¶v.
CXbpw tI´t∏m l\p-am≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w Xs‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w [cn-®p. lnam-e-bw-t]m-
se-bp-ff ico-cw, sImSn-a-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff hmev, sNºp-In-Sm-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff IÆv, Nµ-°-e-t]m-
se-bp-ff ]√p-Iƒ, Ccp-ºp-e-°-t]m-esØ ssIIƒ, ]¿∆-X-X-Sw-t]m-se-bp-ff amdv Cßs\ sbms°
`oj-W-amb cq]-Øn¬ BImiw aps´ \n¬°p∂ l\p-ams‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w I¨ap-ºn¬ I≠-
t∏mƒ `oa≥ A¤pXw sIm≠v hnd-®p. CsX¥p adn-am-b-am-Wmthm F∂v hnNm-cn®v F¥mWv
sNtb-≠-sX-∂-dn-bmsX t]Sn-®p. e£-W-ß-sf√mw sh®v Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ CXv Xs‚ tPyjvT-
\mb l\p-am≥ Xs∂ F∂p-d-®p. DSs\ ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v B Im¬°¬ hoWp
\a-kv°-cn-®p.
tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ (50/100 hm°n¬)
1) ""aXn-am≥ amcp\n Xs‚ aXn-sIm≠v \ncq-]n®p"". \ncq-]n-®-sX¥v?
2) hr≤-\m-tbmcp _eoapJs\ I≠p"" BcpI≠p? Bcq]w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p?
3) ""s]s -s∂-gp-t∂‰p t]mIm-bvIn-em-]Øp
s]´o-Sp-sa∂p [cn-°-\o-h-m-\cm"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 22
4) ""]mcw-h-e™p InS-°p-∂-h¿I-tfm˛
Smcp-ao-hÆw Ie-ºp-am-dn-t√tSm"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
5) R߃ [¿Ωw shSn-s™m∂pw ]h¿Øn-bv°p-I-bn√"" F∂ oas‚ Bfl-]-iwkbv°v
l\p-ams‚ ]Xn-I-cWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
6) ""I≠t\cw Xs∂ \ns‚ ]cm-Ia
ap≠mbv \ap-s°-∂-dnI hrtIm-Zc"" l-\p-ams‚ Cu adp-a-Sn-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂
]cn-lmkw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I. ]cn-lm-k-]-c-a-√mØ Hc¿∞w Cu hcn-I-fn¬ Dt≠m?
7) ""s]mÆ-Ø-Sn-b\mw \ns‚ ]cm-Iaw
Iminbv°p t]mtbm IYnbv° hrtIm-Zcm"" Ft∏mƒ? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
8) ""Adn-bm™n´p-tNm-Zn-t®≥ Acn-i-ap-≠m-I-th≠""
Bcv BtcmSv F¥p-tNm-Zn®p? Ft∏mƒ?
9) ""s]s´∂p Poh≥I-f-hm≥ aSn-bn√ IjvS-ao- o-a-\n-f-s∏- n-cn-bv°ptam"" CXhv°v
Bfl-\nµ tXm∂m-\p-≠mb kw -h-sa¥v?
II D]-\-ym-ktNmZy߃
1) l\p-a¬- - oa kwhm-ZsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ip©≥\-º-y-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-]m-Shw
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2) Ip©≥º-ym-cpsS h¿Æ-\m-ssh-Z-Kv[-y-w tkm-Zm-l-cWw hnh-cn-°p-I.
3) Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Ihn-Xm-coXn ]mT-y- m-KsØ B[m-c-am°n D]-]m-Zn-bv°p-I.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 23
NWvUm-e-`n-£pInIpam-c-\m-im≥
Ipam-c-\m-im≥
1873¬ Imbn-°-c-bn¬ sXmΩ≥hn-fm-Iw-ho-´n¬ \mcm-b-Ws‚bpw Imfn-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw
aI-\mbn P\n-®p. A∂sØ kº-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v kwkvIrX-km-ln-X-yhpw imkvXhpw ]Tn-®p.
]Xn-∂memw hb- n¬ Xs∂ A≤-ym-]-\-hrØn kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ A∂p-ap-X¬ Bim≥ F∂
t]cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏- p. ]Xn-s\´mw hb n¬ io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hpambn ASpØp _‘-s∏-Sm≥
Ign-™Xv At±l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. ]n∂oSv kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ D]-cn-
]-T\w \S-Øn. H∏w-Xs∂ Cw•ojpw _wKm-fnbpw ]Tn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ am¿§w kmln-X-y-]-c-
ambn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ CXp Imc-W-am-bn. 1902¬ Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-bpsS Imc-y-Z¿in-bmbn
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-k-zman At±-lsØ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. BZ-y-Im-eØv irwKm-c-t«m-I-߃ Fgn-Xn-
bn-cp-∂p. B hgn \ntj-[n®Xpw io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-k-zman Xs∂. 1922¬ shbn¬kv cmP-Ip-am-
c-\n¬\n∂v Bim≥ ]´pw-h-fbpw kzo-I-cn-®Xv henb hna¿i-\-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. hoW-]q-hv, \fn\n,
eoe, ]tcm-Z-\w, NWvUm-e- n-£p-In, Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, Icp-W, _me-cm-am-b-Ww, io_p-≤-
N-cnXw, Zpc-hÿ apX-em-b-h-bmWv apJ-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. 1924 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ ]√-\-bm-‰nse sdUo-a¿
t_m -]-I-S-Øn¬ AIm-e-N-c-a-a-S™p.
JWvU-Im-h-y-]-ÿm\w
G.B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿ΩbpsS ae-b-hn-em-k-amWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy JWvU-Im-hyw. Imev]-
\nI ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]I-S-e-£-W-߃ BZ-y-ambn ImWn® ae-bm-f-Ir-Xnbpw AXp-X-s∂. [mcmfw
JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-ƒ ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ DØ-a-J-WvU-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS ]q°mew Ihn-X-b-
Øns‚ Ime-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipam-c-\m-im\pw hf-f-tØmfpw Df-fqcpw JWvU-Im-hy cN-\-bn¬
AX-y-]q¿∆-amb Ignhpw angnhpw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. alm-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS hmNm-e-X-bn¬ a\w-a-Sp-Øn-
cp∂ A\p-hm-N-I¿°v mh-Xo-hX ]pe¿Øp∂ Cu eLp-Im-h-y-߃ Hcp ]pXnb A\p- -h-am-bn.
`mh-Ko-X-ß-fpsS mh-Xo-h-Xbpw BJ-ym-\-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS BJ-ym-\-ssi-enbpw GIX ktΩ-fn-®-
Xm-bn-cp∂p JWvU-Im-h-y-߃. JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-fn¬ CXn-hr-Ø-Ønse sshIm-cn-Imw-i-߃°v
ap≥Xq°w sImSpØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. alm-Im-h-y-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se, `mh-Xo-h-
Xbv°pw GIm-K-Xbv°pw tIm´w X -Ø-°-co-Xn-bn¬ h¿Æ-\-Ifpw Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw ]tbm-Kn-°m-dn-√.
Imh-ym-a-XvItam \mS-Io-btam Bb kw -h-ßfpw IY Ifp-amWv CXn-hr-Ø-am-bn- kzoIcn-°m-dv.
]pcm-W-ß-fn-tebpw CXn-lm-k-ß-fn-tebmw IYmw-i-ßfpw JWvU-Im-h-y-߃°v hnj-b-am-Im-dp-
≠v. At∏mƒ Ah-bnse auen-Imw-i-߃°v am‰w hcp-Øm-dn-√. Imev]-\nI]h-W-X-IƒX-s∂-
bmWv anI® JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-fnepw sXfn-™p-I-≠n-cp∂-Xv. ]tX-y-In®v hnj-bm-h-X-c-W-Ønepw
kao-]-\-Øn-ep-ap-ff Bfl-\n-jvTX. Ihn-X-b-Øn¬ Ipam-c-\m-im-\m-bn-cp∂p Imev]-\n-I-X-bn¬
Gsd Xm¬]-cyw ImWn®Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse e£-W-samØ H∂m-asØ Imev]\nI IrXn-bmbn
hoW-]q-hn-s\-bmWv AwKo-I-cn-®n- p-f-f-Xv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 24
NWvUm-e- n-£pIn
IY ˛ kµ¿`w
s]m -k¿ e£vao-k-c-kp-hns‚ “The Essence of Budhism” F∂ IrXn-bnse Hcp
`mKsØ CXn-hr-Ø-ambn kzo-I-cn®v Ipam-c-\m-im≥ cNn® Hcp kz-X¥ JWvU-Im-h-y-amWv
NWvUme`n£p-In. io_p≤s‚ BZ-y-Im-e-in-j-y-cn¬ Hcm-fmb B\-µ-`n£p Hcp sImSnb
th\¬°m-eØv \´p-®bv°v HXp Kma-]-cn-k-c-Øn-ep-ff B¬Ø-d-bn¬ hni-an-bv°p-tºm-gmWv
A[:-Ir-X-k-ap-Zm-b-amb amXwK PmXn-bn¬ s]´ Hcp-s]¨In-Smhv hr£-k-ao-]-Øp-ff InW-dn¬
\n∂v shf-fw-tIm-cn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ h∂-Xv. Zmlm¿Ø-\mb n£p Ahsf ka-o-]n®v Aev]w
shffw tNmZn-®p. amXw-Knbv°v AsXmcp ]pXnb A\p- -h-am-bn-cp-∂p. k\-ym-kn-am-sc-t∏mse
Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ XmW-Pm-Xn-bn¬s]´ X߃sXm´ Pew IpSn-bv°m-dn-s√∂pw Aßbv°v shffw
X∂m¬ ]m]-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Ahƒ ]d-™p-t\m-°n. PmXn-Nn-¥sb hnK-Wn®v `n£p shffw
IpSn®v Xncn®v t]mbn. ]Y-a-Zr-jvS-ym-Xs∂ `n£p-hns‚ cq]-Im-¥n-bn¬ ab-ßnb amXwKn
At±-lsØ ]ncn-™n-cn-bv°m≥ Ign-bmØ \ne-bn-em-bn. A∂p-cmXn Ahƒ GIbmbn hoSp-hn-
´n-d-ßn. Hcp hn[-Øn¬ imh-kvXn-bv°-Sp-Øp-ff s_u≤mi-a-Øn-se-Øn. bmZr-—n-I-ambn amXwKn
_p≤- -K-hms‚ apºn-se-Øn. io_p-≤s‚ D]-tZ-iw-aqew Ahƒ°v B\-µ- n-£p-hn-ep-≠mb
kvt\lw hni-z-kvt\-l-ambn amdp-Ibpw Ahƒ k\-ymkw kzo-I-cn®v _p≤-`n-£p-Wn-bmbn
Bi-a-Øn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. PmXn-bn¬XmW Hcp InSm-Ønsb Bi-a-Øn¬
Xma-kn-∏n-®-X-dn™v PmXn-`m-¥-∑mcmb ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw cmPmhpw Ip]n-X-cmbn Bi-a-Øn-se-Øn.
io_p-≤≥ Xs‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eqsS PmXn-h-y-h-ÿ-bpsS A¿∞ iq\-yX Ahsc t_m≤-y-s∏-Sp-
Øn. AXn-\m¬ F√m-hcpw im¥-cmbn Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p. A\m-Nm-c-߃-s°Xnsc XqenI ]S-hm-
fm-°nb Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ B hnj-b-Øn-ep-ff HXp apJy IrXn-bmWv NWvUm-e- n-£p-In.
B\-µ- n£p amXw-Kn-tbmSv Zml-Pew tNmZn-bv°p-∂-Xp-ap-X¬°mWv ]mT-y- m-Kw.
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
XqatXSpw ...........................................................................................-A-º-c-t∂m-Xn-\mƒ
Xqa = ip≤n A¿∞n®p = At]-£n®p `Kn\n = ktlm-Zcn
hrØn-bp-ff IpØp-]mf InW-‰n-en v Ib-dp-h-en®v Ahƒ shffw tImcn-s°m-≠n-cn-bv°p-
tºmƒ B am\y `n£p Ah-fpsS kao-]Øp sN∂v Bh-i-b-s∏- p, ""F\n°p Zmln-°p-∂p.
ktlm-Z-co, Zb-hp-≠mbn Cu XWp-Ø-sh-ffw F\n-bv°nØncn Xcq"". B kpµcn AXp-tI v ]cn-
-an-®p-sIm-≠p-]-d-™p.
A√se-¥p-IY ................................................................................-I-√-√n-cp-º√
""Fs¥mcp IjvS-amWv ]d-bp-∂Xv. Zml-£oWw sIm≠v Aßv PmXn t]mepw ad-∂pthm?
XmW-Ip-e-Øn¬ (\o-N-Pm-Xn) ]nd∂ HcpØnbpsS ssIøn¬ \n∂v D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cmb tbmK-y-
∑m¿ shffw hmßn-Ip-Sn(-B-N-an)-bv°ptam? Ft∂mSv tZjyw tXm∂-cptX. shffw X∂m¬ ]m]-
ap-≠m-hpw. ImcWw Rms\mcp NWvUm-e-kvXo-bm-Wv. Kmam-Xn¿Ønbv°∏pdw Xma-kn-bv°p∂
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 25
Hcp "Nma¿" kap-Zm-b-°mcs‚ aI-fm-Wv Rm≥. CXp-tI´v ]cn- -an-®p(-hn-e-£≥) sIm≠v n£p
]d-™p, ""ktlm-Zco Rm≥ PmXn-tNm-Zn-®n-√. shf-f-amWv tNmZn-®-Xv. Fs‚ \mhp-W-ßn-t∏m-Ip-
∂p. t]Sn-bv°msX \o F\n°v shf-f-f-fw-X-cq."" Cßs\ ]d™p sN¥m-a-c-t]mse kpµ-c-\mb
At±lw Xs‚ ssI°q-ºnƒ \o´n. ]ns∂ Ahƒ apS°w ]d-™n-√. Ahfpw Hcp s]Æm-Wv.
It√m Ccptºm A√-t√m.
I‰-°m¿ Iq¥¬ ....................................................................... \n¬∂pw-t]m-se.
I‰-°m¿ = CS-Xq¿∂ taLw Iq¥¬ = apSn
Bkyw = apJw tNmcnhm = XpSpØ hmb
hnkv^mcnXw = hnI-kn® Xmc = IrjvW-aWn
abv°Æn = kpµcn Acp-Wmwiq = CfwNph-∏p-ff civan
]qcw = Iq´w
tNe-sIm≠v Idp-Øn-cp≠ taLw t]mse-bp-ff apSn--s°´pw apJhpw Gsd-°psd adn®v
]p©n-cn-s]m-gn®v Ahƒ Np≠p-]n-f¿Øn A¤p-X- m-h-Øn¬ IÆp-hn-S¿Øn \n∂p. AXv ]`m-X-
Øn¬ Cfw-Np-h-∏p-c-ivan-bn¬ apßn-°p-fn®p \n¬°p∂ sN¥m-a-c-sam v h≠p-h-∂p-ap- n-b-t∏mƒ
CXƒ hnS¿Øn \n¬°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p.
at\m-l-c-amb Hcp hmMva-b-Nn-X-am-Wn-Xv. amXw-Kn-bpsS kzm- m-hn-I-amb \ne-bv°-∏pdw
h≠nW ap´n-hn-I-kn® sN¥m-ac F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS n£p-hns‚ t\m -Øn-eqsS Ah-fnse
A\p-cm-Km-¶p-chpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p.
]ns∂-ss°-Øm¿ ............................................................. Ip\n-™-hƒ
]ns∂ Ah-fpsS ssIhn-d-®-Xn-\m¬ ]mf-bn¬ Xpfp-ºn-bXpw ]mf-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ \n∂v apdn-
s™mgpIp∂Xpw sXfn™ IÆm-Sn-t]mse Xnf-ßp-∂-Xp-amb shffw Zml-hn-h-i-\mbn n£p
\o´nb Xmc-°p-ºnƒt]m-cp-ff ssII-fn-te°v Ahƒ Aev]-sam∂v hf™v Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.
]pW-y-imen\n .................................................... am‰p-∂p-ap-≠mhmw
kpIr-X-lmcw = ]pW-y-ame in£n-X¿ = ]cn-io-en-∏nbv°s∏ -h¿
in£n-Xm-fl-\n¿∆m-W¿ = Afl-\n¿∆m-Ww (A-h-\-hs‚ tamt£m-]m-bw) ioen-®-h¿
AK-y≥ = apº≥ Z£w = ka¿∞w
Ihn-bpsS A`n-]mb ]I-S-\-amWv Cu hcn-Iƒ A√tbm `mK-y-h-Xo, \o Ct∏mƒ Hgn-®p-
sIm-Sp-°p∂ shf-f-Øns‚ Htcm-Xp-f-fnbpw Af-h‰ `mK-yw-sIm≠p e`n® apØp-am-e-Iƒ
(sh-f-f-Øp-ffn = apØv) \ns‚ Df-fnse Bflmhn¬ Nm¿Øp-∂p-≠m-hmw. (am-e-bn-S¬ hnhm-l-
]-Xo-£) hy-‡n-I-fpsS tam£-]m-]vXn-bv°p-ff am¿§-ß-sf-∏‰n \∂mbn A -y-kn® Cu n£p
Bcm-sW∂v Ip´o \o Adn-bp-∂n-√. Btcbpw c£n-°m≥ Ign-hp-ff At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-Klw
Hcp ]t£ \ns∂ as‰m-cm-fm-°n-tb-bv°mw. (B-\-µ- n£p Chƒ°v tam£w sImSp-°m≥ Ign-hp-
ff Bfm-Wv. X¬°mew At±-l-Øns‚ `¿i\w Xs∂ Ahƒ°v tam£w. Ahsf k\-ym-k-
Øn-eqsS tam£-Øn-se-Øn-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-°m-c≥ B\-µ- n£p Xs∂. n£p tamt£m]mb-
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 26
Øn¬ ]tX-yI ]cn-ioe\w t\Snb alm-∑m-hm-W-t√m. At±-l-Øns‚ ]kmZw amXw-Knsb
thsdm-cm-fm-°p-∂p. shffw tImcm≥h-cp∂ amXw-Knb√ Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ amXwKn. ]W-b-hn-h-
i-bmb Ahƒ alm-X-]-kzn-\n-bmbn amdp-∂Xpw `n£p-hns‚ kzm-[o\w sIm≠m-Wv. IYm-]-cn-
Wm-a-tØbpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. _mte F∂ kwt_m[\-bnse "_p≤n-bp-d-bv°m-Ø-htf" F∂
[z-\n-IqSn i≤n-bv°Ww).
ARvPen X∂n¬ ................................................................. hne-°p∂p
ARvPen = Iq∏pssI (A-ßs\ ]nSn® ssI°p-ºnƒ) IRvPw = Xmac
hmcn-X≥]qcw = shffw ]mh\w = ]cn-ip≤w Babw = Zp:Jw
Iq∏p-ssI-t]mse ]nSn® ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ Xs‚ apJ-am-Ip-∂-Xm-a-csb tN¿Øp-sh®v B
`n£p Ip\n™p \n∂p. AXn¬ hogp∂ shf-fn-°-ºn-t]m-se-bp-ff sXfn-sh-ffw At±lw B¿Øn-
tbmsS ISn-®p. AXv Xs‚ ]cn-ip-≤-amb `mhn-hn-⁄m-\-[m-c-bm-sW-∂-t]m-se-bmWv At±lw
Bk-z-Zn-®-Xv. B alms‚ kwXr]vXn I≠v amXwKn tcmam-©-a-Wn™p \n∂p. £oWw-am-dn;
shf-fw-aXn˛F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ At±lw CS-XpssI sIm≠p BKyw ImW-n®p.
kmZw-Xo¿∂v ................................................................................................. Rm≥ t]mIp-∂p.
kmZw = £oWw tamZ-am\w = kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂
]£-vafw = Ca-tcmaw \n¿∆m-W-\n[n = tam£-am-Ip∂ \n[n
Kp¿∆-[o-i≥ = Kpcphpw F√m-‰n\pw DS-a-ÿ-\pamb
]q¿-∆-N-µ≥ = shfp-Ø-hm-hn≥ \mfsØ (]q¿Æ) Nµ≥
£oWw-amdn knc-I-sf√mw Dt∑-jm-h-ÿ-bn¬ FØnb Ejn \nh¿∂p-\n∂v IS-bv°¬
t\cn-b-Np-h∂ Ca-Xq¿°v \o≠ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠p \µn kqNn-∏n®v X\nbv°p]Imcw sNbvX B
kpµ-cn-tbmSp ]d-™p. ""temI-Øn¬ tam£-Im-cWw Is≠-Øn-b-h\pw F√m P\-߃°pw
Bcm-≤-y\pw Zbm-a-b-\pw, Kpcphpw F√m‰nt‚bpw \mY-\p-amb io_p-≤≥ kpµ-co, \ns∂ A\p-
K-ln°pw. Rm\n-t∏mƒ t]mI-t´.
F∂p ho≠pw .................................................................... amc-Pn-sØ-∂-t]m¬
Cßs\ ]d™v im¥\pw sKuch-]-Ir-Xn-°m-c\pw Bb B _p≤- n£p B B¬Np-h-
´n-te°v sN∂v BX-W-en¬ t\csØ ]d™ ÿm\Øv Ccp∂p. kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Im -cp-hn-bn¬
sN∂v Zmlw am‰n-b-tijw Xs‚ Kpl-bn-te°v aS-ßn-h∂ knwl-sØ-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-
lw. ]ns∂ hgn-bmw-hÆw tbmKm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccp∂v At±lw [ym-\-Øn¬ apgp-In. ¬Kp \Zo-
Xo-c-Øp-ff Ac-bm¬®p-h- n¬ Xs‚ Kpcp-hmb amc-PnØv (Im-a-tZ-hs\ Pbn-®-h≥, _p≤≥) Ccn-
bv°p∂ t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.
X≥Ip-Shpw .............................................................................................. at\m-lcn
Xs‚ IpS-Øn¬ shffw \nd®v AXns‚ h°p-Xp-S®v hrØn-bm°n B kpµcn am‰n-sh-®p.
]ns∂ \of-ap-ff Ibdv Npcp´n ]mf-bn¬ HXp-°n-sh®p Ahƒ Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw
AXn\p Ign-bmsX Ahn-sS-Øs∂ ]cp-ßn-\n-∂p. (_p-≤- n-£p-hns‚ kmao-]yw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-
√p-ff hnj-aw) k‘-ym-Im-i-Øn¬ \n∂v AS¿∂p hoW Hcp Xp≠p-t]mse at\m-l-c-ambn ]qØp-
e™p \n¬°p∂ Hcp ]qa-c-Øns‚ Nph- n¬ B kpµcn \n∂p. (A-\p-cm-Km¿--Z-bmb amXw-Kn-
bpsS kzbw ad-∂p-ff \n¬∏v)
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 27
Nmcp-t\X .................................................................................-sX-√nS kpµcn
Nmcp-t\X = at\m-l-c-amb ItÆm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-hƒ
Icpw Xmcn-W-ame = IdpØ c≠p ]q°ƒ sIm≠p-ff ame
tamLw = \njv^ew
amc-ZqXn = Ima-tZ-hs‚ ktµiw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-hƒ
B ssa°Æn CS-wtXm-fp-sIm≠v CS-Øp- mKw B hmI-a-c-Øn¬ Nmcnbpw sNcn™pff
t\m -am-Ip∂ c≠p \oe-∏q-°ƒ sIm≠v n£p-hn-\mbn ame-Iƒ \njv -e-ambn D≠m-°nbpw qan-
bn¬ Hcp Im¬amXw Dd-∏n®p sh®v Ima-tZ-hs‚ ZqXn-sb-s∏mse \n∂p.
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃ (50/100 hm°n¬)
1) ""B at\m-l-cn-b-º-c-t∂m-Xn-\mƒ"" BXmWv B at\m-l-cn? Aº-c-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
2) NWvUm-e-n`n-£p-hn-t\mSv ]d™ adp-]-Sn-sb-gp-XpI
3) ""X\-zn-bm-W-hƒ I√-√n-cp-º√"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI
4) _p≤- n-£p-hn\v amXwKn Pew Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ hmMva-b-NnXw hnh-cn-°p-I.
5) ""c£m-Z-£amw X¬]-kmZw \ns∂
∏t£ thdm-fmbv am‰p-∂p-ap-≠mhmw"" Cu hcn-I-fnse A¿∞-X-e-߃ Ipdn-bv°p-I.
6) ""aµpw Im´p-d-shØn Zmlw Xo¿Øp
Iµ-c-w]qIpw tIk-cn-t]m-e-h≥"" kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
7) ""t]mIp-hm-t\m-ßn-sb-¶nepw s]¨In-Sm˛
hmIm-™-sßm- -e-k-bmbv Np‰n-\mƒ"" Bcv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
8) ]mcn-sem-‰-°m-cq∂n \ne-sIm-≠mƒ
amc-Zq-Xn-t]m¬ sX√nS kpµcn"" B \n¬∏ns‚ wKn hnh-cn-°p-I.
II D]-\-ym-ktNmZy߃
1) B\-µ-`n-£p-hns‚ ]Y-a-Z¿i\w amXw-Kn-bn¬ D≠m-°nb A\p-`qXn hntijw
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
2) kw`-h-ß-tfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-tfbpw HuNn-X-y-]q¿Æ-ambn hn\-y-kn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬
Ipam -c -\m -im -\p -ff sshZ-KvZyw NWvUm-e-`n -£p-In -bnse ]T-n® `mK-ßsf
ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn A]-K-Yn-°p-I.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 28
aetI-d¬
Df-fq¿
Df-fq¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-i-z-c-ø¿ (1877-˛1949)
ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn\pw al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb alm-Ihn Df-fq¿
Fkv. ]c-ta-i-z-c-ø¿1877- ¬ P\n-®p. ÿntcm-’m-ln-bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw Pohn-X-t¢-i-ßsf hI-
h-bv°msX ]Tn®v 26- mw hb- n¬ _n.-F¬. ]co-£bpw XpS¿∂v Fw.F ]co-£bpw ]m m-bn.
Ffn-b-\n-e-bn¬ HutZ-ym-KnI Pohn-X-am-cw- n® At±lw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿k¿∆o-kn¬
skI-´-dn, No^v skI-´-dn, Znhm≥ t]jvIm¿ apX-embn `mcn® DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-ap-ff ]e
]Z-hn-Ifpwhln-®p. 1949 Pq¨ 15\v A¥-cn-®p.
Xnc-°p-]n-Sn® HutZ-ym-KnI tPmen-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw alm-Ihn kmln-X-y-Øns‚ hnhn-[-
im-J-I-fn¬s∏-Sp∂ [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. ae-bm-f-Øn\p ]pdsI Cw•o-jnepw kwkvIr-X-
Ønepw At±lw KŸ-߃ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. Pohn-X-Øncpw kmln-X-y-cw-KØpw am‰-an-√mØ
IrX-y-\n-jvT, Aan-Xm-≤-zm-\-io-ew, ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-ep-ff A]m-c-amb ]mWvUn-X-yw, A\-\-y-
km-[m-c-W-amb Hm¿Ω-i‡n CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ PohnX hnP-b-Øn\v klm-b-
I-ambn hn® kn≤n-Iƒ. ]Xn-Ωq-∂mw-h-b- n¬ At±lw Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn. Dam-tI-cfw
(a-lm-Im-h-yw) kpPm-tXm-Z-zm-lw(-N-ºp), I¿Æ-Zq-j-Ww, ]nMvK-f, NnX-im-e, ‡n-Zo-]n-I, anY-ym-]-
hm-Zw, (J-WvU-Im-h-y-߃) Inc-Wm-h-en, Xmc-lmcw, Xcw-Kn-Wn, aWn-a-RvPp-j, lrZ-b-sIuapZn,
cXv\-am-e, Aar-X-[m-c, Iev]-imJn (Im-h-n-Xm-kamlmc߃) XpS-ß-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚
][m\ ]Z-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ `mjm-N-ºp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff Hcp ]T\w hn⁄m-\-Zo-]nI \mep- m-K-߃,
tIc-f km-ln-X-y-N-cnXw Ggp- m-K-߃ F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ KZ-y-Ir-Xn-Ifp-amWv.
ae-tI-d¬ ˛ Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
ae-I-b‰w Hcp ]Xo-I-am-Wv. t¢i-ß-tfbpw XS- -ß-tfbpw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v cmjvS-
]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°pw kap-Zm-b-]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°pw th≠n-bp-ff Bl-zm-\-am-Wn-Xv. h¿Æ-h¿§ kap-Zm-
b-t -Z-߃s°-Xn-cmbn kvt\l-Øns‚bpw sFI-y-Ønt‚bpw al-Xzw DZvtLm-jn-bv°p∂ Hcp- m-
h-Km-\-am-Wn-Xv. cmjvS-]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°v kz-X-¥- m-c-X-Ønse ]uc-∑m-cpsS Npa-X-esb kzm-X-¥-e-
_v[n-bpsS ]›m-X-e-Øn¬ Df-fq¿ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p.
Db-cp-hn≥thKw ...................................................................................-ap-d-bv°p-t]mI \mw.
thKw Db¿∂p-h-cp-hn≥. ae-I-b-dp-hn≥. Aßs\ hn[n-bpsS Xocp-am-\sØ \ap°v Xncp-
Øn-°p-dn-bv°mw. ]d-∂p-b-cp-hm≥ Nne-In-√m-Ø-h-cmWv \mw. \sΩ ]nSn®p Ib-‰p-hm≥
Bcp-an-√. ih-°p-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hfsc Znh-k-߃sIm≠v CX-tØmfw kzbw Cg™p Ib-
dnbhcmWv \Ωƒ. (A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff tamN-\-amhmw Dt±-in-bv°p-∂-Xv) I√p-I-fn¬
X´n-Ø-S-™mepw apf-fn≥ ap\-bn¬ X´n apdn-™mepw \ΩpsS Imep-Iƒ C\nbpw Db-c-s´.
\ap-°p-th≠n Bcpw ]q°ƒ hncn® hgn Xpd-∂p-sh®v ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂n√. \ap°v ]pcp-jm¿∞w
t\Sm≥ apt∂m´v t]mtb-]-‰q. (]p-cp-jm¿∞w ˛ [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw tam£w F∂ \mep
Pohn-X-e-£-y-߃) AXp-sIm-≠v Ia-Øn¬ apt∂m´p t]mIpI Xs∂.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 29
X]- p-sN-bvthm¿°p.........................................................-A- o-jvS-e-£-y-Øn¬
hn_p-[¿ = tZh-∑m¿ D®-ÿ¿= Db¿∂-]-Z-hn-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-h¿
henb Iiykn-≤nbv°p th≠n ITn-\-ambn X]- p-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v ]e-Xcw apS°ßƒ
D≠m-°p-hm≥ kz-¿§-ÿ-cmb tZh-∑m¿ Ft∏mgmw D’mlw ImWn-°p-∂p. (a-\p-j-y¿ X] p
sNøp-tºmƒ tZh∑m¿ AXn\v hnLv\-߃ D≠m-°nb ]e-I-Y-Ifpw ]pcm-W-ß-fn-ep-≠v.
hni-zm-an-Xs‚, \c-\m-cm-b-W≥am-cp-sS, A¿÷p-\s‚sbms° X] v DZm-l-c-Ww) ("X-Sÿw" sX‰v
"XS w" BWv- icn. XSÿw = XS-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv- -a-≤-ym-h¿Øn F∂¿∞w) Aa-rXw a‰mcpw
Ain-°-cpXv ( -£n-°-cp-Xv) F∂v ka-Z-amb ((-a-Z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b) a\- n¬ Ft∏mgpw hnNm-cn-bv°p-
∂-h-cmWv tZh-∑m¿. Ah-cm-Is´ kz¥w Xm¬]-c-y-߃ kwc-£n-bv°p-hm≥ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff
sImXn-∏n-°en-eqsS al¿jnamsc-t∏mepw BI¿jn-bv°p∂p. Ah¿ \ap-s°-s¥-¶nepw klmbw
sNøp-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-bvt°-≠-Xn√. Ah¿°p klmbw Ah¿. \ap°p \Ω-fpw. AXp-sIm≠v
Imep-Iƒ CS-dmsX \nc-sX‰nbv°msX, Bcp-sS-ap-ºnepw tXm‰p-sIm-Sp-°msX, \ΩpsS ssII-fnse
sImSn-Iƒ hogmsX F√m-hcpw ssIIƒ ]c-kv]cw tIm¿Øp-]n-Sn®p, Htc kz-c-Øn¬ Pb-tIm-em-
lew Iq´nbpw ap∂n¬ hcp∂ \qdp-I-W-°n-ep-ff apS-°-ßsf ]Xn-cp-t]mse Zqtcbv°v DuXn-∏-
d-Ønbpw \ap°v AWn-b-Wn-bmbn apt∂m-°p-t]m-Imw, \Ωƒ BKln-°p∂ e£-y-ÿm-\Øp
thK-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cmw.
Ccn-°epw acn-®m-epw.......................................................-Z-im-hn-]-c-ybw?
Pohn-®mepw acn-®mepw Xc-t°-Sn-√. ssIøq-°p-f-f-h\v F∂pw BK-ln-®-sX√mw t\Sm≥
Ign-bpw. bw F∂ ZpjvS-i-‡nsb \Ωƒ Xs∂ D≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. \ap°v Xs∂ AXns\ C√m-
Xm-°mw. Htc AΩ-bpsS a°-fmbn P\n® \Ωƒ XΩn¬Ø√n \in-bv°p-∂p-h-t√m. ]e Xc-
Øn¬ sIme-bpw, sImf-fbpw sImf-fn-sh∏pw \Ωƒ \S-Øp-∂p. CXn-\p-th-≠n-bmtWm \mw
kzm-X-¥yw t\Sn-b-Xv. B Aar-Xns\ Cßs\ Kcfw (hn-jw) B°-tWm. bp≤-s°m-Sp-¶m-
‰n¬s]´v N∏n-e-t]mse \mw ho≠pw Xmtgm-´p-ho-gp-I-bmtWm? CXv GXv Cui-z-c-\mWv
CjvS-am-hpI? iXp-°sfb-√msX CXmsc kt¥m-jn-∏n-°pw. CsX-s¥mcp `m¥m-Wv.
CsX-s¥mcp A[:-]-X-\-am-Wv. XmtWm mc-X- q-an-bpsS Ah-ÿm-t`Zw?
DZb ssie-Øn¬...............................................................-a-\p-j-y-\m-Z¿iw
AXm DZ-b-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬\n∂v _me-kq-c-y≥ kz¿Æ-ag s]øn-°p-∂p. \n m-c-
amb ]p√p-I-fpsS IÆo¿ (sN-S-n-bn¬ ]`m-XØn¬ Xqßn \n¬°p∂ Pe-I-Wn-I-Iƒ) kz-¥w--
ssI-I-sf-s°m≠v XpS-®p-am‰p∂p (I-cw- -ssI, civan) kqc-y≥ DZn-®p-b-cp-tºmƒ ]p¬s®-Sn-I-fnse
Pe-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ h‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂p) \n m-c-amb ]pgp-°ƒ°p-t]mepw kqc-y≥ Dt∑jw \¬Ip-∂p.
""Ccp- ns\ Zqc-tØbv°v HmSn®p Cfw-°m-‰p-sIm≠v ]qaWw ]c-Ønbpw C∂se ISen¬ NmSnb
(A-kvX-an-®) Rm\nXm ho≠pw BImƒØn-tebv°v ]d∂pI-b-dp-∂p. th≠Xpw th≠m-ØXpw
Xncn-®-dn-b-em-Ip∂ hnf-°ns‚ ] -sIm≠v F\n°v icn-bmb hgn-Im- n-Ø-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IS¬Øn-
c-Iƒ I≠v Rm≥ Iqkn-bn-√. IS-en¬sh®v a’-y-ß-fpsS Cc-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-an√. Rm≥
IS¬Ø- n¬ \n∂v hne-tb-dnb apØpw ]hn-ghpw tiJ-cn-°m≥ an\-s°- n-√. ASp-Øp-ff Z-zo-
]n¬ Ib-dn-°n-S-°m≥ t]mbn-√. F\n°v Fs‚ e£-y-Øn-se-Ø-Ww. Cu H‰ Hm¿ΩsIm≠v
Rm\nXm ChnsS FØn."" Cßs\ Hmtcmtcm ]£n-I-sf-s°m≠p shdpsX (hn-X-Yw) kz¥w
IY-]m-Sn®p C\≥ (kq-c-y≥) AXm ap∂n¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. kzbw ]c-ym-]vX-\mb a\p-j-y\v
BZ¿iw ][m-\-am-Wv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 30
£nXn-bn-se..........................................................................-\-Sp-ßpw-ssZ-hhpw
Cu qan-bn-em-sI-bp-ff Ccp v \ΩpsS lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ Kpl-bv°p-f-fn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰n-°-gn-™p.
A\-ys\ sh´n-ho-gvØp∂ hmƒ A¶-°-en-sIm≠v AXn-\p-tijw Xncn-™p-h∂v \tΩbpw Acn™p
hogvØp-I-bnt√? Ign-™p-t]mb NoØ-°m-c-yßsf√mw \ap°p ad-°mw. \ΩpsS
AI-Ø-f-߃ Xpd-∂p-sh-bv°mw. Im‰pw shfn-®hpw AI-tØbv°p Ibdt´. Htc e£-y-tØmsS
\ap°p apt∂m´p \oßmw. At\-ym-\-y-kvt\lw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw. \ΩpsS mcw a‰p-f-f-h-cpsS
Xe-bn¬ sI´n-sh-bv°msX H∂n-®p-\n¬t°-≠-hsc iXp-°-fm-°msX \Ωƒ°mWv qcn-]£w
F∂v Du‰w sImf-fm-sX, XmW \ne-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂-hsc ]p—n®p Xf-fm-sX, apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-
h¿°v ]md-°-√p-Iƒ ]q°-fm-Ipw. Ccp´phn-f-°m-Ipw. L\w (ta-Lw) DUp (\-£-Xw)hmIpw
Ccp- p-]-c-Øp-∂Xv shfn®w Xcp-∂-XmIpw. Bfl-hoc-y-Øn¬ Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-ap-f-f-hscI°-≠m¬
FXn-cmbn \n¬∂p∂ hn[n-t]mepw ]X-dpw.
hrØw A∂-\S
tNmZ-y-߃
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃
1) ""X] p sNtbzm¿°p XS- -ap-≠m-°m≥
hn_p-[--cp-®-∞¿IqXp-In-I-sf∂pw"" Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
2) ""]c-s\-sh- pw-hmƒ Ien-sIm-≠-∏pdw
Xncn-™p-\-tΩ-bp-a-cn-™p-X-f-fnt√"" Bibw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
3) "X\-Xp-ho-c-y-Øn¬ hni-¶-tXm-∂mØ
P\-X-sb-°-≠m¬ \Spßpw ssZhhpw" Bibw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
II D]-\-ym-ktNmZy߃
1) Df-fq-cns‚ ]£-Øn¬ F¥mWv bYm¿∞-]p-tcm-KXn?
