BA 101 Introduction to Business

8. Organization and Teamwork

EffectiveOrganization Structure

CoordinateCoordinateand Control Workand Control Work

CoordinateCoordinateand Control Workand Control Work

DivideDivideResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

DivideDivideResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

PromotePromoteAccountabilityAccountability

PromotePromoteAccountabilityAccountability

DistributeDistributeAuthorityAuthority

DistributeDistributeAuthorityAuthority

Organization Chart

Vertical OrganizationVertical Organization

Ch

ain

of

Co

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and

Ch

ain

of

Co

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and

Wo

rk S

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tion

Wo

rk S

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tion

FormalFormalOrganizationOrganization

FormalFormalOrganizationOrganization

InformalInformalOrganizationOrganization

InformalInformalOrganizationOrganization

Horizontal CoordinationHorizontal Coordination

Organization Chart for Food Lion Grocery Chain

Board of DirectorsBoard of Directors

President & CEOChairperson

President & CEOChairperson

VP Human ResourcesVP Human Resources

Senior VPOperationsSenior VPOperations

VPMISVPMIS

VPFinance

VPFinance

VP Special Projects

VP Special Projects

VPMarketing

VPMarketing

VPAdvertising

VPAdvertising

VP Store PlanningVP Store Planning

Regional SupervisorsRegional

Supervisors

Area Supervisors

Area Supervisors

Regional OperationsRegional

Operations

Area Supervisors

Area Supervisors

Regional OperationsRegional

Operations

Area Supervisors

Area Supervisors

VP Grocery OperationsVP Grocery Operations

VP Perishable Operations

VP Perishable Operations

VP Bakery OperationsVP Bakery Operations

Chain of Command

ResponsibilityResponsibility

AccountabilityAccountability

AuthorityAuthority

DelegationDelegation

Organizing the Workforce

DepartmentalizationDepartmentalizationDepartmentalizationDepartmentalization

DivisionDivisionDivisionDivisionFunctionFunctionFunctionFunction

NetworkNetworkNetworkNetwork MatrixMatrixMatrixMatrix

HybridHybridHybridHybrid

Functional Structures

Job Skills

Resource Use

Job Requirements

Divisional Structures

ProductsProductsProductsProducts

GeographyGeographyGeographyGeography

ProcessesProcessesProcessesProcesses

CustomersCustomersCustomersCustomers

Departmentalization by Matrix

PUBLISHERPUBLISHER

Book Team AManger

Book Team AManger

Book Team BManger

Book Team BManger

EditorialManagerEditorialManager

ProductionManager

ProductionManager

DesignManagerDesign

Manager

Editor AEditor A ProductionEditor A

ProductionEditor A Designer ADesigner A

Editor BEditor B ProductionEditor B

ProductionEditor B Designer BDesigner B

DivisionsFunctions

Network Matrix

HybridStructure

Working In Teams

Opportunities Challenges

Higher-quality decisions

Increased commitment

Lower stress levels

Less internal competition

Improved flexibility

Inefficiency

Groupthink

Diminished motivation

Structural disruption

Excessive workloads

Effective Teams

Size and StructureSize and Structure

Sense of PurposeSense of Purpose

CommunicationCommunication

Effective Teams

Creative ThinkingCreative Thinking

Focused EffortsFocused Efforts

ConsensusConsensus

Productive Team Meetings

Clarify the Purpose

Select Participants

Clarify the Agendaand Stay Focused

Productive Team Meetings

Follow the Rules

Promote Participation

Close Effectively

BA 101 Introduction to Business

10. Employee Motivation, Workforce Trends, and Labor

Relations

What Is Motivation?

