BA 1/15 Why did Alexander reject the peace offer from

Darius III?

Alexander’s final battle with Darius III was which battle? (present day Iraq)

Name one reason that Alexander the Great decided to turn back to Macedonia?

Rise of the Roman RepublicChapter 6

Standard SSWH3 The student will examine the

political, philosophical and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.

Essential Question How did conflict between patricians and

plebeians change the culture of classical Rome?

Origins of RomeLegend: city of Rome founded in 753 BCE by

Romulus and Remus Twins who were abandoned as infants and raised by

a she-wolf Built a city where they were raised

Truth: city built at a strategic location with fertile soil Built on hills at a curve on the Tiber River

Origins of Rome continued3 groups inhabited Italian peninsula: 1. Latin: considered 1st Romans

Built wooden huts on Rome’s hills

2. Greeks: established colonies in Italy & Sicily

3. Etruscans: skilled engineers & metal workers from northern Italy

Influenced Roman writing and architecture(video)

The Early Republic Etruscan kings ruled Rome for nearly 100 years

509 BCE: brutal king driven from power Romans create a Republic

Republic: form of government where power rests with citizens Citizens can vote for leaders

Early Republic continued Struggle of power in early republic

2 groups struggling for power:1. Patricians2. Plebeians

Patricians Patricians: wealthy landowners

Held most of power

Inherited power and social status

Claimed ancestry gave them authority to make laws

PlebeiansPlebeians: common farmers, artisans, and

merchants Citizens of Rome with right to vote

Made up majority of population Barred by law from important government positions

Over time, able to form tribunes

Tribune: elected administrative officers of the plebeians Elected to protect the interests and rights of the

plebeians from patricians

Twelve Tables First written law code of Rome

Idea forced by plebeians

Carved on 12 tablets and hung in Forum Forum: marketplace in Rome

Center of judicial and business affairs

Established that all free citizens had right to protection of the law

(video)

Republic Government3 major governmental branches:

1. Consuls2. Senate3. Dictator

Consuls Consuls: command army and direct

government Only 2 consuls

Consuls able to veto each other

Limited to 1 year term Could not be re-elected for 10 years

SenateSenate: aristocratic branch with

legislative and administrative functions 300 members

Influence foreign and domestic policy

DictatorDictator: leader with absolute power to

make laws and command army

Elected by republic ONLY in times of crisis

Roman Army All citizens who owned land must serve

Public officers needed 10 years of military service

Army organized into legions Legions: military units of 5,000 foot soldiers

Organization of legions and military training help Rome rise to power

Rome Spreads Power Rome wants to expand territory through

conquest and trade

City of Carthage interfered with Rome’s trade through Mediterranean Carthage: city on North African coast

Punic WarsRome vs. Carthage

Fought from 264-146 BCE

Fought 3 wars

First Punic War Rome won control of Sicily & western

Mediterranean Lasted 23 years

Second Punic War Led by Carthaginian general Hannibal

Hannibal Brilliant military strategist

Wants to avenge Carthage’s loss in 1st war

Plans to capture Rome in sneak attack through Alps Army: 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 60 elephants

Over 10 years, conquers many Roman cities Never able to conquer Rome

Hannibal still in Italy

Scipio: Roman general who decides to attack Carthage Forces Hannibal to return home to defend city

Romans win

Punic Wars continued3rd Punic War (149-146 BCE)

Rome attacks Carthage

Carthage burned down 50,000 Carthaginians sold into slavery

Turned into Roman province

Final victory where Rome gains control of western Mediterranean

(video)

BA1. Who are the patricians?

2. Who are the plebeians?

3. What was a tribune? Why was it designed?

4. What is the importance of the Twelve Tables?

5.What are the 3 Roman government branches. Define their roles.