2) ae-tI-d¬ F∂ IhnX DZvt_m-[n-∏n-bv°p-∂-s\¥v?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 31
Hcp tXmWnbmX
hf-f-tØmƒ
alm-Ihn hf-f-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ (1878- 1958)
hmKvtZ-h-X-bpsS ]pcpjm-h-Xm-c-sa∂v Ip´n-°r-jvW-am-cm¿ hnti-jn-∏n® alm-Ihn
hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Xd-hmSv Xncq-cn-\-Sp-Øp-ff awKew Kma-Øn-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ÿnc-Xm-akw
][m-\-ambpw sjm¿Wq-cn-\-Sp-Øp-ff sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-Xhpw Bbq¿th-Z-
hp-amWv ]Tn-®-Xv. ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ hgn ImenI s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\-߃ t\Sn. Cw•o-jp-]-cn-⁄m\w
IjvSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
kwkvIr-X-]m-c-º-cyw hgn \ntbm-¢m-kn°v ]h-W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Imh-y-c-N\
Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw Ime-Øns‚ cpNn-t`-Z-a-dn™v Imev]-\n-I-Nm-cp-Xsb Xs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬
Bhm-ln-bv°m≥ ]n¬°m-eØv At±-l-Øn\p ]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-√. \ntbm-¢m-knIv ssien-bn¬
FgpXnb kvtXmX-ß-fpw, irwKm-c-t«m-I-ßfpw (hn-em-k-e-Xn-I, Kma-ku- m-K-yw) NnX-tbmKw
alm-Im-h-y-hpamWv BZ-y-L- -Ønse IrXn-Iƒ c≠mw-L- -Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ _‘-\-ÿ-\mb
A\n-cp-≤≥, inj-y\pw aI\pw, A—\pw aI-fpw, sIm®p-ko-X, aKvZ-e-\-a-dnbw F∂n-h-bpsS cN-\-
bn-emWv hf-f-tØmƒ°-hn-X-bpsS hy-‡n-ap-Z-Iƒ ]Xn-™-Xv. F∂m¬ ka-Ime kmaq-ly cmjvSo-
bm-\p- -h-ßsf hnj-b-am-°n-bp-ff eLp-I-hn-X-I-fmWv hf-f-tØm-fns‚ G‰hpw D÷-z-e-amb
IrXn-Iƒ. Ah-bmWv kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn ]c-º-c-I-fn¬ kam-l-cn®n´pf-f-Xv. JWvUIhnX-I-fn¬
NneXpw kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-bnse GXm\pw Ihn-I-fp-amWv hf-f-tØm-fns\ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ alm-I-
hn-bm-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw X¿÷-a-km-ln-X-y-Øn\p \¬Inb kw`m-h-\Ifpw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-ß-
fm-Wv. hmevaoIn cmam-bWw X¿÷a sNbvX-Xns‚ t]cn¬ At±-lsØ tIc-f-hm-evaoIn F∂p
hnfn-bv°m-dp-≠v. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ EtK-z-Z-hpw ]q¿Æ-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn- p-≠v. IqSmsX
`mkt‚bpw Imfn-Zm-kt‚bpw Nne \mS-I-ßfpw ][m-\-s∏´ ]pcm-W-ßfpw ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. \mS-Io-b-amb BJ-ym-\-kw-hn-[m-\w, t\cn- p-Im-Wp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp-ff h¿Æ-\-Iƒ, anX-
amb \¿Ω-t_m-[w, AXn-kp- -K-amb cN-\m-Kp-Ww, CXn-hr-Øhpw IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-am-bp-ff X∑-bo-
`m-hw, Hcn-bv°epw hn´p-am-dmØ Pohn-X-coXn F∂n-h-bmWv hf-f-tØmƒ°hn-X-bp-aS kz-X-z-L-S-
I-߃. ka-Im-en-I-I-hn-Iƒ kwkvIr-X-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ amXw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Zmhn-
U-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS i‡nbpw kuµ-c-yhpw ]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wn® Ct±lw C°m-c-y-Øn¬ Xp©-sØ-
gp-Ø-®s‚ bYm¿∞ ]n≥Km-an-bm-Wv. hf-f-tØmƒ°-hn-X-bnse tZio-b-]-ÿm-\m-th-ihpw ssNX-
\-yhpw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp≠v ]n¬°m-e-I-hn-Iƒ°pw hf-f-tØmƒ Hcp amXr-I-bm-bn- p-≠v.
tZio-b-ho-£-W-Øns‚ mK-ambn \ΩpsS ]mc-º-c-y-I-e-I-fpsS kam-≤-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n At±-l-
Øns‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ D≠mb alm-ÿm-]-\-amWv tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-ew.
kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn
Xp©sØ-gp-Ø-—-\p-tijw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-hpw Zqc-h-ym-]-I-hp-amb
]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p t\Xr-Xzw sImSpØ B[p-\n-I-Ihn alm-Ihn hf-f-tØm-fm-Wv. Xm≥ Pohn®
Ime-tØmSv G‰hpw i‡n-bmbn ]Xn-I-cn® Ihn-bm-W-t±-lw. mc-X-Øn¬ kzm-X-¥-y-k-acw sImSp-
ºn-cn-s°m≠ Ime-amWv hf-f-tØm-fns‚ kmln-X-y-]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse AXn-]-[m-\-L-´w.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 32
AXn-\m¬ \m´n¬ Xnc-b-Sn-bv°p∂ \thm-∞m-\-]-hm-l-tØbpw km[m-c-W-P-\-ß-fpsS Bi-bm-
`n-em-j-ß-tfbpw kz¥w Ihn-X-bn¬ At±lw ]Xn- -en-∏n®p. efn-Xhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb AØcw
Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-Iƒ. ]I-c-W-ip≤n XnI-™-h-bmWv B Imh-y-X-
√-P-߃. kmln-X-y-Ønse i_vZw, A¿∞w, Bi-bw, Ae-¶m-cw, cN-\m-co-Xn, mhw XpS-ßn-b-h-
sb√mw Imh-y-k-µ¿ -Øn-t\mSv G‰hpw CW-ßn-\n¬°p∂ coXn-bv°mWv At±lw ]I-c-W-ip≤n
F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-bnse ][m-\-I-hnXI-sf√mw `mh-Ko-X-ß-fm-Wv.
I¿Ø-r-\n-jvThpw ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-™-Xpw, hnIm-c][m-\-hp-amb Ihn-X-I-fmWv `mh-Km-\-
߃(lyrics). Imev]\nI ]ÿm-\-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv mh-Km\w. KoX-Iw, hnem-]-Im-h-yw,
kzm-KXm-J-ym\w F∂n-hbpw mh-Km-\-߃ Xs∂. Npcp-ßnb hcn-I-fn¬ HXp°n Hcp-h-kvXpthm,
kw -htam Bi-btam Ihn-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ D≠m-°nb A\p- q-Xnsb AtX-]Sn Bk-zm-Z-I-\n-tebv°p
kwI-an-∏n-bv°p-∂-XmWv AXns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\m¬ ]Z-_-‘-Øn-epw, h¿Æ-\-I-fn-epw, D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ hrØ-ß-fnepw, kq£vaX ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hf-f-tØm-fns‚ `mhm-\-߃ AX
sNdp-X√ Fs∂mcp ]tX-y-I-X-tb-bp-f-fq. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `mh-Km-\-]-ÿm\w thcp-d-bv°p-∂Xv
hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. Xs‚ Np‰p]mSpw ImWp∂ Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-߃, hy-‡n-]-c-amb
A\p- q-Xn-Iƒ, ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw CXn-lm-k-ß-f¬ \n∂pw Xnc-s™-SpØ Nne kµ¿ -߃,
Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃, A‘-hn-i-zm-k-߃, A\m-Nm-c-߃ XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw At±-l-
Øns‚ mh-Km-\-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂p. Ah A°m-eØv XnI®pw ]pXp-a-bp-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
`mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-tfmSpw mc-X-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-c-º-c-y-tØmSpw hf-f-tØm-fn-\p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv A‘hpw k¶p-Nn-X-hp-amb A`n-\n-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ahsb Nq≠n-°m´n
h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ PmK-Øm-°m\pw I¿tΩm-∑p-J-am-°m-\p-amWv At±lw ian-®-Xv, A√msX
AXns‚ Be-k-y-Øn¬ ab-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. alm-fl-Km-‘n-Pn-b-S-°-ap-ff tZiob t\Xm-°-
∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Imh-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ IW-°‰ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn. AXn-\m¬ ]ucm-Wn-
Itam, Ncn-X-]-c-tam, Iev]n-Xtam Bb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-cw- n-®mepw At±-l-Øns‚ IhnX
tZim- n-am-\-Ønepw kzm-X-¥y XrjvW-bn-ep-amWv Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp tXmWn-bm-Xbpw B
C\-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
Hcn tXmWn-bm-X-bn-eqsS
almIhn hf-f-tØm-fns‚ i‡hpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb Hcp eLp-Im-h-y-am-Wv Hcp tXmWn-
bm-X. tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw A[:-IrX kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw
FXn-cmbn i_vZ-ap-≠m-°pIbpw tZio-b-t_m-[sØ DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv Cu Ihn-X.
1) kv^pcnbv°pw = Cf-Ip∂ kcnØv = ]pg
k‘-y-a-b-ßm-dm-bn. cmXn-bm-X-°m¿°v InS-°m-\p-ff Ffn-b-tXm-Xn-ep-ff saØ hncn-®n-
´p-f-f-Xpw, Rm≥ Ib-dn-b-Xp-amb B tXmWn Xpf-fn-°-fn-bv°p∂ Hmf-ß-sf apdn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m´p
\oßm≥ XpS-ßn.
2) kn‘p = ]pg
Cu ]pg-bn-eqsS Ccp- n¬ Atßm- p-an-tßm´pw \oßp∂ h©n-I-sf-t∏mse Fs‚ a\- n-
eqsS ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Ah-y-‡-Nn-¥-Iƒ h∂p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 33
3) Xc-Wn-hPw = tXmWn-I-fpsS Iq´w AkwKw = \n¿∆n-Imcw
Xs‚ Ifn-ÿew (P-e-∏c∏v) tXmWn-°q- -߃ sIm≠p \nd-™mepw hntcm-[-an-√. Htcm-
‰-tØm-Wnbpw C√msX Hgn™p InS-∂mepw kmc-an-√. Bc-≠-h-ÿ-tbbpw i≤n-bv°msX
H∂nepw Xm¬∏-c-y-an-√m-Ø-a- n¬ B \Zn im¥-ambn Hgp-Ip-∂p.
4) k∂mln = Hcpßn∏p-d-s∏- , B—m-ZnXw = ad-bv°-s∏- Xv
k∂m`w = aßnb shfn-®-ap-ff
Iev]n®p Iq´nb Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´v AhnsS Ib-dn-∏-‰nb Ccp- m-Is´ temIsØ apgp-h≥
aqSn. t\cnb shfn®w amX-ap-ff kz¥w hnf-°p-I-fp-ambn an∂m-an-\p-ßp-Iƒ bmX XpS-ßn.
5) XSw = ]pg-h°v Xma- -aqlw = Ccp- ns‚ Iq´w
Bk-∂-N-tµm-Z-b- oXn = ASp-Øp-≠m-hm≥ t]mIp∂ Nµs‚ DZ-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff bw
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp∂ Ntµm-Z-bsØ t]Sn-®n v ]pg-bn-tebv°v NmSm≥
Hcp-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pg-bpsS h°-Øp-ff s]m¥-°m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ccp- p-Iq´w IqSn Xg®p \n¬°p-
∂-Xp-Im-Wmw.
(N-tµ-mZbw = Nµs‚ hnPbw taml≥Zmkv Icw-N-µvKm-‘n-bpsS hnP-bw)
6) ]q¿∆-Zn-im-k-c v = Ings° Zn°m-Ip∂ s]mbvI
Aev]w Ign-™-t∏mƒ shfn®w sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ Ing-°≥ Zn°n¬ ]q¿Æ-amb cmXn-
bpsS Nfn-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp shf-f-Øm-ac s]mßn-h-∂p. Ntµ-Z-bw- -N-fn-bn¬ \nt∂ Xmac hncn-
bq. s]uckvXy cmP-y-ß-fn¬ C¥-y-bpsS Xnf-°w).
7) _nw_-\-ssI-Xhw = ]Xn-_nw-_n-bv°p-I-bmWv F∂ hym-tP\
h¿≤n® tim -tbmsS DZn-®p-b¿∂ Nµ≥ ]pg-bn¬ ]Xn-_nw-_n-bv°p-I-bmWv F∂ hym-
tP\ \nd-]p-g-bn¬ Ac-b-∂-߃ \o¥n-°-fn®p (A-c-b-∂-ß-sf-t∏mse Nµ-_nw_w ]pg-bn¬
\ng-en-®p.)
8) al v = tXP v
IØn-P-z-en-®n-cp∂ tXP v (kq-c-y≥) ad-™p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ (A-kvX-an-®v) Ccp- n¬ apgp-
Inb temIw Ia-Øn¬ ]gb ]Xm-]-Øn-te-bvs°-Øm≥ th≠n ]Im-i-]q¿Æ-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-
se-Øn. (C-¥-y-bpsS \th-m∞m-\w)
(aq-∂p-ap-X≥ F´p hsc-bp-ff t«mI-ß-fn¬ Ihn-bpsS Ahy‡-amb Nn¥-I-fn-eqsS
C¥-y-mN-cnX kqN-\)
9) aRvfpfw = at\m-lcw
h©n-bpsS henb Nnd-Imb Xq°n-bn- -]m-b-ta¬ h∂p ap´nb at\m-l-c-amb i_vZ-ap-≠m-
°p-∂Xpw cmXn-bpsS izm-k-sa∂p tXm∂n-bv°p-∂-Xp-amb Cfw-Im‰v IhntbmSv t£am-t\-z-j-W-
߃ \S-Øp-I-bmtWm F∂p tXm∂n.
10) am¿§-h-yY = bmXm-t¢iw A≥]v = kvt\lw
k®n¬kpJw = tam£-Øn-\p- Xpe-y-amb B\µw
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 34
thK-Øn¬ bmX-£o-Ww-sIm≠v IÆp-Nn-Ωn-°n-S-°p∂ Fs‚ s\‰n-bn¬ hm’-e-y-\n-[n-
bmb Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse ]c-am-\µw Xcp∂ Dd-°-am-Ip∂ tZhX DΩ-sh-®p.
11) aZw-K-tN-jvSm-I-W-߃ = Fs‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS Ne-\-ß-fm-Ip∂ \pdp-ßp-Iƒ
Dd-°-amIp∂ tImgn Fs‚ ico-c-N-e-\-am-Ip-∂- Xp≠pIsf sImØn hngp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-
bv°p-tºmƒ (Rm≥ Dd-°-Øn¬ \n›-e-\m-bn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ) B h©n Xpg-b¬°mcmb c≠p-
t]-cn¬ Hcm-fpsS i_vZw Atßm-s´mcp Is√-dn-™p. (I-s√-dn-™Xn\m¬ sImØn-
s∏dp°nØn∂p∂ tImgn HmSn c£-s∏- p. Xpg-®n¬°m-cs‚ i_vZw tI -tXmsS Dd-°-Øp¬
\n∂v sR´n-bp-W¿∂v AwK-tN-jvS-Iƒ XpS-ßn).
12) A\p⁄ = Iev]\
Rm\nXs]-s´∂v Dd-ßn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂v Icp-Ø-\mb B th´p-h≥ (A-c-b≥) Icp-Xn-bn- p-
≠m-hn√. Cbmƒ°v cmam-bWw hmbn-°m≥ Fs‚ A\p-hmZw In´n-bn-s√-¶n¬ F¥m-Wmthm
Ipg-∏w.
13) DØ-a-KŸw (cm-am-b-W)-]m-cm-b-WsØ Rm≥ apS-°n-tb°mw F∂v Ch≥ i¶n-
bv°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? IjvSn®v hmbn-°m≥ ]Tn-®Xv Xs‚ Al-¶m-c-ambn ImW-cp-tX-sb-∂m-bn-
cn°mw AXns‚ s]mcpƒ. (Io-gvPm-Xn-°m¿ hnZym- -ymkw t\Sn-°qSm F∂ A\m-Nm-cw)
14) Cui-¶-bm-Ip∂ \ocmhn I -]n-Sn®v Fs‚c-≠p-I-Ænepw shffw D≠m°n (\o-cmhn
L\o- -hn® taL-am-Wt√m ag-s]-øn°p-∂Xv) ""Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ IogvPm-Xn-°m-tcmSv ImW-
n°p∂ Imcp-Wyw tIaw Xs∂"". (hn-]-co-Xm¿∞w)
15) K¿Øw = ]mgv°p≠v IoSw = ]pgp hn`qXn = kºØv
Ch¿ Imem-Imew A¿∞-iq-\-y-amb ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬Øs∂ ]pgp-°-sf-t∏mse InS-°-W-
sat∂m? thZw, CXn-lmkw XpS-ßnb kmwkvIm-cnI kº-sØ√mw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS Xd-
hm´p kz-Øm-W-sX.
16) hm°ns‚ tZh-X-bmb kc-k-z-Xnsb Xm≥ Adn-bmsX Xo≠n-t∏mbn F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v
Ch≥ am∏p-tNm-Zn-bv°p-∂p. (D-b¿∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´ Hcp Ipeo-\-kvXosb ip≤w am‰nb
[n°m-cw-t]mse tXm∂n-bv°p∂p Cu tNmZ-yw. Xm≥ cmam-bWw hmbn® i_vZw PmXn-°m-c(-I-
hn)≥ A]cm-[-ambn°≠pthm F∂ t]Sn. Xo≠pI = sXm -ip-≤-am°pI˛A√ ASp-Øp-h-cpI
AYhm "Xo≠m-∏mSv" sX‰n-\-S-∂-Xm-Wv) F¶n¬ \ΩpsS \m´nse kvarXn-hm-I-y-tLmjw ([¿Ω
imkvX-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff ]t_m-[-\-߃) PmXn F∂ ]nim-Nns‚ ISpØ A -lm-k-am-Ip-∂p.
`oIcw Xs∂.
17) kmtlmZc-y-am-Ip∂ kkyw apf-®p-h-f¿∂n-cp∂ \ΩpsS cmP-y-am-Ip∂ Cu hnf- qan
GtXm shf-f-s∏m-°-Øm¬ ]e-Zn-°nepw aW¬h-∂-Sn™v CXbpw Db¿∂pw Xmgv∂pw InS-°p∂
ÿe-am-bXmWv. (km-tlm-Z-cyØns‚ ka-\n-c∏v Ct∏mƒ Db¿∂Xpw Xmgv∂-Xp-amb ÿe-am-bn-
t∏m-bn.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 35
18) Cu ]pW-y- q-an-bnse Hcp ap°p-h-Øn-bpsS aI-\mWv ]n∂oSv _“¿jn apJ-y-\m-b-Xv-
- C-hnsS thZ-h-ym-k≥. IjvS-ta, IjvSw Aß-s\-bp-ff \m´n¬ Ct∏mƒ a\p-j-y≥ a\p-j-ys‚
ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv (Xo-≠¬) A[¿Ω-ambn (]-cm-i-c-a-l¿jnbv°v a’-y-K-‘n- -]n-∂oSv Imfn F∂
Ac-b-Øn-°-\-y-I-bn¬ P\n® ]pX-\mWv thZ-߃ ]Ip-°p-I-bp#w CXn-lm-k-߃ cNn-bv°p-
Ibpw sNbvX thZ-h-ym-k≥)
19) Akva¬Iq-e-]q¿∆≥ = \ΩpsS Xd-hm- nse ]g-b-Im-c-W-h-∑m¿
B¿ØXmWw = Zp:JnXsc c£n-°m≥ ikvXw = Bbp[w
]c-X-¥¿ = Ak-z-X-¥¿ aq¿≤\n = inc- n¬
kz-X-¥-cm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂ \Ωpsj \m´nse ]q¿∆p-I¿ Zp:-Jn-X-∑msc c£n-°m≥ ssIøn¬
Bbp-[-ta-¥n-b-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ H∂n\pw sImf-f-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cmbn ASn-a-I-fm-bn-°-gn-bp∂ \Ωtfm
\ΩpsS ssIsIm≠v ]mh-ß-fpsS a≠ Fdn™p s]mfn-bv°m≥ Is√-Sp-°p-∂p. (k-z-X-¥- m-c-
Øn¬ ]≠v Pohn-®-h¿ B¿Ø-Xm-W-\-Øn\pw Ak-z-X-¥- m-c-X-Øn¬ C∂v Pohn-bv°p-∂-h¿
]c-]o-U-\-Øn\pw Bbp-[-sa-Sp-°p-∂p. kz-X-¥-y-e-_vv[nbv°p apsº-gp-Xn-b-XmWv Cu Ihn-X)
20) m¿§-h-cm-P-e£van = mc-X-Øns‚ sFi-z-c-y-tZ-hX
]≠v GI-tbm-K-tØmsS F√m-h-cnepw Htc tXmXn¬ Bcn¬ hnf-bm-Sntbm B ]q¿∆n-I-
∑m-cpsS c‡-]m-c-º-cyw A√tbm \mb-∑msc \nß-fn¬ H´p-an-t√. (Ihn \mb-cm-Wv. D®-\o-N-Xzw
]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Zpc- n-am\w sImf-fp∂ kz-k-ap-Zmb ]am-Wn-amsc Bt£-]n-bv°p-∂p. ChnsS
\mb-tcm-Sm-Wt√m th´p-h≥ am∏n-c-∂Xv).
21) k_p≤n = kwt_m-[\
Xºm≥" F∂m-W-bmƒ Fs∂ hnfn-®-Xv. A√tbm ]mhw a\p-jym Cu \Ω-sfms° Htc
Hcp Xºp-cms‚ (P-K-Zo-i-z-c≥) rX-y-∑m-cm-Wv. Aß-s\-bp-ff \Ωƒ XΩn¬ Bcv BcpsS Xºp-cm-
\mIpw (F-√-m-hcpw Xpe-y¿).
22) Hcp-]t£ \o DSpØXnt\-°mfpw \√ hkvX-ß-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw Ft‚Xv. CXv B¿°pw
]oSn-I-bn¬ \n∂v hmßm≥ In´p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Htc \qep-Iƒ sIm≠v Xp∂nb DSp-∏mWv (i-
co-cw) Aw_ (]-Ir-Xo-tZ-hn) \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw X∂n- p-f-f-Xv.
23) ]f-fn-tbmSw = cmPm-°-∑m¿ k©-cn-bv°p∂ tXmWn
bpjvam-Zr-i-∑m¿ = \nß-sf-t∏m-ep-f-f-h¿, t]mjva-f-_m-jv]-\o¿ = NpSp-I-Æp-\o¿
\nß-sf-t∏m-se-bp-f-f-h-cp-sS NpSp-I-Æp-\o¿∏p-g-bn¬ BcmtWm Ae-¶m-c-tØm-Wn-bn¬ Id-
ßn-°-fn-bv°p-∂Xv B tbmK-y-∑m¿ \n߃°n-t∏mƒ Xºp-cm-\mWv. temI-Øns‚ adn-ambw ˛
]oU-I≥ BZ-c-Wo-b-\m-Ip-∂p.
24) Rm\m-Ip∂ ]pgp Fs‚ \m´n¬ `mh-\m-k-z¿§w D≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ ˛ Cu
PmXn-h-y-h-ÿbpw D®-\o-N-X-zhpw C√m-bva-sN-bvXm¬ C¥-y-bv°p-≠m-hm≥ t]mIp∂ A`n-hr-≤n-
sb-°p-dn®v kz]v\w I≠p-sIm-≠n-cnbvt° cmam-bW hmb-\bv°v Fs‚ kΩXw ]Xo-£n-®n-cn-
bv°p∂ Ahs‚ tNmZyw ho≠pw D≠m-bn.
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25) ""hmbn-®p-sIm-f-fpI AsX-\n-bvs°-Xbpw CjvS-amWv"" F∂p Rm≥ adp-]Sn ]d™
DSs\ aßn-°-Øp∂ asÆ-Æ-hn-f-°n-\-SpØv Abmƒ sXmgp-ssI-øp-ambn Ccp-∂p.
26) ]n∂o-S-bmƒ ]pkvX-I-sa-SpØv BZ-c-thmsS hmb-\bpw XpS-ßn. ipXn-bn-W-°-an√m
cmK- w-Kn-bn-√, A£-c-kv p-S-Xbpw th≠-X-bn-√.
27) F∂mepw Abm-fpsS hmb-\m-Km\w Fs‚ sNhn-Iƒ°v henb B\µw D≠m-°n;
Abm-fsS sXm≠bn¬ \n∂p hcp∂ kzcw AXbv°v ‡n-]q¿Æbpw am[p-c-y-ap-f-f-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
28) kptKbw = \√-hÆw ]mSm-hp-∂-Xv, cmL-hobw = cmL-h(-cm-a)-t\mSv _‘-s∏- Xv
Imhyw \∂mbn Be-]n-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IY iocmas‚. KŸ-I¿Ømhv Xp©-sØ-gp-
Øm-Nm-c-y≥, ]mSp-∂tXm ‡n-a-b-k-z-c-Øn¬. B\µw e`n-bv°p-hm≥ C\n F¥p-thWw?
29) Ahs‚ ]m´m-Ip∂ at\m-l-c-amb i_vZw cmXn-bpsS \n»-_vZ-Xsb XI¿Øp-sIm-
≠n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv Bk-z-Zn-bv°p-hm≥ F∂ a´n¬ BIm-i-Øn¬ \£-X-߃ Cf-ImsX \n∂p.
30) Ahs‚ sXm≠-bn¬ \n∂v \o´n-s®-√p∂ B Km\w ]pd-Øp- h∂psIm≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ
B \Zn Hmf-ß-fm-Ip∂ ssIIƒ sIm≠v ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° Xmfw ]nSn-®p.
31) cmam-\p-P-s\∂ ]©-h¿Æ-Infn ]mSnb cmam-b-W-Øns‚ a[p-c-]-hm-l-Øn¬ B
shÆn-emhv ]m¬°p-g-ºn¬ ebn-®-t]m-se-bm-bn.
32) ]kn-≤-amb Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imh-y-am-Ip∂ cXv\-Øn¬ \n∂p ]k-cn® tim -
sIm≠v B s]m´ asÆÆ hnf°v F\n°v Hcp sshZ-yp-X-Zo-]-ambn Øo¿∂-t]mse tXm∂n.
33) A¤p-X-I-c-amb Hcp kpK‘w Cfw-Im-‰n¬ Ahn-sS-sbßpw ]c-∂p. Rm\n-cn-bv°p∂
h©n-bn¬ GtXm Hcp tX≥ CS-hn-SmsX h∂p-]-Xn-®p.
34) at\m-l-c-amb h¿Æ-߃ tafn® Xs‚ ico-c-Im-¥n-sIm≠v IÆ-©n®v B ss]¶nfn
Iptd-t\cw Fs‚ a\- m-Ip∂ hf-fn-bpsS Nn√-I-fn¬ a[p-c-X-c-ambn ]mSn-s°m≠v XØn-°-fn-®p.
35) A¿∞-sKuch-Øn¬ i≤-bq∂n hmbn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bv°v, CS-bv°n-Sbv°v Abmƒ
Nne `mK-ß-fsS A¿∞w Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. IjvSw Xs∂. Db¿∂ Nn¥-I-\m-b, IqSp-
X¬Iq-Sp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ BK-ln-bv°p-∂-h-\mb Cubmƒ Adn-hns‚ temI-Øn¬ \n∂v FX
AI-se-bmWv h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-Xv.
36) BIcw = Ccn-∏nSw, ioa-Z-z-kvXq-Nbw = sFi-z-c-y-]q¿Æ-amb hkvXp-I-fpsS Iq´w
hym-tam-l-Zq¿ ssh`hw = sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS ISp∏w
Cß-s\-bp-ff hne-]n-Sn® FX-sbX cXv\-߃ AXm-Xn-S-Øp-≠m-hpw. sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS
i‡n-sIm≠v Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-bn-ep-f-f-h¿ Ahsb sXmSp-∂-tX-bn-√. sXm´m¬ ssIøn¬ aÆpw-
s]m-Snbpw ]‰p-sa-∂-hc hnNm-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS ssII-fm-Is´ ktlm-Z-c-∑msc D]-Z-hn-®-Xns
‚ Id-]p-c-≠-Xm-Wv. (I-gp-In-bmepw t]mImØ ktlm-Z-c-tZm-l-Øns‚ Id-]p-c-≠-h-cmWv X´n-°p-
S-™m¬ t]mIp∂ s]mSnsb Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 37
tNmZ-y-߃I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃
1) XS-ß-fn¬t®¿∂ -sN-Sn-∏-S¿∏n¬˛
Øg-®p-Im-Wmbn Xa- -aqlw
Bk∂ NtµmZbZo-Xn-aq-e˛
am‰n¬∏-Xn-∏m≥ apXn-cp-∂-t]m-se. Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI
2) lm\-∂p-b¿∂p-f-f-h¿ Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn˛
°mcn¬ ISØpw Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w. ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w F¥mWv?
3) _“¿jn-am¿ apJ-ys\ ap°p-hØn
s]t‰m-cp-]p-W-y-£n-Xn-a-WvU-e-Øn¬
Atlm, a\p-j-y∂p a\p-j-y-t\mSv
kmao-]-y-k-º¿°-a-[¿Ω-ambn. kqNn-X-I-Ybpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
4) Cu \Ω-sf-√msamcp Xºp-cms‚
Iogm-f-cm-cm¿°nl Xºp-cm\mw. kµ¿`w ImWn®v Bibw hnh-cn-°p-I.
5) ""B\-µ-e-_v[n-bv°n-\n-sb-¥p- th-Ww."" Fs¥√mw kml-N-c-y-ß-fmWv Ct∏mƒ Df-fXv?
6) lm IjvS-ap¬°rjvS hnNm-c--\m-an-
÷n⁄mkp-hn-⁄m\ hnZq-c-kw-ÿ≥. kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
7) th´p-hs‚ cmam-b-W-]m-cm-bWw Ihn-bnepw ]Ir-Xn-bnepw hcp-Ønb am‰-߃ Fs¥√mw?
II D]-\-ym-ktNmZy߃
1) ""\ne-hn-ep-ff A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw PmXn-h-y-h-ÿ-Iƒ°pw FXnsc XqenI ]S-hm-fm-°nb
Ihn-bmWv hf-f-tØmƒ"". Hcp tXmWn-bmX F∂ Ihn-Xsb Ah-ew-_n®v Cu
]kvXm-h-\sb hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2) tZiob t_m[ ]t_m-[-\-]-c-amb Hcp Ihn-X-bmtWm hf-f-tØm-fns‚ "Hcp
tXmWn-bmX" F¥p-sIm≠v?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 38
IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ
CS-t»cn
CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿ (1906- 1974)
Ihn-XbØns‚ ]n∂mse ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-tem-I-tØbv°p Imse-Sp-Øp-sh® Ihn-bmWv
CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿. almIhn-I-fmb Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, Nß-ºp-g,
_mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, hb-em¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Im-eo-\cpw kl-Km-an-I-fp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-sc√mw Imev]-\nI temIØv hnl-cn-°p-tºmƒ, KmaoW Km¿lnI Pohn-X-
Ønse Akm-[m-c-W-amb cwK-ßfpw Zu¿∫-e-y-ßfpw ocp-X-Ifpw ]I-I-fp-amWv CS-t»-cn°v CjvS-
s∏´ Imh-y-hn-j-b-ß-fm-b-Xv. B \nebv°v At±lw XnI®pw Htc-Im-¥-]-Yn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
i‡n-bpsS Ihn F∂mWv CS-t»cn hnti-jn-∏n-bv°-s∏- n- p-f-f-Xv. Ihn-X-bp-sS, cq]-Øn-
em-bmepw mh-Øn-em-bmepw efn-X-tIm-a-fsa∂ kuµ-c-y-k-¶-ev]-a√ \nh¿∂p-\n¬°m-\p-ff F√p-
d-∏m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Imh-y-Z¿i\w hm°p-Iƒ kwKo-Xhpw Ae-¶m-c-hp-ap-≠m-°m-\p-ff
Ifn-t°m-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ At±-l-Øn-\v, adn®v X\nbv°v hy-‡-ambpw Xd-∏n®pw ]d-bm-\p-ff
Bi-b-ß-fpsS AXn¿°p-‰n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Kmao-W-\mbn Pohn® At±-l-Øns‚ IhnX \mfn-tI-
c-]m-I-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. AXv ]pdw-ItTmcambpw ]cn-ip-jvI-ambpw tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ Dffv Btcm-
K-y-Zm-bn-bmb arZp-k-zm-Zp-c-km-\p-hn≤w Xs∂.
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I\Ø BLm-X-]-c-º-c-I-tf-‰n´pw At±lw Xs‚Xmb Z¿i-\-Øn¬\n∂v
AWp-t]mepw hy-Xn-N-en-®n-√. B Ihn-lr-Zbw F∂pw a\p-j-y-t]-a-Øm¬ Xc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. lrZ-
b-Xm-c-fyw Z¿i-\-Zm¿V-y-Øn\v Hcn-bv°epw aß-te-ev]n-®n-√. a\p-jy kuµ-c-y-sØ-°p-dn®v a\p-
j-y-i-‡n-sb-°p-dn-®v, a\p-j-y-a-l-X-z-sØ-°p-dn®v At±lw F∂pw A`n-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. GXp ]Xn-
Iqe kml-N-c-y-Ønepw At±lw Pohn-XsØ Xf-fn-∏-d-™n-√. CS-t»-cn-bpsS mh\ F∂pw DZm-
Øhpw ]Xn-\-h-hn-Nn-X-hpambncp∂p. AtX-k-a-b-Øv, At±-l-Øns‚ mj ]cp-jhpw ssien
]cp-]-cp-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xm\m-hn-jvI-cn-°p∂ ]cp-°-\mb PohnX bmYm¿∞-y-߃°v ]cp-°-
\mb ssienbpw Bh-i-y-am-sW-∂p-f-f-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ inev]-t_m-[w. Iqc-X-sb-t∏mepw
tZhn-bmbn Bcm-[n-bv°p-∂, Iqc-X-bn¬t]mepw Pohn-X-k-Xyw Z¿in-bv°p∂ Ihn-bmWv CS-t»-cn.
CS-t»-cn-°-hnX Htc-k-abw shÆ-t]mse arZp-ehpw Dcp-°p-t]mse ZrV-hp-am-Wv. a\p-j-y-t]-aw,
Pohn-X-t]aw, BZ¿i-\njvT CXmWv CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bpsS k-Øv. Xs‚ NpSp-]mSpw ImWp∂
A\o-Xn-I-sfbpw Nqj-W-ß-tfbpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-bv°p-I, Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p ]cn-lmcw Is≠-
Øp-I- -C-XmWv CS-t»-cn-bpsS Imh-y-]-tbm-P-\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw
al-Ømb dnb-en-ÃnIv Ihn-X-I-fm-bn, CS-t»-cn-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ.
Df-f-S°w
CSt»cn-bpsS ]kn≤ cN-\-I-fn¬ H∂mWv IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ. Ime-h¿jw Xosc Zp¿∫-
e-amb Hcp sIm√w B]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv Ihn-X. tIc-f-Øn¬ Im¿jn-Im-h-i-y-
Øn\v shffw A]-c-ym-]vX-am-Ip-tºmƒ Xan-gv\m- n¬ s]bvX Ing-°≥a-g-bpsS [mcm-fn-Ø-hp-ambn
]me-°mSv Pn√-bn-eqsS Cßv s]m∂m\n Agn-apJw hsc Ie-ßn-a-dn-™p-h-cp∂ `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 39
\o-scm-gp°pw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬ \mS≥ Nn¥p-]m-Snbpw Ip∏n-h-f,
Nm¥v, No¿∏p-Xp-S-ßn-bh hn‰pw \mtSm-Sn-I-fmb Xan-g-Øn-I-fpsS ]hm-lhpw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-
XmWo°hn-X.
t]cm-‰p-\o-cmb (`m-c-X-∏pg shf-fw) Cfw-Np-h∏p \nd-ap-ff ]ip-°sf kar-≤-ambn
B´n-sØ-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]›n-a-L´w IS∂v Cu Xoc- q-an-bn¬ (I-hn-bpsS P∑-\m-Smb s]m∂m-\n- -
I-S¬Øo-cw. s]m∂m-\n-bn-emWv `mc-X-∏pg kap-Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-bv°p-∂-Xv) C∂se IdpØ
sN´n-®n-Iƒ FØn-°-gn-™p. ]Ir-Xn- w-Kn-bm¬ a\- ns\ BI¿jn-bv°p∂ Cu `q]-tZiw
I≠v A¤p-X-kv_v[-cmb B kvXoIƒ (tbm-j-∑m¿) ISpw-Nm-b-ß-fp-ff ]pS-h-IƒsIm≠v icocw
aqSn-∏p-X®v hnim-e-amb (B-bXw = \o≠, km\p = ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Xmgvh-c) kly-]¿∆X km\p-
°-fn¬ \nev°p-tºmƒ AXp ag-hn-√m-sW-∂p-Xs∂ \Ωƒ Dd-∏n-®p. (X-an-gv\m- nse B\-a-e-bn¬\n-
∂p-¤-hn®v tImb-º-Øq¿ Pn√-bnse s]mffm-®n, tIc-f-Ønse Nn‰q¿, ]me-°m-Sv, H‰-∏m-ew,
s]m∂m\n F∂o Xmeq-°p-I-fn-eqsS HgpIn mc-X-∏pg Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-∂p. IpØn-
sbm-en®v ae-sh-ffw Ie-ßn-a-dn™p (Xp-em-a-g-bpw) hcp-∂-Xp-I-≠m¬ sNºn® ]ip-°ƒ
Iq -ambn ta™p apt∂-dp-I-bm-sW∂p tXm∂pw. hmf-bm¿ Npcw IS∂v tIc-f-Øn-tebv°v
]th-in-°p∂ ISpØ sN´n-®n-I-fpsS Iq´sØ I≠m¬ (a-g-°m-dn-\p-ta-se)-a-g-hn-√m-sW∂v tXm∂pw.
ISpØ \nd-ß-fp-ff tNe-I-fmWv Xan-g-Øn-Iƒ°n-jvSw. AsXmcp Imc-Ww. Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw
(]-tX-y-In®pw Xpem-h¿j-°m-e-Øv) ag-hn-√p-Im-WpI kzm- m-hn-Iw. Cu ]pg-sh-f-f-Øns‚bpw
sN´n-®n-I-fp-sSbpw BKaw Db¿Øp∂ BÀmZw IqSn amcn-hn¬ k¶-ev]-Øn-ep-≠v. Xmc-X-ta-y\
Xan-gv\m- n-s\-°mƒ ]Ir-Xn-kp-µ-c-am-Wv(-I-S¬°m‰v FXn¿Zn-i-bn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv)
tIc-fw. AXm-W-h¿ A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-cmbn \nev°m≥ Imc-Ww). (C-hn-sS) ap≠-I-∏m-S-߃
(c≠mw hnf-bn-d-°nb hb-ep-Iƒ) Np≠pw ]nfp-Øn-®p-cp-f≥ apSn-bp-am-bn, (A-h-cpsS hc-hv) ImØp-
In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww, s]s‰-Wobv°pw aptº (c-‡-°p-d-hn-\m¬) Atº hnf-dn-sh-fpØ
Ime-h¿jmw-K\ (Im-e-h¿j-sa∂ kvXo) AIm-e-N-c-a-aS™p (Im-e-h¿jw NXn® Hcp
Ime-ØmWv Cu cN\ F∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. s\¬s®-Sn-I-fpsS ssii-h-Øn¬ Xs∂
Ime-h¿jw t]mbn. Np≠p ]nfp-Ønb hbev = shffw h‰n I -s]m- m≥ XpS-ßp∂ ]mSw.
sXm≠-h-c≠v ape-∏m-en-\p-th≠n Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßp∂ ]n©p-Ip- n-bpsS mhw. Npcp-f≥apSn = ag-
°p-dhp \nanØw B™p-h-tc≠ s\t√m-e-Iƒ°p ]Icw "Rdp-ß-W-]n-dp-ßW-W-bmbn apc-Sn-
®p-\n-ev°p∂ s\¬s®-Sn-Iƒ.) Cu Zb-\o-b-L- -Øn-emWv Npc-∂-ap-e-bp-ambn Cu a¶-am¿ t]m∂p-
h-∂-Xv. (t]m-∂p-h-cpI F∂Xv Hcp ]gb ]tbmKw Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v ChnsS Fج
Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏- v). s]‰Ω acn-®m¬ Ab¬]-°sØ AΩ-am¿ B Ip´n-Isf ape-bq´n hf¿Øp-
∂Xv ]≠sØ KmaoW kwkv°m-cØs‚ AS-bm-f-am-Wv. ]n©p-Ip- n-I-fpsS Ic-®n¬ tI´m¬
AΩ-am-cpsS ape-Np-cp-°pw. `mc-X-∏p-g-bn¬\n∂v shffw tXhn Xoc-]-tZ-isØ Irjnsb
c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.) X°-k-a-bØv klm-bn-°m≥ k∂≤-amb Ab¬]-tZ-i-ß-fps≠¶n¬ Hcp
]tZ-i-Øn\pw mK-y-t°-Sp-h-cn-√.
C∂v Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cpsS IÆn¬ Cu IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ FX kpµ-cn-am-cm-sWt∂m?
AXt√ A¤p-Xw. (]-tbm-P\wXs∂ Imc-Ww.) C∂v Cu Xan-g-Øn-I-fpsS `mj Xan-gm-bnt´
tXm∂p-I-bn-√. Ch-cpsS \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-t]mse kpµ-c-am-sbmcp ]m´n-√. (t]-ipI = ]d-bp-I). Xan-
gp-]Zw Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xns‚ HuNn-Xyw i≤n-bv°pI ˛ km[m-cW sN´n-®n-I-fpsS `mjsb
"Xan-gvt]®v" F∂v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ ]cn-l-kn-bv°m-dp-≠v) sXßp-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂ tIc-f-
Ønse tXm -߃ Chsc Benw-K\w sNøm≥ ssI\o- n-\n-ev°p-I-bm-Wv.
School of Distance Education
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Rm\m-tem-Nn®p t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. Cu tIcfw (a-e-\m-Sv) AXn-bmb IjvS-Im-e-Øn¬s∏´p
Ipg-ßp∂ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ (Zq-\-ÿnXn = Zp:-Jm-h-ÿ) Ft∏mgpw ChnsS HmSn-sbØn \Ωsf
klm-bn-bv°p-∂Xv ImgvN-bn¬ hrØn-Ip-d™ Cu sImß-cm-Wv. (X-an-g¿ hnkvX-cn®p
Ipfn-bv°m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. ico-c-ip-≤n°v hfsc Ipdn-®p-sh-ffw amXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv Fs∂m-
s°-bmWv Ahsc hnfn-bv°m-dv) hmf-bm-dns‚ A∏p-d-sØ-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ (\-µn-sI´
\mw) Ah¿ sNbvX tkh-\-Øn\v, "kwkv°m-c-an-√m-Ø¿" F∂ hm°n-eqsS Iqen-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.
Xo¿®bmbpw tIcfw A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ kmwkv°m-cnI KpW-߃ tijvTw
Xs∂. ]t£, Cu ta\n-∏-d-®n-emWv (X-d-hm-Sn-Ø-tLm-jWw apSn™ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnse Zp¿_-e-
cmb Imc-W-h-∑m¿ ]g-b-Im-esØ ]Xm]w ]d™p ta\n-\-Sn-bv°pw). Cu `qan-bnse G‰hpw
henb sN‰-Øw.
C\n Ing-°≥ ag-bpsS (Xp-em-h¿j-Øns‚ al-X-zw)-h-∑m-fn-I-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-bv°p-∂-h¿°v
apcPw(Hcp Xmf-hm-Z-yw) sIm´n-t°ƒ∏n-bv°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-tØm-sSm-∏-ap-ff CSn-\m-Z-hpw, I\Ø
ag-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ ]pc-∏p-dØp hogp∂ i_vZ-hpw), sN‰-°p-Sn-en¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ mc-y- ¿Øm-°-∑msc
Benw-K-\-_-≤-cm°n Xtem-Sn-bp-d-°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-Øns‚ ioI-c-X), sXßns‚ ]®-°p-c-ep-
I-fn¬ ]pXnb Nµ-°-e-Iƒ DZn-∏n-°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-∏p-f-∏n¬ ]pXnb Nµ-°-e-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
A‰w hf™p \nev°p∂ ]q°p-e-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ°v Nµ-°-e-tbm-Sp-ff kmZr-iyw i≤n-bv°p-I.
