BA 301 Week 5 Sense: Research and Analysis Charts & Graphs.
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BA 301 Week 5 Sense: Research and Analysis Charts & Graphs
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Transcript of BA 301 Week 5 Sense: Research and Analysis Charts & Graphs.
BA 301
Week 5 Sense: Research and Analysis Charts & Graphs
1. Position1. Position
6. Achieve6. Achieve
3. Uncover3. Uncover
5. Build5. Build
2. Sense2. Sense
4. Solve4. Solve
Find and prioritize problemsFind and prioritize problems
PSU Problem Solving Process
•Problem Identification•Problem Prioritization•Problem Finding
•Problem Identification•Problem Prioritization•Problem Finding
PSU Problem Solving Process
Data
How and where do you get it? Sources and methods
What do you do with it once you get it? Analysis and manipulation
How do you use it once you’ve analyzed it? Presenting data so others can
understand what you know so well!
Presenting Your Data Why use charts and graphs?
Visualization enhances comprehension, enhances analysis
Decisions made 25% more quickly when viewing data graphically
It’s easier to see relationships
Driver Error Number
Tailgating 13424
Speeding 7477
Failure To Yield 7436
Dangerous Left Turn 2463
Improper Lane Change 2059
Running Red Light 1882
Improper Backing 848
Running Stop Sign 807
Failure To Slow 750
Turn From Wrong Lane 509
Cross-sectional or time series?
Bar Chart
0 5000 10000 15000
Number
Turn From Wrong Lane
Failure To Slow
Running Stop Sign
Improper Backing
Running Red Light
Improper Lane Change
Dangerous Left Turn
Failure To Yield
Speeding
Tailgating
Pie Chart2005 Accident Causes
Tailgating
Speeding
Failure To Yield
Dangerous Left Turn
Improper Lane Change
Running Red Light
Improper Backing
Running Stop Sign
Failure To Slow
Turn From Wrong Lane
Stacked ColumnOregon Accident Causes
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Number
Driver Errors
Nu
mb
er
of
Err
ors
Turn From Wrong Lane
Failure To Slow
Running Stop Sign
Improper Backing
Running Red Light
Improper Lane Change
Dangerous Left Turn
Failure To Yield
Speeding
Tailgating
Column ChartOregon Accident Causes 2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Driver Error
Nu
mb
er
of
Ac
cid
en
ts
Choose The Best!
0 5000 10000 15000
Number
Turn From Wrong Lane
Failure To Slow
Running Stop Sign
Improper Backing
Running Red Light
Improper Lane Change
Dangerous Left Turn
Failure To Yield
Speeding
Tailgating
2005 Accident Causes
Tailgating
Speeding
Failure To Yield
Dangerous Left Turn
Improper Lane Change
Running Red Light
Improper Backing
Running Stop Sign
Failure To Slow
Turn From Wrong Lane
Oregon Accident Causes
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Number
Driver Errors
Nu
mb
er
of
Err
ors
Turn From Wrong Lane
Failure To Slow
Running Stop Sign
Improper Backing
Running Red Light
Improper Lane Change
Dangerous Left Turn
Failure To Yield
Speeding
Tailgating
Oregon Accident Causes 2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Driver Error
Nu
mb
er
of
Ac
cid
en
ts
Plotting And Graphing Basics
What are the variables? Characteristics of a sample or population (age,
weight, etc.) What is the data?
Values of the variable from observations What type of data is it?
Qualitative, Categorical Quantitative, Numerical Cross-sectional or time-series
What do you want to communicate?
Graphing Qualitative Data
Frequency Distribution The quantity of
items in a category (one variable)
How many sophomores, junior and seniors in the class?
How many of each accident cause in a year?
Oregon Accident Causes 2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Driver Error
Nu
mb
er
of
Ac
cid
en
ts
Driver Error Number
Tailgating 13424
Speeding 7477
Failure To Yield 7436
Dangerous Left Turn 2463
Improper Lane Change 2059
Running Red Light 1882
Improper Backing 848
Running Stop Sign 807
Failure To Slow 750
Turn From Wrong Lane 509
2005 Accident Causes
Tailgating
Speeding
Failure To Yield
Dangerous Left Turn
Improper Lane Change
Running Red Light
Improper Backing
Running Stop Sign
Failure To Slow
Turn From Wrong Lane
Graphing Quantitative Data
Also use frequency distributions, but it’s called a histogram. The number of items in non-
overlapping classes Number of students in a grade
range Figure out:
Number of classes Width of each class Class limits
Still one variable
Histogram
0
2
4
6
8
10
67 73.6 80.2 86.8 93.4 More
Bin
Fre
qu
en
cy
Frequency
More Than One Variable?
Why? To see the relationships between
variables. Car brand ownership in different classes.
Cross-tab table or bar charts
Pivot Charts For Analysis
Other Chart Types When to use a bar
chart When you have “many”
or “long” bars
Other Chart Types
Use a line chart when you want to show a trend in data at equal intervals Number of cases of mono at
three universities through three seasons
Change in student enrollment over the school year
Number or travelers on two different airlines for each quarter
Other Chart Types
Use a pie chart when you want to show the proportion of an item made up by a series of data points Percentage of
children living in poverty by ethnicity
Proportion of day an night students enrolled
Age of participants by gender
Six Ways To A Great Chart A graph should communicate only one
idea Minimize chart or graph junk Plan out your chart before you create the
final copy Label everything so nothing is left to the
misunderstanding of the audience Keep things balanced A chart alone should convey what you say
Common Errors
The wrong type of chart Line for time series, columns for categories
Missing text Inconsistent scale Keep zero at the bottom 3D when it doesn’t add value Images at 2X have 4X the area $’s not adjusted for inflation More than two or three significant digits
Bad Charts
Gary KlassIllinois State University© 2002
Sometimes A Table Is Best
Gary KlassIllinois State University© 2002
Don’t Use 3D Because You Can
Gary KlassIllinois State University© 2002
When We Didn’t Have Color…
Gary KlassIllinois State University© 2002
1. Understand the information
What is the main narrative point? What is this data telling the audience? Have I eliminated jargon?