NeedsNeeds

OutcomesOutcomes

ActionsActions

Workforce Motivation

Monetary Rewards

Fair Treatment

Satisfying Work

Work-Life Balance

Theories of Motivation

Frederick W. Taylor

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z

Equity Theory

Expectancy Theory

Frederick W. Taylor

MonetaryRewards

PersonalProductivity

ScientificScientificManagementManagement

ScientificScientificManagementManagement

Self-Esteem NeedsSelf-Esteem Needs

Social NeedsSocial Needs

Safety NeedsSafety Needs

Physiological NeedsPhysiological Needs

Self-Self-ActualizationActualization

Maslow’s HierarchyMaslow’s Hierarchy

Five NeedCategoriesFive NeedCategories

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

MotivationMotivationMotivationMotivation

•AchievementAchievement•RecognitionRecognition•ResponsibilityResponsibility•Work itselfWork itself•Personal growthPersonal growth

•AchievementAchievement•RecognitionRecognition•ResponsibilityResponsibility•Work itselfWork itself•Personal growthPersonal growth

HighlyHighlySatisfiedSatisfied

HighlyHighlyDissatisfiedDissatisfied

Neither SatisfiedNeither SatisfiedNor DissatisfiedNor Dissatisfied

Motivators InfluenceMotivators InfluenceSatisfaction LevelSatisfaction Level

Hygiene FactorsHygiene FactorsInfluence SatisfactionInfluence Satisfaction

Area of Area of SatisfactionSatisfaction

Area ofArea ofDissatisfactionDissatisfaction

Hygiene FactorsHygiene FactorsHygiene FactorsHygiene Factors

•Working conditionsWorking conditions•Pay and securityPay and security•Company policiesCompany policies•SupervisorsSupervisors•Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationships

•Working conditionsWorking conditions•Pay and securityPay and security•Company policiesCompany policies•SupervisorsSupervisors•Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationships

McGregor’s Assumptions

Theory X EmployeesTheory X Employees Theory Y EmployeesTheory Y Employees

Dislike workDislike work

Motivated by threats Motivated by threats

Avoid responsibilitiesAvoid responsibilities

Value securityValue security

Enjoy workEnjoy work

Committed to goals Committed to goals

Accept responsibilitiesAccept responsibilities

Have mental potentialHave mental potential

Ouchi’s Theory Z

Informal Controlwith Formal

Measurements

Slow Evaluationand Promotion

Moderate Degreeof Career

Specialization

Holistic Concernfor the Individual

Consensus-BasedDecision Making

Long-TermEmployment

IndividualResponsibility

Equity TheoryEquity TheoryRatio

Comparison*Employee’sPerception

Outcomes A

Inputs A

Outcomes A

Inputs A

Outcomes A

Inputs A

Outcomes B

Inputs B

Outcomes B

Inputs B

Outcomes B

Inputs B

<

=

>

Inequity (Under-Rewarded)

Equity

Inequity (Over-Rewarded)

*Where A is the employee, and B is a relevant other or referent.

Expectancy Theory

IndividualEffort

IndividualEffort

IndividualPerformance

IndividualPerformance

OrganizationalRewards

OrganizationalRewards

IndividualGoals

IndividualGoals

Quality ofeffort put forthdepends on. . .

Quality ofeffort put forthdepends on. . .

…expectationsof

…and expectationsof

…attractiveness of rewards relative to

Workplace Motivation Strategies

SettingSettingGoalsGoals

SettingSettingGoalsGoals

ReinforcingReinforcingBehaviorBehavior

ReinforcingReinforcingBehaviorBehavior

Management by Objectives

Setting GoalsSetting Goals

Planning ActionPlanning Action

Implementing PlansImplementing Plans

Reviewing PerformanceReviewing Performance

1

2

3

4

Reinforcement Theory

Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Avoid UnpleasantAvoid UnpleasantConsequencesConsequences

Obtain PleasantObtain PleasantConsequencesConsequences

PositiveNegative Reinforcement

Working With Labor Unions

Wages and BenefitsWages and Benefits

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Job SecurityJob Security

BA 101 Introduction to Business

11. Managing Human Resources

Human Resource Management (HRM)

Motivation

Motivation

CompensationCompensation

AcquiringAcquiringAcquiringAcquiring MaintainingMaintainingMaintainingMaintaining DevelopingDevelopingDevelopingDeveloping