Ah-bpsS Iq -߃)
A√tbm \oe-\n-d-Øn-ep-ff kpµ-cn-am-sc, \nß-tfmSv IS-s∏´v Cu tIcfw \µn-]-d-bp-∂p.
A[n-I-Zn-h-k-߃ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºmbn Cu Xoc-]-tZ-iØv \n߃ ho≠pw FØp-a-t√m.
(AsX∂v F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.) \nß-fpsS ]mep-≠v, hf¿∂ ]ps∂√v sImbvsX-SpØv Rß-fpsS
]Øm-b-߃ \nd-ßp-I-gn-bp∂ Ime-Øv, a™n¬Ipfn®v \nem-hØv at\m-l-c-amb (a-RvPp) cmXn-
I-fn¬ R߃ Du™m-em-Sp∂ ImeØv (Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-°m-ew) a¨s]gpw (kp-µ-c-\m-b)
B¨Ip-bn¬ ]m´p-]m-Sn-Ø-f-cp-tºmƒ amºq-hn-cn™v K‘w-]-c-°p∂ ImeØv (hn-jp) Ip∏n-h-f-
Ifpw Nm¥pw, knµq-c-hpw, No¿∏pw, IÆm-Sn-bpw, a´n-∏i (Hcp kpK-‘-hkvXp ˛ a´n F∂
ac-Øns‚ I´n-bmb ]i. AXv ]pI-®m¬ kpK-‘-ap≠mIpw)bp-ambn Xan-g-Øn-Itf \n߃
hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw Ib-dn-bn-dßn sFi-z-c-y°®-hSw \SØptºmƒ, Adn-b-s∏-SmØ GtXm ]m]w
C√m-Xm-°m≥ \n߃ Ducp-Np-‰m≥ hcp-tºmƒ \nßsf ho≠pw ImWmw. I≠m¬ DSs\ R߃
\nßsf Adn-bpw. \nß-fpsS IdnØ apJw Hcn-bv°epw R߃°v ad-°m-\m-hn-√. (I-S-∏m-Sp-Xs∂ Imc-Ww)
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-߃
1) ""amcn-hn-s√t∂ \n\-®p-t]mbv \mw"" F¥p-I-≠n v? F¥p-sIm≠v?
2) "".`mKyw sISn-s√mcp \m´n-\p-ap-≠-b¬- -]-°-ß-sf-¶n¬ kl-I-cn-®o-Sp-hm≥"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
3) ""CØ-d-hm-SnØ tLmj-W-sØ-t∏msehrØn-sI- n- n√ as‰m-∂p-aq-gn-bn¬"" Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.
4) Ihn IdpØ sN´n-®n-I-tfmSv \µn ]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
II D]-\-ym-ktNmZy߃
1) IdpØ sN´n-®n-Iƒ F∂ Ihn-Xbv°v Hcm-k-zm-Z\w Fgp-Xp-I.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 41
_m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿
(F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿ 1916- 1989) Xr»qcn\SpØv sRcpht»cnbn¬ s\cph°mhp
hmcyØn¬ am[hn hmckymcptSbpw A®-ypX hmc-y-cp-sSbpw aI\mbn P\n®p. s]cpa\w kwkvIrX
kvIqfnepw Xr∏qWnØpd kwkvIrX kvIqfnepw Xr∏qWnØpd kwkvIrX tImtfPnepambncp∂p
][m\ hnZym`ymkw. A≤ym]I≥, kzmX¥ykac`S≥, ]X]h¿ØI≥ XpSßn ]e
afießfnepw ]h¿Øn®p. Ihn, B´°YmIrØv, k©mckmlnXyImc≥, \ncq]I≥,
ssh⁄m\nI kmlnXycNbnXmhv, mjmimkvX⁄≥, _lp`mjm]finX≥ F∂o \neIfn¬
]e ]ÿm\߃°pw t\XrXzw \¬In. amXr`qan BgvN∏Xn∏ns‚ ]Xm[n]cmbncn°ptºmƒ
At±lw ssI]nSn®pb¿Øns°m≠ph∂hcmWv aebmfØnse ]K¤cmb FgpØpImcn¬
`qcn]£hpw.
CSt»cnsbt∏mse Ct±ltØbpw NߺpgbpsS Iu≠¿]m¿s´∂v hntijn∏n°mdp≠v.
arZpetImaf ]ZmIenXamb t]ak¶o¿Ø\amWv IhnX F∂ [mcWbn¬ aebmfIhnX
IqºS™p F∂p ]dtb≠nh∂ Hcp kµnKv≤ L´Øn¬ cN\mcoXn sIm≠pw D≈S°w sIm≠pw
aebmfIhnX°v tjm°v So‰vsa‚ v \SØnb IhnbmWv tUm.F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿.
B[p\nIIhnX F∂ ]ÿm\Øn\v At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. Cw•ojpw aebmfhpw
sXcphp]Zßfpw kwkvIrXhpsa√map]tbmKn®v ]cnjvIrX \mKcnI a\pjys‚
D≈ps]m≈bmb PohnXsØ ]cpjkzcØn¬ Øs∂ NnXoIcn°pIbmWv At±lw sNbvXXv.
]et∏mgpw Bt£]lmkyØns‚ ]cnlmkkzchpw At±lØns‚ IhnX°p i‡n ]I¿∂p.
kzmX¥ye_v[n°ptijw IdpØ kmbn∏≥am¿ ChnsS Im´n°q´p∂ AIaßtfbpw
A\oXnXItfbpw At±lw Xpd∂pImWn®p. Nm´hm¿, \o≠ IhnXIƒ, Iptd°qSn \o≠
IhnXIƒ, sIm®psXmΩ≥, Km‘nbpw tKmUvtkbpw, ImfnZmks‚ knwlmk\w, ]pgIƒ
apXembhbmWv apJy IhnXmkamlmc߃.
_m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
D≈S°ØnepsS
h¿Øam\ImePohnX Zpc¥Øns‚ Hcp ]cnt—ZamWv Cu IhnX.
(1)
\ΩpsS PohnXØn¬ \n∂v Zbbpw, HuZmcyhpw, ASp∏hpw acymZbpw \jvSs∏´pIgn™p.
C\n _m°n h√Xpw Dt≠m? \ΩpsS _mly_‘߃ F√mw Hgnhm°n hmXnepIsf√mw
tN¿ØS®p Ign™p. \mep]mSpap≈ a‰p P\ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ bmsXmcp Xm¬∏cyhpan√.
\Ωƒ°pth≠n \ΩƒXs∂ D≠m°nb NßesIm≠v ssIbpw Imepw s\©nse a¿Ωcßfpw
_‘n®pIgn™p. B NßebpsS `mcw Gdnhcp∂p. Ct∏mƒ ]p©ncnbn√, IÆp\ocn√,
lrZbkv]µ\w ]Xps°bmbncn°p∂p. C\n \jvSs∏Sm≥ Fs¥¶nepw Ahtijn®p´pt≠m?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 42
-(2)
\oXnbpw \nbaßfpw Iogvhg°ßfpw Nn´bpw \mw ad∂pIgn™p. C\n F¥p≠v
_m°n? s]s´∂v t]meokv h≠nbpsS sskd¨ tIƒ°p∂p, GtXm hmXnen¬ Ah¿
AkabØv ap´p∂p. s]mdpXnsI´ Btcm \n lmbcmbn i]n°p∂p. BcptStbm F√n¬
tXm°n≥ ]mØnsIm≠Sn°p∂p. Bscms°tbm HmSn c£s∏Sp∂p. (CØcw cwK߃
FhntSbpw Ft∏mgpw Actßdmw.). H®bn√. sh´an√, sskzcan√, Dd°an√, C\n F¥mWv
Ahsijn°p∂Xv?) kzmÿyan√mØ PohnXw)
(3)
Ct∏mƒ HcnSØpw ]qhn√, hk¥an√, ]qºm‰bn√, ]£nbn√ ]ns∂ F¥mWp≈Xv?
ip` ]Xo£Iƒ hmgIƒt]mse IqºSbp∂p. \ΩpsS hnizmkw t]mse sXtßmeIƒ
Npcp≠pIcnbp∂p. `qan hn≠pIodp∂p. AWs°´pIƒ C√mXmhp∂p. tXm´n¬ ]mgvaW¬
amXamIp∂p.(sh≈an√, Ct∏mƒ tXm´n¬ aWepan√. aÆpw Ncepw \ndbp∂p.)hcºpIƒ
CSn™phogp∂p. Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw \nc∏mIp∂p. hmbp s]m≈n°p∂p. BImiw
IØn÷zen°p∂p. ]ºpsk‰n\v i‡nbn√. Irjn\new acp`qanbmbn. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
(B\µn∏n°p∂ ImgvNIƒ am™v B ÿew t]Sns∏SpØp∂ acp`qanbmbn amdn°gn™p.)
(4)
sXmgnen√, Ds≠¶n¬Øs∂ icoca\ßns®øp∂n√. ]ckv]cw tbmPn∏n√. H∂nepw
Bthian√. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m? Iº\nIƒ DXv]mZn∏n°p∂Xv I≈°SØn\p≈
km[\ßfmWv. hnc¬ kwLSnbv°p∂Xv (sXmgnemfn bqWnb≥) apjvSn®pcp´n
]Xntj[n°m\mWv. \mw ]pXnb ]pXnb Adnhpt\Sp∂Xv hkvXp°fn¬ ambw tN¿°m\mWv.
bYm¿∞Ønep≈ \jvSamWv Ct∏mƒ IW°p]pkvXIØnse em`w. icocw hnb¿Øpt\Sp∂
`£WØns‚ kzmZv ad∂v Ign™p. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m \in∏n°m≥?
(sXmgn¬taJebnse C∂sØ Ahÿ)
Adnhpw, Adnhm\p≈ shºepw, IcpØpw, Dt∑jhpw C√mXmbn. Ct∏mƒ Np≠n¬
Nncnbn√. AhnsS apZmhmIyßfmWv. B¿ZXbn√mØ IÆpIfn¬ tIm]amWv
IØn\n¬°p∂Xv. lrZbØn¬ acp`qanbpsS XocmZmlw Bfn∏Scp∂p. FX Xn∂mepw F¥p
Xn∂mepw AIsØ hni∏pamdp∂n√. Ct∏mƒ H∂nepw Xr]vXnbn√, ]q¿ÆXbn√, bp‡n
Nn¥bn√, ho≠phnNmcan√. C\nbpw Fs¥¶nepw Ahtijn°p∂pt≠m?
(kmaqlyPohnXiq\yX)
(6)
kXymhÿbpw, A¿∞]q¿Æamb ]Zßfpw C√mXmbn. ]ns∂ F¥p≠v _m°n?
Ct∏mƒ NmcmbamWv t]\bn¬ \ndbv°p∂Xv. shÆodnemWv NnXw hc°p∂Xv. RßfpsS
hmIyßfn¬ I¿Ømhv (sNøp∂ Bƒ) C√; Inb (]hrØn)bpw C√. I¿Ωw (^ew
A\p`hn°p∂h≥) amXta D≈q. I¿Ωßfn¬Øs∂ sImSpwIqcI¿Ωßtf D≈q.
hmbn¬sh®m¬ Zp zmZp amXtabp≈q. kXyhpw tN¿®bpw X\nabpw ]ckv]c_‘hpw
t]mbn. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 43
(7)
Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS ssIønep≈Xv IØnIfpw, ITmcnIfpw, tXm°pIfpw,
ssIt_mw_pIfpamWv. IØpIfn¬ s]m´nsØdn (X]m¬ t_mw_v) Bƒ°q´ßfn¬
s]m nsØdn, IpSnepIƒ IØnbacp∂p, Bsc BcmWv IpØnbXv? BcmWv hoWXv? IpSnsh≈w
hotg≠ Ipgen¬ hnjsh≈amWv hcp∂Xv. ambw Ie¿∂ Huj[ßtf In´m\p≈q. AXv
hn‰pw hmßnbpw NØphogp∂Xv a\pjyXzamWv. Rm≥ X∂Xv I≈t\m´mtWm? AXv am‰nØ∂m¬
IΩoj≥ sImSp°ptam? C\n F¥p≠v ip≤ambn?
(kmaqly PohnXhpw, ]cnÿnXnbpw aen\amIp∂Xv)
(8)
a\pjys‚ a\ n¬ tNmcbn√, AXv iq\yamWv, ssI∏mWv. C\n _m°nsbm∂pan√.
F∂mepw C\nbpw k‘yIƒ BImisØ XpSp∏n®v at\mlcamb ImgvNIƒ D≠mInt√?
sh¥ps]m≈p∂ th\ense a™pXp≈n Bizkn∏nbv°nt√? lrZbØn∂Snbn¬
ASn™pIqSnb tNdn¬\n∂pw Nfnbn¬\n∂pw Hcp sh¨Xmac s]m¥nhcnt√? \mw AXns‚
kpK‘w \pIcnt√ (a\pjya\ n¬ \∑bpsS hk¥w hncnbnt√?) C\nbpw \ap°p
\jvSs∏SmsX h√Xpw Ahtijn°p∂pt≠m? - kzmX¥yw, kXyw, [¿Ωw, ssaXn, ImcpWyw,
im¥n Chbn¬ Fs¥¶nepw
tNmZy߃I. eLptNmZy߃ :
1) \Ωƒ°v \mta NßeXo¿ØsXßs\?
2) ""hogp∂ptXm°n≥ ]mØntbsX√n¬'' B¿ ]dbp∂p? kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI?
3) ""]mgS™pt]mbv∏mSw'' GsX√mw hn[Øn¬ ?
4) I¿Ømhnen√mInb D≈XpI¿Ωw amXw'' Bibw hy‡am°pI.
II. D]\ymktNmZyw
\ΩpsS h¿Øam\ImePohnXØns‚ Zpc¥Xeßsfsb√mw kv]¿in°p∂XmWv
F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnbcpsS _m°nh√Xpapt≠m? F∂ IhnX ]kvXmh\ hnebncpØpI
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 44
amºg°mew
]n]n cmaNµ≥
ae∏pdw Pn√bn¬ h´wIpfØv 1962˛¬ P\n®p. s]m∂m\n F.hn.sslkv°qfn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p.
B[p\nI˛B[p\ntImØc IhnIfn¬ it≤b\mb cmaNµs‚ IhnXIƒ B\pImenI
]kn≤oIcWßfnepsS aebmfnklrZb¿°v kp]cnNnXamWv. At±lØns‚ BZysØ
IhnXmkamlmcamb "ImsW°mW'bv°v Xs∂ tIcfkmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Up e`n®p.
\¿ΩØn¬s]mXn™ apƒap\bp≈ A¿∞KcnabmWv cmaNµs‚ IhnXbpsS ASbmfw.
amºg°mew
D≈S°ØnepsS
IhntbmSv sIm®paIƒ tNmZn®p ""\m´n≥]pdØp≈ amßIƒs°√mw Cu "amwtKm
^q´n'bpsS kzmZmtWm?'' IhnbpsS kao]Øp\n∂v Hcp NnXie`sØt∏mse Ahƒ πmÃnIv
IpgeneqsS B a™ZmhIw \pWbpIbmWv. Ip´o, B cpNnt`Z߃ h¿Æn°m≥ Ignbn√.
Cu A—\pw \obpw XΩn¬ FX amºg°meØns‚ (hb ns‚) hyXymkw icocØnepw
a\ nepw Ds≠t∂m (XeapdIfpsS AIew)? IqSpX¬ ASpØdnbptºmƒ Ip´o
\n\s°t∂bpw ]pfn°pw. (A≠ntbmS°ptºmgmWv amßbpsS ]pfn AdnbpI F∂ \mS≥
sNm√v Hm¿°pI). F¶nepw \ns‚ Pn⁄mkbpsS ]oen°ÆpIƒ Fs‚ a\ ns\
X¬°metØ°v Hcp h≠m°n am‰n. HmSp∂ Xoh≠nbpsS PmeIØneqsS B h≠v ]gb
amºg°mew tXSn Hm¿ΩIfpsS temIØnte°v ]d∂p. (Xoh≠n bmX°nSbnemhmw Cu
kw`hw. IhnbpsS a\ v KXIme_meykvacWbn¬ ]mdn\S∂p.)
(2)
\m´n≥]pdsØ amhpIƒ, kzX¥ambn hfcp∂h, ]g©s\¶nepw ImbvIfpsS
kz`mhw(X\na) ImWn°p∂ t]cpIƒ Ah°v. \m´pImcyÿ]amWnamsct∏mse NpW
(amßbpsS s]m≈n°p∂ Id ]ucpjimenIfmb \m´p]amWnam¿)b\mamcmWh¿. A\y\v
Bibw \¬Ip∂XmWv (XW¬) Xs‚ kºmZysa∂v hnNmcn®h¿. B ImcWh∑mcmWv
']®t°mew" sI´n sXøßfmbn amdnbXv. (sXøßsft∏mse `oamImcØn¬ \n¬°p∂
]®]nSn® amhpItfbpw ]q¿∆nIcmb hoc]pcpj∑msc ssZhambn k¶¬∏n®v sXøw sI´n
BSp∂Xnt\bpw Hm¿°pI.) ]´WØnse tdmUp h°Øv hcnbmbn \n¬°p∂, XWen√mØ,
]®∏n√mØ Iºn°mepIsf amXw I≠p ]cnNbap≈ Ip´n°pw, Ip´n°p ]cnNbap≈
a[pc]elmcN¥Iƒ°pw B \mS≥ amhpIsf°pdn®p]d™m¬ a\ nemhn√.
(3)
A—s‚ Ip´n°mew Cßs\bmbncp∂p. A∂v Ip´nIƒ AÆms\t∏mse Xp≈n®mSntbmSn
\S°pw. A∂hcpsS icocØn¬ h√ apdnhpw ]‰nbm¬ tNmcb√ s]mSnbpI, ]g®mdmWv.
A∂v Ah¿°v ]qØp\n¬°p∂ Hmtcm amhpw Hmtcm hk¥amkambncp∂p. Hmtcmtcm
sImºtØbpw amßIƒ ]tXyIXcØnep≈ am[pcyap≈Xmbncp∂p. Hcp amºgw Xs∂
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 45
CSn®p]Xw hcpØn sNdnsbmtcm´ISn®p≠m°n AXneqsS \pW™pIpSn°ptºmƒ (πmÃnIv
IpgeneqsS "^q´n'bpsS Nmdv \pWbp∂tXm¿°pI) Hmtcm \nanjØnepw Hmtcm kzmZmbncp∂p
\mhpIfdn™Xv (ck\ = \mhv) AXn¬\n∂v ]Wns∏ v Hcp Xp≈n\pWbm≥Ign™m¬Øs∂
\m°ns‚ XpºØv hnhn[ kzmZpIfpsS aghn√p hncnbpIbmbn. (h¿ÆcmPnbmWt√m aghn√v
˛ ckcmPn = ckßfpsS Iq´w) Pnlzm©ew = \m°ns‚ Xpºv. AX°v DKßfmb hn`n∂
kzmZdnbm≥ ˛ \mhpIfpsS Ignhns\bmWv anTmbns∏mXnIƒ°mbn \Ωƒ ]Wbw sh®Xv
(hn`n∂cpNnbp≈ ^q´ntbm anTmbnItfm amXamWt√m Ct∏mgsØ Ip´nIƒ \pWbp∂Xv)
shdpsX a[pcn°pIamXw sNøp∂ (t]mjILSIßfn√msX cpNn amXap≈)
cmkhkvXp°ƒ°pth≠n \mw ]Icw sImSpØXv ssZhw X∂ cmkhnZybmWv.
(-4)
ap´n°pSn°p∂, ISp®phen°p∂ amßbpsS Ahkm\sØ AarX_nµphpw
kzoIcn®pIgn™m¬ amßb≠n hens®dnbpw. At∏mƒ as‰s¥¶nepw
sNbvXpsIm≠p\n¬°p∂ Iq´pImcn¬ HcmfpsS t]cphnfn°pw. Abmƒ Hm¿°msX hnfntI´m¬
amßb≠n Zqtcs°dn™psIm≠v ""Cu A≠ns°m∂p XpW t]m'' F∂p I¬∏n°pw.
hnfntIƒ°p∂ Iq´pImc≥ hnUvVnbmsb∂mWv sh∏v. Abmƒ ]Icw ho´m≥ ho´m≥
ImØncn°pw. \m´n≥]pdØv ]≠v amºgw s]dp°nIq´p∂ Ip´nIfpsS Hcp IfnbmWv CXvv.)
A≠n°p XpWt]mIm≥ HcmfpthWw. \msf B A≠n apfbv°Ww. kaqlØn\v XWepw
a[pchpw \¬Im≥ klmbn°Ww. ]nt∂bpw apfbv°Ww, Imbv°Ww. Aßs\ acn®mepw
PohnXw Xfn¿°Ww (]cºc XpScWw). F∂m¬ Fs‚ Ip´o, \obnt∏mƒ h≠nbn¬\n∂v
]pdtØs°dn™ Cu πmÃnIv Ihdns\t∏mse \Ωƒ a\pjycpw s]m≈bmWv. ""hmßpI,
D]tbmKn°pI, hens®dnbpI'' AXmWn∂sØ PohnXw. Cu IqSIfn¬\n∂v \mtf°p≈Xv
apf°n√.
tNmZy߃
I. eLptNmZy߃ : (50/100 hm°pIfn¬)
1) ""]dbm\mtam cpNnt`Z߃?'' F¥psIm≠v ?
2) Adnbn√hbvs°gpwI\nIƒ NpcØp∂
NpWbpw Nqcpw \ns‚ anTmbnsØcphn∂pw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI ?
3) shdpsX a[pcn°pw cmkam[pcyØn∂mbv
]Icw sImSpØtXm Znhyamw ckhnZy Bibw hniZoIcn°pI.
4) hmßpI, IpSn°pI, ]pdtØs°dnbpI˛
PohnXw \nds®mco°qSpIƒ \mtf°n√ ˛ Bibhpw kµ¿`hpw hniZam°pI.
II. D]\ymktNmZyw
""KrlmXpcXzw DW¿Øp∂ Hcp ]mcnÿnXnI IhnXbmWv amºg°mew'' Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSv
tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? F¥psIm≠v ?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 46
samU-yqƒ 2
hr≤kZ\w Sn.hn.sIm®phmh
Sn.hn.sIm®phmh
1955˛¬ Xr»q¿ Pn√bn¬ Im´qcn¬ P\n®p. Im´q¿ sslkv°pfpepw \m´nIsslkv°pfnepw
\m´nI Fkv.F≥.tImtfPnepambncp∂p hnZym`ymkw. sslkv°qƒ hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ
1971˛se amXr`qan hnjp∏Xn∏n¬ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°mbp≈ sNdpIYma’cØn¬ kΩm\w t\Snb
"AZriyXbpsS \ng¬' ]kn≤nIcn°s∏´tXmsSXs∂ aebmfsNdpIY°v IcpØps‰mcp
hmKvZm\sa∂v klrZb kΩXn t\Sn. lkzamb PohnXImeØn∂nS°v t\mh¬,
IYmkamlmc߃, hnh¿Ø\߃ F∂o C\ßfn¬ Ccp]Ønaqt∂mfw IrXnIƒ
]kn≤oIcn®p. H∂ßs\, H∂nßs\, hoSnt∏mƒ \n»_vZamWv. InfnIƒ°pw, ]q°ƒ°pw,
]—∂w, Cd®nbpw, Ip¥ncn°hpw, InWdpIƒ, kv\m\w, qanimkvXw, AhXmcnI q]S߃°,v
Ft∏msgØptam Ft¥m? IY, hn√∑m¿ kwkmcn°ptºmƒ F∂nhbmWv IYmkamlmc߃.
kqNn°pgbn¬ Hcp bmt°m_v, PmXIw, ImIfn, ]m¿∞\ItfmsS \n¬°p∂p, Krl]mTw,
IYbpw PohnXhpw, H∂mbnØocp∂Xns\∏‰n F∂o KŸßfn¬ At±lØns‚
eLpt\mhepIƒ kamlcn®ncn°p∂p. hr≤ kZ\w, s]cp¶fnbm´w, hncp∂ptaibnte°p
\nehnfnItfmsS, D]P∑w F∂nhbmWv sIm®p_mhbpsS t\mhepIƒ. Jeo¬ Pn_ms‚
]hmNIs‚ DZym\w, aebmfØnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn´p≠v. Ipd™ImesØ
kmlnXytkh\wsIm≠pXs∂ \nch[n ]pckvImcßfpw AwKoImcßfpw t\Sm≥ Ign™p.
A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv (kqNn°pgbnse bmt°m_n\v), sNdpImSv Ahm¿Uv, tIcf kmlnXy
A°mZan Ahm¿Uv (c≠pw hr≤kZ\Øn\v), BZysØ Fkv._n.Sn. Ahm¿Uv (Xncs™SpØ
IYIƒ°v), tXm∏n¬ chn Ahm¿Uv (D]P∑Øn\v), hn.]n.inhIpam¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv
F∂nhbmWh. _eq¨ F∂ XncIY°v Xnc°Ym Ahm¿Upw e`n®p. _eq¨
Ne®nXamhpIbpw sNbvXp. 1999 \hº¿ 25˛\v A¥cn°ptºmƒ "Kƒ^v thmbvkn's‚
]Xm[n]cmbncp∂p.
]tabØnepw AhXcWØnepw XnI®pw ]pXpa ]pe¿Øp∂ t\mhemWv hr≤kZ\w.
AºØ©phb n¬Øs∂ hr≤\mbn koeSn°s∏ v \n¿Ω¬ `h≥ F∂ hr≤kZ\Øn¬
At¥hmknbmbn \SX≈s∏´ kndnbIv B‚dWn F∂ IYm]mXØneqsS hr≤kZ\w F∂
Hcp \qX\temIw Xpd∂psh°pIbmWv sIm®p_mh. PohnXØns‚ F√m XpdIfn¬\n∂pw
\njvIcpWw B´ntbmSn°s∏Sp∂ A\mY hm¿≤IysØ NnXoIcn°p∂tXmsSm∏w C∂sØ
ImeL´Øns‚ sR´n°p∂ Hcp ]cnt—ZsØ sIm®p_mh hr≤kZ\ØneqsS \ΩpsS
I¨apºn¬ A\mbmkambn Db¿Øn∏nSn°p∂p. Sn.]fl\m`≥ ]dbp∂p: ""kmlnXyØn¬
sIm®p_mh kz¥amb sIm´mcßfpw P\]Zßfpw krjvSn®p˛ Akpcinev]nbmb
abs\t∏mse''. At±lØns‚ apºn¬ e£yw amXta D≠mbncp∂p≈p. NØpw sIm∂pw
apt∂dpI F∂ BZ¿iamWv At±lsØ \nb¥n®ncp∂Xv. \¿ΩØns‚ kpXmcyamb
BhcWaWn™XmWv Ct±lØns‚ ssien. AXv Bt£]lmkyØns‚ Nm´pfnbmIp∂Xv
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ImWmw. ioaXn.]n.h’e kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse ]∏pw ]qSbpw \o°nb Hcp
tImgnbpsS _o`’cq]w a‰p IrXnIfnse∂Xpt]mse hr≤kZ\Ønepw ImWmw.
hmIv]tbmKØns‚ aq¿®bn¬ \mw Pohn°p∂ Cu temIØns‚ ]´pSbmSIfpw
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 47
s]mß®sØm∏nIfpw sIm®p_mh Iodn∏dØp∂p. t\mhens‚ `mjm]cXbneq∂n \n∂v
]tab]camb kqN\Ifpw Nn”ßfpw amXw \¬In hmb\°mcs\s°m≠v A¿t∞m¬∏mZ\w
kzbw km[yam°p∂ Hcp coXnbmWv hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ImWpI. CXv B[p\ntImØc
]hWXIfpsS Hcp mKamWv. B \ne°v aebmfØnse BZysØ B[p\ntImØct\mhemWv
F∂p AhImis∏Smw.
hr≤kZ\w
(D≈S° kwKlw)
1. kndnbIv B‚Wn F∂ AtcmKZrVKmX\mb AºØ©pImc≥ hr≤kZ\Øn¬
]thin∏n°s∏Sp∂p. At±lw hmb\°mtcmSv t\cn´p kwkmcn°p∂ coXnbnemWv
BJym\coXn. Bt£]lmkyØn¬ s]mXn™ hncpt≤m‡nbneqsS thWw IYmcq]w
a\ nem°m≥.
Hcp Unkw_dnse kp]`mXØn¬ IYm\mbIs\ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]thin∏n°p∂p.
\Ωƒ F∂ ]ZØn\v PohnXØn¬ ]k‡nbn√. F√mhcpw H‰°mWv. apdnhp ]‰ptºmgpw
thZ\n°ptºmgpsa∂t]mse. kndnb°n\v AºØ©p hbt Bbn´p≈q. a\ nt\m,
icocØnt\m hm¿≤Iyw _m[n®n´n√. A¬]w \cb√msX Ij≠nt]mepan√. kpµcnbpw
bphXnbpamb kmd kndnb°ns‚ c≠mw `mcybmWv. BZy `mcy B·kv tcmKiøbn¬
InS°ptºmƒ ipiqjn°m≥ h∂ t\gvkmWv kmd. kmd hneIqSnb ap¥nbXcw ssU
D]tbmKn®v AbmfpsS apSn Idp∏n°p∂p. Hcp ZcnZ\mbmWv \mbI≥ PohnXw Bcw`n®Xv.
CØcw ]q¿∆IYIƒ BtemN\bn¬ hcp∂XmWv AbmfpsS Zu¿∫eyw. AXpsIm≠v Abmsf
kln®paSpØn´mWv kmd Hcp hr≤kZ\Øn¬ G¬∏n°msemcpßnbXv. kmd Hcp ]I¬
apgph≥ an\s°´mWv t^mWn¬ hr≤kZ\w UbdIvSsd In´nbXv. PohnXØn¬ HcmtfmSpw
ImWn°mØ hnt[b`mhtØmsSbmWv UbdIvStdmS v Ahƒ kwkmcn®Xv .
at\mtcmKmkv]Xnbn¬ a°ƒ \n¿_‘]q¿∆w ]thin∏n® as‰mc∏\pth≠n _p°psNbvX
apdnbmWv Ahƒ°\phZn®Xv. a°ƒ XΩnep≈ kzØpX¿°w aq¿≤\yØnseØnb ÿnXn°v
GsX¶nepw ]mIrXcoXnbn¬ B A∏s\ X´n°fbpsa∂pd∏v. hr≤kZ\Ønte°v hcm≥
Xm≥ aSn®ncps∂¶n¬ kmd Xt∂bpw Hcp NnØtcmKmkv]Xnbn¬ ]thin∏n®v ]mIrXcoXnbn¬
Ahkm\n∏n°pambncp∂p. klnsI´ `mcybpw a°fpw as‰mcp hr≤s\
]ØmbØnen´p]q´nbXpw Zmln® sh≈Øn\v aqXw IpSn®psIm≈m≥ ]d™Xpw Abmƒ
hmbn®tXm¿Øp. ]ØmbØn\p ]Icw hr≤kZ\Øn¬Øs∂ B°nbXn\m¬ kmd
Zbbp≈hfmWv. \n߃°v ]ncn eqkmbnt∏mtbm F∂pw Hcn°¬ kmd tNmZn°pIbp≠mbn.
AXn\ptijw IsøØmhp∂ km[\ßsf√mw Ahƒ FSpØpam‰n. ]ncneqkns‚ XpS°w
hkvXphIIƒ Fdn™pS°p∂XneqsSbmbncn°Ww kndnbIv tPm¨ Ic™pt]mbn. Xs‚
£am]Wwt]mepw kmd i≤n®n√. Ahƒ Xnc°n v Hcp ]cky]pkvXIw Xnc™p]nSn®p.
AXnse \n¿Ω¬`h≥ F∂ hr≤kZ\Øns‚ BI¿jWobamb ]ckyw Ahƒ
sXcs™SpØp. BÀmZIcamb A¥co£w, at\mlcamb sI´nSw, cpNnbp≈ Blmcw,
\n¿_‘nX hnZKv≤ sshZy]cntim[\, ]cnNcWØn\v ]tXyI]cnioe\w e`n® t\gvkpam¿,
]m¿∞\mlmƒ, hmb\ime, Cßs\ qanbnse kz¿§amb hr≤kZ\Ønte°v hm¿≤Iyw
_m[n®hsc]ckyØneqsS kzmKXw sNøp∂p. CsXms° Xs∂ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®Xns‚
s]mcpƒ a\ nembn√. at\mtcmKmip]Xntb ∏‰nbmbncp∂¶n¬ AhfpsS Dt±iyw
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 48
Duln°mambncp∂p. G‰hpw kuIcy]Zamb HcnSw X\n°p≠m°nØcnI F∂XmWv AhfpsS
Xm¬∏cysa∂pw hb msb∂v kzbw a\ nem°m\p≈ hnthIsa¶nepw Xm≥
ImWnt°≠XmsW∂pw Ahƒ Xpd∂p ]d™t∏mƒ F√mw ]nSnIn´n. Xm≥ Xebm´n kΩXn®p.
AdnbmsX IÆpIƒ \nd™pt]mbn. AXnsemcpXp≈n AhfpsS ssIØ≠bnepw hoWp.
c≠cs°m√w apºv Ahsf sI´ptºmƒ Ahƒ°v Xm≥ hb \mbncp∂n√. IcpØ\mbncp∂p
F∂v k¶StØmsS Hm¿Øpt]mbn. ]Øncp]Ø©psIm√w Xt∂msSm∏w Pohn® B·kv
F∂ BZy `mcysb Hm¿Øpt]mbn. AXmtemNn®m¬ sXm≠bnSdpw. Hs° _p≤nap´mhpw.
Cu hr›nI∏pe¿thfbn¬Øs∂ \∑ \nd™ HcnStØ°p sIm≠pt]mIp∂ kmd
Zbmabnsb∂mizkn®p. \ΩpsS _‘w \ne\n¿Øns°m≠p\ap°I∂pIgnbmsa∂pw Ahƒ
]d™p. Imdv hr≤ kZ\Ønte°SpØp. ][m\hgnbn¬\n∂p Xncnbp∂nSØv Hcp
t_m¿Up≠mbncp∂p. ""Cd®nt°mgnIƒ hn¬∏\°v''.
2. hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]thin∏n°s∏´ kndnbIv B‚Wnbv°v BtcmSpw bmX
]dbm\p≠mbncp∂n√. arZphmbn Hcp hm°p®cn°pItbm C\n C∂ Znhkw
hcmsa∂p]dbpItbm sNømsX kmd ImtdmSn®pt]mbn. CØcw hnImcßfmWv Xs∂ ChnsS
FØn®XpXs∂. kmd as‰mcmfmbXpsIm≠pw kZ\Ønse \nbaa\pkcn®pw Ahƒ t]mtb
]‰p. kndnb°n\v 55 hb pw kmd°v 30 hb pamWv. Ahƒ t]mIp∂Xn\v apºv
X\nbv°\phZn® apdnbnse kuIcy߃ hnhcn®pX∂p. Cßs\sbmcp apdnIn´nbXn¬
`mKyhm\msW∂pw Hm¿Ωn∏n®p, F¥n\[nIw, apdnbn¬ ]Xn® XdtbmSpIfnse kpµcamb
Unssk≥ t\m°nbncp∂m¬ aXnbt√m t\cw t]mIm≥. At∏mtg°pw UbdIvS¿ C¿hmZokpw
FØn. ImgvNbn¬ Ip≈≥, ]mbw Dulns®Sp°m≥ IgnbmØ apJhpw icochpw. hfsc
am\yamb s]cpam‰w. kmd sImSpØ Ihdnse sN°p I≠t∏mƒ DSs\ AhnSpsØ
Ãm^ns\sb√mw ]cnNbs∏SpØn. CsX√mw km[mcW ]Xnhp≈ NSß√. kmd sImSpØ
sN°ns‚ i‡nbmWv. lcnZmk≥ F∂ Hm^okv Ãm^ns\ UbdIvS¿ imkn®p. ImcWw
]pXnb At¥hmknbpsS t^m¨ \º¿ hmßnsh®ncp∂n√. AXnYn acn®pt]mbm¬
DØchmZs∏´h¿ hcm\p≈ ImeXmakw Hgnhm°m\mWnXv. Cu ]kmXmh\ kndnb°n\v
H´pw kpJambn√. sSeKmw In´m\p≈ Xmakw sIm≠v Xs‚ ihicocw G‰phmßm\mfn√msX
AXv A\p\nanjw No™pho¿°p∂ cwKw Abmƒ `mh\bn¬ I≠p. ÿm]\Øns‚ ]gb
\nebpw kmdsSt∏mep≈ DZmcaXnIfpsS klmbhpw UbdIvS¿ Hm¿Ωn®p. Cu hr≤≥
\nßfpsS BcmsW∂B tNmZyw amXw UbdIvS¿ tNmZn®n√. AbmfpsS HuNnXyw
FSpØp]dbWw. tNmZn®m¬ F¥p adp]Snbmbncn°pw kmd ]dbp∂Xv tIƒt°≠nhcnI.
]ckv]cw ssIsImSpØv hfsc Dujvafamb Hcp bmX]dbemWv kmd \SØnbXv. Xt∂mSp
ImWn°mØ sshImcnIX. kmdtbmSv Hcp Imcyw IqSn UbdIvS¿ ]d™p. Cu apdn
_p°psNbvXncp∂ at\mtcmKmip]Xnbnse hr≤≥ acn®pt]mbn. \nßfpsS am\yhr≤\v
acWwhsc Cu apdnbn¬ Ignbmw. kmd Bizmk]q¿∆w Ipcnip hc®p. Xm\n√msX kmd
Xncn®psN√p∂ _w•mhns\∏‰nbpw AhnsS apºp Ign™ A\p`hßsf∏‰nbpw Abmƒ Hm¿Øp.
""A∏m∏m, ]m¿∞\°p≈ t\cambn'' Fs∂mcp bphXn h∂dnbn®p. kpµcnbmb \n¿Ωesb∂
t\gvkmWv. Xm\hfpsS A∏m∏\mWv. thWsa¶n¬ ]nSn°msa∂hƒ ]d™p. Xs‚ BZy
`mcy B·kns\ ]cnNcn°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ tbml∂m≥ G¿∏mSm°nb kmdsb hnhmlw
Ign® Imcyw Hm¿Øp. ]Xnhmbn ]m¿∞nbv°p∂ kz`mhan√mØ Abmƒ°v AXn¬ henb
Xm¬]cyw tXm∂nbn√. F¶nepw a‰p≈ At¥hmknIfpambn ]cnNbs∏Sm\p≈ Hcp kµ¿`w
IqSnbmsW∂v \n¿Ωe Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. BsI ]Xn\mep hr≤cmWnhnsSbp≈Xv. ]m¿∞\ Ign™v
`£Wlmfn¬ t]mbn AØmgw Ignbv°pIbmWv AhnSpsØ ]Xnhv. Xosc hømØh¿°v
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 49
`£Ww apdnbn¬sImSp°pw. at\mlcambn Ae¶cn®XmWv ]m¿∞\mebw.
]m¿∞\mebØnte°v IS∂ kndnb°ns\ F√mhcpw Xm¬]cyan√msX t\m°n.
]m¿∞\Ign™v AhnsSbncp∂n´pw Bsc¶nepw t]cp tNmZn°pItbm ]cnNbs∏Sm≥ hcnItbm
D≠mbn√. ]m¿∞\Ign™t∏mƒ Hct¥hmkn\n ""tZs≠ h∂p Ign™p'' F∂p ]d™v
AeapdbnSm≥ XpSßn. Ccn°p∂hcmcpw CfInbn√. hr≤ acWsh]mfw t]mse F√mhtcbpw
amdn amdn t\m°n IÆoscmen∏n®p. At∏mƒ kpµcnbmb as‰mcp hr≤ ASpØncn°p∂ BtfmSv
Ft¥m ]d™p. hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v Hcp bqWnt^mw th≠XmsW∂v
kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. At∏mƒ IriKmX\mb Hct¥hmkn Pp∫bptSm Ioibn¬\n∂v Hcp
shfpØ NcSp ]pdsØSpØp. hr≤ acn°pIbmsW¶n¬ Im¬ hnc¬ Iq´nsI´m\mWXv.
IÆS°msX ImeIØn acn®pInS°p∂Xv FX hrØntISmWv. Cu A`wKn Hgnhm°m\mWv
AbmfpsS iaw. B a\ÿnXn ImWn® Abmsf ]pWymflmhv F∂pXs∂ hnfn°Ww. Cu
a\pjy≥ Pohn®ncn°p∂ ImeØv HcΩmΩbpsS Im¬hnc¬Øpºv Iq´ns°´m≥ Ibdpw
Ioibnen´p \S∂ BfmWv. Cu hr≤bmIs´ HcmgvNbv°nSbn¬ BdmasØ acW]cmIaamWv
ImWn°p∂Xv. I≠p \n¬°p∂h¿°v AXn¬ Hcp ]pXpabpw tXm∂nbn√. At∏mtg°pw
]m¿∞\mebØns‚ hmXp°¬ \n¿Ωe h∂v `£Wkabamsb∂dnbn®p. F√mhcpw
Xnc°s´Wo‰p. IbsdSpØ IriKmX\S°w. ChpSpsØ t_mdSnbn¬\n∂v c£n°p∂Xv Cu
AΩmΩbmsW∂v IriKmX≥ Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. \n¿Ωe kndnb°ns‚ tXmfn¬ ]nSn®p. Xm\mscbpw
]cnNbs∏´ns√∂v kndnb°v ]d™p. AXns‚ Bhiyans√∂pw ]ckv]cw t\m°¬
Xs∂bmWnhnSpsØ ]cnNbs∏Sse∂pw \n¿Ωe ]d™p. CXn∂p≈n¬ B¿°pw
ta¬hnemkan√. F√mhcpw hr≤≥am¿. Xo≥apdnbpsS Npacn¬ FgpXnsh®Xv kndnb°v
I≠p. ""`£n°ptºmƒ AtX∏‰n amXw Nn¥n°pI.''.