2. Choose the right delivery method
Bar charts are good for comparing amounts, but work best when the amounts are dissimilar
Use a pie chart only when percentages equal 100 percent
3. Emphasize what’s important
Layout: Place your headline, title or introductory text in the upper left
Size: the least important information should be in the smallest font size. Keep it to three font sizes
Font: Use san serif fonts, no more than two type faces
Color: Start in black and white to make sure your data is clearly communicated, then add color
4. Avoid chart junk
Give your chart of focal point. If everything looks the same, it’s harder to see the relevance.
Get rid of unnecessary stuff. Do you really need all those grid lines and in-between numbers?
Resist shading, textures, 3-D
Simple elimination of grid lines helps!
Get rid of redundant numbers
Final Test – Choose a Chart
The proportion of freshman, sophomores, juniors and seniors at PSU Pie Chart
Change in GPA over three quarters Line Chart
Number of applicants for four different jobs Column
More on Critical ThinkingJob Trends
More on Critical Thinking
Job/Income Trends
BA 301
Week 3, part 2 Uncover: Causes and Alternatives
1. Position1. Position
6. Achieve6. Achieve
3. Uncover3. Uncover
5. Build5. Build
2. Sense2. Sense
4. Solve4. Solve
Research Causes of the Problemand Develop AlternativeSolutions
Research Causes of the Problemand Develop AlternativeSolutions
PSU Problem Solving Process
Encouraging Creativity
What is creativity? From Wikipedia – a mental process
involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations between existing ideas or concepts
Convergent versus divergent thinking: Convergence - narrowing our thinking
about a problem or an issue. Divergence – branching out and taking a
broader perspective.
FOUR Commandments
I. The more ideas the better.II. Build one idea upon another.III. Wacky ideas are okay.IV. Don’t evaluate ideas.
What Prevents Creativity? We seem to frown on it in education. Why?
Because we judge you with testing, and encourage you to provide the RIGHT answer.
Not the most original, not the most creative answer, but the single right answer.
Business is often not that straightforward… Being creative means:
Taking risks, looking silly, and failing more often. Our business culture doesn’t like failure.
The expert syndrome. Expertise is a prime commodity. Expertise can cause tunnel vision.
Enhancing Creativity Enemies of creativity:
Tunnel vision Lack of inspiration
There are tons of techniques to help enhance creativity: The techniques aren’t creative, you are! But, they push you to a different starting
point, help you make new associations (divergence), and help you take a fresh view.
Brainstorming is one approach.
Creativity in business
Mini cooper launch A car no one had ever heard of A budget of $20 million Uncertain who the target was
…Requires convergent or divergent thinking?
Mini Cooper
“The Mini Mindset” A deep understanding of the
consumer’s worldview translated into communications that positioned the car in a way that attracted attention for its novelty and performance.
Mini Cooper
But how to say it with so little money? Film (The Italian Job) Print Out of Home
…but all done in disruptive and innovative ways
Brainstorming Techniques Nominal Group
Start on paper Share and build on ideas in group setting Discuss and vote on the best ideas
6-3-5 Six people Three minutes Five ideas Work off other ideas!
Delphi Technique Ideas submitted to group leader Summarize and evaluate
Problems With Brainstorming
Some research indicates that group interaction reduces ideation: Large groups might inhibit some
group members – try smaller groups. “Production Blocking” – the tendency
to take turns – might block good ideas while waiting through mediocre ideas.
Start with ideas on paper Use electronic brainstorming Stay on track with a good moderator
Other Useful Tools & Tricks
Mental Maps Use a white board or
flip-pad ID important factors
and sub-factors
Other Useful Tools & Tricks Fishbone Diagrams
Problem, causal categories, specific possible causes
Understanding this causality can help generate solutions
Another Example
PSU Graduation Rates?
What are the causes of low grad rates at PSU?
Useful Tools & Tricks Causal Loops
Identifies positive and negative relationships
Number of Mistakes
Made
Anxiety At Work
Reinforcing
+
+
RelaxationExercises
StressLevel
Balancing
+
-
More Approaches
ISSUE: Incrementalizing when asked to come up with a new idea Use the Gordon Technique – focus on
the function, not the form. Use Idea Checklists – ask questions
about something we already have. SCAMPER – Substitute?, Combine?,
Adapt?, Modify?, Put to other uses?, Eliminate?, Reduce?
Creative Organizations
Stable and secure internal environment Open channels of communication Encourage outside contacts Free idea units of other responsibilities Heterogeneous personnel policy Investment in basic research Decentralized and diversified Risk-taking culture Not run as a “tight-ship”
BA 301
Dan Pink
http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,739424268001_2044949,00.html
1. Position1. Position
6. Achieve6. Achieve
3. Uncover3. Uncover
5. Build5. Build
2. Sense2. Sense
4. Solve4. Solve
Research Causes of the Problemand Develop AlternativeSolutions
Research Causes of the Problemand Develop AlternativeSolutions
PSU Problem Solving Process