Eval

uatio

nEv

alua

tion

Training & DevelopmentTraining & Development

Functions of the Human Resources Department

Planning for Staffing Needs

Recruiting and Hiring

Training and Development

Appraising and Retaining

Planning for Staffing Needs

From Business

Plan

From Business

Plan

EstimateDemand forEmployees

EstimateDemand forEmployees

EstimateSupply of

Employees

EstimateSupply of

Employees

PerformJob Analysis

PerformJob Analysis

Write JobDescriptions

Write JobDescriptions

Write JobSpecifications

Write JobSpecifications

To HiringProcess

To HiringProcess

Evaluating Job Requirements

Forecasting

InternalInternal

SearchesSearchesNewspaper AdsNewspaper Ads Internet AdsInternet Ads

Trade ShowsTrade Shows HeadhuntersHeadhunters ReferralsReferrals

EmploymentEmployment

AgenciesAgenciesUnion HallsUnion Halls CollegesColleges

Recruiting Employees

The Hiring Process

SelectQualified Candidates

SelectQualified Candidates

11

ConductIn-Depth Interviews

ConductIn-Depth Interviews

33

CheckReferences

CheckReferences

55

Screenthe Candidates

Screenthe Candidates

22

Evaluatethe Candidates

Evaluatethe Candidates

44

Select theBest Candidate

Select theBest Candidate

66

Background Checks

EducationalEducationalCredentialsCredentials

Time GapsTime GapsBetween JobsBetween Jobs

Arrest Records Arrest Records

EmploymentEmploymentVerificationVerification

Reference Reference ChecksChecks

Credit HistoriesCredit Histories

Training and Development

OrientationOrientation

TrainingTraining

RetrainingRetraining

Appraising Employees

Electronic PerformanceMonitoring

Electronic PerformanceMonitoring

360-DegreeReviews

360-DegreeReviews

Regular WrittenEvaluations

Regular WrittenEvaluations

Periodic Performance Appraisals

Periodic Performance Appraisals

Objectivity

Fairness

Improvement

Standards

Workplace Compensation

Wages Salaries

Benefits Pay Scale BenefitsBonuses

Hourly Workers

CorporateExecutives

Incentive Programs

BonusesBonuses

CommissionsCommissions

Profit SharingProfit Sharing

Incentive Programs

Gain SharingGain Sharing

Pay for PerformancePay for Performance

Knowledge-Based PayKnowledge-Based Pay

Benefits and Services

InsuranceInsurance

Retirement PlansRetirement Plans

Stock OptionsStock Options

Family BenefitsFamily Benefits

Insurance Benefits

Life and HealthLife and Health

Dental and VisionDental and Vision

DisabilityDisability

Long-Term CareLong-Term Care

Family-Friendly Benefits

Elder-CareElder-CareElder-CareElder-CareUnpaidUnpaidLeaveLeave

UnpaidUnpaidLeaveLeave

DaycareDaycareDaycareDaycare

Other Employee Benefits

Vacations, holidays, and sick leaveVacations, holidays, and sick leave

Professional developmentProfessional development

Financial or legal counselingFinancial or legal counseling

Wellness programsWellness programs

Employee Assistance ProgramsEmployee Assistance Programs

Corporate perksCorporate perks

Overseeing Changesin Employment Status

Promotion

Reassignment

Termination

Retirement

Terminating Employees

Performance RelatedPerformance Related Not Performance RelatedNot Performance Related

At-Will EmploymentAt-Will EmploymentAt-Will EmploymentAt-Will Employment

Wrongful DischargeWrongful DischargeWrongful DischargeWrongful Discharge

Rank and YankRank and YankRank and YankRank and Yank

Business DownturnsBusiness DownturnsBusiness DownturnsBusiness Downturns

Effects on EmployeesEffects on EmployeesEffects on EmployeesEffects on Employees

Outplacement EffortsOutplacement EffortsOutplacement EffortsOutplacement Efforts