3. hr≤kZ\Ønse Hct¥hmknbmb XSn\mS≥ t]cp]d™v ]cnNbs∏´p. ChnsS
B¿°pw ta¬hnemkan√mØXn\m¬ AXn¬ i≤n®n√. ]≠v Ip´n°meØv KmaØn¬
ZmcnZyØn∂nSbnepw Ab¬°m¿ kvt\ln®ncp∂p. \Kc]cnjvImc]Imcw kvt\lØn\p]Icw
sR´emWv. kndnbIv Xs‚ ]gb PohnXw Hm¿Øp. KmaØnse Hcp ]´nWnho´n¬ P\n®p.
Ggmw¢m n¬ sh®v ]´nWn klnbv°msX \mSphn´p. \KcØnse Hcp henbho´n¬
hni∏S°m≥th≠n the°mc\mbn. A∂hnsS B·kv Fs∂mcp amemJIp´n A©mw ¢m n¬
]Tn°p∂p≠mbncp∂p. the°mc≥ B·kns\ t]an®p I√ymWw Ign®p. A—\ΩamcpsS
Imetijw Afh‰ kzØn∂pSabmbn. B kzØns‚ hen∏amWt√m AºXpIgn™n´pw
Xs∂ t]an®p I√ymWw Ignbv°m≥ kmdsb k÷bm°nbXv. IminemWv Imcyw. Imins‚
D]tbmK iq\yXbpw kndnb°n∂dnbmw. C°≠ Imip]tbmKn®n´pw B·kns‚
acWtam¿Øp. Ct∏mƒ I≠ acWsh]mfhpw Hm¿Øp. Ip‰t_m[Øm¬ hcm¥bnse
XnÆbn¬ Xeap´n®p. AhnsSbmWv t\csØ ]cnNbs∏´ hr≤≥ Ccp∂ncp∂Xv. Xt∂mSbmƒ
PohnXIY ]d™psh∂mWv hnNmcn®Xv. H∂pw i≤n®n´n√mXncp∂Xn\m¬ Hcnbv°¬ IqSn
"B IY' ]dbm≥ Bhiys∏´p. hr≤s\ ]oWn∏n°m≥ th≠nbmbncp∂p. ]t£ hr≤≥
£p`nX\mbn BIan°pIbmWp≠mbXv. AXpw FXn¿∏n√msX kln®p. AbmtfmSp≈
klXm]wsIm≠v Cbmƒ AkwXr]vX\mb hr≤\msW∂pw a‰p≈hsc Xnsc
kln°ms\m°mØ IrXy\njvT°mc\msW∂pw a\ nembn. hr≤kZ\Ønse ]cnkcw
i≤n®t∏mƒ kmdsb hnhmlw Ign®Imew Hm¿Ω h∂p. A∂hƒ ]d™XmWv. ""F\ns°mcp
\nanjw th¿]ncn™ncn°m\mhns√∂v''. ]t£ C∂v Cu hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ho≠pw h∂v Aßs\
]dbm\p≈ A\uNnXyw kmd°p≠mhn√. kaqlØn¬ IqsSs°m≠p\S°ptºmƒ D≠mth≠
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 50
]uVnbv°mbncn°Ww Ahƒ Xs‚ XeapSnbnepw hkvX[mcWØnepsams° i≤n®Xv.
XSnamS\mb hr≤s‚ IY tI´p. Abmƒ k¿°m¿ tPmenbnencp∂p IpSpw_w t\m°n, a°sf
Cb¿∂ ]ZhnbnseØn®p. dn´b¿ sNbvXp h∂t∏mƒ ho´n¬ H‰s∏´p. H∂pw sNøm\n√. Cu
Ahÿ I≠v a°ƒ°pw acpa°ƒ°pw ieyambntØm∂nbncn°Ww. a°ƒ B´n∏pdØm°n
sIm≠ph∂m°p∂Xn\papºv kzbw ChnsS FØnbXmWv. Abmƒ°nt∏mƒ Btcbpw
Hm¿°m\n√. kmdbvs°m∂nhnsShsc hcm≥ tXm∂nbn√t√m F∂v kndnbIv Hm¿Øp. adn®v
B·kv Bbncps∂¶ntem. X\n°o hr≤kZ\Øn¬Øs∂ Im¬IptØ≠n hcn√mbncp∂p.
AXbpambt∏mƒ t\csØ acWsh]mfw ImWn® hr≤bpsS HºXmw \º¿ apdnbnte°p
\S∂p. IXIS™p InS°p∂p. AhnsSbpw Hcdnbn∏v. ""Ddßp∂hsc DW¿ØcpXv''.
4. AkvXab wKn ImWm≥ \n¿ΩetbmsSmØv Ip∂n≥apIfn¬ t]mbn. GIm¥Xbn¬
_w•mhn¬ Ignbp∂ kmdsb Hm¿Øp. Xm\nhnsS h∂n v c≠pamkw Ign™p. InkvXpa n\p
tI°pw sImt≠m, P\phcn H∂n\v BiwkbpsS ]p©ncnbpw sImt≠m kmd hcnIbp≠mbn√.
h∂m¬ ho≠pw Xncn®pt]mIptºmtg°p≠mhp∂ k¶Sw kln°m≥ IgnbmØXpsIm≠mhmw,
kmdsb Ip‰s∏SpØnbXn¬ ]›mØm]tØmsS \n¿ΩebpsS Xe s\t©mSp tN¿Øp]nSn®p.
Ahƒ A\pkcn®p. s]s´∂v \n¿Ωe kmdbmIp∂ NXnbn¬ IpSpßnbXp Xncn®dn™p.
Ip‰t_m[tØmsS Xncn®p\S∂p. \nehnfn®p. Hc∏m∏\mbn sXm´XmsW∂p IcpXnbm¬
aXnsb∂hƒ Bizkn∏n®p. AºØnc≠masØ hb nse hnhmlPohnXm\p`hßsf°pdn®v
Ahƒ tNmZn®p. Xm≥ ]m]nbmsW∂pw bmsXmcp ]m]hpw sNømØh\msW∂pw tXm∂n.
ssZh\oXnbpsS apºn¬ ]pWy]m]߃ temI\oXnbnseXpt]me√. AXmWt√m
]XnhXbptSbpw thiybptSbpw IY kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. ]XnhX thiybpsS ho´n¬
h∂pt]mIp∂hcpsS FÆw ]nSn°m≥ \akvImc∏mbbv°Snbn¬ Nc¬°√p Iq´nsh®p.
acn®pt]mbt∏mƒ thiy°p kz¿§hpw ]XnhX°v \cIhpw In´n. ImcWw thiy AhfpsS
NpaXebmWv sNbvXXv. \akv°mc∏mbbnencp∂v ]ng sNbvXhƒ ]XnhXbmWv. B·kns‚
acWtijw P]amebpambn Igntb≠ Xm≥ kmdsb sI´n. AXp sX‰v. a°fn√mØXn\memWv
c≠mwsI´p sI´nbXv. ]t£, kmdbn¬ a°fp≠mhm≥ Ahƒ kΩXn®n√. B· ns‚
acWtijw kmdsb sI´nbXv ]m]amtWm. kvXobpw ]pcpj\pw BI¿jn°s∏Sp∂Xn¬
adp]Snbn√. AXn\m¬ \n¿Ωesb kmIqXw t\m°p∂Xnepw sX‰n√. \n¿ΩetbmSv Xm\hsf
kvt\ln°ps∂∂p ]dbm≥ Ign™n√. sXmÆqdmw hb n¬ Xs∂t]an® Hcp hr≤≥ ]≠v
Cu kZ\Øn¬ D≠mbncp∂Xv \n¿Ωe ]d™p. AkvXabw I≠v \n¿ΩetbmsSm∏w
Xncns®Ønb Xs∂°≠v kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ Aa¿jwsIm≠p. Ah¿°pap≠v
Xm¬∏cy߃. AXn\p kzmX¥yan√. IriKmX≥ CXns\Xnsc UbdIvS¿°v \nthZ\w
Xømdm°n. ]m¿∞\°p kabambn. \n߃ Alw`mhnbmsW∂pw CuXn\nsS Btcbpw
]cnNbs∏´n´ns√∂pw IriKmX≥ kndnb°ns\ Ip‰s∏SpØn. Ign™ c≠pamkw sIm≠v
Xm\mcpambpw kulrZap≠m°nbns√t∂m¿Øp. AXn\nSbn¬ Ign™ InkvXpa v kZ\Øn¬
F√mhcpw tN¿∂v BtLmjn®tXm¿Øp. At¥hmknIsf ImWm\pw kΩm\߃ \¬Im\pw
]e ]mb°mcmb _‘p°fpsS ]hmlambncp∂p. kndnb°ns\ ImWm≥amXw Bcpw h∂n√.
X\n°v kmdb√msX Bcpan√t√m. AØmgØn\p kabamsb∂v \n¿Ωe Adnbn®p. hnfn®Xv
\n¿ΩebmbXn\m¬ ITn\amb hni∏ptXm∂n. lmfn¬ sN∂t∏mƒ AhnsS \n¿Ωebn√.
hnfºpImc≥ ]mX߃ \ncØp∂p. kndnb°ns‚ hni∏psI´p. Npacn¬
BWnbSn®pXq°nbn´p≈ Hcm]vXhmIyw ZrjvSnbn¬ s]´p. ""KpkvXnbn¬ P\n°p∂h\√,
C—Isf AXnPohn°p∂h\mWv tIa≥.
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 51
5. \pWIfpsS cmPmhmb sI.\mSmcmWv hr≤kZ\Ønse as‰mct¥hmkn. \mSmsc
kZ\ØnseØn®Xv s]mdpXnap´nb \m´pImcmWv. Iøpw Imepw X√n®X®v Hcp apfhSnbn¬
XeIogmbn sI´nØq°nbmWv AhnsS sIm≠psN∂Xv. AbmfpsS acWwhsc sNehn\p≈
kwJybpw \m´pIm¿ ]ncns®SpØmWv kzcq]n®Xv. kZ\Øns‚ XpS°°meambncp∂Xn\mepw
apdnIƒ Hgn™pInS∂ncp∂Xn\mepw A∂v ]thi\w Ffp∏ambn. \pW AYhm InwhZ¥n
]cØn \m´n¬ sskzct°Sp≠m°embncp∂p AbmfpsS hnt\mZw. sIme]mXItØ°mƒ
`oIcamWv \pW. tIƒ°ptºmƒØs∂ \pWbmsW∂dnbmsa¶nepw Np≠pIƒ amdn amdn
]Ncn®v AXv Hcp kXyØns‚ cq]Øn¬ D¤hÿm\ØpXs∂ Xncns®Øp∂p. ]q¿Æ
K¿`nWnbmb Hcp ]sØmºXpImcnsb ¿Ømhns\s°m≠v Nhn´ns°m√n® InwhZ¥nbmWv
\mSmsc kZ\ØnseØn®Xv. At¥hmknIsf ]cnNbs∏Sp∂n√ F∂ Bt£]Øn\p
]cnlmcambmWv Cbmsf ]cnNbs∏´Xv. AXv Xs∂ alm A]ISambn. apdnbnse GIm¥Xbn¬
Xs∂ Ign®pIq´nbm¬ aXnbmbncp∂p. apdnbn¬ sNSnIƒ \´phfcvSØn I´nens‚ tNm´n¬
Hcp apb¬°p´ntbbpw hfcvSØp∂Xns\∏‰n BtemNn®m¬ aXnbmbncp∂p. apben\p Xo‰°p
Iymc‰pthWw. AXn\p Iehd°mcs\ tkh]nSn°mw. Abmƒ apcS\msW¶ntem, Iymc‰p
X´n∏d®psIm≠ph∂m¬ Abmfpw ]n∂msetbmØpw. At∏mƒ apbens\ Is≠Øpw. AXns\
hf¿ØnsbSpØp s]mcn®pXn∂m\mbncn°pw AbmfpsS Xm¬∏cyw. AXn\m¬ k¶¬∏Øn¬
hf¿Øp∂ apbens\ P\eneqsS ]pdtØ°phn´p. ho≠pw hnjmZKkvX\mbt∏mƒ Abmƒ
\n¿Ωesb ImWm\mKln®p. C∂p Xs‚ apdn ipNnbm°m\pw InS° hncn°m\pw
\n¿Ωe°p]Icw IXo\sbs∂mcp t\gvkmWv h∂Xv. Ahƒ°v \n¿ΩebpsS AX kuµcyw
icocØnse s]cpam‰Øntem C√. F¶nepw AhfpsS \nKqVkuµcyØn¬ IÆp Xßnbt∏mƒ
kzbw ]p—w tXm∂n. AXn\m¬ apdnhn´p ]pdØpIS∂p. \n¿ΩesbAt\zjn°pIXs∂.
At∏mƒ ap‰Øncp∂p ]p√p]dn°p∂ Cøm°paq∏sc∂ as‰mct¥hmknsb°≠p. ]I¬
apgph≥ ]p√p]dnbmWv aq∏cpsS Zu¿∫eyw. AXpXs∂bmWv Abmsf kZ\ØnseØn®Xpw.
a°sf√mw hfsc Db¿∂ ]Zhnbnep≈ ]_e∑mcmWv. kµ¿iIcptSbpw a‰pw km∂n≤yØn¬
A∏s‚ ]p√p]dn Ah¿°]am\ambn. Hcn°¬ acpaItfmSv ap‰Øp]dn°m≥ ]p√ns√∂p
]cmXns∏´p. as‰mcn°¬ t]c°nSmhv ap‰sØ ]p¬\mºn¬ Nhn´p∂Xp I≠ Abmƒ Ip´nsb
X´nam‰n. Ip´nbpsS Xe I√nenSn®v apdnhp]‰n. AtXmsS a°fptSbpw acpa°fptSbpw ap∂n¬
`m¥\mbn. a°ƒ°v kln°m\mbn√. ]p√p]dn \n¿Øm≥ Ah¿ D]tZin®p. hp≠pw Abmƒ
]p√p]dn°m\ndßn. a°ƒ Cøm°paq∏sc hr≤kZ\ØnseØn®p.
BtcmKyhm\mbncp∂ImeØv ImSpsh´nsØfnbn®v IpSntb‰°mc\mbn Ign™XmWv.
AbmfpsS mcy s]mSp∂s\ acn®p. kZ\Ønepw ]p√p]dnXs∂. £Wwt]mepw Ign°p∂Xn¬
Xm¬∏cyan√. ]cn°p∂ AX ]p√pXs∂ ]pXpXmbn Infn¿°p∂Xn¬ Abmƒ°p
kt¥mjtabp≈p. kndnb°v ]p√p]dn°p∂ aq∏sc ]oXns∏SpØm≥ tNmZn®XmWv £Ww
Ignt®m F∂v. \nd®p≠ht\ as‰mcmfpsS \ndhbdns\∏‰n At\zjn°mhp F∂mbncp∂p
aq∏cpsS ]XnIcWw. hr≤kZ\ØnseØp∂ hsc√mw XØz⁄m\nIfmIp∂ A¤pXw
kndnb°v Hm¿Øp. C∂se apgph≥ \n¿Ωesb I≠n√. AXn\m¬ hni∏ptXm∂mØXpsIm≠v
Abmƒ D≠n´pan√. C∂v t\cnbtXmXn¬ tXm∂nb hni∏v sI.\mSmcpsS IY tI´tXmsS
C√mXmbn. \mSm¿ as‰mcp InwhZ¥n Cd°n. Xte∂mƒ kndnb°pw \n¿Ωebpw IqSn
Ip∂n≥apIfnte°p t]mbXn¬ At¥hmknIƒ D≠m°nb tImemlehpw Ah¿ UbdIvS¿°p
sImSpØ \nthZ\hpw icn°pw ^en®ncn°p∂p. \n¿Ωe \mSmcpsS apdnbn¬ sN∂ncp∂p.
Ah¿°v kndnb°nt\mS v t]aaps≠∂v kqN\bpw In´nbn´p≠v. Ahƒ
Hc\mYmebØn¬\n∂ph∂ Ip´nbmWv. At∏mtg°pw ap‰Øp\ns∂mcmtImiw Db¿∂p.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 52
AΩmΩ ]p√n¬ Nhn´nbXn\v Cøm°paq∏¿ £p`nXambXmWv. Abmƒ Is√SpsØmcp
ho°psh®psImSpØp. AΩmΩbpsS s\‰ns]m´n tNmcsbmen®p XpSßn. DSs\ aq∏¿ HmSn
FØn Ahsc XmßnsbSpØp. the°m¿ HmSntbmØn. kndnb°n\v ]pXnsbmcdnhpIn´n.
""Hcp°nbn´ hgnbneqsS ]Ωn∏Xpßn kqX°mc\mbn acWw hcp∂p.''
Ign™ XhW tUmIvS¿ h∂t∏mƒ kndnb°n\pw Hcp KpfnI \n¿t±in®p. X\n°p
tcmKans√∂p ]d™t∏mgpw KpfnI Ign®p XpSßnt°mfp tcmKw D≠mbns°m≈psa∂p ]d™p.
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂h¿ tcmKnIfmIWw. Xm≥amXw AXn¬\ns∂mgnhmbm¬ UbdIvS¿°v
a‰p≈h¿ ]cmXn \¬Ipw. Abmƒ°Xv IW°nseSpt°≠hcpw. kaqla\ namWv ]m[m\yw.
\n¿Ωesb∏‰nbp≈ CXn\papºsØ ]cmXnsb∏‰n UbdIvS¿ kwkmcn®ncp∂p. AsXm∂pw
kmcam°m\ns√∂pw c≠p Znhkw Ign™m¬ \n¿ΩesbØs∂ AbmfpsS t\gvkm°msa∂pw
]d™p. kZ\Ønse°p G‰hpa[nIw ]Ww X∂ Xm¶fw _p≤nap´n°p∂ ]iv\ans√∂pw
UbdIvS¿ C¿hmZokv hm°psImSpØp. X\n°nhnsS aSpØpsh∂pw Xncn®pt]mIWsa∂pw
UbdIvStdmSv ]d™p. AXp _p≤nap´p≠m°psa∂v C¿hmZokv ]d™p. Fs∂ Xncn®b®mepw
kZ\Ønse°pX∂ ]Ww Xncn®pXtc≠Xns√∂pw ]d™p. AsXm∂pw \n߃°nt∏mƒ
a\ nemhns√∂p ]d™p UbdIvS¿ t]mbn. kmdsb i]n®v kndnbIv I´nen¬ InS∂p.
ASpØ\nanjw XebWNph´n¬ Hfn®psh®ncp∂ kmdbpsS ]q¿Æ \·amb t^mt´m
AbmsfSpØp t\m°m≥ XpSßn. CSs°m∂p _mØvdqan¬t]mbn Xncn®p h∂t∏mƒ apdnbn¬
IXo\ \n¬°p∂p. AhfpsS ssIøn¬ kmdbpsS t^mt´m. t]mcmØXn\v AhfpsS Hcp
I≈t\m´hpw. B t^mt´m Xncn®p\¬Im≥ IXo\tbmSmhiys∏´p. Xs∂∏‰n
kZ\Ønep≈ k¬t∏cp Xs∂ \jvSs∏Spsa∂p t]Sn®p. Xm≥ NphscgpØn¬ ÿm\w
]nSnt®°mw. BsI Akzÿ\mbn. ]t£ IXo\ t^mt´m sISp°p∂ a´n√. IgnSpsa¶n¬
hew ]nSn®p X´nsbSptØm F∂ I≈®ncnbpw. X´n∏dn°m≥Xs∂ ian®p. AXn\nsS kndnbIv
ae¿∂Sn®v I´nen¬ hoWp. AbmfpsS amdtØ°p IXo\bpw. Hcp \nanjw Aßs\
InS∂t∏mtg°pw hmXnen¬ \n¿Ωebpw UbdIvSdpw. \n¿Ωe B cwKw I≠v DSs\ ÿew
hn´p. UbdIvS¿ apdnbnte°p Xebn´pt\m°n. IXo\°v bmsXmcp ]cn`ahpap≠mbn√.
UbdIvS¿ £am]WtØmsS AXn\p t]m’ml\w \¬In hmXn¬ tN¿ØS®v ÿew hn´p.
]pdta°dnbmØsX√mw XShdbnse acymZIfmIp∂p Fs∂mcp shfn]mSp≠mbn kndnb°n\v.
7. a\:imkvXadnbp∂hcpsS as‰mcp hym]mctIµamWv hr≤kZ\w. HcnSØp
kzÿambn InS°m\pw A\phZn°n√. DSs\ ipiqjbmbn, kvs]jenÃmbn, _lfambn,
]tXyIn®v At¥hmknbpsS _‘p°fmsc¶nepw kao]Øp≈ kabamsW¶n¬ ]dbm\pan√.
F√mhcpw tN¿∂v kz¿§ob]cnNcWw Xs∂. hr≤cmb Bsc¶nepw \n߃°p≠¶n¬ Cu
Hgnhnte°p sIm≠phcq F∂ ]ckyamWXv. Xs∂ shdpsX hnSWsa∂p ]d™n´pw UbdIvS¿
kΩXn®n√. hr≤cpsS apdnbpsS hmXn¬ t_mƒ´nScpsX∂mWp \nbaw. s]s´s∂mcp hr≤\v
acn°mw. acWsh]mfw Im´ntb°mw. hmXn¬ D≈n¬ \n∂S®m¬ As∏msgms°
]iv\ßfmhpw. hr≤∑m¿°v ]q´nsh°m≥ kzØp°tfm kzImcyßtfm C√t√m.
Ddßn°nS°p∂ GXp hr≤t\bpw B¿°pw Ft∏mgpw Ahkm\n∏n°pIbpamhmw. IXo\
apdnbn¬ IS∂ph∂p. Ahƒ°v bmsXmcp NΩepan√. AhtfmSp shdp∏ptXm∂n. Xs∂
Ahtlfn®Xns\∏‰n kwkmcn®p. AsX√mw UbdIvSdpsS D]tZi]ImcamsW∂p a\ nembn.
Xm≥ AkwXr]vX\mb hr≤\msW∂pw AhnsS\n∂pt]mIm\mKlnbv°p∂psh∂pw UbdIvS¿
a\ nem°nbncp∂p. t]mIp∂ ]iv\tabn√. AXpthsd°mcyw. F∂mepw I®hS»mebnse
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 53
]XnhpImsc AkwXr]vXcm°msX t\mt°≠ NpaXebp≠v. ]tXyI]cnioe\w e`n® t\gvkv
F∂ \ne°v AkwXr]vXnbpsS ImcWat\zjn®v UbdIvSdpsS \n¿t±i]Imcw IXo\ \¬Inb
Hcp So‰vsa‚ v amXambncp∂p AXv. IXo\ I®hS°fnbpsS clkyw ]pdØm°n Icbm≥
XpSßn. kZ\Øns‚ Nphcn¬ ssIøn¬ Xpemkp ]nSn®p\n¬°p∂ Hcp hym]mcnbpsS NnXw
sXfn™p. DNnX⁄\mWv NnXImcs\∂p ]iwkn®p. ASpØ \nanjØn¬ AXp
ambv®pIfbphm≥ CS\mgnbnte°v Cdßns®∂p. AhnsS Aßs\ Hcp NnXw
Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂n√. At¥hmknIƒ hmXn¬ t_mƒ´nScpsX∂ \nbaw sX‰n°m≥ Xs∂
Xocpam\n®p. ]t£ t_mƒ´nSm≥ ssIøpb¿Ønbt∏mgt√ Adnbp∂Xv, hmXnen¬ t_mƒt´bn√.
\ΩfpsS AdnhpIƒ FX Xp—w.hmXn¬ Xpd∂pXs∂ InS°s´ F∂v Xocpam\n®p. Xpd∂
IXIneqsS ho≠pw Npacn¬ hym]mcnbpsS NnXw sXfn™ph∂p. Npacn¬ \n∂v Xpems SpØv
AhntS°v aµw aµw \S∂phcp∂ If¿ thj°mcnsbI≠p. ChfmIp∂p kZ\Øns‚ bYm¿∞
]XoIw. Ahƒ kz]v\Ønse∂t]mse Xs‚ t\sc \oßnhcp∂p. Ahƒ Cßs\
]dbp∂Xpt]msebpw tXm∂n. ""hnev]\°pw a\:»mkvXaps≠∂dnbmØh≥ hnUvVnbmIp∂p.''
8. hntZibmX°ndßnb Hcmsft∏mse hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Ipd®p\mƒ ]m¿Øp
Xncn®pt]mIm\mWv kndnb°ns‚ Dt±iyw. AXpsIm≠v AhnSpsØ \qemameIfnsem∂pw
XebnSm≥ hnNmcn°p∂n√. X¬°mew Xs‚ apdnbpsS hmXnen\p t_mƒ´pthWw. Hm^okn¬
Ibdns®∂p. lcnZmk≥ amXta AhnsSbp≈q. Aht\mSn°mcyw ]d™t∏mƒ UbdIvScpsS
A\phmZw thWsa∂mbn. ]mhw UbdIvSdpsS ASnabmb Ahs\ klmbn°Wsa∂p tXm∂n.
t]m°‰n¬ ssIbn´t∏mƒ AXnsem∂pan√. hr≤∑m¿s°√mw kzmX¥ytØmsS ]m¿°m≥
Xm\p≠m°m≥ t]mIp∂ k¶¬∏Ønep≈ hr≤kZ\sØ∏‰n ]d™p. AXn¬ Ah\v
hensbmcp tPmen sImSp°msa∂pw G‰p. Hm^okn¬ t^m¨ s_√Sn®p. t^mWns‚
ieysØ∏‰nbpw Xs‚ _w•mhnse t^mWns\∏‰nbpw Hm¿Øp.At∏mgmWv kmd°v H∂p t^m¨
sNømsa∂v tXm∂nbXv. lcnZmk≥ t^m¨ A‰‚psNbvXp hnb¿°p∂p. kZ\Ønse a‰p
sXmgnemfnIsft∏mse Ah\pw A\mYmebØn¬ \n∂p h∂XmWv. Abmƒ t^m¨
Ub¬sNøm≥ t\m°n. lcnZmk≥ XS™p. AsXm∂pw hIshbv°msX ho≠pw
Ub¬sNøms\mcpßn. At∏mgmWv \º¿ IrXyambn Hm¿Ωbn¬ hcp∂ns√∂dnbp∂Xv.
lcnZmk\v \s√mcp tPmen sImSp°qhm\p≈ iaamWv t^m¨ F∂dn™t∏mƒ lcnZmk\v
D’mlambn. At∏mgmWv Xs∂ kw_‘n°p∂ b¬ Hm^okneps≠∂pw AXn¬ ho´nse
t^m¨ \º¿ Ds≠∂pw Hm¿Ωh∂Xv. ]t£ ^b¬ sImSp°m≥ lcnZmk≥ kΩXn®n√.
]nSnbpw henbpw \SØp∂Xn∂nSbn¬ B b¬ Xmsg hoWp. kndnb°v AsXSpØpt\m°n.
At∏mgmWv ^ben¬\n∂p t^m¨ \º¿ Npc≠n°f™ncnbv°p∂psh∂p a\ nembXv.
AXmWv kZ\Ønse ]Xnsh∂p lcnZmk≥ ]d™p. \º¿ Npc≠n°f™ÿew Nph∂
ajnbn¬ Xn \n¿t±i߃ FgpXnbn´pap≠v.
(1) hninjvSm∞n°p≈ ]cnNcWw
(2) acnbv°pwhsc Xncn®psN√cpXv
(3) mcybpambn ImWm\nShccpXv.
(4) acnbv°ptºmƒ amXw Adnbnbv°pI.
(5) acWw kzm`mhnIambncn°Ww.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 54
9. kndnb°v ^b¬ FSpØXn\v UbdIvS¿ lcnZmkns\ s]mXnsc X√n. Xm\mWv
sX‰pImc≥. Abmsf tPmenbn¬\n∂p ]ncn®phnScpsX∂p kndnb°t]£n®p. UbdIvS¬
kndnb°ns\ kZ\Øn\p ]n≥hiØp≈ XSmI°cbnte°p Iq´ns°m≠pt]mbn. kZ\Ønse
]e clkyßfpw ]d™psImSpØp. lcnZmkns\ X√nbXv t]Sn∏n®p \ndpØm\mWv. t]Sn∏n®pw
k¬°cn®pw X\n°mhiyap≈hsc UbdIvS¿ ASp∏n®p\ndpØp∂p. Hcp XcØnepw
kndnb°ns\ AhnsS\n∂p hnSpIbn√. AhnSpsØ G ¢m v At¥hmknbmWbmƒ. AXn\pw
Bhiyamb kwJybpsS Cc´nbmWv kmd kZ\Ønte°p sImSpØn´p≈Xv. B \nehmcØn¬
thsd At¥hmknIfmcpan√. AXpsIm≠v kndnb°n\v F√mØn\pw kzmX¥yap≠v.
Abmƒ°p hnfºp∂ `£WaS°w a‰p≈htc°mƒ FXtbm ap¥nbXmWv. AhnSpsØ
At¥hmknIƒ ap∂p Im‰Kdnbn¬s]Sp∂p. _‘p°ƒ sImSp°p∂ ]Wa\pkcn®mWv
Iym‰Kdn Xncn°p∂Xv. AºØ©phb mbh¿°p AhnsS ]thi\an√. sXmÆqdp hb phsc
Pohn°phm\mhiyamb ]Xn^ew H‰bSn°p hmßnbn´mWv kZ\Øn¬ hr≤sc
At¥hmknbmsbSp°p∂Xv. _‘panXmZnIfpsS Bhiy]Imcw At¥hmknIƒ°v CS°v
t]mbnhcmw. kndnb°ns\ Hcn°epw ho´ntebv°b°cpsX∂mWv \n_‘\. _‘p°fpsS
\n_‘\°mWv G‰hpw ap¥nb ]cnKW\. F√m kpJßfpw A\p`hn®psIm≠v
acWwhscXmakn∏nbv°m\mWv kmdbpsS Icmdv. a‰p _‘p°ƒ UbdIvS¿ ]dbp∂nSsØm∏n p
sImSp°p∂p. kmd Znhkßtfmfw BtemNn®mWv Icm¿ Xømdm°nbXv. AXpw apZ]XØn¬.
Hcp XcØXnepw Xncn®b°cpXv. F√m kpJßfpw A\p`hn°Ww. AXn\mWv IXo\sb
apdnbnte°p hn´Xv. X∂njvS]Imcw AhnsS FØp∂ hr≤∑m¿ IpdhmWv. _‘p°ƒ
\n¿_‘ambn sIm≠phcp∂XmWv. Xncn®pt]mImXncnbv°m≥ Ft∏mgpw i≤bp≠mbncn°pw.
F√mkpJkuIcyßfpw A\p`hn®v \n߃°p kzm`mhnIamb Hcp acWw Xcp∂Xn¬ mcy
kmd ImWn® DZmcX «mL\obw Xs∂. hmXnen∂p t_mƒ´p shbv°m≥ amXw \n¿∆mlan√.
acWw kw`hn®m¬ ho´nØSnbn¬Xo¿Ø at\mlcamb hmXnepIƒ sh´ns∏mfnt°≠nhcpw.
as‰√m kzmX¥yhpw Xm¶ƒ°nhnsSbp≠v. FhnsSbpw ^obmbn k©cn°mw. CsX√mw
]d™p. Cu¿hmZokv \n¿Ønbt∏mƒ Xs‚ lrZbØn¬ \n∂v Hcp Ip´n Cdßn Im‰n\p t\sc
HmSp∂Xmbn kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. HmSp∂ Ip´n B ]gb t_m¿Uv I≠p. ""Cd®nt°mgnIƒ
hn¬∏\°v''.
10. cmXn kabw kndnb°v ]pdtØ°p t\m°n°nS∂p. tS∏v sd°m¿Un¬ `q]nµ¿
]mSp∂p. B ]m´neqsS kndnb°ns‚ a\ n¬ kvt\lw \nd™p. Xs∂ kvt\ln°p∂ F√m
kvXoItfbpw amtdmSp tN¿°m≥ sImXn®p. kmd Fs¥mcp NXnbnemWv Xs∂
AIs∏SpØnbsXt∂m¿Øp. Fs∂t∂°pambn hoSn\p shfnbnem°p∂ Imcyw
kqNn∏n°pIt]mepap≠mbncp∂n√t√m. s]cpw NXnbmWv Xt∂mSv sNbvXXv. \n¿Ωebpw
IXo\bpw Fs¥¶nepw sNbvXn´ps≠¶n¬ AXp kZ\Øn\p th≠n amXw. DÆp∂
tNmdnt\mSp≈ \µn. Cu ÿm]\w AX henb sXs‰m∂pw sNbvXn n√. thWsa¶n¬ hr≤∑msc
sIm√mw. ]pXpXmbn _p°psNbvXhsc B Hgnhneve ]thin∏n°pIbpamhmw. AsXm∂pw
sNømØXpXs∂ HuZmcyw. At¥hmknIfpsS P\\ØnøXn ^ben¬ kq£n°p∂p.
P∑Zn\Øn\v BtLmjw kwLSn∏n°p∂ hnhcw Hm¿Ωsh®v _\m[p°sf Adnbn°p∂p.
Ahscs°m≠v kZ\Ønte°v henb kw`mh\Ifpw kΩm\ßfpw sImSp∏n°p∂p.
At¥hmknIsf√mw BSptabv°p∂ CSb∑mcmsW∂pw kZ\w B´n≥]‰ßfpsS
XmhfamsW∂pw kndnbIv k¶¬∏n®p. CSb≥amcn¬\n∂v Cøm°paq∏tcbpw AΩmΩtbbpw
Hgnhm°p∂XmWv \√Xv. BSpIƒ ]p√pXn∂mepw AΩmΩ ]p√n¬°qSn \S∂mepw aq∏¿
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 55
t£m`nt®°pw. Aßs\ Hmtcm∂mtemNn®p InS°ptºmƒ IriKmX≥ kndnb°ns‚ apdnbn¬
]thin®p. kndnbIv hfsc \√ \nebn¬ At±lsØ kzoIcn®p. IriKmX\v cmXnbn¬
kndnb°ns\ ImWWsa∂p tXm∂n. Abmƒ Xs‚ t]cv tUhnUv F∂msW∂p ]cnNbs∏SpØn.
G‰hpw \√ NßmXnamcmb Ah¿°v A¬]w aZy]n°msa∂v tUhnUv £Wn®p. aZyw Abmƒ
sIm≠ph∂n´p≠v. ]pIhen°p≈Xpw IcpXnbn´p≠v. CsXm∂pw kZ\Øn¬
A\phZ\obas√∂v kndnbIv kqNn∏n®t∏mƒ ""CuhnsS In´mØsXm∂pan√. F√m‰n\pw AXns‚
adhp thWsa∂pamXw.'' F∂v tUhnUv ]d™p. Ah¿ c≠pt]cpw aZy]n®p. kndnb°v
CXn\papºv aZy]n®n´n√. ]pIhen®n´n√. AXp h√mØ \jvSamsb∂p tXm∂n. IpSnbv°m≥
B·kpw kmdbpw kΩXn®n√. ]t£, kmdbv°v ]es∏mgpw CXns‚ aWap≠mbncp∂p. C\n
ho´n¬ sN∂m¬ kmd FhntSbmWv aZyw Hfn∏n®ncn°p∂sX∂p t\m°Ww. At∏mgmWv
Hm¿ØXv, Xms\mcn°epw C\n ho´n¬ FØpIbn√t√m F∂v. aZyw bYm¿∞ shfn®w
ImWn®pXcp∂p. GXmbmepw CSbcpsS Iq´Ønte°v AΩmΩtbbpw Cøm°paq∏tcbpw
£Wnbv°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. DSs\ apdnhn v ]pdtØt°mSn. ]n∂mse hnfn®psIm≠v tUhnUpw.
AΩmΩbpsS apdnbn¬ sN∂p Ibdn. AhnsS AΩmΩ acn®p hndßen®pInS°p∂p. ssIIfpw
ImepIfpw tN¿Øpthbv°msX. Cøm°paq∏≥ Zp:JwsIm≠v Iq\n∏nSn®v apdnbnencn∏p≠v.
]n∂mse tUhnUpw apdnbnseØn. Abmƒ sXm´tXmsS ssIIfpw ImepIfpw
tN¿Øpshbv°m≥ Ign™p. ]ns∂ AhnsS acWØns‚ tImemleambn. ]mXncmXnbn¬
Ft∏mtfm AΩmΩ acn®pIgn™ncp∂p. b¥bpKØnse Hcp acWw hm¿ØbmIp∂Xpw
Bsf°q´p∂Xpw AXns‚ \mSy][m\amb Im´n°q´epIƒ sIm≠mIp∂p.
11. AΩmΩ acn®Xdn™v apIbn´ Ic®ntemsS UbdIvS¿ AhnsS FØn. HccpaaIs‚
Zp:J`mhw `wKnbmbn Abmƒ A`n\bn®p. At¥hmknIfmb hr≤∑m¿ \n›ecmbncp∂p.
XSnb≥ hr≤≥ apt∂m´ph∂v AΩmΩbpsS Ihnfn¬ tamXnchnc¬sIm≠v sXm´p. AsXmcp
NSßmbn. F√m hr≤∑mcpw sXm´p. Cøm°paq∏¿ kΩXn®n√. Abmƒ sXmSm≥ XømdmWv.
]t£ F∂pw sXmSm≥ B ihw AhnsS D≠mbncn°Ww. sNøp∂sX¥pw Bh¿Øn®p
sNøWsa∂mWt√m aq∏cpsS ]IrXn. UbdIvS¿ At¥hmknIsf A`napJoIcn®p ]kwKn®p.
hr≤kZ\Øns‚ amlmflyw AXn¬ apg®p\n∂p. kuP\yambn hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n®ncp∂
hr≤bmbncp∂p AΩmΩsb∂pw kZ\w \SØn∏v Hcp hym]mcw amXa√ X\ns°mcp
PohImcpWy]h¿Ø\amsW∂pw hy‡am°n. At∏mtg°pw tUmIvS¿ ÿesØØn.
At¥hmknIsfsb√mw apdnbn¬\n∂p ]pdØm°n. AΩmΩsb ]cntim[n®p. AΩmΩ
acn®psh∂pw AsXmcp kzm`mhnI acWamsW∂pw tcJs∏SpØn. AXv ben¬ sh°p∂tXmsS
Hcp A≤ymbw Ahkm\n°p∂p. kndnb°v B· ns‚ ihaS°pNSßv Hm¿Øpt]mbn. \n¿Ωe
kndnb°ns‚ tXmfn¬ sXm´p. Ahƒ°p Xt∂mSp kvt\lans√∂pw UbdIvSdpsS Hcp ]mh
amXamsW∂pw AhtfmSp ]d™n√. \msf apX¬ Xs∂ ]cnNcn°m≥ \n¿Ωe hcpsa∂p
]d™p. sXm´p]pdIn¬ IXo\ \n¬°p∂p. Xt∂mSp ]cn`hn°cpsX∂hƒ At]£n®p.
\msfapX¬ ]cnNcnbv°m≥ hcns√∂hƒ ]d™p. kmdbptSXnt\°mƒ hnImckmµamb
bmX ]db¬. At∏mtg°pw t^mt´mKm^¿amcpw ]X]h¿ØIcpw h∂p. ihØnt‚bpw
At¥hmknIfptSbpw t^mt´m FSpØp. IqSmsX \∂mbn hkvXw [cn® kndnb°nt\bpw
If¿ kmcn°mcntbbpw Hgn®p\n¿Øn as‰mcp t^mt´mbpw FSpØp. hntZitØ°v
Abbv°m\p≈XmWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIfpsS ssZ\yw hy‡am°p∂ t^mt´m
ImWn®v ]ncnhv \SØm≥. AhnsS AXn\v GP‚pamcp≠v. ÿm]\Øn\pw Ah¿°pw
]m]vXnsb∂mWv hyhÿ. AXn\p ]‰nb t^mt´m FSp°m≥ Ct∏mgmWhkcw In´p∂Xv.
CXps≠¶nte GP‚pam¿°v AhnSpsØ [\nIsc kao]n°m\mhpIbp≈p F∂p UbdIvS¿
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 56
kndnb°nt\mSp ]d™p. \msfapX¬ \n¿ΩebmWv \nßfpsS t\gvsk∂v kzImcyambn
Hm¿Ωn∏nbv°m\pw Abmƒ ad∂n´n√. IqsS Hcp tNmZyhpw. ""C\n ]dbn√t√m hmXnen\p
t_mƒ´pthWsa∂v?''
apIfn¬ Hcp Ipdn∏p ImWp∂p. ""hmgvhnXp almkXyw''
12. AΩmΩbpsS acWhpw sXm´p≈ tImemleßfpambn kZ\Øn¬ c≠pZnhkw
IS∂pt]mbn. \n¿Ωe ]cnNcWØn\p h∂pXpSßn. kndnb°v Ahƒ°v A∏m∏\mWt√m.
