b _ Topic-prominent language.doc
of 4
-
Upload
anonymous-vtl48deimj -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of b _ Topic-prominent language.doc
-
8/13/2019 b _ Topic-prominent language.doc
1/4
Topic-prominent language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citationsforverification.
Please helpimprove this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(November 2008)
A topic-prominent languageis a language that organizes its syntato emphasize thetopic!commentstructure of the sentence. The term is best kno"n in American linguistics
from #harles $. %i and &andra Thompson, "ho distinguished topic-prominent
languages, like 'apanese, from subject-prominentlanguages, like (nglish.
)n %i and Thompson*s +-/0 vie", topic1prominent languages have morphology orsynta that highlights the distinction bet"een the topicand the comment +"hat is said
about the topic0. Topic1comment structure may be independent of the syntactic ordering
of sub2ect, verband ob2ect.
Contents
3hide4
#ommon features of topic1prominent languages
5 (amples
6 &ee also
7 8eferences
[edit] Common features of topic-prominent languages
This section needs additional citationsforverification.Please helpimprove this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be
challengedandremoved.(April 2009)
9any topic1prominent languages share several syntactic features that have arisen
because, in these languages, sentences are structured around topics rather than sub2ects
and ob2ects:
They tend to do"nplay the role of thepassive voice,if a passive construction
eists at all, since the main idea of passivization is to turn an ob2ect into a sub2ect
in languages "here the sub2ect is understood to be the topic by default.
They usually don*t haveepletivesor ;dummy sub2ects; +pleonastic pronouns0
like (nglish itinIt's raining.
They often have sentences "ith so1called ;double sub2ects;, actually a topic plus a
sub2ect. For eample, the follo"ing sentence patterns are common in topic
prominent languages:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#Common_features_of_topic-prominent_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#Exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#Common_features_of_topic-prominent_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#Exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_pronoun -
8/13/2019 b _ Topic-prominent language.doc
2/4
+'apanese0Sono yashi-wa happa-ga ookii
;That palm tree (topi!)leaves (s"b#e!t)are big.;
+9andarin0$h%ge r&n g%i hn go.
;This person (topi!)height (s"b#e!t)tall.;
They do not have articles,"hich are another "ay of indicating old vs. ne"
information.
The distinction bet"een sub2ect and ob2ect is not reliably marked
The %olo1n= kh? 1a
@loss: people topic dog bite 1declarative
Translation: a. ;People, they bite dogs.;
b. ;People, dogs bite them.;
[edit] Examples
(amples of topic1prominent languages include (ast Asian languagessuch as the
#hinese languages, 'apanese,orean,Bietnamese,9alay, )ndonesian,&ingaporean(nglishand 9alaysian (nglish. Cungarian,the &omali language,andAmerindian
tongues like the &iouan languagesare also topic1prominent.American &ign %anguageisalso considered to be topic1prominent.364
[edit] Mandarin Chinese
1D
Eriginalorder:
Transcription:$hng
Snw* y+#ing
#i,n-
g"le Transcription: w* y+#ing
#i,n-
g"le
$hng
Sn.
@loss: hang&an
) already see1(GP
8(& @loss: ) already see1(GP
8(& hang&an.
Translation:+As for0 hang &an, )*ve
seen +him0 already.Translation: )*ve already seen hang &an.
[edit] Japanese
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Li_.26_Thompson-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Rosen-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Rosen-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Li_.26_Thompson-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Li_.26_Thompson-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Rosen-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-Li_.26_Thompson-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic-prominent_language&action=edit§ion=4 -
8/13/2019 b _ Topic-prominent language.doc
3/4
Transcription: Sakana-wa tai-ga oishi-i .es"
@loss: ;fish;1TEP ;red snapper;1$E9 ;delicious;1$P&T ;it is;1B
Translation:;Among fish, red snapper is 3most4 delicious; or ;8ed snapper is the mostdelicious fish,; idiomatic 'apanese for ;8ed snapper is my favorite fish;
+because oishiiis a sub2ective observation, not a statement of fact0.
[edit] a!ota
9iye uHka"a aH eya o"iIabluspe yelo.
Pronunciation: miyJ sKu$k>"aka$ ey> o"Lchabluspe yelM.
@loss:be1the1one1
&@horse N(T.P%
catch16P%.U$N1
&@.A#T1catchN(#%.male
Translation:+As for0 me, some horses: ) caught them. 1D )t "as me "ho caught some
horses +) caught some horses0
[edit] "ee also
Topic particle
[edit] #eferences
. K ab%i, #harles $.O Thompson, &andra A. +-/0. ;&ub2ect and Topic: A
$e" Typology of %anguage;. )n #harles $. %i. S"b#e!t an. /opi!. $e" ork:Academic Press. p. 7Q.5. $ 8osen, &ara Thomas +5RR0. ;&tructured (vents, &tructured Niscourse;.
)n 8amchand S 8eiss. /he 1or. 3an.book o 4ing"isti! Intera!es. Eford:
Eford University Press.6. $ &chick,
-
8/13/2019 b _ Topic-prominent language.doc
4/4
9ain page
#ontents
Featured content
#urrent events 8andom article
Nonate to Wikipedia
%nteraction
Celp
About Wikipedia
#ommunity portal
8ecent changes
#ontact Wikipedia
Toolbox
&rint'export
anguages
This page "as last modified on 9ay 5R at 5:Q6. Tet is available under the #reative #ommons Attribution1&hareAlike %icenseO
additional terms may apply. &ee Terms of Usefor details.
Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, )nc., a non1profit organization.
#ontact us
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Randomhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&language=en&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttp://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9A%B0%EC%84%B8_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%84%AA%E5%8B%A2%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9Ehttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Randomhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&language=en&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttp://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9A%B0%EC%84%B8_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%84%AA%E5%8B%A2%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9Ehttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
