B4 Going Into SPSS

8/10/2019 B4 Going Into SPSS

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Question to ponder before you start .

Numbers.What do they mean?


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Levels of Measurement

Learning ObjectivesDefine the 4 levels of measurement

tendency

Nominal scales

Ordinal scales

Interval scales

Ratio scales

Learn the use of correct levels ofmeasurement

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The Nominal level of measurementidentifies variableswhose values have no mathematical interpretation;

they vary in kind or quality but not in amount.

Nominal Scales

Nominal scales are the most primitive level ofmeasurement.The number assigned to the entity are merely to

identify the individual entity or to classify a set of

entity based on certain similarities or differencesNon-orderable

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1. Levels of Measurement

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More Nominal Examples

Gender: male and femaleRace-ethnicity: Malay, Chinese, IndianLevel of education: PMR, SPM, STPM

Nationality: Indonesian, Malaysian,Russian

Types of house: bungalow, semi-linked, linked

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Ordinal Scales

Ordinal scales give richer information;distinguish the differences and therelative degree of difference.

Permit ranking of individualsThe Ordinal level of measurement allow the respondent toexpress relative magnitude between the rawresponses to a question

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More Ordinal Examples

A likert scale is an ordinal scaleformat that

asks respondents toindicate the extent to which theyagree or disagree with a series ofmental or behavioral belief

statements about a given object

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Something to think about

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Min score


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Summary - Levels of Measurement

Nominal - categories only

Ordinal- categories with some

order

Interval- differences but nonatural starting point

Ratio- differences and a naturalstarting point


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Interval level of measurement designates anequal-interval ordering between each scale pointIt does not have the capacity to measure the complete

absence of a trait (have no absolute zero point).The difference in temperature between 20oF

and 25oF is the same as the difference between76oF and 81oF

Interval Scales

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More Interval Examples

Income as a measure of wealth

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Likert scale: How do you feel about Stats?1 = Im totally dreading this class!2 = Id rather not take this class.3 = I feel neutral about this class.4 = Im interested in this class.

5 = Im SO excited to take this class!


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Ratio level of measurement designates an equal-interval ordering with a true zero point (i.e., the zeroimplies an absence of the thing being measured).

In this situation, zero means absolutely no amount ofwhatever the variable indicates.

On a ratio scale, 10 is two points higher than 8 and isalso two times greater than 5. Ratio numbers can be

added and subtracted, and because the numbers beginat an absolute zero point, they can also be multipliedand divided (so ratios can be formed between thenumbers).

Ratio Scales

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More Ratio Examples

Comparison of how many times as intense. For example - heart beats per minute has a

very natural zero point. Zero means noheart beats. Weight (in grams) is also aratio variable. Again, the zero value ismeaningful, zero grams means the absenceof weight.

Please circle the number of children under 18 years of age currentlyliving in your household.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (if more than 7, please specify ___.)

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Summary of Four Levels of Measurement

Level ofMeasurement

Put data inCategories

Arrangedata inorder

Subtractdata

values

Determine if onedata value is a

multiple ofanother

Nominal Yes No No No

Ordinal Yes Yes No No

Interval Yes Yes Yes No

Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Exercise: Fill in the scales to classify the differentmeasurements

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Sex

Height

Weight

CigarettesExercise

Year of birth

Friends

Fruit/veg

Health

Pulse

Temp.

Residence

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Scales to classify different measurements- answers

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Sex x

Height x

Weight x

Cigarettes x

Exercise x

Year of birth x

Friends x

Fruit/veg x

Health x

Pulse x

Temp. x

Residence x

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B4 Going Into SPSS

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