AΩmΩ acn®Xn¬∏ns∂ tUhnUv amXw InS∏nemWv. £Whpw Ign°p∂n√. Cøm°pap∏¿
InS°bn¬ InS∂p ]p√p ]dn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. X\n°pw Fs¥mt°tbm AkpJ߃
D≈avXncn kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. Unkw_dn¬ ]q¿ÆmtcmKyhm\mbn kZ\w ]thin® kndnb°v
BKÃmbt∏mtg°pw tcmKnbpw hr≤\pambnØo¿∂Xpt]mse. CXmWv kZ\Ønse ]tXyIX.
ChnsS ]thin®pIgn™m¬ Bcpw hr≤\mbnØocp∂p. ASpØ XhW
kvs]jyenÃphcptºmƒ X\ns°m∂p ImWWw. A°mcyw Hm^okn¬ ]dt™¬∏n°m≥
]pds∏´p. X\ns°t∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw AhnsS sN√m\p≈ kzmX¥yap≠t√m. Hm^okn\p
]pdØp Hcp ]pXnb hr≤≥ Ccnbv°p∂p. \√ Dt∑jhm≥. \√ s]cpam‰w. Hm^okn¬
as‰mc]cnNnX≥ Ccnbv°p∂p. Abmƒ GP‚mWv. AΩmΩ acn® Hgnhn¬ IeIvSdpsS AΩsb
]thin∏n°Wsa∂bmƒ. _p°nßnse ko\ntbmdn‰n]Imcw ]pdØncnbv°p∂ hr≤\mWv
ASpØ ]thi\sa∂p UbdIvS¿. IeIvSdpsS AΩsb Xm≥ Iym≥hmkp sNbvXXmsW∂v
Abmƒ. Xm≥ UbdIvS¿ \n¿t±in® GP‚msW∂pw Bsc ]thin∏n®mepw Xs‚ \ymbamb
IΩoj≥ In´Wsa∂pw GP‚ v. Ahkm\w UbdIvS¿ IΩoj≥ sImSpØv GP‚ns\ hnSp∂p.
]pXnb ]thi\Øn\p ImØncnbv°p∂ Abmƒ Xs‚ NcnXsa√mw ]d™p. c≠m¨a°fp≠v.
`mcy acn®p. a°ƒ F¥n\pw t]m∂h¿. AhcpsS ZpjvSX kln°hømsX X¥ kZ\Øn¬
tNcm≥ h∂XmWv. C∂se X¥bpsS hnhmlambncp∂p. a°fpw AhcpsS kpµcnamcmb
`mcyamcpw ]S°w s]m´n® A∏s‚ hnhmlw BtLmjn®hcmWv. kpµcnbmb Hcp
]Xnt\gpImcntbbmWv AhpXØ¥ hnhmlw Ign®Xv. ]nt‰∂p hr≤kZ\Ønte°p
t]mcpIbpw sNbvXp. Hcp ]WnIqSn ]‰n®psh®n´p≠v. Xs‚ Imetijw A\¥amb kzsØ√mw
\hh[phns‚ t]cnemWv FgpXnsh®n´p≈Xv. shdnb∑mcmb c≠p a°ƒ
]Xnt\gpImcn°pth≠n ]Ssh´m\p≈ hgnacps∂mcp°nbmWv AhpXØ¥ t]m∂Xv. Iq´Øn¬
sI´nadnbm≥ AhcpsS `mcyamcpw. B ZpjvS∑msc Hcp ]mTw ]Tn∏n°m≥ CX√msX hgn
I≠n√sX.
At∏mtg°pw X¥bpsS c≠p a°fpw kZ\w Hm^nkns‚ ap∂n¬ Imdndßn. kZ\w
tUmIvSdpw FØnbncp∂p. X¥sb ]cntim[n®p. Ccp]Ønc≠p sIm√w IqSn Bbp ps≠∂pw
AXn\p≈ ]Xn^ew hmßmtam∂pw Xocpam\n®v tUmIvS¿ t]mbn. X¥bpsS Bbp n¬
tZjyw ]nSn® a°ƒ ]niIn c≠psIm√sØ ]Xn^ew Cfhp sNøn®p. kwJy AS®p X¥sb
H∂p Xncn™pt\m°pI IqSn sNømsX h∂ Imdn¬ Xncn®pt]mbn. X¥ UbdIvSsd kao]n®v
Xs‚ Iym‰Kdn GsX∂t\zjn®p. tXUv ¢m n\p≈ ]Xn^eta a°ƒ AS®n´p≈p F∂v
a\ nem°n. DSs\ t]m°‰n¬ ssIøn´v t\csØ FgpXns°m≠ph∂ncp∂ Hcp sN°v
UbdIvS¿°p sImSpØp. sN°nse kwJy I≠v UbdIvSdpsS IÆp X≈nt∏mbn. F\n°v
H∂ma≥ Xs∂bmIWsa∂v X¥ ]d™p. Aßs\ H∂ma\n¬ apº\mb Xs‚ ÿm\w
\jvSs∏Sp∂Xv kndnb°v a\ nem°n. A∂papX¬ \n¿Ωe IXo\am¿ X¥bv°SptØ°v.
C∂se ]Xnt\gpImcnsb DW¿Ønbncnbv°mhp∂ A∏q∏s\ C∂p apX¬ \n¿Ωe XmßWw.
kndnb°n\p a\ nembn. a‰p≈hcpsS kt¥mjØn¬ ebn®p tNcp∂h\mWv \oXnam≥.
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13. AΩmΩbpsS acWØn¬ tUhnUv Ct∏mgpw ZpJnX\mWv. kndnb°v AS°w
a‰p≈hsc√mw AsX√mw GXm≠p ad∂ a´mWv. AΩmΩbpsS apdnbnte°v AhpXØ¥
IS°m≥ sN∂p. tUhnUv hgn XS™p InS∂p. tUhnUns\ Ih®pIS°m≥ ian® AhpXsb
Abmƒ sXmgn®p hogvØn. s]s´∂v c≠p a√∑m¿ h∂v tUhnUns\ AbmfpsS apdnbnem°n
]q´n. AhpXtbmSv kndnb°n\v a’cw tXm∂n. X\n°p In´nbncp∂ \n¿ΩebpsS ]cnNcWw
\jvSs∏Sptam F∂ thhemXnbmImw. \n¿Ωe kndnb°n\v ]jdn\p≈ KpfnI sImSp°m≥
h∂p. KpfnI Ign®v AhpXbpsS apdnbnte°p \S∂p. acymZbv°v kwkmcn®v XßfpsS
]iv\Øns\mcp ]cnlmcap≠m°Ww. ap¥nb ]cnKW\bp≈ c≠pt]cmWv X߃. \n¿Ωesb
X\n°p XcWw. tUhnUns‚ apdnbpw s]s´s∂mgn™pIqsS∂n√. ]Icw Hcp ^Ãp
Iym‰Kdn°mc≥ IqSn h∂m¬ X߃°p c≠pt]¿°pw tZmjamWv. kulm¿±Øn¬ Xocm≥
AhpX kΩXn°p∂ns√¶n¬ Hcp Zzµbp≤w Xs∂. AhpXbpsS apdnbnte°p t]mIptºmƒ
Ip≈≥ Im¿temkns‚ apdnbn¬\n∂v Hcp IjWw ISemkv Im‰Øp ]d∂bmfpsS apJØSn®p.
DSs\ Im¿temkv h∂v ISemkv X´n∏dn®psIm≠pt]mbn. F√mw IWs°gpXn
IrXyambn kq£n°p∂ IWni°mc\mWv Im¿temkv. aI≥ Xcm\p≈ ISØns‚ IW°mWnXv.
kndnb°v AhpXsb I≠p. Abmƒ kndnb°nt\mSv BZcthmsSbpw kvt\ltØmsSbpw
kwkmcn®p. Ah¿ c≠pt]cpwIqSn Hm^okns‚ ap≥hitØ°p \S∂p. Im¿temkns‚
aI\pw `mcybpw, Ip´nbpw Im¿temkns\ ImWm≥ h∂ncnbv°p∂p. sImSp°m\p≈ ]Ww
_m¶neS® tcJbpambmWv Ah¿ h∂n´p≈Xv. sIm®paIs‚ DΩt]mepw Im¿temkv
CS]mSpXocpw aptº kzoIcnbv°m≥ Xømdmbn√. aIs\ _p≤nap´n°mXncn°m\mWv Im¿temkv
kZ\Ønte°p t]m∂Xv. ]Ww _m¶neS® ISemkp I≠t∏mƒ Abmƒ Xr]vX\mbn.
At∏mtg°pw kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIsf√mw AhnsS FØnbpw ]mfnbpw t\m°p∂p.
Im¿temkns‚ acpaIfpsS kpXmcyamb kmcnbv°p≈n¬IqSn ImWp∂ \navt\m∂Xßfn¬
apgpInbncn°pIbmWv F√mhcpw. AhpX kndnb°nt\mSp ]d™p. F\nbvs°s‚ mcysb
ImWm≥ tXm∂p∂p. kndnb°n\pw kmdsb ImWWsa∂p tXm∂mXncp∂n√. Xs‚ aqØaI≥
]Xnt\gpImcntbmSp≈ IºØn¬ apdnth‰v Bkv]XnbnseØnb kt¥mjhm¿Ø X¥ Ipd®p
aptº ]d™nt´bp≈p. kndnbIv Hm¿Øp. ""kvXoIƒ qanbpsS DW°pacßfmIp∂p.''
14. acWNn¥ BZyw a\ n\v CSnhp≠m°pw. Znhk߃ t]mIpwtXmdpw A\hcXamb
acWNn¥ ]pXpPohnXw kΩm\n°pw. \n¿Ωe KpfnI Xcm≥ h∂p. KpfnI hmßn hens®dn™p.
\n¿ΩetbmSv t]mbns°m≈m≥ ]d™p. Ahƒ t]mbn√. kndnb°v apdn°pshfnbn¬ IS∂p.
Hm^nkns‚ ]pdØv BtcmKyhm\mb Hc]cnNnX\pw sI.\mSmcpw Ccnbv°p∂p. a°ƒ
X≈n∏dbpw aptº Ctßm´pt]mcWw. D≈sX√mw hn‰ps]dp°Ww. _p°psNbvtX t]mImhq
F∂v \mSm¿ D]tZin°p∂p. kZ\Øn¬ ]pXnb c≠p\nes°´nSw Dbcm≥ t]mIp∂p. AhnsS
thsdmcp kZ\w D≠mhpw. ZpcnXßfn¬\n∂v c£s∏Sm≥ hr≤∑m¿ Atßm´p hcpw. At∏mgmWv
]WnÿeØp \n¬°p∂ as‰mcpsNdp∏°mcs\ I≠Xv. B·kv ]khn®ncps∂¶n¬ Xs‚
aI\mhm≥ ]mbap≈ ]ø≥. sUman\nIv F∂mWv t]cv. lcnZmk≥ ]cnNbs∏SpØn.
Xs∂°mWm≥ \KcØn¬\n∂p h∂h\mWv. kmd ]d™b®XmWv. Xs∂ tamNn∏nbv°mt\m
F∂v kwibn®p. A√, kmdbpsS ]pXnb ¿ØmhmWv. Ahtf°mƒ c≠p hb p Ipdbpw.
hnhmlØns‚ Hu]NmcnI tcJIƒ In´m≥ sshIpsa∂XpsIm≠v Ah¿ a[phn[p
BtLmjn°m≥ XpSßnbncn°p∂p. Abmƒ Hcp ^bepambmWv kndnb°ns\ImWm≥
h∂n´p≈Xv. kndnb°v `m¥\mbncp∂psh∂pw c≠ph¿jw `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ InSØn
NnIn’n®XmsW∂pw D≈ Hcp tcJ ^benep≠v. \ioIcW kz`mhap≈ Abmsf
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hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿ØXmWv as‰mcp ISemkv. Cßs\ A]ISImcnbmb Hcmfn¬\n∂v tamN\w
At]£n®psIm≠p≈XmWv thmsdmcp ISemkv. as‰mcp ISemkp IqSnbp≠v. Xs‚ mcybmb
kmdsb sUman\n°n\v CjvSZm\ambn FgpXns°mSpØ apZ]XamWXv. AXn¬ kndnb°ns‚
Hscm∏n\pth≠nbmWv sUman\n°v h∂n´p≈Xv. aSnbv°msX H∏n´p sImSpØp. sUman\n°v
kndnb°ns\ sI´n∏nSn®p. k¶Sw tXm∂nsb¶nepw ""kmdtbmSv Fs‚ A`n\µ\߃ ]dbWw''
F∂p amXw ]d™b®p.
15. PohnXw shdpØ kndnb°v A¥ybmX°p≈ Hcp°ØnemWv. apdnbn¬
Ccp´n¬°nS∂p. hmXn¬Xpd∂v Btcm apdnbnte°p h∂Xmbn tXm∂n. IXo\bmsW∂p
a\ nembn. GXncp´nepw kvXoIfpsS km∂n≤yw kndnb°n\p a\ nemhpw. Ahƒ I´nen¬
IqsS°nS∂p. Abmƒ°v bmsXmcp’mlhpw tXm∂nbn√. t]Sn°bvt°≠Xn√, kZ\Ønse
t\gvkvamsc√mw h‘ywIcnbv°s∏´XmsW∂hƒ Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. tImamfnbpsS D’h\Kcnbn¬
FØnbamXncn tXm∂n ]n∂oSv. AhnsS kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIsf√mw FØnbn´p≠v.
Ah¿ lrZbsas¥∂v CXphscbdn™n´n√. lrZbanSn∏ns‚ Xmfta kndnb°v Ct∏mƒ
Adnbp∂p≈q. AXpw H∂v Ahkm\n®p In´Ww.
(tNmZy߃)
(ap∂pdp hm°n¬ DØcsagpXpI)
1. ""hm¿≤Iyw Hcp im]tam tcmKtam B°p∂ hyhÿnXnbmWv hr≤kZ\Ønse
At¥hmknIsf krjvSn°p∂Xv.'' sIm®p_mhbpsS t\mhens‚ shfn®Øn¬
]cntim[n°pI.
B[p\nI bm¥nI kwkvImchpw Itºmf kwkvImchpamWv C∂v km¿∆XnIambn ImWp∂
A\mYhm¿≤IysØ krjvSn°p∂Xv. ]m›mXy kwkvImc`ahpw C∂sØ \yq¢nb¿ IpSpw_
hyhÿbpw Cu ]cnXm]m¿lamb ]hWXsb Bthmfw t]m’mln∏n°p∂pap≠v.Cu
BibsØ i‡ambn kwhZn°p∂ Hcp t\mhemWv sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w.
]Xn\mtemfw At¥hmknIsfamXw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Cu sIm®pkZ\Øn¬
]thin°s∏´hcpsS IYIƒ Xs∂ hm¿≤IytØmSp ImWnbv°p∂ ZmcpWamb IqcXIƒ
hnfnt®mXp∂p. ZohnXImew apgph≥ `mcy°pw a°ƒ°pw th≠n hnb¿s∏mgp°n
PohnXmiaØnse aq∂mw L´Ønte°p IS°ptºmtg°pw mcyt°m, a°ƒt°m th≠mØ
HchÿbnseØp∂p a\pjy\nhnsS. Nne¿°v CØcw hr≤∑m¿ ieyamWv. Ahsc
Hgnhm°m\p≈ am\yamb coXnbmWv hr≤kZ\w.
\mbI\mb kndnb°v B‚WnbpsS IY \n¬°s´. A√msXØs∂ ChnsSbp≈ Nne
At¥hmknIƒ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Fßs\ h∂ps]´psh∂p t\m°mw. hnNnXkz`mh°mc\mb
XSnamSs\ BZyw ]cnNbs∏Smw. XSnamSs‚ bYm¿∞ t]scs¥∂pt]mepw tNmZn®n´pImcyan√.
hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v , Dutcm, t]tcm, hy‡nXztam C√. kmam\yw t`Zs∏´
k¿°m¿ DtZymKØnembncp∂p Cbmƒ. AºØ©p hb mbt∏mƒ tPmenbn¬ \n∂p ]ncn™p.
dn´bdmIpw apsº a°sfsb√mw Xs‚ ]cn[nsh®v D∂X]ZhnbnseØn®p. Xncn®pho´n¬
h∂t∏mƒ Xms\m‰bmbn. sNøm≥ ]tXyIn®v tPmenbpan√. BsI aSp∏v. a°ƒ°pw
acpa°ƒ°pw Cu aSps∏mcp ieyambnØpSßn. _p≤nam\mb Abmƒ IqSpXsem∂pw
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 59
]dbn∏nbv°m\hkcw sImSp°msX, B´n∏pdØm°pw apºv XesbSpt∏msS Cdßnt∏m∂p,
kZ\Øntebv°v, hb pImeØv X¥bpsS aehpw aqXhpw tImcmsX Ign™p F∂v
Bizkn®ncnbv°Ww a°fpsS mcyam¿.
\mbI\mb kndnb°v B‚Wnbv°v apdn In´p∂XpXs∂ Hcp hyhÿbnemWv.
]W°mcmb Hcp A∏s\ At±lØns‚ a°ƒ `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ ]thin∏n®n´p≠v.
AhnsS\n∂v Unkv®m¿÷p sNøptºmtg°pw B A∏\pth≠n ]W°mcmb a°ƒ
_p°psNbvXXmWv Cu apdn. ]t£ temIw Iptd I≠ A\p`hap≈ UbdIvS¿°v Adnbmw
B A∏≥ `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ \n∂v ]pdØpIS°pIbns√∂v. kzØpX¿°w
aq¿≤\yØnseØnbncn°p∂Xp sIm≠v at\mtcmKmip]Xnbnse FsX¶nepw
]mIrXcoXnIfneqsS aI\v A∏s\ X´n°fbmsX \n¿hmlan√. Imcyw Aßs\Xs∂bmWv
kw`hnbv°p∂Xv F∂v GsdØmaknbmsX \mw Adnbp∂p.
Cøm°p aq∏cmWv as‰mct¥hmkn. kZm ]p√p]dn°emWv aq∏cpsS ]Wn. ]dnbv°m≥
]p√ns√¶n¬ AXns\∏‰n ]cmXns∏s´∂p hcpw. Bsc¶nepw ]p¬\mºn¬ Nhn´pIsb
\in∏n°pItbm sNbvXm¬ £p`nX\mIpw. BIans®∂p hcpw. Xs‚ bu∆\ImeØv
ImSpsh´nsØfn®v IpSntb‰w \SØnbh\mWv aq∏¿. Aßs\ kº∂\mbn. a°sfsb√mw
Db¿∂ ]ZhnbnseØn®p. kapZmbØnse ta¬Ø´n¬ Ah¿°v _‘p°fpw ]nSn]mSpap≠v
C∂v. am\y∑mcmb AXnYnIƒ Imdn¬ ap‰Øp h∂ndßptºmƒ XßfpsS A—≥ AhnsSbncp∂v
]p√p ]dnbv°p∂Xv Ah¿°v henb \mWt°Smbn. ]eXhW A∏t\mSp]tZin®p
]p√p]dnbv°t√sb∂v. tIƒ°s≠. t]mcmØXn\v hr≤s\s°m≠v ho≠pw iey߃ D≠mbn.
Hcnbv°¬ aIs‚ `mcytbmSv Abmƒ k¶Ss∏´p. ]dnbv°m≥ ap‰Øv ]ps√m∂pans√∂v.
acpaIƒ°v IenIbdn. \´th\¬°v X¥∏nSnbv°v ]dnbv°m≥ ]p√ncnbv°bt√. ]dºn¬
t]mbn t\m°v h√Xpw ImWpsa∂hƒ ]p—n®p. At∏mtg°pw aq∏cpsS aqØaIfpsS CfbIp´n
ap‰tØ°ndßm≥ XpSßn. Ip´n ]p¬\mºpIƒ Nhn´n\in∏nbv°psa∂p b∂ hr≤≥ Ip´nsb
X´n\o°n. AXp ae¿∂Sn®p hoWp. Nhn´p]Snbn¬ X´n AXns‚ Xebn¬ sNdnsbmcp apdnhp
]‰n. B kw`hw ho´nemIw `qIºap≠m°n. "\ΩS∏\v `m¥mtb' F∂v aIƒ hnfn®p
\nehnfn°m≥ XpSßn. aq∏¿°v B hm°ns‚ A¿∞w t]mepw a\ nembn√. hr≤s‚
IÆpIƒ \nd™p. IÆn¬ IcSp s]´XmsW∂p \Sn®v XpS®pam‰n. a°ƒ sht∆sd A∏s\
D]tZin®p. F√mw tI´pIgn™t∏mƒ hr≤≥ ho≠pw ap‰tØ°ndßn ]p√p ]dnbv°m≥.
a°ƒ ]ns∂ £an®n√. ]nSn® ]nSnbmseA∏s\ hr≤kZ\ØnseØn®p. IpSntb‰°meØv
AbmfpsS kmlk߃°v Iq´mbn \n∂hfpw Xs‚ a°sf K¿`Øn¬ hln®hfpamb
HcpØnbp≠mbncp∂p. Ahƒ s]mSp∂s\ Hcp Znhkw acn®p. Nn√n´psh® AhfpsS
t^mt´mhnt\mSv Ahkm\amsbm∂p bmX ]dbm≥ t]mepw a°ƒ A\phZn®n√. hm¿≤IysØ
Hcp tcmKam°nØo¿°p∂ ]hWXbmWnhnsS I≠Xv. t]meokv IΩojW¿ hsc
kz¥°mcmb a°ƒ s]mdpXnsISpØnb A∏s\ `m¥miq]Xnbnem°pItbm
hIhcpØpItbm sNbvXns√∂XpXs∂ hensbmcp PohImcpWy]h¿Ø\ambn.
CXn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXykvX\mb Hcp IYm]mXamWv sI.\mSm¿. Abmsf _‘p°f√
kZ\ØnseØn®Xv, \m´pImcmWv. Iøpw Imepw X√nsbmSn®v apf¥≠n¬ XeIogmbn
sI´nØq°nbmWv AbmfpsS ]thi\w. Abmsf tN¿°m\p≈ ]Xn^ew \m´pIm¿
]ncnhns´SpØXmWv. AXbv°pw P\߃ \mSmscs°m≠v s]mdpXnap´nbncp∂p. \pW ]d™v
KmahmknIsf apgph≥ X√n°pIbmWv AbmfpsS hnt\mZw. \pW F∂ InwhZ¥n F∂mWv
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 60
AbmfpsS ]tbmKØns‚ Hma\t∏cv. tXmfn¬ ssIøn´pt]mbncp∂ tN´t\bpw A\pPt\bpw
]ckv]cw IpS¬amb NqSn®Xpw, Ab¬hmknbpsS mcysS InW‰nseØn®Xpw, ap∏XpImcnbpsS
C√mK¿`w Npa∂v ]Xnap∂vImc≥ Kmaw hn´Xpw, ]q¿Æ K¿`nWnbmbHcp ]sØmºXpImcnsb
AhfpsS ]nbs∏´ `¿Ømhns\s°m≠v Nhn´ns°m√n®Xpw sI.\mSmcpsS Nne
[ockmlkIrXyßfmWv.
CXpt]mse FSpØp]dtb≠ as‰mcmfmWv AhpXØ¥. ZpjvS∑mcmb a°fws°m≠v
Abmƒ s]mdpXnap´n. Hcp XcØnepw Ah¿ acymZ ]Tnbv°n√. kmam\yw NXnIfn¬ \ns∂√mw
Ah¿ c£s∏SpIbpw sNøpw. KXnsI´ AhpXØ¥ c≠masXmcp I√ymWw Ign®p. A—s‚
c≠mw hnhmlw a°ƒ ]S°w s]m´n®mtLmjn®p. X¥bpsS aehpw aqXhpw
tImcms\mcmfmbt√m F∂v ]pX`mcyam¿ IcpXn Bizkn®p. Hcp a[pc∏Xnt\gpImcnbmWv
\hh[phmbn AhpXbpsS IqsS ho´n¬ Ibdn h∂Xv. AhfpsS km\vPcyØn¬ B¨a°ƒ
aXnad∂p. s]¨a°ƒ AkqbtIm≠p apJw Ip\n®p. AXnepw henb t_mw_v AX√. Xs‚
Imetijw kzsØ√mw \hh[phns‚ t]cn¬ FgpXnshbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. hb pImeØv
ZpjvScmb Xs‚ a°ƒ°p t\sc ]tbmKn°m≥ CXnepw \s√mcmbp[w B a\pjy≥ I≠n√.
a°fmIs , hr≤kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂p. A∏s‚ Iq´mb√m X\nsb HmSn®phcp∂p Imdn¬. A∏s‚
]Xn^eØpI Ipdbv°m≥ th≠n amdnamdn UbdIvStdmSv hne t]ip∂p. A∏s‚
BbpcmtcmKyØn¬ AkwXr]vXcmIp∂p. F¥n\[nIw, t]mIp∂ kabØv kz¥w ]nXmhns\
H∂p Xncn™p t\m°m≥t]mepw Ah¿ Xømdmbn√.
]nSn®Xnepw henbXmWv aSbn¬ Fs∂mcp sNm√p≠t√m. AXpt]mse CXnsems°bpw
Zb\obamb IqcXbv°mWv apJy IYm]mXamb kndnb°v B‚Wn hnt[b\mIp∂Xv.
BZy`mcybmb B·kv aptJ\bmWv ZcnZ\mb kndnb°v [\nI\mIp∂Xv. ]t£
Zu¿`mKy him¬ Bkv\kv AImeØn¬ tcmKnWnbmbn, iømhew_n\nbmbn acn®pt]mbn.
B·kns\ ipiqjn°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ G¿s∏SpØns°mSpØ t\gvkmWv kmd. Ahƒ
B· nt\°mƒ ]cnNcn®Xv kndnb°ns\bmWv. B·kv acn®t∏mƒ kndnb°v kmdsb
hnhmlw Ign®p. B·kv ]khn®ncp∂n√. kmdbpw ]khn°phm≥ kΩXn®n√. kndnb°ns‚
kzØnembncp∂p AhfpsS IÆv. IeymWw Ign°ptºmƒ kmdbv°v hb v ap∏Xv. kndnb°n\v
AºXv. c≠cs°m√sØ kpJPohnXØn∂nSbn¬ kndnb°ns‚ kzsØ√mw kmdbpsS t]cn¬
FgpXn sh∏n®p. AXpapX¬ NXn XpSßp∂p. AºØ©pImc\pw AtcmKZrVKmX\pamb
kndnb°ns\ kz¿§ob kuIcyßfp≈ \n¿Ω¬`h≥ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿°m\mbncp∂p
AhfpsS Aim¥ ]cniaw. AXn\pth≠n UbdIvSdpambn t^mWn¬ _‘s∏´p.
Abmƒ°pt]mepw Ahnizk\obamb Hcp XpI kZ\Ønte°p \¬In. Aßs\ kndnb°ns\
^Ãv ¢m v Iym‰Kdnbnep≈ At¥hmknbm°n am‰n. kndnb°ns‚ kΩXtØmsSb√ Abmsf
hr≤kZ\Ønem°p∂Xv. hfsc kq£vaambn BtemNn®p≠m°nb hyhÿIf\pkcn®mWv
Ahƒ Abmsf AhnsS tN¿°p∂Xv. Hcp XcØnepw kndnb°v hr≤kZ\w hn´p ho´nte°p
sN∂pIqSm. Hcnbv°epw `mcybpambn ho≠pw I≠pIqSm. F√m kpJkkuIcyßfpw
Abmƒ°v kZ\Øn¬ e`n®ncn°Ww. Ahkm\w Abmƒs°mcp kzm`mhnIacWhpw
\¬IWsa∂Xmbncp∂p hyhÿIƒ. kz¥w ho´nse t^m¨ \º¿ hsc Hfn∏n®psh°p∂p.
kZ\Øn¬ \n∂p ]ncnbptºmƒ H∂p bmX]dbm≥t]mepw k∑\ p ImWn°p∂n√ kmd.
AºØ©pImcs‚ ]q¿ÆmtcmKyw FXm\pw amk߃sIm≠v XI¿∂p. acWw Hc\pKlambn
ImWp∂ ]X\Øn¬ kndnb°v FØnt®cp∂p. Afh‰ Xs‚ kzsØ√mw ssIhis∏SpØnb
kmd Hcnbv°¬t]mepw Abmsf kµ¿inbv°m≥ kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂n√.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 61
IYm¥yØnemWv kndnb°ns‚ Zb\obmhÿ hy‡am°p∂Xv. sUman\n°v F∂
Xt∂°mƒ c≠p hb n\nf∏ap≈ sNdp∏°mc\pambn kmd a[phn[phmtLmjnbv°m≥
XpSßnb hnhcw kndnb°v \n¿∆nImc\mbn Adnbp∂p. kndnb°ns‚ Hcp H∏n\pth≠nbmWv
kmd ]d™b®v sUman\n°v kZ\ØnseØnbn´p≈Xv. kndn°n\v apgp `m¥mbncp∂psh∂pw
c≠psIm√w `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ NnIn’n®n´pw \ioIcWkz`mhw hn´pamdmØXn\memWv
kndnb°ns\ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿ØsX∂pw kmd tcJbp≠m°nbn´p≠v. kmdbptSbpw
sUman\n°n\vStdbpw hnhmlØn\p kΩXamsW∂ tcJbnemWv kndnb°v H∏n´p
sImSpt°≠Xv. AXmWv kmdbpsS \n mcamb Bhiyw.
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Bcpw kza\ mse FØnt®cp∂n√. kzm¿∞ Xm¬∏cyØn\pw kz¥w
PohnXkpJ߃°pw th≠n BtcmKyhm∑mcmb _‘p°sf A\mYhr≤cm°p∂ kmaqly
hyhÿbpsS t\scbmWv hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ hnc¬ Nq≠p∂Xv.
(2) B[p\nI ImeL´Ønse Itºmf kwkv°mcØn¬ hm¿≤Iyhpw Hcp ap¥nb I®hS®c°p
Xs∂ hr≤kZ\sØ ASnÿm\s∏SpØn N¿® sNøpI.
C∂v F√mw hym]mcmSnÿm\Ønepw em`\jvSØns‚ mjbnepw ]cnKWn®p hcp∂p.
am\pjnIaqeyßfpw c‡_‘ßfpw F√mw hmWnPyhkvXp°fmWv. A°q´Øn¬ hn]W\
km≤yX Gsdbp≈XmWv hr≤kZ\w. hr≤kZ\w F∂p tIƒ°ptºmƒ BcptStbm \√
a\ n¬ Inf¿∂p hf¿∂ alØmb PohImcpWy]h¿Ø\w F∂p \mw sX‰n≤cnt®°pw.
][m\tdmUn¬ \n∂v hr≤kZ\Ønte°p Xncnbp∂ hgnbn¬ ImWp∂ hy‡ambn FgpXnsh®
t_m¿Up≠t√m Cd®nt°mgnIƒ hn¬∏\°v F∂v. AXp ]XoImflIambn hr≤kZ\sØ
Xs∂bmWv Ipdn°p∂Xv.
Hcp hn]peamb hym]mctaJebpsS F√m kºZmbßfpw I®hS\oXnbpw \n¿Ω¬`h≥
hr≤kZ\Øn\pap≠v. GXp hym]mcØn\pw ]ckyamWv ]ca][m\w. Hcp ]kn≤oIcWØnse
Hcp apgph¿Æ ]ckyt]Pn¬ \n∂mWv hr≤kZ\Øns‚ hniZmwi߃ kmd
NnIs™Sp°p∂Xv. `qanbnse kz¿§Jfiw t]mse AhnsSbp≈ kpJkuIcy߃ Ah¿
`¿Ømhn\v hmbn®psImSp°p∂p. \nßfpsS ÿm\Øv Rm\mbncps∂¶n¬ CXbpw
kuIcyaps≈mcnSw In´nbm¬......... F∂p ]tem`n∏nbv°p∂p. hr≤kZ\ØXnepw t^mWp≠v.
Bhiy°m¿°v UbdIvSdpambn _‘s∏Smw. Xnc°p\nanØw IW£≥ In´m\mWv ]bmkw
Ft∂ D≈p.
Bhiyw I≠]nSpØØns‚ AΩbmWt√m. hr≤∑msc \S X≈m\p≈ Bhiy°mcpsS
\o≠ Iyq Ds≠∂v UbdIvS¿ C¿∆mZokn∂dnbmw Pn√m IeIvS¿ hsc B \o≠ \ncbnep≠v.
AX\pkcn®p≈ kvYm]\ \SØn∏pw Nn´h´ßfpw Abmƒ G¿s∏SpØnbn´p≠v. ]ckyw Xs∂
]e coXnbnemWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse Hct¥hmkn°p Fs¥¶nepw AkpJw _m[n®m¬
UbdIvS¿ apX¬ the°m¿ hsc Im´n°q´p∂ sh]mfw klnbv°n√. ]tXyIn®v GsX¶nepw
At¥hmknbpsS _‘p°ƒ Bcm\pw kµ¿iIcmbps≠¶n¬, tUmIvSdpw t\gvkpw,
the°mcpw Im´n°q´p∂ _≤∏mSpw hnImchmbv]pw as‰mcp ]ckyamWv. ""\nßfpsS ho´n¬
hr≤∑mcps≠¶n¬ Cu kz¿§ob ]cnNcWw t\Sm\p≈ Ahkcw Ah¿°pw sImSp°q''
F∂mWXn\¿∞w. AXpsIms≠ms°Øs∂bmWv DZmcaXnIfpsS klmbw \n¿t√m]w
e`nbv°p∂Xpw hfsc Ffnb tXmXn¬ Bcw`n® Cu ÿm]\w ASnbv°Sn hf¿∂p hcp∂Xpw.
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 62
At¥hmknItf°mƒ AhcpsS _‘p°fpsS Xm¬∏cy߃°mWv G‰hpw ap¥nb
]cnKW\. ImcWw ]Xn^ew \¬Ip∂Xv AhcmWt√m. hr≤s\ ho´ntebv°v hnSpItb
AcpsXt∂m, _‘p°ƒ ImWm\nShccpsXt∂m, A\mbmkamb kzm`mhnIacWw
\¬IWsat∂m _‘p°ƒ Bhiys∏´m¬ AsX√mw IrXyambn \S°pw. kZ\Ønse
XmakØn¬ AkwXr]vXcmb hr≤∑mcpsS Bhiy߃ I≠dn™v So‰psNøm≥ ]tXyIw
]cnioe\w t\SnbhcmWv AhnSpsØ t\gvkpam¿. GsXmcmtfbpw A∏m∏m F∂v AenthmsS
hnfn®v klmbn°m≥ Ah¿ FØpw. sXmSm\pw Xmßm\pw XtemSm\pw `£Ww hmbn¬
sImSp°m\pw Ahcp≠v. AXne∏pdw AImehr≤\mb Hcmƒ°v ssewKnIXrjvWbps≠¶n¬
AXns\ t]m’mln∏n®v Xr]vXns∏SpØm\pw th≠ kwhn[m\w AhntSbp≠v. K¿`sØ∏‰n
t]Snt°≠Xn√. ImcWw AhnSpsØ t\gvkpamsc√mw h‘ywIcnbv°s∏´hcmWv;
A\mYmebØn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p h∂hcmWv.
hr≤kZ\Ønse hym]mcw FX `wKnbmbn \S°p∂psh∂Xn\pZmlcWamWv
AΩmΩbpsS acWw. kZm acW`oXnbpambn°gnbp∂ Ah¿ cmXnbpsS GtXm bmaØn¬
Bcpw AdnbmsX acn®p. ]t£ acn® hnhcw Adn™tXmsS UbdIvS¿ C¿∆mZokv Hcp
acpaIs‚ k¶StØmsS AhnsS ]ms™Øp∂p. At¥hmknIsfsb√mw A`napJoIcn®v
Abmƒ hnImcXcfnX\mbn A\ptimN\]kwkw \SØp∂p. ]kwKØn∂nSbn¬ A\mYbmb
AΩmΩsb Xm≥ kuP\yambmWv kZ\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n®sX∂pw em`Øn\p th≠nb√,
PohImcpWy ]tNmZnXambmWv Xm≥ Cu kZ\w \SØp∂sX∂pw ASnhcbn´p ]Jym]n°p∂p.
DSs\ tUmIvS¿ hcp∂p. Pohn®ncp∂ ImetØ°mƒ ipjv°m¥ntbmsS ]cntim[n®v acWw
ÿncoIcn°p∂p. ]n∂mse ]X°mcpw t^mt´mKm^dpw hcpØs∏Sp∂p. kZ\Ønse
Bflm¿∞ ]cnNcWhpw UbdIydpsS \nkzm¿∞ tkh\hpw A`napJØneqsS
Ipdnbv°s∏Sp∂p. ]mIrXthj°mcmb GXm\pw At¥hmknIfpsS ]›mØeØn¬
ihØns‚ t^mt´m FSp°p∂p. AXpsIms≠mcp henb ]tbmP\ap≠v. kZ\Øn\pth≠n
hntZißfn¬ ]ncnhp \SØp∂ GP‚pam¿s°Øn°m\p≈XmWv t^mt´m.
Ah¿°Xp]tbmKn®v [\nIcmb hntZinIsf hr≤kZ\Øns‚ ssZ\yw t_m≤ys∏SpØmat√m.
]ncnhpIqSpw F∂ Imcyw Xo¿®. CXpt]msemcp kph¿ÆmhkcØn\v UbdIvS¿
ImØncn°pIbmbncp∂p.
IΩoj≥ hyhÿbn¬ kZ\Ønte°v Bsf ]nSnbv°m\p≈ G¿∏mSp thsdbpw D≠v.
AΩmΩ acn® Hgnhnte°v IfIvSdpsS AΩsb GP‚p sIm≠phcp∂p. _p°nßnse
ko\ntbmdn‰n adnIS°m≥ \nhrØnbn√mØXn\m¬ B dqw AhpXØ¥bv°mWv e n®Xv. ]t£
Bsc FSpØmepw GP‚n\hImis∏´ IΩoj≥ UbdIvS¿°p sImSpt°≠n h∂p.
hr≤kZ\ØXnse ]thi\Ønepw Nne kºZmbßfpw \nbamhenIfpw D≠v. AXpw
I®hS°Æp sh®p≠m°nbn´p≈XmWv. AºØ©p hb p hsc kZ\Øn¬
kzoIcnbv°pIbn√. kZ\w tUmIvS¿ hnkvXncn®v ]cntim[nØv At¥hmkn FXImew
Pohnbv°m\nSbps≠∂p tcJs∏SpØp∂p. an°hmdpw sXmÆqdp hb mWv kZ\Ønse
hr≤cpsS Bbp v F∂mWv sh∏v. ap∏Ø©psIm√Øn\v hr≤\v th≠n hcp∂ sNehp
IW°m°nbmWv ]Xn ew \n›bn°p∂Xv. ]Xn ew H‰ØhWbmbn ap≥Iq¿ AS®ncn°Ww.
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 63
kº∂sc¶nepw hr≤s‚ ]Xn^ew Ipd®p In´m≥ ]niIp∂ ZcnZhmknIfmb a°fpap≠v.
XhWIfmbn ]WaS°p∂ hyhÿ kzoIcn®m¬ BZysØ XhW amXw AS®v hr≤t\bpw
ssIsømgn®v hntZißfn¬ t]mbn Hfnbv°p∂ _‘p°fpw D≠v. CØc°mscsb√mw
UbdIvS¿°dnbmw. ]q¿Æ BtcmKyhm\mbn kZ\Øn¬ ]thin°p∂hcpw amk߃sIm≠v
Ahicpw Z¿∫ecpw BbnØocpw.hnZKv≤ tUmIvS¿amcpsS NnIn’bpw
BtcmKykwc£W]h¿Ø\hpw PmKXbmbn \S°p∂XpsIm≠mWnXv. Cu KpfnI ]Xnhmbn
Ign°Ww. AkpJw D≠mbns°m≈pw F∂ a´mWv.
hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIfpsS P∑Zn\amWv as‰mcp I®hS®c°v.
]thi\kabØv as‰¥p ad∂mepw P\\ØnøXn Ipdn®nSm≥ ad°n√. IrXyambn XnøXn
Hm¿Ωn®v _‘p°ƒ°v IØpIn´p∂p. C∂bmfpsS P∑Zn\w hn]peambn BtLmjn°s∏Sp∂p
F∂v. _‘p°ƒ kΩm\s∏mXnIfpw hne]nSn® D]lmcßfpambn A∂v As√¶n¬
AXn\papºv kZ\ØnseØmXncnbv°n√.. _‘p°fpsS kmºØnItijnb\pkcn®v
hr≤¿°pth≠n Sn.hntbm ^nUvtPm kZ\Øntebv°v kw`mh\ sNøm≥ ]‰nb
kph¿Æmhkcw IqSnbmWnXv.
hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v In´p∂ ]cnNcWw ]pdtabv°v Htc
amXncnbmsW¶nepw Ahsc ap∂p Iym‰Kdnbmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂p. km[mcW kuIcy߃
amXw A¿ln°p∂h¿ aq∂mw ¢m pIm¿. ]tXyIw ]cnKW\ e`n°p∂h¿ c≠mw ¢m pIm¿.
F√mhn[ kpJkuIcyßfpw kzmX¥yhpap≈h¿ H∂mw¢m pIm¿. _‘p°ƒ
hr≤∑m¿°pth≠n kZ\ØneS°p∂ ]Xn^eØpIbmWv Cu ¢m n^nt°js‚ am\Zfiw.
Ch¿°p \¬Ip∂ `£WØneS°w hyXymkap≠v. ]t£ ]pdta°sXm∂pw Adnbn√.
