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B.5ABCD Cell Differentiation

Picture Vocabulary

© 2012 Rice University - All Rights Reserved

gene

A segment of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein to be produced and

leads to the expression of a hereditary trait or characteristic


cell cycle

The phases of a cell’s life cycle

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

The biomolecule classified as a nucleic acid and composed of nucleotides; genetic

material shaped like a double helix


mitosis

A phase of the cell cycle in which cell division occurs


interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle in which the cell will grow larger and replicate its DNA in order to prepare for cell division


prophase

The first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense becoming visible, the nuclear membrane dissolves, the centrosomes move to opposite ends

of the nucleus, and spindle fibers form


metaphase

The phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

(chromosomes), and the chromosomes migrate to the center of the cell


anaphase

The phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers begin to shorten separating the sister chromatids and

pulling them to opposite ends of the cell


telophase

The phase of mitosis in which the genetic material has been separated and the nuclear membrane

begins to reform to create two separate but identical nuclei


cytokinesis

The phase of the cell cycle in which the plasma membrane begins to cleave the cytoplasm into two

separate but identical cells


cell differentiation

The process by which less specialized cells become more specialized


DNA replication

The process in which the DNA sequence is copied to form an additional DNA molecule


roots

The specialized part of a plant that grows down into the soil to anchor the plant and absorb

nutrients


stem

The specialized part of a plant that grows in the opposite direction of the roots and supports the

flower, leaves, or fruit of the plant


leaf (leaves)

The specialized part of a plant that is mainly used for gas exchange; comes in various forms and is

often the primary form of adaptation in plants


blood cells, red

The cells in the blood that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide


blood cells, white

The cells in the blood that help to fight infections


epithelium cells

A specialized animal cell that is found in the skin and functions as a part of the

integumentary system; various types


muscle cells

A specialized animal cell that is found in muscle tissue and functions as a part of the

muscular system


operon

A cluster of genes that are under the control of the same promoter. For example, if the promoter is activated all the genes in the

operon are expressed


Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

The biomolecule classified as a nucleic acid and composed of nucleotides; genetic

material in a single helix form © 2012 Rice University - All Rights Reserved

mutation

Any change in the sequence of DNA; may result in the production of incorrect proteins and lead to malfunctions in the processes of the organism


cancer

A disease that occurs as a result of uncontrolled cell growth and

division © 2012 Rice University - All Rights Reserved

tumor

The formation of tissue that is a result of uncontrolled cell growth

and division © 2012 Rice University - All Rights Reserved

radiation

Energy sent out as particles or waves; used in the treatment of

cancerous tumors © 2012 Rice University - All Rights Reserved

chemotherapy

The treatment of disease by use of chemicals; can selectively destroy

cancerous tissue © 2012 Rice University - All Rights Reserved

binary fission

Asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms


carcinogen

A substance that causes cancer


daughter cell

One of the resulting cells from mitosis


diploid

A cell that contains pairs of all of the homologous chromosomes; 2n


microtubules

Cylindrical organelles that give the cell its shape


neuron

A cell that makes up the nervous system


somatic cell

A body cell that can differentiate into various tissues


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