At¥hmknIƒ°p P\m[n]XyacymZ]Imcw ]Xntj[n°m\pw BhemXns∏Sm\pw
Ahkcap≠v. ]t£ BƒØ©a\pkcn®v _mlyamb ]cnlmcßsf ]Xo£nbvt°≠q.
_‘panXmZnIƒ Bhiys∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ AhcpsS CØchmZnXzØn¬ amXw
hr≤∑msc A¬∏Znhkw ho´n¬t]mIm\\phZn°pw. HcpXcw ]tcmƒ Xs∂. kZ\Øn¬
kz¥w CjvS∏Sn h∂ptNcp∂ hr≤∑m¿ Npcp°amWv. Cu hr≤scs°m≠p s]mdpXnap´nbnt´m
IpSpw_t∏cn\v If¶ambnt´m BWv Chsc henb XpI\¬In _‘p°ƒ ChnsS G¬∏n°p∂Xv.
AXpsIm≠v Ah¿ hr≤s\ hoSp ImWn°cpsX∂p \n¿t±in®m¬ kZ\w AXp ]men°pw.
Ipgnbnte°p ImseSpØpsh® hr≤∑mtc°mƒ Ah¿°pth≠n ssIøb®p kw`mh\ sNøp∂
_‘p°fpsS BKlamWv ]ment°≠Xv. AXpsIm≠mWt√m CXbpw s]s´∂v kZ\Øn¬
c≠p\nes°´nSw ]Wnbm≥ km[n®Xv. thWsa¶n¬ hntZiaZyhpw a‰p elcn]Zm¿∞ßfpw
kZ\Øn¬ In´pw. tUhnUp ]d™Xpt]mse, ""ChnsS In´mØsXm∂pan√. F¥n\pw Hcp ad
thWsa∂pamXw''.
Cßs\ hr≤kZ\w F∂ BhiyØneq∂n AXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂ F√m I®hS
X¥ßfpw km≤yXIfpw ]camh[n ]tbmP\s∏SpØns°m≠p≈ Hcp hym]mctaJebmWnhnsS
ImWp∂Xv.
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 64
(3) hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mhense B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIƒ kwKln°pI.
sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ aebmfØse BZysØ t]mÃv tamtU¨
(B[p\ntImØc) t\mhemsW∂phsc AhImis∏Sp∂p≠v. ""kmwkvImcnIhpw
cmjvSobhpamb Z¿i\Øns‚bpw D]cnπh_p≤nbpsS IoUm]cXbptSbpw hnNnXamb
tNcphbmWv'' F∂ t]mÃv tamtU¨ \ncq]WsØ ]cnlkn°p∂ kmlnXy ]finX∑mcp≠v.
B[p\nIX°ptijw kmlnXyØnepw a‰p Iemcq]ßfnepw ImetZimXoXamb Nne kmam\y
]hWXIƒ I≠phcp∂p F∂Xv \ntj[nbv°m\mhn√. kaImenI A\p`hßtfmSv G‰hpw
ASpØp\n¬°p∂ kmlnXycq]w F∂ \nebv°v aebmfØn¬ sNdpIYbnemWv BZyambn
B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIƒ IS∂ph∂Xv. hr≤kZ\Ønepw B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIƒ
ImWmw. BJym\cq]w Xs∂ t\mhens‚ B¥cnIkØsb \n¿Æbn°pIbpw
\nb¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv B[p\ntImØc ]hWXIfnsem∂mWv. ChnsS kndnb°v
B\vdWn F∂ IYm]mXw hmb\°mcpambn \SØp∂ clky`mjWtam kw`mjWtam BWv
IYmhkvXp. ]d®nens‚ khntijcoXn Xs∂ ChnsS ]dbs∏Sp∂ bmYm¿∞yambnØocp∂p.
t\mhens‚ Bfl ]Xn^e\kz`mhamWv as‰mcSbmfw. hr≤kZ\Ønse IY apgph≥
KŸI¿Ømhp ]dbpIbpw hmb\°mc≥ tI´ncnbv°pIbpa√, IYmKXnsb kqNn∏n°p∂
`mjm]camb Hcp Nn”hyhÿ Xpd∂nSpIbmWv t\mhenÃv sNøp∂Xv. AhnsS Iq´nt®¿Øv
IYmcq]w ]p\:krjvSnt°≠ NpaXe hmb\°mc\mWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse A\p`hßfpw
kndnbIv B‚WnbpsS A\p`hßfpw t\sc sNmt∆ ]dbp∂Xn\p]Icw AXnte°v
hmb\°mcs\ FØn°p∂ Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬IpI amXamWv sNøp∂Xv, B[p\ntImØc
t\mhepIƒ. Cßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ hr≤kZ\Øn\p kam\ambn CXpt]mse as‰mcpIrXn
ImWm≥ ]bmkamWv. bmYm¿XYyØn\v kaImenI PohnXØn¬ tIheamb
\ne\n¬∏ns√∂pw AXns‚ kqN\Ifpw kzm[o\ßfpw kw`hßsf sshcp≤ymflIhpw
k∂nKv≤hpam°p∂p F∂pap≈ t_m[amWv t]mÃv tamtUWnkØns‚ Hcp ]tZyIX.
""Unkw_dnse Hcp ]`mXØn¬ R߃ hr≤kZ\Ønte°p bmX Xncn®p.'' F∂ t\mhense
BZy hmIyßfn¬Øs∂ Cu kµnKv≤mhÿ ImWp∂p. EPphpw efnXhpsa∂v ]YaZrjvSym
tXm∂p∂ CXnse mj Xs∂ it≤bamWv. emfnXyw _mlyambn amXta A\p`hs∏SpIbp≈p
. PohnX kXyØns‚ \∑Xn∑Itfbpw kpJm\p`hßtfbpw ]ISam°p∂Xpw Bflhna¿i\w
\SØp∂XpamWv Cu BJym\ coXn. sFdWnIfpw \¿tΩm‡nIfpw hnlzeNnXßfpw \nd™v
Bgßsf Hfn∏n®pshbv°p∂ Akm[mcW `mjbmWsX∂v Bh¿Øn®p. hmbn°ptºmƒ
a\ nemIpw. km[mcW t\mh¬ mjbn¬ \n∂v AI∂p \n¬°p∂ coXnbpw B[p\ntImØc
]hWX Xs∂.
--(4) B· nt‚bpw kmdbptSbpw kz`mh߃ XmcXays∏SpØpI.
Sn.hn.sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mhense apJy IYm]mXamb kndnb°v
B‚WnbpsS BZy `mcybmWv B·kv. B·kns‚ acWtijw kndnb°ns‚
`mcybmbnØocp∂ kmd icn°pw B·kns\ ]cnNcnbv°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ G¿∏mSm°nb
t\gvkmWv. KmaØnse ZcnZ `h\Øn¬ \n∂v ]´nWnbpsS tamN\Øn\pth≠n kndnb°v
hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ ]´WØnep≈ B· ns‚ ho´n¬ the°mc\mbn FØp∂p.
A∂v A©mw ¢m n¬ ]Tnbv°p∂ sIm®pamemJbmWv B·kv. kndnbIv B·kns\
]Wbn®p hnhmlw Ignbv°p∂p. A—\ΩamcpsS acWtijw Afh‰
kzØn\hIminbmbnØocp∂p. tcmK_m[nXbmbn InS∏nemhpIbpw acnbv°pIbpw sNøp∂
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 65
B·kv hgn°p h∂ kºØmWv ap∏XpImcnbmb kmdsb AºXp Ign™ kndnb°ns‚
t]a`mP\am°p∂Xv. X©Øn¬ \n∂v Cu kzsØ√mw kmdbpsS t]¿s°gpXnsh∏n®n v
kndnb°ns\ _eambn hr≤kZ\Ønte°b°pIbmWv kmd sNøp∂Xv. B·kv hgn
kº∂\mb kndnb°v kmd hgn ]caZb\obmhÿbnseØn. tcmKnWnbmb B·kv
]khn®n√. kmdbmIs´, ]khnbv°m≥ Iq´m°nbn√. hnip≤nbptSbpw
ss\¿ΩeyØnt‚bpw ]cymbamb B·kns\ CS°nS°v Hm¿°mXncn°m≥ kndnb°n\p
Ignbp∂n√, AX ISpØ IqcXIfmWv kmd AbmtfmSv ImWnbv°p∂Xv. B·kns\ At]£n®v
hnemkhXnbmWv kmd. B·kns‚ icocØnse \navt\m∂X߃ Ccp´n¬ sXm´dnbm≥
amXta A\phZnbv°s∏Sp∂p≈p. F∂m¬ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ FØnbn´pw kmdbpsS ]cn]q¿Æ
\·amb t^mt´m AbmfpsS ssIhiap≠v. c≠pt]cptSbpw kz`mhØns‚ A¥cw
koNn∏n°p∂XmWnXv. kndnb°ns‚ A\phmZan√msX Abmsf hr≤kZ\Øn¬ NXn®p
Ib‰nbXpamXa√, Hcnbv°epw Abmƒ C\n Xm\pambn ImWmXncn°m\p≈ F√m
\n_‘\Ifpw Ahƒ Xømdm°p∂p. kmd Ahtf°mƒ sNdp∏°mc\mb sUman\n°ns\
hnhmlw Ign°m\p≈ Icp°ƒ \o°ns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. kndnb°n\v `m¥msW∂pw
Abmsf c≠psIm√w `m¥mip]Xnbn¬ InSØn NnIn’n∏n®n´pw AIakz`mhhpw
\ioIcW]hWXbpw am‰n FSp°m\mhmØXp sIm≠mWv hr≤kZ\Øn¬
]thin∏n®sX∂pw Ahƒ hnizk\obamb tcJbp≠m°nbn´p≠v. AXn\m¬
kndnb°pambp≈ _‘Øn¬ \n∂v tamN\w \¬IWsa∂pw k` aptJ\ At]£
D∂Xßfnte°b°p∂p. sUman\n°n\v kmdsb Xs‚ ]q¿Æ kΩXtØmsS
hn´psImSp°pIbmsW∂ tcJbn¬ kndnb°ns‚ H∏p hmßphm≥ kZ\Ønte°v
sUman\n°ns\ Ab°m\pw Ahƒ aSn°p∂n√. Cßs\ F√mXcØnepw
hn]coXkz`mh°mcmWv BK\kpw kmdbpw.
H‰hm°n¬ DØcsagpXpI
tKmh¿≤t\m≤mcWw
1) sNdpt»cn \ºpXncnbpsS ]kn≤IrXnbpsS t]scgpXpI ?
2) sNdpt»cnbpsS PohnXImew Xp©sØgpØ—s‚ aptºm ]ntºm ?
3) IrjvWKmY GXp ]pcmWsØ Bibns®gpXnbXmWv ?
4) sNdpt»cn \ºqXncnbpsS ]pckvI¿Ømhmb \m´pcmPmhv Bcv ?
5) BcpsS aZw \S°phm\mWv tKmh¿≤\ ]qP \SØnbXv ?
6) Cµ ]qP apS°nbXmcv ?
7) tKmh¿≤t\m≤mcWw F∂ IhnXbn¬ D]tbmKn®n´p≈ hrØØns‚ t]cv ?
Km‘mcohnem]w
1) alm`mcXw Infn∏m´ns‚ cNbnXmhv Bcv?
2) Infn∏m´p]ÿm\Øns‚ C]⁄mXmhmcv ?
3) aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv F∂v hntijn∏n°p∂Xmsc?
4) temIØnse G‰hpw alØpw _rlØpamb CXnlmkw GXv ?
5) alm`mcXw F∂ CXn-lmk IrXnbpsS I¿Ømhmcv ?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 66
6) alm`mcXØnse A≤ymb߃°v ]dbp∂ t]sc¥v ?
7) Ipcpt£Xbp≤Øn¬ hoW ojva¿ FhnsSbmWv InS°p∂Xv ?
8) `KZØs\ h[n®Xmcv ? ?
9) A¿÷p\s‚ aI\pw ioIrjvWs‚ apcaI\pamb Ip´n Bcv?
10) LtSm¬°Ns‚ AΩbmcv?
11) LtSm¬°Ns\ h[n®Xmcv ?
12) LtSm¬°Ns\ h[n® Bbp[w I¿Æ\v sImSpØXmcv ?
13) tZmWsc h[n®Xmcv?
14) I¿Æ≥ GXp \m´nse cmPmhmbncp∂p ?
15) Ipcpt£Xbp≤Ønse ihicoc߃ kwkvIcn°m≥ BscbmWvNpaXes∏SpØnbXv?
I√ymWkuK‘nIw.
1) Xp≈¬ ]ÿm\Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhmcv ?
2) I√ymWkuK‘nIw Xp≈ens‚ I¿Ømhmcv ?
3) `oa≥ At\zjn®p\S∂ ]qthXv ?
4) l\pam≥ X] psNøp∂ ImSns‚ t]sc¥v ?
5) l\pamt\m, oat\m tPyjvT≥ ?
6) l\pam\pw oa\pw XΩnep≈ _‘sa¥v?
7) l\pams‚ AΩbmcv ?
8) ]m©menbpsS DSp]pShbgn®]am\n®Xmcv ?
Nfime`n£pIn
1) Nfime`n£pIn F∂ JfiImhyØns‚ I¿Ømhmcv ?
2) Nfime`n£pIn GXp kapZmb°mcnbmWv ?
3) Nfime`n£pInbpsSPohnXØn¬ Hcp hgnØncnhp≠m°nbXv BcpsS Z¿i\amWv?
4) Xncn®pt]mIm\mImXw Nfime`n£pIn \n∂sXhnsS ?
5) ]mcn¬ H‰°meq∂n \n¬°p∂ Nfime`n£pInsb AtcmSmWv
kmZriys∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv ?
6) `n£p Pew IpSn®p Xncn®pt]mbn - Bsct∏mse ?
7) Nfime`n£pIn F∂ ImhyØnse ]mTy mKØns‚ hrØw GXv ?
aetId¬
1) aetId¬ F∂ IhnXbpsS I¿Ømhmcv ?
2) aetId¬ F∂ IhnXbnse hrØw GXv ?
3) X] psNøp∂h¿°p BcmWv XS w D≠m°p∂Xv ?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 67
Hcp tXmWnbmX
1) k∂m`amw kz¥hnf°pambn k©cn®Xmcv ?
2) B‰n¬∏Xn∏m≥ apXncp∂t]mse Bcv ?
3) h©nbn¬s°´nb ]mbsb F¥mbn k¶¬∏n®ncn°p∂p.
4) aZwKtNjvSmIWßsf sImØnhngpßnbXmcv ?
5) ap°phØns]‰ _“¿jnam¿ apJy≥ Bcv?
6) ImhywkptKbw; IY cmLhobw GXmWm Imhyw ?
7) th´ph≥ Ihnsb kwt_m[\sNbvX ]ZtaXv ?
IdpØs®´n®nIƒ
1) ""t]m∂ph∂mtc Npc∂ apebpambv
]q¿∆mw_pcminsbs]s‰mcnΩ¶am¿'' BcmWv Cu a¶am¿ ?
2) ""ImWmadnbpta I≠m¬ ad°mØ˛
XmW°dpØ apJ߃'' BcpsS?
hr≤kZ\w
1) aebmfØnse B[p\ntImØc t\mh¬ ?
2) hr≤kZ\Ønse apJy IYm]mXw Bcv ?
3) sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\Øns‚ t]sc¥v ?
4) kndnbIv B‚WnbpsS BZy`mcy?
5) hr≤kZ\w UbdIvScpsS t]sc¥v ?
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 68
ssSK¿ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿ (1908 ˛ 1994)
ssh°w Xmeq-°n¬ Xe-tbm-e-∏-d-ºn¬ P\n-®p. ]T-\-Øn-\nsS ho´n¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏- p-
t]mbn C¥-y≥ \mj-\¬ tIm¨K n¬ tN¿∂p. k-zm-X-¥y ka-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb D∏p
kX-ym-K-l-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≠p. AXns‚ t]cn¬ a¿±-\-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-Ibpw Pbn¬ in£ A\p-
-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IrXn-Iƒ
t]a-te-J\w
_me-y-Im-e-kJn
IYm-_oPw
P∑-Zn\w
Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏v
A\¿L-\n-anjw
ap®o- p-I-fn-°m-cs‚ aIƒ
aXn-ep-Iƒ
hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-amb aq°v
i_vZ-߃
]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv
am¥n-I-∏q®
B\-∏qS
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ
`m¿K-ho-\n-ebw
A\p-cm-K-Øns‚ Zn\-߃
ssSK¿
ssSK¿ mK-y-hm-\mb \mb-bm-Wv F∂mWv IY-bpsS XpS-°w. \msSm- p°v hni∏pw £mahpw
sImSp-ºn-cn-sIm-f-fp-∂p. P\-߃ ]´n-Wn-sIm≠v F√pw tXmep-am-Ip-tºmgpw Ah≥ XSn-®p-sIm-
gp-sØmcp Icn-º-S-s°- p-t]mse \S-∏m-Wv. t]meokv C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS Hma-\-bm-W-h≥.
sXcp-hn¬ GtXm sX≠n∏´n-bpsS aI-\mbn ]nd-s∂-¶nepw t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ FØn-b-
tXmsS Ahs‚ mKyw sXfn™p. t]meo-kp-Im¿ Ahs‚ anvX-ß-fm-Wv. XS-hp-Im¿ iXp-°-fpw.
XS-h-dbpsS Zb-\o-b-amb NnXw IYm-IrØv \¬Ip-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv. shfn-®hpw Im‰pw
IS°mØ apdn-I-fmWv XS-h-d-I-sf-√mw. ae-aq-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS Zp¿K-‘-Øn¬, aq´-I-Sn-tb‰v
Iod-h-kvX-߃ Np‰n, XmSn-ao-i-h-f¿∂ hnf¿Ø a\p-j-y-t°m-e-߃°v Htcsbmcp alm-]-iv\-
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 69
am-Wp-f-f-Xv hni-∏v! t]meokv tem°-∏ns‚ alm-Zp-cn-X-߃ AØcw XS-hp-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-b-
cp∂ lrZbw Icn-°p∂ sI´ hmS ˛ H∂pw XS-hp-Imsc _m[n-°m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hni∏pw
`£-W-tØm-Sp-ff B¿Ønbpw amX-amWv Ahsc Iog-S-°p-∂-Xv. cmXn Dd-ßm≥ InS-°p-∂Xv
cmhn-esØ I™n IpSn-°m-\m-Wv. I™n IpSn Ign-™m¬ D® `£-W-amWv a\ p-\n-dsb.
Hcn-°epw hbdp \nd-®p-I-gn-°m-\m-ImsX Ah¿ Znh-k-߃ Ign-®p-Iq- p-∂p.
t]meokv tem°-∏n¬ \n∂v Pbn-en-se-Øm≥ Hmtcm XS-hp-Im-c\pw BK-ln-
bv°p∂pt]meokv a¿±-\-an-√msX Ign-®p-Iq- mw. £Ww In´p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Hmtcm XS-hp-Im-cs‚bpw a\- n-ep-ff tIm[w ]I-cm-\p-ff ]mX-amWv ssSK¿.
tem°-∏ns‚ hmXn¬°¬ hni-an-°p∂ Ah\v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Hcmƒ Ign-bv°p∂ tNmdv
Znh-tk\ sImSp-°pw. sNbvXn- n-√mØ tIkp-Iƒ°v in£ hmßn tem°-∏n¬ InS-°p∂ XS-hp-
Im¿°v AXp-I≠p hmbn¬ shffw \nd-bpw. Ah¿°p Int´≠ tNmdmWv Ah≥ kar-≤-ambn
Ign-°p-∂-Xv. hni-∏-S-ßp-∂n-√. R߃°v Kh¨sa≥dn¬ \n∂v In´m-\p-f-fXv XcWw
F∂m-h-i-y-s∏´ XS-hp-Im¿°v t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS a¿±-\-ta‰p. tlm´¬°m-c\pw t]meokv C≥kvs]-
IvSdpw XΩn-ep-ff Iq´p-sI- n¬ XS-hp-Im-cpsS hoXw tNmdpw B\p-Iq-e-y-ßfpw A]-X-y-£-am-bn.
t_m[w sISp-∂-Xphsc X√v In´n-b-t∏mƒ XS-hp-Im¿ Bh-i-y-ß-fp-∂-bn-°m-sX-bm-bn. ssSK-
dmWv Kh¨sa‚ v F∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Xß-fpsS I¨ap-∂n¬ kp`n-£-ambn Xn∂v
Ddßn Ign-™p Iq-Sp∂ ssSK-dns\ Ah¿ shdp-Øp. Xcw In´p-tºm-sgms° Ah-c-Xns\ D]-Z-
hn-®p. C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS ssI-bn¬ \n∂v in£-In-´n-bmepw Ah¿ AXns\ D]-Z-hn-°pI
ioe-am-°n. t]meok1tÃj-\-IØv iucyw ImWn-bv°p∂ ssSK¿ ]pd-sØmcp Nmhm-fn-∏- nsb
I≠m¬IqSn t]Sn®p hmsem-fn-∏n-t®m-Sp∂ `ocp-hm-bn-cp-∂p. C≥kvs]-IvS¿ F∂v ssSKsc cl-k-y-
ambn Ah¿ hnti-jn∏n-®p.
Hcp Znhkw ]pdØp \n∂v Nne kµ¿i-I-sc-Øn. Ipd®p ]e-lm-c-ßfpw a[pc \mc-ß-bp-
am-bmWv Ah¿ FØn-b-Xv. XS-hp-Im¿ `mKyw sNbvX-h-cm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p h∂-h-cpsS ]£w.
Ah¿°v £Ww In´p-∂p-≠-t√m. ]pdØv b-¶c £mahpw ]´n-Wn-bp-am-Wv. XS-hp-Imsc kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ssSK-dmWv G‰hpw mK-y-hm≥.
kµ¿i-I¿ sIm≠p-h∂ £-W-km-[-\-߃sIm≠p Xr]vX-cm-bmWv A∂v \mep-X-S-hp-
Im¿ Dd-ßm-s\m-cp-ßn-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS an®w h∂ tNmdv tem°-∏nse a‰p-X-S-hp-]p-f-fn-Iƒ°v
vsh®psIm-Sp-Øp. AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠p-t]cpw AX-ym¿Øn-tbmsS AXn-temtcm]nSnbn¬ ssIsh-®p.
\neØp hoWXp \°nb ssSK-dn\v GtXm Hcp XS-hp-Im-c≥ Hcp Nhn- p-sIm-Sp-Øp. \mb-bpsS
\ne-hn-fn-tI´p C≥kvs]-IvS-sd-Øn. hni-t∏msS Hmtcm ]nSn-tNm-dn\pw apºn-en-cp∂ XS-hp-Im-cpsS
hnlnXw apgp-h\pw Xncn-∏n-s®-Sp-∏n®p ]´n-°p-sh-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. XS-hp-Im¿°v ]Xn-hp-a¿±-\hpw
In´n.
A∂p cmXn ]Øp-a-Wn-tbmsS XS-hp-Im-cpsS ]Xn-Imcw ho≠pw ]h¿Øn-®p. ssSKdns‚
tam¥ Iºn-b-gn-°-I--tØbv°p sh®v c≠p XS-hp-Im¿ Aa¿Øp-∂-XmWv t]meo-kp-Im¿ I≠-Xv.
]mdm-hp-Im-c\v Hcm-sftb a\- n-em-bp-f-fp. C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Abmsf ]pd-tØ°p hnfn®v a¿±n®
hi-\m-°n. ]√-Sn®p sXdp-∏n®p. \ne-Øp-hoW tNmc ssSK¿ \°n-Øp-S-®p. t_m[w sISp-∂-Xp-
hsc Nhn- p-Ibpw X√p-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw at‰-bmƒ Bsc-∂p Ah≥ ]d-™n-√. ssSK¿ Ahs‚
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 70
Im¬sh-f-f-bnse ]pXp-ap-dn-hp-I-fn¬ \°n tNmc XpS-®n´pw Adn-bm-Ø-hn[w Ah≥ t_m[w
\in®p InS-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. IYm-IrØv Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. ssSK¿ mK-y-hm-\mb Hcp \mb-bm-Wv.
hni∏v _jodns‚ At\Iw IY-Iƒ°v ]ta-b-am-Wv. al-Ømb cmjvSo-b- -e-£-y-ßfpw
kz-]v\-ßfpw kq£n-®n-cp∂ a\p-j-y¿ XS-hp-ap-dn-bnse hni-∏n¬ as‰√mw ad-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS
]Xo£ `£-W-sØ-s®m√n amX-am-Wv. A[n-Im-cØn‚bpw A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-amb
C≥kvs]-IvS¿°pw ssSKdn\psa-Xns-c Ign-bp-tºm-sg√mw Ah¿ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. hni-∏n-s√-∂-
t]mse ssSK-dnt\mSp-ff ]Xn-Im-c-_p-≤n-bnepw ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb sFIyw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-\mWv XS-
hp-Im¿. a¿±-\-ta‰v t_m[w \in-°m-dm-bn´pw XS-hp-Im-c≥ Xs‚ Iq´p-]-Xn-bpsS t]cv shfn-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂n√ F∂Xv it≤b-am-Wv. ssSKdpw C≥kvs]-IvS-dp-a-S-ßp∂ a¿-±-I-h-y-hÿ hnP-bn-®p-
\n¬°p∂ NnX-amWv IY-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-bp-f-f-Xp-sIm≠v Ch¿
XS-hp-Imcs‚ tNmc \°n-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I -Xs∂ sNøp-∂p.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 71
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ
ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n (1935- 2005)
]me-°mSv ap≠q-cn¬ P\\w. A≤-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. kn\n-am-ko-cn-bn¬ A`nt\Xmbn-
cp∂p "kJn' amkn-Ibv°p ]Xm-[n-]-cmbn ]h¿Øn-®n- p≠v. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ F∂ IY G‰-hp-
a-[nIw Bk-zm-Z-I-i≤ ]nSn-®p-]‰n. 2005 Pq¨ 5\v A¥-cn-®p.
IrXn-Iƒ
AΩ-bv°p-th≠n (I-Ym-k-am-lm-cw)
ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kph-¿Æ IY-Iƒ (I-Ym-k-am-lm-cw)
Bi-zm-k-Øns‚ a¥-®-cSv (1997 se tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Sn)
GImIn
FX-tØm-f-sa-∂-dn-bmsX
Btcm ]n-∂n-ep≠v
Cu \nem-∏n-ip-°p-ff cmXn-bn¬
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ
ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip- n-bpsS IY-Iƒ
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ
kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿°v ac-W-an-√. acn-®mepw Ah-cpsS kmao-]yw Im¬s∏-cp-am-‰-ambpw Icp-
X-em-bn Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°-embpw IqsS-bm-≠m-hp-sa∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip- n-bpsS
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ A\p- hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. mc-y-bpsS Nc-a-hm¿jn-I-Zn-\-Øn¬ Ah-fpsS Xd-hm- n-tebv°v
aI-\p-am-sb-Øp-I-bmWv IYm-\m-b-I≥. Ccp- p-ho-W-t∏m-tg-bv°mWv Ah¿°v Kma-Øn¬ _ n-
d-ßm≥ Ign-™-Xv. Hcqlw sh®v apt∂-dp-∂-Xn-\nsS Xr»q-cn¬ \ns∂mcp tXm°p hmßn-Ø-c-W-
sa∂v DÆn Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. hgn-bnse s]mSn-a-W-en¬ Nhp´n Btcm Hcmƒ IqsS hcp-∂p-
s≠∂p Abmƒ°p tXm∂p-∂p. c≠p h¿jw ap≥]v CXpt]mse B Xd-hm-´n¬ h∂p
Xncn-®pt]m-Ip-tºmƒ shf-f-Øn-tem-Sp∂ t_m´m-bn-cp∂p Ahs‚ Bh-iyw. _ v ]nSn-°m-\p-ff
Xnc-°n¬ Abmƒ A∂-hs\ tZjys∏´p. A∂sØ aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ Abm-fpsS mcy Ah-
\Xp hmßn-sIm-Sp-Øn´p t]mbm¬ t]msc .-F∂p kvt\l-]q¿∆w imkn-®Xv Abmƒ Hm¿°p-I-
bmWv. B Hm¿Ω DW¿∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ aIs\ H∂p-IqSn tN¿Øp-]n-Sn®p tXm°p-hm-ßn-Ø-
c-m-sa-∂p Dd-∏p-sIm-Sp-Øp. C∂v \n¿_-‘n-t°-≠-bmƒ IqsS-bn-√-t√m. Ah-fpsS AΩ A¬∏w
]cn- -a-tØmsS Ahsc kzo-I-cn-®p. Ipi-e-]-iv\-߃°p tijw \oen® \ni-_vZX Ah¿°n-
S-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. s]mXp-hmb Hcp \jvS-Øn¬ hn߬ Ah-cn-ep-≠v. Xd-hm- n-em-hp-tºmƒ
Ahn-SsØ £W coXn aXn-sb∂pw CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃ Imc-y-am-°-cp-sX∂pw Ahƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Ah-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ AsX√mw IqSp-X¬ sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂p. Abmƒ
Xs‚ IqsSbn-√mØ Ah-fpsS a\- -dn-bp-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Abm-sfbpw IpSpw-
_-sØbpw _‘n-∏n-®n-cp∂ IÆn AI-∂p-t]m-bn´pw H∂pw Fhn-sSbpw _‘-a-‰p-t]m-bn-s√∂
a´n¬ CSs]-Sm≥ Abmƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 72
]nt‰-∂mƒ Aº-e-Øn¬ Ipfn®p sXmgm-\mbn Xs∂bpw DÆn-tbbpw t\csØ hnfn-°-
W-sa∂v Abmƒ AΩ-tbmSp ]d-bp-∂p. AΩ Ah-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bn¬ IÆo-c-Wn-™p.
B apdn-bn¬ X\n-®p-In-S-∂-t∏mgpw as‰m-cm-fpsS km∂n-[yw Abmƒ A\p- -hn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
amdn¬ NpSp-I-Æo¿ hogvØn-s°m≠v X\n-°-kp-J-am-hnt√ F∂-hƒ tNmZn-®-Xv, Hs° t`Zm-sb∂v
Abmƒ Bi-z-kn-∏n-®-Xv, amd-sØmcp ]nS∏v amdo- n-√t√m F∂-hƒ Zp:-Jn-®Xv Hs° ]q¿∆m-[nIw
sXfn-a-tbmsS a\- n¬ \nd-bp-∂p.
Bcpw hnfn-°msX Xs∂ AXn-cm-hnse Xm\pw Hcpƒhn-fn-bn-se∂ t]mse DÆnbpw
DW¿∂p F∂-bmƒ i≤n-®p. F√mw B aq∂m-a-sXm-cm-fpsS kmao-]yw sIm≠m-hmw. Aº-e-
Øn¬ Cud-t\msS sXmgpXp \n¬t° tZho-hn-Klw Ca-sh-´msX Xs∂ t\m°p-∂-Xmbn
Abmƒ°p tXm∂p∂p apgp-an-°mØ hnfn-bn¬, At]-£-bn¬ F√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv K-h-
Xn-b-dn-™p. aS-°-bm-X-bnepw s]mSn-a-Æn¬ Imep-c-™p-sIm≠v Bcp-tStbm ]mZ-]-X-\-i_vZw
Ah¿ A\p- hn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS CjvSw AXm-hp-sa-∂p Xncn-®-dn-™-t]mse Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p˛
Xr»q-cn¬ \n∂v DÆn-°n-jvS-ap-ffsXms° hmßn-Ø-cm-sa-∂v..
`wKn-bp-ff Hcp IpSpw-_-Nn-X-Øn¬\n∂v Hcmsf hn[n X´n-∏-d-®-I-‰p-tºm-gp-ff hnßepw
IÆocp NnX-dmØ kl-\hpw \jvS-t_m-[hpw Cu IY A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ahƒt°m
Abmƒt°m t]cn-√. Ah-cpsS DÆn AΩ \jvS-s∏- - GXp D-Æn-tbbpw t]mse Xs∂. Ah-
fpsS km∂n-[yw Ct∏mgpw Ahsc \bn-°p-∂p. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw \S-°p-∂n-S-sØ√mw kv]jvS-amb
]mZ-]-X\i_vZ-ambn Ah-fp-≠v. Ah-fpsS CjvS-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-ßfpw Abmƒ
at‰-Xp Im-e-tØ-bpw-Imƒ Icp-X-temsS A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ B \jvSsØ
adn-I-S-°m≥ ian-°p-I-bm-W-bmƒ.
ac-W-Øns≥d \n›-e-Nn-X-ß-f√ Cu IYm-]mXw a\- n¬ kq£n-°p-∂-Xv. kvt\lhpw
k-zm-[o-\hpw Icp-X-ep-ap-ff km∂n-[-y-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I- -Nn-X-ß-fm-Wv. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ Cu
c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-™p-t]m-Im-\m-hmsX kvt\l-Øm¬ _‘n°s∏ v ]n¥p-
S-cp-Ibm-sW∂v Abmƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃. Ahƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏msg∂
t]mse Xs∂ hnt[-b-X-y-tØmsS ]n¥p-S-cp-IbmWv Abmƒ. ac-Whpw \jvS-t_m-[hpw NnXo-I-
cn-°-s∏´ \nc-h[n IY-I-fn¬ it±-b-amb H∂mWv aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 73
LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabwkp`mjv Nµ≥
1972 ¬ Bep-h-bv°-SpØv ISp-ß-√q-cn¬ P\\w. "LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw'
F∂ IYbv°v amXr- qan hnjp-∏-Xn∏v \S-Ønb a¬k-c-Øn¬ H∂mw kΩm\w e`n-®p. 2001 se
tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv, C.]n kpja F≥tUmhvsa‚ v, A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv. Fkv.-
_n.Sn Ahm¿Uv, hn.]n inh-Ip-am¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv, A_p-Zm_n i‡n Ahm¿Uv F∂nh
e`n-®n- p-≠v.
LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw (tI-cf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv 2002)
]dp-Zo-km-\jvSw
h[-Iaw
at≤-y-bn-ßs\ (A-\p- -h-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ)
Xev]w
alm-]-ÿm\w (I-hn-X)
a\p-j-y\v Hcm-apJw (t\m-h-¬)
A°pSp-ap-b¬ A∏w-Np´p (_m-e-km-ln-X-yw)
LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw
Hm¿sØ-Øp-∂n-S-sØßpw kz¥w _meyw Is≠-Øm-\m-ImsX \ncm-i-s∏´ _p°mdmw
hnج F∂ If-f\v AXv Ahn-Nm-cn-Xhpw £Wn-I-hp-ambn Is≠-Øm-\m-Ip-∂p. Nph-Sp-e-®p-
sIm≠pw LSn-Im-c-ßsf \ne-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw qan AXp shfn-hm-°n-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
sImSp-¶m-‰n¬ \Sp-°-S-en-e-I-s∏´ I∏-en-s\-t∏mse qan-°p-ep-°-Øn¬ hn√m-cn-Kmaw BSn.hoSp-Iƒ Xmtg-bv°n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm hoSn-\IØpw hnf-™-]m-S-߃ kz]v\w I≠p-d-ßnb P\-߃ DXn¿∂p-hoW I√p-I-fp-tSbpw ac-ß-fp-tSbpw ASn-bn¬ \nX-y-\n-Z-bn-em-≠p.
_p°m-dm-ans‚ HSp-hn-esØ e£-y-am-bn-cp∂p ssite-\vvZ-_n-kva-bpsS hm®p-IS. Kmaw
apgp-h≥ Abmsf If-f-s\∂p hnfn-®-t∏mgpw _nkvta Aß-s\- I-cp-Xn-bn-√. Xs‚ IS-Øn-Æ-
bn¬ Nm°p hn-cn-®n-d-ßp∂ _p°mdmw B IS-bnse t¢m°p-Iƒ tamjvSn°pw hsc Xm\bmsf
If-f-s\∂p hnfn-°n-s√-∂p Abm-fp-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AX-bmƒ _p°m-dm-an-t\m-Sp-Xs∂ ]d-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. F∂m¬ LSn-Im-c-߃ F∂pw _m°-dm-ans\ ]tem- n-∏n-®p. eØq-cn-tebpw Dkvam-\-
_m-Zn-tebpw F√m I-S-I-fnepw Xm≥ Ib-dn-°-gn-™-Xn-\p-tijw _nkvta-bpsS ka-b-ßfpw Xm≥
tamjvSn-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p _p°m-dm-ans‚ adp-]-Sn.
_nkvtabv°pw ._p-°m-dm-an\pw Nne kam-\-X-I-fp-≠v. Ccp-hcpw GI-cm-Wv. hn√m-cnbv°pkabw hn‰pw B Kma-Øns‚ tISp-h∂ ka-b-ßsf icn-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw _nkvta Ign-™p-Iq-Sn.hn√m-cn-bpsS Ak-a-b-ß-sf-bmWv _p°mdmw A]-l-cn-®Xpw hnev]-\-®-c-°m-°n-b-Xpw. kabwCcp-h-cp-tSbpw kulr-ZsØ Fß-s\tbm CW-°n-t®¿Øn-cp-∂p.
Hcn-°¬ ssiteµ _nkvta F∂ IS-bp-Sa _p°m-dm-an-t\mSv tNmZn-®-XmWv Hcp t¢mt°m
hmt®m kΩm-\n-°t´ F∂v. Nph-cp-I-fn-√mØ Xm≥ AsX-hnsS Xq°pw F∂m-bn-cp∂p _p°m-
dm-ans‚ adp-tNm-Z-yw. hm®m-Ims´ Hcp If-f\v Bh-i-y-ta-b√ Xm\pw. Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw Ah\v
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 74
kz-b-tah LSn-Im-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. GXm-bmepw At\Iw LSn-Im-c-߃ As√-¶n¬ hne-]n-Sn®
Hcp LSn-Imcw tamjvSn®v AXns‚ hne-sIm≠v as‰mcp Kma-Øn¬ Xm≥ If-f-\-√msX Pohn-°p-
sa∂ kz]v\w Abmƒ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠vSm-hWw BZ-ysØ Aº-c-∏n-\p-ti-jw,
XI¿∂p-hoW hm®p-I-S-bnse LSn-Im-c-߃°n-S-bn¬ _p°mdmw Xnc-bm-\m-cw- n-®-Xv. F√m LSn-
Im-c-ßfpw \ne-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Gsd Xnc-®n-en-\p-tijw At∏mgpw ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ H∂v _p°mdmwIs≠-Øn. B-bncw arX-tZ-l-߃°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v Poh-\p-ff D‰-_-‘p-hns‚ tZlw I≠h-s\-t∏mse Abmƒ B\-µn-®p. CXv Xs≥d Ah-km-\sØ tamj-W-am-ItW F∂ ]m¿∞-\-tbmsSAbm-fXv ssIbn-se-SpØp tZl-tØm-Sp-tN¿Øv ]pd-Øp-I-S-∂p-.
H‰ \nanjw sIm≠p \new -]-cn-im-°-s∏´ Kma-Øn¬ _p°m-dman-\p-amXw Bscbpw Xncbm-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. LSn-Im-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS anX-߃. Poh≥ an-S-n® Hcp LSn-Imcw tZl-tØm-Sp-tN¿∂n-cp∂v At∏mgpw Abmsf k\m-Y-\m-°n.
hgn- \osf hnem-]-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ing-h≥tZ-iv ]m-WvsU, sXmÆq-dp-I-gn-™ -Xs‚ AΩsbI≠-Øm-\m-ImsX Ic-™p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
ssiteµ _nkv-tabpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. _nkvta-bpsS _‘p-°-
fn¬ Poh≥ Ah-ti-jn® Htc -sbm -sc -Æw Xs‚ DSp -∏n -\ -IØv anSn -°p∂
LSn-Im-c-am-sW∂v _p°m-dm-an\v tXm-∂n. Xm≥ Nmcn-bn-cp∂ sI´n-S-Øns‚ Df-fn¬ \ns∂mcp
sRc-°hpw Ne-\hpw _p-°mdmw Adn-™p. Ah-in-jvS-߃ \o°n Abm-f-Xns‚ Dd-hnSw
Is≠-Øn. ac-sØm- n-en¬ Np≠p-amXw apdn™v tNmc-sbm-en-∏n-®p In-S∂ Hcm¨Ip™v kz¥w
_meyw ]Xps° ad-\o-°n- h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse If-f-\p tXm-∂n. hnZq-cÿ \£-X-ß-sf-t∏mse
Ip™n-°-Æp-Iƒ _p°m-dm-ans\ t\m°n. Nfn-]p-c≠ ]cp-°≥ ssIØ-≠-bn¬ BsI Nph∂
]n©p-ssI-Iƒ Aa¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.
Xs∂ KtW-tim¬khw ImWn-bv°m≥ Xem-\n-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]mb A—s‚ NnXw
_p°m-dmans‚ a\- n¬ sXfn-™p. A®s‚ ssII-fn¬ Xqßn \S∂ Xm≥, kqc-y-Im-¥n-s®-Sn-
Iƒ, Ipiew ]d™ Kmao-W¿. Fhn-sStbm sh®v A—s‚ Hm¿Ω Hgp-In-b-I-∂p.
D‰-h-cn-√mØ Ip™pw Npa-cp-I-fn-√mØ LSn-Im-chpw _p°m-dm-an¬ k‘n-®p. Ip™n\v
D‰_‘phpw LSn-Im-c-Øns‚ Npa-cpam-hm-\p-ff \ntbmKw Abm-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-hmw.
F∂m¬ Poh≥ anSn-°p∂ HXp Ip™nt\bpw LSn-Im-c-tØbpw ssIbn-se-Øn® hn[n Ah-
tbm-sSm∏w _p°m-dm-an-s\bpw ASp-Ø-\n-anjw A]-l-cn-°p-∂p. as‰mcp qI-º-Øns‚ kqN\ AXn-Po-
hn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t¢m°v \ne-®p -t]m-bn-cp-∂p. Xem-\n-bnse KtWtim¬k-h-°mgvN Ip™n-t\mSv
A\p-kva-cn-®p -sIm-≠n-cnt° qan AXns‚ Bg-ß-fn-tebv°v Abmsf hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bn.
Pnhn-X-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I-Nn-X-߃ A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn \ne-®p-t]m-Ip-tºm-gp-ff kvX_v[X
Hmtcm `qI-º-Im -g vN -bn -ep -ap -≠v . Xm≥ Xnc -™p-sIm -≠n -cp∂ _me-y -
kva-c -WIfpw \√ ka-b-hp-amWv _p°-dm-an -\v `qI-º-Øn-eqsS Xncn -®p -In -´n -b-Xv.
`qI-ºsØ AXn-Po-hn® LSn-Im-chpw iniphpw Abmsf [\n-I\pw mK-y-hm-\p-am-°m-sa∂ ]Xo£
ss\an-jn-I-am-Ip-∂p. ASpØ \nanjw Abmsf mKyßtfm-sSm∏w Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv ASpØ
XpS¿N-e\w Pohn-X-Øns≥d Ai-c-Wm-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw A]-Xo-£n-X-X-z-ß-tfbpw lrZ-b-kv]¿in-
bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-IbmWv "LSn-Im-c-߃ \nebv°p∂ kabw'
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 75
samU-yqƒ 3
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ
Fw.-sI. km\p
1928 ¬ Be-∏p-g-bn¬ P\n-®p. hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚p tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ s]m -k-dm-bn-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-\n-b-a-k- -bn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw aWvU-esØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. \ncq-]-I≥, FUn-‰¿,
hnh¿Ø-I≥, ]X-]-h¿Ø-I≥, ]kw-Kn-I≥, kmaq-l-y-]-h¿Ø-I≥, a\p-j-ym-h-Imi ]h¿Ø-
I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
IrXn-Iƒ
I¿Ω-KXn (B-fl-I-Y)
Im‰pw shfn-®hpw
NI-hmfw
aÆn\v aÆns‚ KpWw
]`m-X-Z¿i\w
Npa-cnse NnX-߃
cmP-hoYn
A\p- q-Xn-bpsS \nd-߃ kmln-Xy \ncq-]WvKŸ-߃
AXn¿ h-c-ºp-I-fn-√msX
D∂-Xm-flm-°-fpsS Poh-c‡w
Fs‚ hgn-b-º-e-߃
Fgp-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-߃
hna¿i-\-Ønse cmP-inev]n
Xpd∂ PmeIw
Imh-y-X-Ø-z-]-th-inI
io \mcm-b-W-k-tµiw / / D]-\-ym-k-k-am-lm-c-߃
FX timI-abw PohnXw /
hni-z-Øn-tebv°v ho≠pw / / hnh¿Ø-\-߃
A©p-imkvX \mb-I≥am¿ /
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ
BZn-Im-hyw cNn-®-t∏m-gmWv BZn Ihn-sb∂v hmfloIn hnip-X-\m-b-Xv. Imh-y-am-Wv Ihnsb
krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Imh-y-krjvSn B¿°pw sNøm-hp∂ H∂-√. AXn\p Nne kn≤n hnti-
j-߃ D≠mtb Xocq. ]Xn- , A -ym-kw, k¿§m-fl-I- m-h\ F∂o DØ-a-Kp-Wn-ti-j-ß-fmWv
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fmbn teJ-I≥ hnh-cn-®p-Z-ml-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 76
Imh-y-\n¿ΩmW ]Inb k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. A\p- -h-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv°m-c-amWv Ie F∂p
Iem-Nn-¥-I¿ Bh¿Øn®p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. kmlnX-yhpw Ie Xs∂. A\p- hw F∂Xv efn-X-]-Z-a-
√. Ihnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw DW¿∆nepw kz-]v\-Ønepw k¶¬∏-Ønepw e`n-°p-∂-sX√mw
A\p- -h-߃ Xs∂. A\p- -h-ß-sf√mw Imh-y-߃°v t]c-I-am-hp-I-bn-√. A\p- hw PohnX
kv]¿in-bm-bmepw AXv Xoh-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn°W-sa∂ A`n-\n-thiw F√m-h¿°p-ap≠m-hp-
I-bn-√. Xohm-\p- -h-߃ Df-f-h¿Xs∂ a‰p-f-f-h-tcmSv ]¶n v AXns‚ B\-µtam Zp:-Jtam ian-∏n-
°p-∂p. Npcp°w Nne¿amXw A\p- -hsØ mj-bn-eqsS Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ cq]w
sImf-fp∂ IrXn-I-sf√mw Imh-y-am-Im-dn-√. Npcp°w IrXn-Iƒ amXw klr-Zb lrZ-b-ßsf
kv]¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v ckw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ e£yw t\Sp∂ krjvSn-
Isf amXta \mw Imh-y-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-ffp. At∏mƒ klr-Zb lrZ-b-ßsf Blvfm-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂ -X-c-Øn¬ A\p- -h-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m-\p-ff Ign-hn¬ \n∂p-am-Xta Imhyw cq]-s∏-
Sp-I-bp-f-fp. hfsc Npcp°w t]¿°p-am-Xw e`n-°m-dp-f-f Cu Ign-hn-s\-bmWv ]Xn` F∂p ]d-
bm-dp-f-f-Xv. Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fn¬ apJ-y-ÿm\w ]Xn- bv°p Xs∂.
]Xn` P∑kn≤-amWv. kwKo-X-Ønepw NnX-sa-gp-Ønepw F∂p-th≠ GXp Ie-bnepw
anI-hp-f-f-h¿ Gsd-bp-≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ P∑-hm-k-\-bp-f-f-h¿ ]mSp-Itbm hc-bv°p-Itbm Hs°
sNøp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS am[p-c-y-Øn¬ \mw BIr-jvS-cm-hp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]Xn- m-im-en-
bmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Bk-zm-Z-Is\ Fgp-Øn-eqsS hio-I-cn-°p-∂p. Blvfm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Imh-ym-k-zm-Z-\-Øn\v mjm-⁄m\w amXw t]mc. Aev]w hmk-\bpw Bh-i-y-am-Wv. \nc-
¥cw Imh-y-]m-cm-bWw \SØn a\- ns\ sXfn-bn-s®-SpØ \n]p-W-cmb BkzmZ-I-scbmWv
klr-Z-b¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv.
kz¥w lrZ-b-Øn¬ kuµ-c-ym-\p- qXn P\n-∏n-°p-tºm-gmWv Bkzm-Z-I≥ Hcp Imh-ysØ
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. am[-y-a-߃ hmgvØn-∏m-Sn-bmepw kwLm-S-I¿ ]pI-gvØn--bmepw Hcp Imhyw
AXm-bn-s°m-f-f-W-sa-∂n-√. F∂m¬ GXm\pw Nne¿°v Bk-z-Zn-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠p
amXw -Hcp IrXn Imh-y-a-√m-Xm-Ip-∂n√ F∂pw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp≠v.
At∏mƒ Imh-y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ cN\ A\p-hm-N-I-cn¬ Imh-ym-\p- qXn Df-hm-°n-bn-cn-°-
Ww. Imh-y-Ønse hnImcw Bk-zm-Z-I\v ]I¿∂p-In- n-bn-cn-°-Ww. Pohn-X-Ønse hnIm-c-߃°v
Xpe-y-a√ Imhyw kwI-an-∏n-°p∂ hnIm-cw. temI-Øn¬ btam timItam Df-hm-°p∂ cwKw
Imh-y-Øn¬ B\-µ-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p∂p F∂-XmWv it≤-bw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv AØcw Imh-
y-߃ \mw Bh¿Øn-®p-hm-bn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. - Cu kw-I-an-∏n-°¬ AXbv°v k¶o¿Æ-am-b-Xp-
sIm≠v Imh-y-im-kvXhpw At\Iw k¶o¿Æ-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw N¿®-Ifpw Dƒs°mf-fp-∂p. C\nbpw
kmln-X-y-imkvXw Bk-zm-Z-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. Cui-z-cm-\p- q-Xnbv°v Xpe-y-
amWv Imh-ym-k-zm-Z-\-Ønse ck-sa-∂mWv BNm-c-y-∑m¿ ]d-™p-sh-®n- p-f-f-Xv. Cßs\ kq£vahpw
hnin-jvS-hp-amb ckm-\p- q-Xnsb A£-c-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ Ihnsb ]m]vX-\m-°p∂
kn≤n-hn-ti-j-amWv ]Xn- . P∑m-¥-c-hm-k-\-I-fpsS ]pW-y- ea-mbmWv Hcmƒ ]Xn- m-im-en-bm-
Ip-∂Xv F∂mWv mc-Xob k¶-ev]w. acq- q-an-Ifpw a‰p Klßfpw hsc Bhm-k-tbm-K-y-am-°m≥
imkvXw DXIn F∂p hcmw. F∂m¬ a\p-j-y-s\-sIm≠v Hcp Imhyw cNn-∏n-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-
bp-I-bn-√. P∑-kn-≤-amb ]Xn- -bp-s≠-¶nte Hcmƒ°Xp km≤-y-am-Iq.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 77
P∑-kn-≤-amb hmk-\-sIm≠p amXw Imh-y-c-N\ A\m-bm-k-am-hptam F∂-XmWv ASpØ
]iv\w. C√ F∂-XmWv kX-yw. Imh-ym-\p-io-e-\hpw temI ]cn-⁄m-\hpw hmk-\-tbmSp
tN¿∂mte ]Xn- -bmbn hnkn-°p-I-bp-f-fp. kaqltØmSpw temI--tØm-Sp-ap-ff Ihn-bpsS _‘w
]Xn- sb Du¿÷-k-z-e-am-°p-∂p. a‰p-I-e-I-tfm-Sp-ff _‘hpw Ihn°v Gsd D]-I-cnbv°pw.
CXn\v hyp-ev]Øn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
]Xn- m-im-en-bm-hWw At∏mƒ Ihn. temIm-\p- -h-ßsf kq£-am-b-dn-bp-Ibpw Ah-tbmSv
]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\- p-≠m-I-Ww.. DNn-X-amb Bhn-jv°-c-W-Iu-i-e-ap-≠m-I-Ww.
Cu Bhn-jv°-c-W-Iu-i-e-Øn\v ]cn-io-e\w A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. G‰hpw at\m-l-c-ambn
Xs‚ mh-a-WvU-esØ Bk-zm-Z-I\v ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ \nc-¥-cm-t\-z-jWw Ihn-
bpsS mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-h-Ww. Cu ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mW A -ymkw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.
Ihnbv°v Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®p IrX-y-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≠-mbn-cn°pw. Cu ]]-©m-h-
t_m-[sØ Xs∂-bmWv Z¿i\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ejn-I-sf-t∏mse Ihn-Ifpw Z¿i-\-ap-f-f-h-cm-
Wvv. Ejn, Ihn F∂ ]Z-߃ ]c-ym-bambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw "Ejn-b-√m-Ø-h≥ Ihn-b-√'
F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw Cu A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv. ]]-©m-h-t_m[w AYhm Z¿i\w Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-
∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Ihn-]-Xn` Ncn-Xm¿∞-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu Bhn-jv°m-c-Øn¬ k¶ev]Øns‚bpw
bmYm¿∞-y-Øns‚bpw AXn-cp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw C√m-Xm-hp-∂p, Imh-y-k-X-yw, Pohn-X-k-X-y-Øn¬
\n∂v `n∂-am-bn-tXm-∂mw. Ihnbpw Imap-I\pw `m¥\pw kam-\-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv CXp-sIm-
≠m-Wv. bm-Ym¿∞sØ A]-[m-\-am-°n-s°m≠v Ihn k¶ev]w hnP-bn®p \n¬°mw. k¿∆-N-
cm-N-c-ßfpw IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Im-hp∂ Hcp henb temI-amWv Ihn-bp-tS-Xv.
Imhyw A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS aqeyt_m[sØ am‰n-a-dn-°p-Itbm ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-Itbm
sNøp-∂p. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Is√-dn-™p-sImt-√-≠-hsf∂v kaqlw ImWp∂ tXhn-Sn-
»n, Imh-y-Øn¬ ssZh-]p-Xs‚ A\p-K-l-Øn\v ]mX-am-hp-∂Xp I≠v klr-Z-b≥ Blvfm-Zn-
°p-∂Xv D`m-l-c-W-amWv (a-KvZ-e-\-a-dn-bw).
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Ønse kw -mh-y-Xm-t_m-[-Øn\v Imh-y-tem-I-Øn¬ ÿm\-an-√. hm\-c≥ IS¬I-
S-°p-Itbm ae-ap-gp-h\mbn s]m°n-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cn-Itbm hnthI-tØmsS kwkm-cn-°p-
Itbm sNøp-∂Xv Imh-y-Øn¬ kw -h-y-am-Wv, Pohn-X-Øn¬ kw -mh-y-a-s√-¶nepw Cu Ihn Iev]-
\-Iƒ \tΩ Blvfm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ihn-Iƒ°v km≤-y-amb k¶¬∏-kn-≤nsb k¿§m-fl-I- m-h\
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. tZh-X-am¿ Bth-in-®-Xp-t]mse k¿§m-fl-I- m-h\ Ihn-Isf A\pKrlo-X-cm-
°p-∂p. \hw-\-h-ß-fmb Iev]-\-Iƒ°v Ahsc ]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cp-t±in-°mØ
]cn-Wm-a-ß-fnepw Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw FØn-°m≥ t]mepw ]c-ym-]vX-amWv k¿§m-flI mh-\. temIw
anYy-bm-sW∂v ]I-S-ambpw hni-z-kn-°p∂ Ihn-bpsS Imh-y-ß-fn¬ Pohn-Xm-k‡n A\p- -h-s∏-
´p-sh-∂p-h-cmw. ]q¿∆-\n-›-b-ß-sf√mw Im‰n¬ ]d-Øn-s°m≠v Imhyw Ihn k¶¬]n-°mØ
cq]-Øn¬ ]cn-W-an®p F∂p hcmw. acn-®p-t]mb `mc-y°v kvamcIw \n¿Ωn-®-cm-Pm-hns‚ IY
teJ-I≥ ChnsS A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. at\mlc-amb kvamc-I-a-µncw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n®v AXns‚ tIµ
ÿm\Øv ]Xv\n-bpsS NnXm-I-eiw ÿm]n-°-W-sa-∂m-K-ln® cmPmhv Iem-kr-jvSn-sb∂ \ne-
bn¬ B aµn-c-Øn\v Ieiw CW-ßp-∂n-s√-∂p-I≠v Xocp-am\w am‰p-I-bm-Wv. CXv GX vI-em-Im-
c\pw D≠m-Im-hp∂ A\p- -h-am-Wv.. inev]-am-bmepw Imc-y-am-bm-epw, cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ k¶-ev]-
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 78
sØ-t∏mepw XI¿Øp-sIm≠v Ie Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp cq]w ]m]n-°mw.
Imh-ysØ Ihn-tb-°mƒ Adn-bp-∂Xv hym-J-ym-X-hmWv. Ihn Dt±-in-°mØ coXn-bn¬
A¿∞-ßfpw mh-X-e-ßfpw ]e Ihn-X-I-fnepw hym-J-ym-Xm-°ƒ Is≠-Øn-sb-∂p-h-cmw. hym-J-ym-
Xmhv Adn-bp-∂p-, Ihn Adn-bp-∂n√. F∂ sNm√p-h-cm≥ CXmWv ImcWw. Ihn-bpsS Bfl- m-
h-߃ Ihn-X-bnepw IYm-]m-X-ß-fnepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-Im-Wmw. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ Imh-y-Øn-eqsS Adn-bp-I-bm-Wp-sN-øp-∂-Xv.
tπt‰m, tkmI- o-kv, Acn-tÃm- n¬, temwKn-\-kv, tImdnUvPv F∂n-h-cpsS Imh-ym-Nn-¥-Iƒ
Imhyw DZbw sIm≠ \mƒ sXmt´ Imh-y-tlXp°tfbpw ]tNm-Z-\-sØ-bpw-Ip-dn-®p-ff
Nn¥-Ifpw D≠m-bn. BZ-y-Ime ]m›m-Xy Imh-y-Nn-¥-I-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mb tπt‰m Pohn-X-Øn¬
]m[m-\yw Iev]n-®-Xv \nb-a-hm-gvNbv°pw kZm-Nm-c-Øn-\p-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ihn-X-bvs°-
Xncmbn ]vtft‰m ]e-t∏mgpw hmZn-®p. Ihn-bpsS k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb am\n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw
]tNm-Z\aplq¿Ø-ßsf tZh-Xm-hn-jvS-amb Ah-ÿ-sb∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p.
]tNm-Zn-Xcpw tZh-Xm-hn-jvS-cp-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv Imh-y-ß-sfm-s°bpw cNn-°-s∏-
´p-∂-sX∂pw hnip-≤m-flm-°-fmWv Ihn-I-sf∂pw tkmI- ok]d-bp-∂p. Ihn-Iƒ ssZhØn‚
D]m-[n-I-fm-sW∂pw ssZhhN\-amWv Ihn-X-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX∂pw At±lw hni-z-kn-®p.
a\p-j-y-]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ A\p-I-cn-°m-\p-ff hmk-\bpw eb-t_m-[-hp-ap-s≠-∂p Acn-tÃm- n¬
]d-bp-∂p. A\p-I-cWw shdpw ]I¿Ø-e-√. k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS Bi-bw-IqSn AXn-ep-≠v. tπt‰m-
sb-t∏m-setbm tkmI´o-kn-s\t∏m-setbm Ihn-bpsS ssZhn-I-kn-≤n-sb-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøm≥
Acn-tÃm- n¬ Hcp-ßp-∂n-√. tπt‰m-hn\v ]hm-N-I-X-zhpw Acn-tÃm- n-en\v \ym-bm-[n-]-k-z- m-h-hp-am-
sW∂v hmƒ´¿ Im- vam≥ F∂ Nn¥-I≥ Xs‚ "SmP-Snbpw XX-z-Nn-¥bpw' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬
hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tπt‰m Dƒ°mgvN ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv. Acn-tÃm- n-em-Is´ hy-‡n-I-
fn-eqsS \nK-a-\-ß-fn-te-Ønt®-cm-\mWv ian-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv Im vam≥ Dt≤-in-®-Xv.
temwKn-\kv F∂ Imh-y-Nn-¥-I≥ Imh-y-Øns‚ tijvT-Xbv°v "DZm-ØX'F∂ t]¿
\¬Ip-∂p. Ihn-bv°p-ff ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb ]Xn- -bnepw At±lw hni-z-kn-°p-∂p. ss\k¿§n-I-
amb ]Xn- -sb-°p-dn-®p-ff ImgvN-∏mSv Cßs\ temwKn-kns‚ XØ-z-Nn-¥-bn¬ ]I-S-ambn Xs∂-
Im-Wmw.
tImf-dn-UvPns‚ hna¿i-\-kn-≤m-Ø-ß-fn¬ ]c-a-amb ]m[m-\yw ]Xn- -bv°m-Wv. ]Xn- -
bn¬ At_m-[-]q¿∆-amb ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wp-f-f-sX∂pw AXv Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv k¿§mflI-
`m-h-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂pw tImf-dnUvPv ]d-bp-∂p. BI¿j-I-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff Ign-hmWv
cN-\m-ssh- -hw. F∂m¬ CXn\v Bk-zm-Z-I-\n¬ A\p- q-Xn-bpsS an∂¬∏n-W-cp-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-
\m-hp-I-bn-√. AXn\v ]Xn` Xs∂ thWw. Talent, Genius F∂n-ßs\ Dƒ°m-gvN-sbbpw
]Xn-`-sbbpw tImf-dnUvPv ]tX-yIw th¿Xn-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. ]Xn-`sb kl-Pm-h-t_m[w
(Intuition) F∂mWv s_\-Unt‰m tImt® hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Cßs\ ]m›m-X-y-Im-h-y-Nn-¥-I¿
]e hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh-¶nepw Cu Imhy Nn¥-I-fn-se√mw ]Xn- -sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kq£va
hnNn-¥-\-ß-fp-s≠∂p ImWmw. Imh-y-c-N-\bv°v apJ-y-tlXp ]Xn- -bm-sW∂pw AXv ]Im-in-X-
am-Ip-∂Xv k¿§m-flI mh-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂pw an°Nn¥-Icpw ]d-™p-sh-®n- p-f-f-Xmbn ImWmw.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 79
Imh-y-Ønse hnIm-chpw Pohn-X-Ønse hnIm-chpw c≠m-sW∂v Acn-tÃm- n¬ Nn¥n-°p-
∂p. ]X-y-£-Øn¬ t¢i-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xpw shdp-∏p-f-hm-°p-∂-Xp-amb Zri-y-߃ Imh-y-Øntem
NnX- in-ev]-I-e-I-fntem ]X-y-£-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ B\-µm-\p- q-Xn-bm-Wp-≠m-°p-∂--Xv. A«oe Iebv°pw
kmln-X-y-Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc hmtfm-ßp-∂-h¿ Cu XØ-z-sØ-∏‰n Hmt°-≠-XmWv. aen-\-hn-Imcw Pohn-
X-Øn-ep-≠m-hmw. Ah-bv°-Xo-X-amb B\-µam-Wv. Bhn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ AØcw A\p- -h-߃
t]mepw ]Zm\w sNøp-I.
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fn¬ G‰hpw apJyw P∑-kn-≤-amb ]Xn-` -X-s∂. \n]p-W-Xbpw
\nc-¥-cm- -ym-k-hp-amWv ]Xn- bv°v Dt∑jw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm DØ-a-Ir-Xn°p ]n∂nepw ]Xn- m-
im-en-bmbcN-bn-Xm-hns‚ temI-]-cn-⁄m-\hpw t¢i-]q¿Æ-amb A≤-zm-\-hp-ap-s≠∂p ImWmw.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 80
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy
Ip´n-IrjvW-am-cm-¿ (1900- 1973)
ae-bm-f-km-ln-X-y-tem-I-Ønse AXp-e-y-]-Xn-`-bmb \ncq-]-I≥. Ae-¶m-c-im-kvXw, `mjm-im-
kvXw, kmln-X-y-N¿®, B≤-ym-fln-INn¥, _me-km-ln-X-yw, Bfl-I-Ym-\n-cq-]-Ww, hym-I-cWw F∂n-
ßs\ ssIsb-Øm-hp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw Cu \ncq-]I ]Xn` hym-]-cn-®n-´p-≠v. amcm-cpsS \nco-£-
W-߃ a‰m¿°pw Xncp-Øm-\m-ImØ hn[w bp‡n ZZ-am-Wv.
IrXn-Iƒ
kmln-X-y-`q-jWw
ae-bm-f-ssien
N¿-®m-tbmKw
]Xn-\-©p-]-\-ymkw
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy
Z¥-tKm-]pcw
Cßp-\n-∂-tßmfw
`mc-X-]-c-y-S\w
Ejn-]-kmZw
cmPm-¶Ww
taL-k-tµiw (hn-h¿Ø-\-T)
Ipam-c-kw-`hw ( hnh¿Ø-\w)
cJp-h-Tiw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)
A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥fw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy
`mc-Xo-b-cmb ]mNo-\-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ kmln-X-ysØ Ie-bm-bn-´-√, ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-]-[m-\-
amb hnZy Bbn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. thZw ]`p-hn-s\-t∏mse (A-[o-i-X-zw), ]pcmWw kplr-Øn-
s\-t∏mse (ku-lr-Zw) Imhw Im¥-sb-t∏mse (k-l-[¿Ωn-Wn) XpS-ßnb sNm√p-Iƒ it±-b-am-Wv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥, ma-l≥ Xp-S-ßnb kmln-Xy Nn¥-Icpw Imh-ysØ Ie-I-sf-°mƒ tijvT-amb ÿm\-
a-e-¶-cnbv°p∂ H∂m-bmWv I≠-Xv.
Ihn-Xsb Ie-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-ff hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw ]mNo\ Nn¥-I-fn-ep-
≠v. Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-I-e-I-fn¬ H∂mbn Imh-y-In-bsb i_vZ-I¬∏Zpaw ImWp-∂p. ssP\-_u-≤m-Zn-
Ifpw Ie-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ihn-X-sb-s]-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p-≠v.
F∂m¬ Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-I-e-I-fpsS k¶¬]w k¶o¿Æhpw Ah-y-h-ÿn-X-hp-am-Wv. Ah-sb-
°mƒ ]am-W-ambn Icp-Xm-hp-∂Xv kmln-X-ysØ hnZ-y-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v
amcm¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. "Im¥-Z¿in-bmWv Ihn' F∂p hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw "Ejn-b-√m-Øh≥ Ihn-b√' F∂p
\n¿_-‘-_p≤n ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-c-y≥am¿ kmln-X-y-Im-cs\ Iem-Im-c≥ amX-am-
b-√-I-≠-Xv. Ie F∂-Xn-tesd hnZy F∂mWv Imh-y-hr-Ønsb HuNn-X-y-tØmsS hnti-jn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.
]m›m-Ø-y-]-WvUn-X¿, kpµ-c-I-e-I-fn¬ G‰hpw tijvT-amWv kmln-Xyw F∂p Icp-Xn-
Im-Wp-∂p. enwK-t -Z-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ ]am-Wn-bmb lmhv-e°v F√n-kv, kmln-Xyw Hcp Ie
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 81
F∂-Xn-ep-]cn A≤-ym-fln-IXXz -im-kvXhpw \nKq-V-X-Ø-z-]-Im-i-\hpw Ihn-Xbpw BJ-ym-bn-Im-
\n¿Ωm-Whpw tN¿∂ khn-tij \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v Ihn-X-z-Øn¬
Im¥-Z¿i-\hpw Iem-]m-S-h-hp-ap-≠-∂p-Im-Wmw. BZ¿i ]h-W-X, Nn¥m-ioew F∂nh Im¥-
Z¿i-\-Ønepw mh\ apX¬ hmKvssh- hw hsc-bp-f-fh Iem-]m-S-h-Ønepw s]Sp-∂p.
kw-kvIr-X-Ønse Be¶m-cn-I-∑m¿ Iem-]m-S-h-Øn-e-√msX "hnZ-ym-X-z-'Øn¬ i≤-sN-ep-
Øn-bn- n√ F∂p amcm¿ \nco-£n-°p∂p. Ihn-X-bn¬ hnZ-ym-X-z-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv kX-y-k-‘-X-bpw-
Nm-cn-Xhpw t]mep-ff Nne Pohn-X-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpsS ka¿∞n-°-en¬ HXp-ßp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-h-
cpsS ]£w. ]m›m-X-y-\n-cq-]-I-cmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ hnZ-ym-]-c-amb ta∑-I-fn¬ H∂p-IqSn i≤-
sN-ep-Øn-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. At∏mgpw Ah¿ AXns\sbms°, Ie F∂ t]cn¬ hym-J-ym-\n-°m-
\mWv ian-®-Xv F∂-sXmcp \yq-\-X-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn-se hnZ-ym-X-yhpw Iem- w-Knbpw AX-ta¬
DuSpw ]mhpw t]mse Cgp-In-∏n-Sn-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-WpI _p≤n-ap-
´m-sW∂pw teJ-I≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kmln-Xy Nn¥-I-fn-se√mw Cu k¶o¿Æ-X-
bp-≠m-hmw. kmlnXy-hn-Z-ysb Ie-I-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp-]mSv Zp¿≤m-c-W-
IfpwZp¿∆m-Z-ß-fp-am-≠m-bn- p-≠v. "Ie Ie-bv°p-th≠n' F∂ Ffnb sNm√v- A-I-an-°-s∏´p
Cu FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ HSp-hn-em-bmepw FØnt®¿∂X "kmlnXyw Ie-bv°p-th-≠n-b√ ' F∂ DNn-X-
amb \nK-a-\-Øn-em-Wv.
kmln-X-y-\n-cq-]-Whpw Iem-\n-cq-]-Whpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ \ncq-]-I\v sX‰p-]-‰pw. kmln-
X-ysØ Ie-bmbn I≠v \ncq-]Ww sNøm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-bmƒ AXnse Iem-e-£-W-ß-fn¬°hn™v
ImWp-∂-Xn-s\-sb√mw Ie¿∏m-bn-Im-Wpw. B Ie¿∏p-I-fmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ tijvT-X-sb-∂-
bmƒ Adn-bm-sX-t]m-hpw. \nhr-Øn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ B Ie¿∏p-Isf XqØp am‰p-∂-XmWv kmln-X-
y-Øn\p \√sX∂pIqSnAbmƒ Xocp-am-\n-t®-bv°pw. "Iebpw Imehpw' F∂ ]pkvXIw Cß-s\-
sbmcp Xo¿∏ns‚ e-am-sW-∂v amcm¿ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
⁄m\-e-_v[n, a\- w-kv°m-cw, hmb-\-°m-cs‚ A¥:-I-c-W-Øn¬ k¿∆-tXm-ap-J-amb
ip≤n I¿Ωw CXmWv kmln-X-y-hn-Z-y-bpsS bYm¿∞e£-yw. Cu ip≤n I¿Ωw Fßs\ \S-
°Ww F∂ Imc-y-Øn¬ A`n-]mbt`Z-ap-≠m-Imw. apX-em-fn, sXmgn--emfn F∂o c≠p iXp-h¿§-
߃ XΩn-ep-ff t]mcmWv a\p-jy Ncn-X-sa∂pw sXmgn-em-fnsb at‰ ]£-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb hnPbw
t\Sp-hm≥ ]m]vX-cm-°p-I-bmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw as‰-√m-‰ns‚bpw e£-y-sa∂pw Nn¥n-°p∂
cmjvSobI£nbpw Nn¥-I-cp-ap-≠v. kmln-X-y-Øns‚ tPmen a\p-j-y\v a\- -wkv°mcap≠m-°-
emWv F∂-Xn¬ Chcpw tbmPn-°p-∂p. AsX-ßs\ thWw F∂-Xnte A`n-v]m-b-t -Z-ap-f-fp.
a\- w-kv°m-c-Øn-\p-XIpwhÆw hmb-\-°m-cs\ ]m´n-em°n \n¿Øm\pff D]mbw amX-
amWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. "Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Ie¿∏v' F∂p amcm¿ AXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-
∂p. At∏mƒ kmln-X-ysØ/ Imh-ysØ AXm°n am‰p-∂Xv a\:-ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ e£-yhpw
[¿Ω-hp-am-Wv. AXp \n¿∆ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Is´ kmln-X-y-Im-cs‚ Iem-]m-S-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.
F¥mWv Ie F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-\p-Øcw Aev]w k¶o¿ÆamWv. Ie A\p- -hn-®-dn-tb-
≠XmWv. e£-W-Øn-semXptß≠-X-√. "kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv Ie' F∂p GI-tZi \n¿h-]-h-
N-\-am-Imw. AwK Ne-\-ß-fpsS Xmfm-\p-km-cn-bmb kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv \rØw;. ASn-I-fpsS
kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv hmZ-y-I-e. kz-c-ß-fpsS hnNnX kwhn-[m\w kw-KoX-Ønepw \nd-ß-fp-
tSbpw hc-I-fp-tSbpw `wKn-bm¿∂ kwhn-[m\w NnX-I-ebnepw lrZ-bm-I¿j-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 82
hm°p-I-fpsS Xmfm-\p-km-cn-bmb kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. AXtb th≠p
kmln-X-yØn\v F∂p Icp-Xp-∂n-S-ØmWv \ncq-]-I\p sX‰p ]‰p-∂-Xv. kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie AhnsS
XpS-ßp-∂-tX-bp-ffp hm°p-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\- wKn, A¿∞-ß-fpsS kwhn-[m\ wKn-bn-tebv°v
amdp-∂p.
Zp;-j-¥≥ IW-zm-i-a-Øn¬ sN∂p tIdn-b-t∏mƒ ]cn-N-c-W-Øn-s\m-cp-ßnb iIp-¥-f-
bn¬ A\p-c-‡-\mbn F∂ IYm-h-kvXp-sh, hr£-ßsf \\®pw kwkm-cn-®p-ap-ff B H∂m-a-¶-
ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®-Xns\ A¿∞-k-w-hn-[m-\-Ønse Ie-bmbn DZm-l-cn-°mw.
Imh-y-Ønse h¿Æ-\-Iƒs°m≠p i_vZm¿∞-X-e-߃°-∏pdw \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \hw-\-
h-ß-fmb `mh Nn¥-I-fp-W¿∂v ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-t\-Sp-∂-XmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Atß
A‰sØ Ie. CXp Xs∂-bmWv ck- m-h-[-z-\n. a\- w-kvI-c-Ww- am-X-amWv ]n∂o-Sp-f-fXv.
a‰p-I-e-I-fnepw `mh-ßfpZbw sNøm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ hnNnX `mh-ß-fpsS
kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bn-√. Nn¥-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\- w-Kn-bp-an-√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ hmZ-y-I-e-Iƒ°v
]m]n-°m-\mhmØXpw kwKo-X-Øn\pw NnX-I-ebv°pw Aev]-sam∂p kv]¿in-°m≥ km[n-°p-
∂-Xp-amb mh-Nn-¥m-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ D∂-X-ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv km-ln-X-y-Ønse Ie hmgp-∂Xv.
i_vZ-`w-Knbpw A¿∞-`w-Kn-bp-ap-ff Nne Imh-y-ßfpw `mh-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´p
t]mhm-dp-≠v. "t_m¿' Bbn s]mXp-P\w Ahsb Fgp-Xn-Ø-f-fp-∂p. mh-Nn¥m kwhn-[m-\-ß-
fnse wKn-bmWv Bk-zm-Z-I\v lrZ-bm-h-÷-I-am-bn tØm-∂p-∂Xpw Abmsf a\- -wkvI-c-W-Øn-
tebv°v \bn-°p-∂-Xpw. \ΩpsS a\- ns‚ t_m[m-t_m-[-X-e-ß-fn-ep-ff ]e-Xn-t\bpw DW¿Øn,
Db¿Øn DNn-X-ambn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp-Im-Wn®v \ΩpsS A¥:-I-c-WsØ kwkv°-cn-°p-I-
bmWv kmln-Xyw sNøp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-h-ym-]m-c-ß-fpsS ]n∂n¬ Ahbv°p t]c-I-ambn h¿Øn-
°p∂ i‡n hnti-jsØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw (A-¥:-cw-KsØ) B hym-]m-c-߃°v Bh-i-y-
amb \nb¥Ww \¬Ip-hm-\p-ap-ff Ign-hmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb e£-yw. CXp
Xs∂-bmWv lrZ-b-ip-≤o-I-c-Ww.
kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xbpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ amX-ta- \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hq. AXp-
sIm≠p P\-߃ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-°p-I-b√ kmln-X-y-Im-c≥ sNtø-≠Xv. adn®v
P\ßsf Xs‚ Nn¥-bpsS IqsS \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn\v Cßs\ Hcp ]c-a
-hn-in-jvS-amb lrZ-b -ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ [¿Ω-ap-s≠-∂n-cns° Ie Ie-bv°p-th-≠ntbm a‰p
h√-Xn\pw th≠ntbm F∂o \n-c-¿∞-I-hm-Z-ßfn¬ \ncq-]-I≥ sN∂p-s]- p-Iq-Sm. kmln-Xyw
hnZ-y-bm-Wv. a\- w-kvI-c-W-am-W-Xns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie.
B A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm IrXnbpw F-X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv \ncq-]-I≥
]c-ym-tem-Nn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xbpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ amX-ta- \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hq. AXp-
sIm≠p P\-߃ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-°p-I-b√ kmln-X-y-Im-c≥ sNtø-≠Xv adn®v P\ßsf
Xs‚ Nn¥-bpsS IqsS \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn\v Cßs\ Hcp ]c-a-hn-in-jvS-amb lrZ-
b-ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ [¿Ω-ap-s≠-∂n-cns° Ie Ie-bv°p-th-≠ntbm a‰p h√-Xn\pw th≠ntbm
F∂o- \n-c¿-∞-I-hm-Z-ßfn¬ \ncq-]-I≥ sN∂p-s]- p-Iq-Sm. kmln-Xyw hnZ-y-bm-Wv. a\- w-kvI-c-
W-am-W-Xns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. B A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm
IrXnbpw F-X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv \ncq-]-I≥ ]c-ym-tem-Nn-t°-≠-Xv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 83
samU-yqƒ 4
ImgvN
sªkn
1963 ¬ Xncp-h-√-bn¬ P\n-®p. BZ-y-kn-\n-a-bmb ImgvN ]Xn-\-t©mfw ]pc-kv°m-c-
߃°v A¿l-ambn X≥amX (2005) \mj-\¬ Ahm¿Upw tIc-f-tÉv nenw -A-hm¿Upw
G‰hpw \√ \nc-°-Y, \S≥, Ub-d-IvS¿ F∂o \ne-I-fn-ep-ff Ahm¿Up-Ifpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.
]fp¶v (2006)I¬°´ \yqkv (2008)`acw (2009)]Wbw (2011) F∂o kn\n-a-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-b-I-≥, Ne-Nn-X-cw-KsØ kw`m-h-\-I-sf√mwBk-zm-Z-I-i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-b-h-bm-Wv.
ImgvN
Ne-®n-X-ß-fpsS `mj- Zr-i-y-ß-fp-sS-Xm-Wv, IY ]d-®n-ent‚X√ F∂v "ImgvN' sXfn-bn-
°p-∂p. kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff Cu k¶ev]w ImgvN-bn¬ hy-‡X t\Sp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. mj
Bh-i-y-an-√m-ØtXm A]-k-‡-am-Ip-∂tXm Bb Pohn-X-kvt\-l-Øns‚bpw a\p-j-y-X-z-Øns‚bpw
ImgvN-I-fmWv Cu Ne-Nn-XØnep-f-f-Xv. sNdn-b-tjm- p-I-fn¬ HXp-ßp∂ Zri-y-ßfpw kvt\lØn‚
`mj-bpsS hni-z-hn-im-e-amb kwKo-Xhpw AXns\ AXn-I-an-®p-b-cp∂ \n¿∆n-Im-c-amb ÿm]-\-
h¬°-c-Whpw \ΩpsS kn\n-am-tem-I-Øn\v ]pXnb ImgvN ]I-cp-∂p. kn\n-a-bpsS ÿncw kqX-
hm-I-y-ß-fmbn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-sXm∂pw ImgvN \ap-°mbn IcpXn shbv°p-∂n-√. kn\na hnt\m-tZm-
]m[n amX-a-s√∂pw Hm¿a-°-an-∏n-°p∂ Imgv® a\p-j-y -a-\- p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bn¬ A]q¿∆-
am-sb¶nepw _m°n-bm-hp∂ \njv°-f-¶-X-sb-°p-dn®pw temIw AXns\ Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-
°p-dn®pw \ap°v ]pXn-b-]m-T-߃ ]d-™p-Xcp∂p.
sXcp-hns‚ ImgvN-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv kn\na Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. hne-t]in CS-]mSp \S-Øp∂
kvXo, a≤-y-h-b-kvI≥, Bcp-tStbm \n¿t±-i-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v IS-bn-se-Øp-∂, Ima-°-Æp-Iƒ°p
]mX-am-hp∂ s]¨Ip- n˛ Zri-y-߃ hmNm-e-ß-fm-Wv. Hma-\n-°-s∏-tS≠ _me-y-Iu-am-c-߃ sXcp-
hn-se-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. mj Adn-bmØ ]hs\ X√n-sIm≠v hr≤≥ n£ bmNn®v ]Ww sIm≠p-h-
∂mte Xn∂m≥ In´q Ft∂m¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmSn -c-£-s∏-Sp∂ ]h≥ sXcp-hp-Ip- n-I-fpsS CS-
bn¬ sdm´n Xn∂p-∂-Xn-\nsS bqWn-t^m-an´ t]meo-kp-Im-cs‚ t\m -∏p-f-fn-bm-hp-∂p. B "skmb-
º≥ Infp∂n' s\ Abmƒ°p-th-Ww. th -bm-S-s∏´ Ip™m-Sn-s\-t∏mse Ai-c-W-s\-¶nepw
t]meo-kp-Im-c-\n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏ v ]h≥ HmSn-am-dp-∂p.
IS-∏pdw ]f-fn-bnse s]cp-∂m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®p \S-Øp∂ ^nenw tjmbpsS ]cn-k-c-
ØmWv ]h≥ FØp-∂-Xv. kvIo\n¬ (kv -Sn-Iw) kn\n-a-bm-Wv. BSp-tXm-am-bpsS CSn-sIm-f-
fp∂ t]meo-kp-Im-cs\ I≠v ]h≥ sN-dp-Xmbn Bi-z-kn-°p-∂p. ap°p-h-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv ImWn-
Iƒ. \mse-Æw ASn-®p-an-∂n®v kn\na ImWm≥ Bth-i-tØm-sS-bn-cn-°p∂ ]√n-√m-°n-g-hnbpw
B Iq -Øn-ep-≠v.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 84
kn\n-abpw Pohn-Xhpw CSbv°v anvi-am-Ip-∂p. I]-ym¿ kn\n-a-bv°-IsØ A—s\ I≠p
Xs‚ ]f-fo-e-®-s\∂p IcpXn aZ-y-]m-\Øn-te¿s∏´ NΩ-temsS Hgn™p-am-dp-∂p. kn\n-a-bnse
]md-aS s]m´n-sØ-dn-°p-tºmƒ ]hs‚ Hm¿Ω-bnepw Fs¥m-s°tbm kvt^mS-\-ß-fm-Wv. Ah¿
Npgen _m[n®v hogp-∂p. CsXm∂pw bmYm¿∞-y-a-s√∂p Hcp-hI SnIm-sW-∂p-ap-ff Hm∏-td-‰-
dpsS hm°p-Iƒ IjvSn®p a\- n-em-b-Xp-t]mse Ah≥ Bi-z-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS hmS-I-apdn ASn-®p-hm-cm-s\-Øp∂ N´p-Imen Gen-bpsS Btcm-]Ww tI´v
Abmƒ hm]n-f¿∂p \n∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Imiv tNmZn-°p-tºm-sgms° HSp-°sØ XpΩn-°-fn-bm-W-
bmƒ°v! ]pgbpw IShpw aen-\-am-Wv. tkm∏n-s√-¶nepw hgp-h-gp-∏p-ff shf-f-Ønse tX®p-Ipfn
\S-Øp∂ Kmao-W¿°nS-bn¬ Hm∏-td-‰-dp-ap-≠v.
16 mm nenw Un-kvSn-_-yq-j≥ Hm^okv Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. j°o-em-
]-S-ß-fpsS ]c-k-y-am-sW-ßpw. B¿°mtSm Ct∏m 16 mm ]S-߃ th≠Xv F∂ am∏n-f-bpsS
tNmZywHm∏-td-‰-dpsS a\- n¬ A¶-em-∏p-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. s]cp-∂m-fn-\p-]m-I-Øn¬ anin-lm-N-cn-
Xw, _m‰n¬jn∏v t]mXw-In≥ Aßs\ Nne-XmWv Hm∏-td-‰¿°v th≠-Xv. t_m´p-bm-X-bv°n-S-
bn¬ ho≠pw ]h≥ Hm∏-td‰-dpsS i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. t]gvkv \jvS-s∏´ bmX-°m-cs‚ Btcm]-
W-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ahs\ c£n-°p-∂Xv Hm∏-td‰-dm-Wv. Ahs‚ t]m°-‰n¬ BsI-bp-f-fXv Hcp
i‡n-ams‚ Ifn-∏m- -amWv. "hni-°p∂p, h√Xpw Xn∂m-\pt≠m' F∂-t\-z-jn-®p-sImt≠m In´n-b-
sX-s¥-¶nepw Xn∂p-sImt≠m BWv ]hs\ BZy cwK-ß-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. A\m-Y-X-z-
Øn\pw mj-bn-√m-bva-°p-a-∏pdw hni∏v Hcp alm-k-X-y-ambn Ahs‚ apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. Xt∂m-
S-en-hp-Im-Wn® Hm∏-td-‰-tdmSv Ah≥ sas√ sas√-b-Sp-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ hni∏n\v ]Øp cq] \o´n
Hgn-™p-am-dm≥ Abmƒ°v Ign-™n-√. Abm-fpsS kvIo\n¬ hnc-ep-I-fpsS \ng-em-bn, -h-f-f-
Øn¬ Npcp-≠p-In-S-∂p-d-ßp∂ cq]-ambn Ah≥ Abmsf ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p. h∂p IqSnb an∂m-an-∂n-
°q´w I≠v ]g-sbmcp \gvk-dn-∏m v Ah≥ Xmf-Øn¬ ]mSn-b-tXmsS Hm∏-td‰dS-ßp∂ If-fp-IqSn
kwLw AXn-i-bn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Abm-fpsS hmS-I-ap-dn-bn-emWv ]n∂oSv ]hs≥d -ÿm\w. \√
hni-∏p-ff sN-°\v tZmibpw hmßn Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºm-gmWv Abmƒ B ImgvN ImWp-∂-Xv.
tKmh-Wn-bn-tebv°v nenw kvSn]v ]mºn-t\-t∏mse Npcpfgn™v Cd-ßn-h-cp-∂p. Ahs\ tZj-
y-s∏´p ]pd-Øm-°n-sb-¶nepw Ahs‚ Ip´n-Øhpw Ifn-∏m-´-sa-Sp-°m-\p-ff hchpw Abmsf
Nncn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmSn-bn-d-ßnb ]h≥ Hmt´m-dn£ X´n hoWp-t]m-hp-∂p. AtXmsS Hm-∏-td-‰¿ Hc-
—-s\-t∏mse Ahs\ ipiq-jn®p IqsS Iq´p-∂p. Abm-fpsS kn\n-a-bnse AΩ-tbmSv ]h≥
kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS IqsS ho´n-tebv°p t]mhm\pw Ah≥ Xøm-dm-bn.
KmaoW \∑-bpsS ]Xo-I-amb Hcp Krl-Øn-te-°mWv ]h≥ IS∂p sN∂-Xv. tNmZ-y-
ßfpw Btcm-]-W-ß-fp-an-√msX B hoSv Ahs\ kvt\l-tØmsS kzo-I-cn®v hncp-∂q- n. F√m-
h¿°pw Ah≥ B ho´n-en-√m-ØXpw th≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb B¨ Ip™m-bn. am[-hs‚ aIƒ
Aºn-fnbpw Ip -∏mbn F∂ ]´nbpw Ah\v ASpØ Iq´p-Im-cm-bn. Ahs‚ XI¿∂ ]mhbv°p
]Icw apØ-»≥ ]pXnb ]mh-bp-≠m-°n. apØ»n AXn-s\mcp Ip™p-Sp∏p Xp∂n.
\m´nse t]meokv tÃj-\nepw kv°q-fnepw ^mZ-dns‚b-SpØpw Ahs‚ Ducpw t]cpw
adn-bm-\p-ff ia-߃ am[-h≥ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw H∂pw hnPbn-®n- n-√. \S-∂p-h∂ t]meo-kp-Im-
c≥ Ahs\ b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pg-bn¬ hoWp-t]mb Aºn-fnbv°v ]h≥ c£-I-\m-b-tXmsS \m´nepw
ho´nepw Ah≥ i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰n. Ah≥ ImcWw Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ am[-h\pw A`n-t\-Xm-hm-bn.
Hcp ]´m-f-°m-cs‚ CS-s]-S-temsS KpP-dmØv qI-º-Ønse A -bm¿∞n-bm-W-h-s\-∂v ]-Xps°
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 85
a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. AtXmsS Ahs\ ]ncn-tb-≠n-h-cp-sa∂v B IpSpw_w thZ-\-tbmsS
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Nm\¬ hm¿ØIƒ°p ti-jw Ahs\ At\-z-jn®v Hcp IpSpw_w FØnsb¶nepw Ah-
\-hsc Xncn-®-dn-™n-√. GtXm Hcp IpSpw_w Ahs\ tXSn hcp-sa-∂p-Xs∂ Ah¿
hni-z-kn-®p.
Ce-£≥ Ime-am-bn. ]hs‚ ]iv\w a¬k-cn-t®-s‰-Sp-°m≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ ian-°p-
∂p. ]hs\ _me-th-e-bn-te¿s∏-SpØn F∂ Ip‰w NpaØn adp-]-£sØ ÿm\m¿∞n am[-
hs\ t]meo-kn-te¬]n-°p-∂p. A\m-im-k-y-sa∂ tasºmSn IqSn A Ip‰-]-X-Øn-ep-≠v. AtXmsS
Hmt∏-td-‰-dpsS ssII-fn¬ \n∂v ]h≥ Hcp Pph-ss\¬ tlman-te°v sXdn-∏n-°s∏´p. mj-b-dn-
bmsX hni-∏p-am-dmsX Npgen _m[n®v AhnS Ah≥ H‰-s∏- p. tem°-∏n¬ \nS∂ Hmt∏-td‰sd
A—≥ C-S-s]´v Cd-°n-sIm-≠p-t]m-∂p. aPn-kvtS-‰ns‚ kvt\l-h-N-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hm∏-td-‰¿
Imc-y-߃ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p. ]IrXn t£m -Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \jvS-
s∏´ ]h≥ \m´n-tebv°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-I-X-s∂-bmWv th≠-Xv. Pq-h-ss\¬ tlman-sebpw Bip-
]-Xn-bn-tebpw \njvI-cp-W-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hfsc ]mSp s]´mWv Abmƒ ]hs\
tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zbm-ep-hmb Ie-IvS-dpsS HØm-i-bn¬ KpP-dmØn Adn-bp∂ Hcmsf Iq´n
]hs‚ \m´n-tebv°p t]mIm≥ am[-h≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p. Ahs‚ sIm®p-hoSv sS-d- v, A®≥,
AΩ, Ip™-\n-b-Øn, an∂m-an-\p-ßns\ t\m°n-bp-ff A—s‚ ]m v........
am[-hs‚ IpSpw_w th¿]m-Sns‚ thZ-\-tbmsS ]h-s\- bm-X-bm-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ acp-∂v,
Ahs‚ £-Ww......-e£van Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse F√mw Hm¿Ωn-∏n®v Ihn-fn¬ apØ-an-Sp-∂p.
KpPdm-Ønse Ie-IvS-td-‰n¬ FØp∂ am[-h≥ ]Xo-£-tbmsS Im°p-∂p. ]hs‚ hoSpw
ÿehpw I≠-Øp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ah\v A®-\-Ω-am¿ Xncn-®p-In- p-am-bn-cn-°pw. qI-º-]-tZ-i-sa-
Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ kvX_v[-cm-Ip-∂p. CSn™p s]mfn™p InS-°p∂ sI´n-S-߃°n-S-bn-eqsS
]cn-N-bØn‚ thK-X-bn¬ HmSnb ]h\pw ItaW oXn-°-Sn-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnsS hoSp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xns‚ Ah-injvSw amXw. sNdnb ssk°n-fnencn-°p∂ Ip™p-hm-hbpw ]m¬ B‰p∂ AΩbpw
hmhsb Ifn-∏n-°p∂ A—\pw Ahs‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ amXw. Ic-bp∂ ]hs\ sI´n-∏n-Sn-°mt\
am[-h\v Bbp-f-fp. ]Xnaq-bm-bncw Bƒ°m¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂ qI-º-ta-J-e-bn¬ aqhm-bn-c-Øn-A-
™qdpt]¿ amXamWp-f-fsX∂pw acn-®-hcpw ImWmsX t]mb-h-cp-amWv Gsdsb∂pw dneo^v
Iym-ºn¬ \n∂v Ah-c-dn-bp-∂p.
A -bm¿∞n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]hs\ Dt]-£n-°msX Hcp aI-s\-t∏mse Xm≥ sIm≠p-
t]mbn t\m°m-sa∂pw Bsc-¶nepw At\-z-jn-®p-h-∂m¬ Xncn-t®¬∏n-°m-sa∂pw am[-h≥
]d-bp-∂p. ac-Whpw ImWm-Xm-hepw XpS¿°-Y-bmbn°-gn™ A -bm¿∞n Iym-ºnse Hm^o-
k¿°v CXv Akw-_-‘-ambn tXm∂p-∂p. ]h≥ Ahs‚ `mjbpw Bƒ°m-scbpw I≠
]Xo-£-bnemWv.
]hs\ At\z-jn®v Bcpw hcm-Ø-]£w Xs‚ AU- n¬ Hc-dn-bn-∏p -aXn h∂p sIm≠p-
s]m-bvs°m-ffmw F∂v am[-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Hm^o-k¿ hsfc \√-sX∂p Nncn-®p-sIm≠v AU v
hmßp-∂p. Ah¿ t]mb-tXmsS Hcp ]W-n-bpa-n-√mØ Hmtcmcp-Ø¿ Cd-ßn-s°m-ffpw F∂ ]p—-
tØmsS ta¬hn-em-k-sa-gp-Xnb IS-emkp thÃp-Iƒ°n-S-bn-te-bv°v hen-s®-dn-bp-I-bmWv Abmƒ.
a\ p \jvS-s∏´, IcpW \jvS-s∏´, henb hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS apºn¬ Hcp-]mSp ip` ]Xo-
£I-fp-ambn a\ p \jvS-s∏´ am[-h≥ bmX-bm-Ip-∂p. ]h-s\-sNm√n X\n°p sNøm-hp-∂-sX-
√mw -A-bmƒ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 86
FX ]cp-t°-‰mepw ]cm-Xn-bn-√msX \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambn kvt\ln-°p∂ ip≤ a\p-j-y-X-z-amWv
am[-h-\n¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. tZiw, `mj, Imew F∂n-h-bv°-Xo-X-ambn am[-h\pw ]h-\p-an-Sbnepw
am[-hs≥ IpSpw-_-Øn\pw ]h-\p-an-S-bnepw hf-cp∂. KmV-amb _‘-amWv ImgvN-bnse i‡am-b
]ta-bw.]f-fns∏cp∂mfn\v ^nenwtjm kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ A—s‚ ap∂nepw ]n∂oSv k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kv,
tImS-Xn, Bip-]Xn qI-º-_m-[nX ]tZiw F∂n-hn-ß-fn-epsa√mw am[-h≥ hn\o-X\pw hnt[-b-\pambn
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ho≠pw ho≠pw s]m´p∂ sNcp-∏pIƒ XpWn t]mse ssIhn- p-t]m-Ip∂ kml-
N-cy-ßsf Ign-bp-∂X Hcp-an®p Iq´m≥ Abmƒ ian-bv°p-∂p. am[-hs‚ IpSpw_w kvt\l-
Øns‚ XWep-b¿Øp∂ ama-c-ambn \ne-sIm-f-fp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Abmsf A¶-em-∏n-em-gvØp-Ibpw \n -lm-b-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-c-y-
ß-fm-W-[n-Iw. nenw-tjm-Iƒ Bh-i-y-L-S-I-a-√m-Xm-h∂ ]f-fn-s∏-cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ, 16 Fw Fw nen-
ap-Itf th≠m-\m-hp∂ Imew, j°oe ]S߃ amXw Bh-i-y-ap-ff ImWn-Iƒ˛ Aßs\
Abm-fpsS sXmgn¬ cwKw ipjv°-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]h≥ F∂ _me≥ Abm-fpsS
Pohn-X-Øns‚ tIµ ÿm\Øv ]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏- -tXmsS a‰p Nne sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Abmƒ°v
t\cn-tSt≠n-h-∂p. F∂n´pw Abmtfm IpSpw-_tam ]hs\ ssIsbm-gn-bp-∂n-√. Ahs‚ kpc-£-
sbbpw \∑-tbbpw IcpXn GX‰w hsc t]mIm\pw Xøm-dm-hp-∂p-≠-bmƒ.
`c-W-Iq-SØns‚bpw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw t\Xm-°-fp-tSbpw \n¿∆n-Im-chpw Icp-Wm-iq-\-
yamb KXnbpw ImgvNbv°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. "skmbº≥ Infp-∂mb' ]hs\ A\m-im-ky-
Øn-\p -]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ia-n°p∂ t]meo-kp-Im-c≥, am[-h≥ Ahs\ _me-the sNøn®p F∂v
Btcm-]n-°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n, A\m-im-k-y-]-h¿Ø\-am-tcm-]n®v am[-hs\ IÃ-Un-bn-se-Sp-°p∂
t]meo-kp-Im¿- C-h-sc-√mw Cu temI-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. ]pd-tabv°v Xnc-°- n-\-bn®v IrX-
y-\n¿∆-lWw \S-Øp-tºmfpw a\p-j-y-Xzw \nd™ kao-]-\-߃ ImWmsX t]mIp∂ dneo^v
Iyºv as‰m-cp-Zm-l-cW-am-Wv. henb ImgvNtbm Dƒ°m-gvNtbm Dff a\- p-Iƒ°v Cu kXyw
ImWm-Xm-hp-∂p. \njvI-cp-W-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fnepw lrZbw \ndsb kvt\l-hpw- Im-cp-W-y-hp-
ambn Nne am[-h≥amcpw IpSpw-_-ßfpw _m°n-bm-hp-∂p≠v. a\p-jy lrZ-b-ß-fnse \∑ Xo¿Øpw
AI-∂p-t]m-bn- n-√. F∂m¬ \n¿∆n-Im-ctam b¥ kam-\tam Bb ÿm]-\-ßfpw hy-‡n-Ifpw
BW-[n-Iw.-
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ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 87
k_¿a-Xn Zqsc-bmWv
Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff (1930-- 1989)
Nnd-bn≥ Iogn¬ 1930 Pq¨ 22 \v P\n-®p. tIc-f-Ønepw ]pd-Øp-ambn ]e-tIm-tfPpI-fn¬
A≤-ym-]-I≥. kv°qƒ Hm^v Uma-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Fw.-Pn. k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse
kv°qƒ Hm^v et‰-gvkns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dmbpw ]h¿Øn-®n- p-≠v.
1957 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ kvt\l-Zq-X-\mWv BZ-y-\m-S-Iw. ae-bmf \SI kmln-Xy
Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xn.
IrXn-Iƒ
Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f-bpsS GIm-¶-߃
_µn
`c-X-hm-Iyw
k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv
arK-XrjvW
CSm≥ ad∂ Cg
[¿Ω t£tX Ipcp-t£tX
kvt\l-Zq-X≥
hnhmlw kz¿§-Øn¬ \S-°p∂p
A©v GIm-¶-߃
Ah-X-cWw `m¥m-ebw
k_¿a-Xn Zqsc-bmWv
\h-J-en-bmWv hf-sc-b-Sp-Øv. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv sslkv°qƒ hnZym¿∞n\n hmbn-
°p∂ ]mT -Øn -eq -sS -bmWv \mS -IØn‚ XpS -°w. t]cns\ A\-z¿∞-am -°p∂
kz- m-h-amWv im¥n-bp-tS-Xv. kvt\l-Ønepw ka-X-z-Ønepw Du∂nb a\- m-W-h¿°p-f-f-Xv. tXh≥Xs∂
sIm®-ºm- n-sb∂p hnfn-®-Xn¬ Ahƒ I]-S-tZ-j-y-a- n-\-bn-°p-∂p. "im¥n' F∂p hnfn-®m¬
BImiw CSn™p hogp-tam, qan ]nf¿∂p -]m-Xm-f-am-Iptam F∂m-W-h-fpsS tNmZ-yw. ]g-Inb
hi-tØ°v amXw \m°p-h-f-bp-∂- tX-h≥ -I-gp-Øn-\p-Np‰pw \m°p-tf-fm-tcmSv hmZn-°m≥ Xm\m-f-
s√∂p ]d™v hm¬k-e-y-]q¿∆w Hgn-bp-∂p. tXhs‚ acn-®p-t]mb aIƒ ame-bm-sW-t∂m¿Øv
Xs∂ I≠m¬ aXn-sb-∂mWv im¥n ]d-bp-∂Xv. IÆp-Im-WmsX ho´nen-cn-∏mb thWp Hcp
]t£ CsXm∂pw adn®p Icp-Xn-√. am[-h\v Cu ASp-∏hpw hnfn-bp-sam∂pw kln-°n-s√-∂p
tXh≥ ]d-bp-∂p. im¥n-bpsS A—\pw tXh\pw D‰ kplr-Øp-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. aIƒ acn-®-Xn¬
]ns∂, tXh≥ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv Xºms‚ Ip´n-Iƒ°p -th-≠n-bm-Wv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 88
im¥n ho≠pw hmbn-°p-∂p. \h-J-en-bm-W-Sp-Øv. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂v AXn-
I-a-ß-fpsS kqN-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. im¥n-bpsS sImt®- -\mb am[-
h≥ hb-en¬ cmXn shffw apdn -®p -hn -Sm -t\ -e v]n -®n -´p -≠v . a‰p -f -f -h -cpsS
hb-en¬ \n∂v am[-hs‚ hb-en-tebv°v shffw IS-Ø-Ww. \n m-c-°m-c-y-߃°v
hg-°p-≠m-°m≥ Abmƒ°p aSn-bn-√. hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]mT- mKw hy-‡-am-°m≥ im¥n
Ah-fpsS hte-y- -\mb thWp-hns‚ klm-bw-tX-Sp-∂p. Ahƒ hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-hm-Iyw 1947
BKÃv 14mw XobXn Km‘nPn ]d-™-Xm-sW-∂p thWp ]d-™p. \Jhen-bn¬ Hcp hr≤-ap…nw
kvXobpsS IpSn-en¬, D]-h-kn-s°-bmWv At±-l-anXp ]d-™-Xv. a\p-j-y\p \√cp tXm∂m-Ø-
Xn¬ Jn∂-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw ]X-°m¿ \n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ sImSpØ ktµ-i-am-W-Xv. Cu kw-
ib \nhm-cWw Xs‚ ZuX-y-am-sW∂ a´n-emWv thWp kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. h¿§ob kw-L- -\-ß-fn-
sem-∂mWv thWp-hns‚ ImgvN C√m-Xm-°n-b-Xv. Im´p-t]m-Øns‚ t\m´hpw sN∂mbpsS hodp-ap-f-
f, tIm´pw kq´p-an´ a\pj-y¿ PmXn-bp-sSbpw aXØn‚bpw t]cn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ t]cn¬
]c-kv]cw t]mcm-Sn-bXpwIgp-Øn¬ IØn-sh-®Xpw Abm-tfm¿°p-∂p. Ak-l-y-amb B ImgvN-
Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ Hcp ssIt_mw_v Abm-fpsS ImgvNbpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. lnµphpw ap…napw
F¥n-s\-∂-dn-bmsX ]c-kv]c kwlm-c-Øn\v Hcp-sº- n-d-ßnb aÆmWv \hJ-en. AΩ-amcpw Ip™p-
ßfpw Ipe-hm-g- A-cn-bpw-t]mse Acn-b-s∏´ aÆv. Cu \hJcn F√m-h¿°pw ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. C∂v
Ac-tßdp-∂Xpw \h-J-en-I-fm-Wv. k_¿aXn B¿°pw ]cn-Nn-X-a-√. Xm\pw- tX-h-\p-aƒs∏´ ]gb
Xe-apd AXp ]pXn-b-h-b¿°p]d-™p sImSp-Øn√ F∂XmWv sX‰v.
k_¿aXn Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]nb-s∏´ Bi-a-am-Wv. PmXntbm aX-Nn-¥tbm Xo≠mØ k-z-X-¥-
`qan a\p-j-ys‚ al-Ømb KpW-߃s°m-s°- ]-c-a-ambn hnI-kn-°m≥ Ign™ Hcp kz-]v\-am-
W-Xv. thWp Bth-i- -cn-X-\mbn k_¿a-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]d-™p-\n¬t°v, ]cp-°≥ kz- m-h-ap-ff am[-
h≥ ]th-in-°p-∂p. thWp kwkmcw \n¿Øp-∂p. im¥nbpw tXh\pw b-i¶m-Ip-e-cm-hp-∂p.
sXm- -SpØ \ne-Øns‚ DS-a-bmb apl-ΩZv Imknw am[-hs‚ hb-en¬ \n∂pw shffw
tNm¿Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp XS-b-Ww, thW-sa-¶n¬ X√p-≠m-°n-bn´pw. CXmWv
am[-h\v ]d-bm-\p-f-f-Xv. Hcn-‰p-sh-f-f-an-√msX \new InS-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-\-ßs\ sNøp-
∂-Xv. shffw FSp-Øp-sIm-f-f-s´ -F-∂mWv tXhs‚ ]£w. Xe-∏p-e-bs‚ \µn-sbbpw hni-z-kvX-
X-sbbpw am[-h≥ tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. D≠ tNmdn\p \µn-bn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂v A[n-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. am[-hs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ ssII-fmWv Xs∂ Du´n-b-sX∂pw B ssIIsf Xms\m-cn-
°epw NXn-°n-s√∂pw tXh≥ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]d-™Xp tIƒ°m≥ ]‰n-s√-¶n¬ ]mSØp
]Wnbv°v thsd Bsf-sIm≠p hcp-sa∂v am[-h≥ oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kz-Pm-Xnsb hn v A\-
y-Pm-Xnsb klm-bn-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-h≥ F∂v Abmƒ H∂p-IqSn tXhs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
"\h-Jen hf-sc-b-Sp-ØmWv' F∂ thWp-hns‚ ]cm-a-¿iw \mw Hm¿°p-∂p.
PmXow atXmw- t\m-°msX tNX-an-√m-Ø-Xm¿°pw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv tXhs‚
]£w. aÆpw amt\mw as‰m-cmƒ°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]‰m-ØXp-sIm≠v tXh≥ F¥n\pw Xøm-
dm-Ip-∂p. hcºn¬ InS-∂p-d-ßm\pw shffw tNm¿Øm≥ hcp-∂-hs\ XS-bm-\pw, Abmƒ \ntbm-
Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. "taØ-Ωm-'cp°v Iog-S-ßmsX h¿§Øns‚ am\w ImWW-sa∂pw Abmsf am[-
h≥ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 89
"Hcp-sh-Sn°v c≠p-]£n' F∂v Bfl-KXw sNøp∂ am[-h≥ Imkn-ans‚ ]cp°pw Iq -
Øn¬ tXhs‚ ]cp°pw X\n°p KpW-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. tN´≥ Ib-‰n-sh® Xe-∏p-e-b\v c≠p-In-
´m-\p-ff hgnbpw IqSn-bm-W-Xv.
Znh-khpw tNmdp-X-cm≥ ]mSp-s]-Sp-∂- Xm≥, NpΩm ASp-Øn-cp∂p Nfphm N∏p∂ thWp-
th´≥ ˛ Chcn¬ im¥n°v Iqd v Xt∂m-S -s√∂p am[-h -\ -dn -bmw, im¥n -bpsS
\ym-bo-I-c-W-߃ Abmƒ°v t_m[n-°p-∂n-√. IÆp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØpw \n -l-
I-c-Ww, lnµp-˛ -ap…nw ssaXn Fs∂m-s°-]-d™v sImSn-]n -Sn®p \S∂ thWp-hn\v
ASp-°-f-bn¬ \o ]pI™sXß-s\-sb-∂-dn-bn-√. A®≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ t]mep-ap-≠m-bn-√. F∂m¬
im¥nbv°-dnbmw thWp-hns‚ Dt± -i -ip -≤n. Abmƒ Pbn -en -em -bn -cp -∂-Xp -
sIm-≠mWv A—s‚ Ah-km\ \nan-j-Øn¬ FØm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t]m-b-Xv. thWp-hns\ AXbv°v
kvt\ln-®ncp∂ A—≥ kz-sØ√mw am[-h\v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-sØ-¶nepw thWp-hn\v C\n Abm-
fmWp XpW F∂p ]tX-yIw ]d-™mWp IÆ-S-®-Xv CXn\p tcJ-bn-√ F∂p ]d-bp∂ am[-h≥
ho´n¬ A∂-Øn\p hgn-bp-≠m°p∂ X\n°v Nne-Xm-h-iy-s∏-Sm\pw A[n-Im-cp-a-p≠∂p ]d-bp-
∂p.
am[-hs\ ]tIm-]n-∏n-®Xv thWphpw im¥nbpw tXh\p \¬Ip∂ ÿm\-am-Wv. A—s‚
]mb-at√ F∂ im¥n-bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn-\v, AΩm-as‚ ÿm\Øp sh®p ]qPnt®m F∂mWv
am[-hs‚ ]p—w \nd™ adp-]-Sn. thWp-th- \v AΩm-a≥ Xs∂-bm-Wt√m F∂ Abm-fpsS IpØp-
hm-°n¬ \n∂pw tXhs‚ aIƒ amesb thWp kvt\ln-®n-cp∂p F∂p kqN-\-bp-≠v. C-Xp-tI´p-
sIm-≠mWv thWp IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.. "Fs‚ ItÆ s]m´n-bn- p-ffp F\n-s°-√mw- tIƒ°mw' F∂-
h-Im-i-s∏- p-sIm-≠mWv hnIm-c -hn-t£m`tØmsS-bp-ff B hc-hv. a\p-j-y-X-z-ap-f-f-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
X\n°o KXnh∂-sX-∂p thWp ]d-bp. t\Xm-hp-N-a-b-em-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v am[-h-\pw. Xm≥
A≤-vzm-\n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv a‰p-f-f-h¿ I™n-Ip-Sn®p InS-°p-∂-sX∂v am[-h≥ Bh¿Øn-®p ]-
d-bp-∂p-≠v. B \µn F√mhcpw Xt∂mSv ImWn-°p-Ibpw X\n°v Iogvs]´p \n¬°p-Ibpw
thWw. Zptcym[\s‚ Dcpf F∂p thWp t£m- tØmsS ]d-bp-∂p. alm- m-c-X-Ønse bp≤-k-
µ¿ -Øn¬ ie-y¿ IÆs\ Bt£-]n-°p∂ L -Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Zptc-ym-[-\≥ Acn-
I-Øp-hn-fn®v (h-f¿Øp-]- n-bvs°-∂-t]m-se) Dcpf X∂p hf¿Øn-bXp sIm≠-t√- C∂v \o Cßs\
Al-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xv F∂v. Dcpf Xcp-∂-h≥ AXp kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-\n¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-hn-t[-b-Xzw
Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. thWp-hn\v AXp km≤-y-a-√. am[-h≥ bp≤-Øn-s\m-cp-ßn-b-Xp- t]mse thWp-
hn-t\mSv kwkm-cn-bv°p∂p. Abm-fpsS \n -lm-bX aqX-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v,- X-t∂m-S-bmƒ°v \µn
thW-sa∂v ]d-™p-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWv am[-hs‚ e£-yw. "DÆm≥ t\-Sn-bm¬ \n\°p t\ -ambn'
F∂p thWphpw " Im‰p \nd® _eq¨ t]mse BZ¿iw ]k-w-Kn®p \S-∂v- H-Sp-hn¬ BZ¿ihpw
Bfpw Im‰p t]mbn' F∂p am[-h\pw ]c-kv]cw n∂m-i-b-ß-tfmsS Ie-ln-°p-∂p.
tNmdv Xcp-tºmƒ Iqdp-]p-e¿Ø-W-sa∂v sh´nØpd∂p ]d-bm≥ am[-h-\p-a-Sn-bn-√. tXh-
s\∂ ]pe-b\v IpSpw-_mw-K-sa-∂-t]mse ]Zhn sImSp-Ø-Xn-emWv Abm-fpsS FXn¿∏v. kz¥w
PmXn-tbbpw aX-tØbpw kvt\ln-°Ww F∂n-S-tØm-fta Abm-fpsS a\ v FØn-bn- p-f-fp.
AXn-e-∏pdw t]mIm≥ Abmƒ Xøm-d-√. ame-s∏Æv acn® ÿnXnbv°v C\n tXhs\ Ib‰n
shbv°tWm F∂v thWp-hns‚ a\- nse ]pÆn¬ sImf-fn-sh-bv°m\pw Abmƒ ian-bv°p-
∂p. ih-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn¬, Xs‚ a\kns‚ A -b-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sf∂v thWp hnIm-c-hn-
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 90
t£m- -tØmsS ]d-bp-∂p.
tXh\p Int -≠Xp In´m≥ th≠n-bmWv Xm\-bmsf ]mS-tØbv°p ]d™p hn -sX∂v
am[-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. apl-ΩZv Imkn-ans‚ ssIbpsS IcpØpw C∂v tXh-\-dnbpw. ISp-Ø-th-Z-\-
tbmsS im¥nsb Iq´p-]n-Sn®v hb-en-tebv°v t]mhm-s\m-cp-ßp-I-bmWv thWp. c≠p-t]cpw IqSn
t]mIm-\n-d-ßth, "Xam' F∂p hnfn-®p-sIm≠v Xe-bv°-Sn-tb‰v c‡samen-∏n-®p-sIm≠v tXh-s\-
Øp-∂p. am[-h≥ \n¿∆n-Im-c-\mbn \n¬s° im¥n shf-f-sa-Sp -°m\pw tXhs≥d
apdn-hp-sI- m\pw HmSp-∂p. thWp tXhs\ kz-i-co-c-tØmSp tN¿Øm-i-z-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. ap…o-ans\
Xncn®p ]l-c-ta¬]n-°msX h¿§-Øns‚ A¥ p sISp-Ønb tXhs\ am[-h≥ i-Im-cn-°p-∂p.
tIm]w sIm≠p hnd® thWp A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn am[-hs\ ]l-cn-°p-∂p. \mS-Iob kwL¿jw
aq¿≤-\-y-Øn-se-Øp∂ Cu L -Ønepw \obpw Ahfpw Fs‚ tNmdm-sWSm, Fs‚ tNmdv, F∂-
-l-kn-°p-I-bmWv am[-h≥. thWp,- Xm-\bmƒ°p mc-am-sW∂pw Hcn-°epw Ahs‚ ]£Øp
\ne-sIm-f-fm-\m-hn-s√∂w Xncn-®-dn-™-tXmsS B ho´n¬ \n∂n-d-ßm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. tXh\pw
IqsS Fgp-t∂-ev°p∂p. "tN¿®-bp-f-fXp tN¿°p' F∂p ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ am[-h≥ Imsi-Æp-
Ibpw \mW-y-߃ C´p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmWv im¥n thWp-hns‚ IqsS Cd-ßm-\m-K-ln-
°p-∂p. F∂m¬ temIw Ahƒt°m Ahƒ temI-Ønt\m ]mI-am-ImØ ÿnXn°v Ahsf
IqsS Iq´m≥ thWp-hn-∂m-hp-I-bn-√. im¥n-sIm≠v hcp∂ hSn ]nSn®p hmßn®v XI¿°p∂
tXh≥ " C\n tXh\m Xams‚ hSn. Cu hSn HSn™nt´ Xam≥ hogq' F∂p ]J-ym-]n-°p-∂p.
im¥n-bpsS s]m´n-°-c-®n-en\pw am[-hs‚ s]m´n-®n-cnbv°pw CS-bn¬ tXh\pw thWphpw bmX
XpS-ßp-I-bmWv. CXmWv \h-Jen At√ ' F∂p im¥n thWp-hns\ Hcp \nan-j-tØbv°v kw-
i-b-\n-hm-cW-Øn-\mbn hnfn®p tNmZn-°p-∂p. "k_¿aXn Zqsc-bm-sW∂pw Xm\p tXh\pw t]mIp-
∂Xv Ahn-tS-bv°m-sW∂pw BWv thWp-hns‚ adp-]-Sn. Abmƒ°v F¥p sImSp°pw F∂m-
tem-Nn-°p-I-bmWv im¥n. Xt‚Xmb F√mw Dt]-£n-®mWv tN´s‚ t]m°v, Cu ho´n¬ Xt‚X-
√m-Ø-sX-¥p≠v F∂v s]m´n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv am[-h≥'. im¥n dm¥-se-SpØv tN -\p-sIm-Sp-°p-
∂p. AX-hƒ°v kv°qfn¬ \n∂pw kΩm-\-ambn In´n-b-Xm-Wv. hgn-bn-eXp shfn-®-ta-Ipw.
Ccp- n¬ am[-hs‚ henb \ngepw im¥n-bpsS ]Xo-£bpw Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \mSIw
Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. k_¿aXn ˛ PmXna-tXX-chpw a\p-j-y-kvt\-l-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hpamb Imew
ÿew hfsc Zqsc-bm-Imw. F¶nepw F∂m-bmepw AhnsS \mw B™p-\-S-∂m¬ FØm-Xn-cn-
°n√ F∂p-im¥n ]X-ymi ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∏w am[-hs‚ ]cn-lmkw \nd™ s]m´n-®ncn
apgßp-∂p. AXv kao-]-Øp-ff \hJ-en-bpsS apg-°-am-Wv. oa-amb A[¿Ω-ß-fp-sSbpw aXkv]¿≤-
I-fp-sSbpw \h-J-en-I-tfmSv a√n- v im-¥n-bp-tSbpw aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bp-tSbpw kl¿a-Xn-bn-seØn-
t®-cpI F∂Xv F∂-tØbpw a\p-j-ys‚ sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv Zqsc-bm-sW-¶n-epw, bmX ITn-\-am-
sW-¶nepw lrZ-bm-ep-°-fmb Nne-sX-¶nepw B e£ys-Øn-se-Øn-t®cp-Ibpw a‰p-f-f-hsc Atßm´p
\nbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂ ]X-ymi ]pe¿Øp-I-bmWv \mS-I-Ir-Øv.
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 91
tNmZ-y-am-Xr-I-Iƒ (e-Lp-hmbn DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1. ssSK-dns\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw a\p-j-y-h¿§-Øn¬ c≠n-\-ta-bp-ffp t]meo-kp-Imcpw Ip‰-
hm-fn-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
2. XS-hp-Im-cs‚ kz¿§-amWp Pbn¬. Ahs‚ \cIw t]meokv tem°-∏m-Wv˛ Dt±-in-°p-∂-
sX¥v?
3. Kh¨sa‚ v ssSK-dmWv -F∂p XS-hp-Im¿ ]d-bm≥ ImW-sa-¥v?
4. XS-hp-Im¿°v ItaW ]cm-Xn-Itf C√m-Xm-b-sX-ßs\ ?
5. \qep-s]m- n-bn´pw \qsem∂pw s]m´n-bn-√t√m F∂v AΩ Hm¿°p-Ibmhmw kµ¿ -ta-Xv?
6. Xr»qcp \n∂v \n\-°n-jvS-ap-f-f-sXm-s° -hm-ßn-Ø-cmt´m F∂v aq∂m-a-sXm-cmfnse A—≥ ]d-
bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v ?
7. _nkvta F∂ IS-°m-c∂p _p°mdmw F∂ If-f\pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kulrZw
8. Hcp If-f-s\-¥n\mWv _m_p kabw ? Ccp´pw shfn-®-hp-amWv Ah\v LSn-Imcw kµ¿`w
hni-Z-am-°pI
9. _p°mdmw k¶¬∏n-°p∂ Abm-fpsS Ah-km-\sØ ]m]-sa-¥mbn-cp∂p ?
10. If-fs‚ a\ p \nd-™p-t]mbn Imc-W-sa-¥v?
11. Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ GsX∂v N¿® sNøpI
12. F¥mWv ]Xn` ? BcmWv klr-Z-b≥?
13. P∑-kn-≤-amb ]Xn- -sIm-≠p-amXw Imhy cN\ A\m-bm-k-am-hp-I-bn√ hni-Z-am-°pI
14. A -ym-kw, Z¿i\w Ch Fs¥∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
15. Pohn-X-k-X-yhpw Imh-y-k-X-yhpw Fßs\ XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p?
16. cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ k¶¬∏sØt∏mepw XI¿Øp sIm≠v Ie Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp cq]w
]m]n°mw hni-Z-am-°pI
17. Acn-tÃm- n-ens‚ Imhy Nn¥
18. a\-k-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-XIpw hÆw hmb-\-°m-cs\ ]m´n-em°n \n¿Øm-\p-ff D]mbw
amX-amWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. hni-Z-am-°pI
19. Iesb amcm¿ Fßs\ \n¿∆Nn-°p∂p ?
20. Iesb a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v kmln-X-y-Ønse Iemw-i-Øn-\p-ff hy-X-ym-k-sa-¥v?
21. kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xhpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ amXta \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\mhq ˛
hni-Z-am-°pI
22. ]h≥ F∂ A\mY _me≥ Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS Acp-a-bm-bnØo-cp∂-sX-ß-s\?
23. mj Bh-i-y-an-√mØ kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¶-X-am-bn-cp∂p am[-hs‚ Krlw hne-bn-cpØpI
24. KpP-dm-Ønse Ie-IvStd-‰nepw qIº _m[nX ]tZ-iØpw am[- h≥ t\-cn-Sp-∂-ÿnXn
School of Distance Education
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 92
hnti-j-߃ ?
25. sXcp-hn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX√mw h\-y-ar-K-ß-fm-sW∂v tXm∂n® kabw. tIm´pw kq´p-an´
h\-y-ar-K-߃ kµ¿`hpw kml-Ncyhpw hni-Z-am-°pI
26. k_¿a-Xn-sb-°mƒ C∂sØ a\p-j-y≥ Adn-bp-∂Xpw \hJ-en-bm-Wv. kr-jvSn-sb-°mƒ
\io-I-c-W-w˛ thWp Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?
27. ChnsS Ccp- p-aXn G´m. Ccp- m-\-√Xv ' F∂p im¥n ]d-bm-\n-S-bmb kml-N-c-yw.
28. Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Dcpf kml-N-c-y-taXv ?
D-]-\-ymk amXr-I-Iƒ
1. ssSK¿ mK-y-hm-\mb Hcp \mb-bm-Wv. F∂ IY-bnse Bh¿Øn-°p∂ ]cm-a¿i-Øns‚
km≤-y-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
2. kvt\l-Øn\pw Icp-X-en\pw ac-W-an-√ F∂ tXm∂¬ aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ F∂ IYsb FX-
tØmfw i‡-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂p F∂v N¿® sNøp-I.
3. ka-b-hpw-L-Sn-Im-chpw LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw F∂ IYbv°v tIµ-_nw-_-
ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
4. `mc-Xob Nn¥-I-fnse Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
5. tπt‰m, tkmI- o-kv, Acn-kvt‰m- n¬, temwKn\kv, tImf-dnUvPv F∂n-h-cpsS Imh-y-Nn-¥-I-fn¬
]Xn- -bv°p-ff ÿm\-sa-s¥∂v hni-Z-am-°pI
6. kmln-Xy \ncq-]-Whpw Iem-\n-cq-]-W-hpw-H-∂m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ \ncq-]-I\v sX‰p-]‰pw
hniZo-I-cn-°pI
7. kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb Dt±iyw a\- w-kvI-c-W-am-sW∂v amcm¿ Fßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p?
8. \ncp-]m-[n-I-amb a\p-j-y-kvt\-l-amWv ImgvNsb i‡-am-°p-∂Xv ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.
9. ]h\pw am[-h\pw t\cn-Sp∂ \njvI-cp-W-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-c-y߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
10. ImgvN F∂ io¿jIw FX-tØmfw ]k-‡-am-sW∂p ]cn-tim[n-°p-I.
11. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv F∂m¬ AXp≠v F∂ hni-zmkw \mS-I-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw ]I-S-amWv ?
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School of Distance Education
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