B IRDS, B EES, AND B UTTERFLIES. .

BIRDS, BEES, AND BUTTERFLIES

http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/44316

BEE

• Without bees, no pollination• No food

• According to the Department of Agriculture, bees pollinate over $15 billion worth of U.S. crops.• http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/

article/13094

COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)

• Adult bees fly off to die• Causes include parasites, viruses, bacteria,

poor nutrition and pesticides


The viruses compromise bees’ ability to manufacture proteins to fight off pathogens, to detoxify pesticides, etc.


A U.S. District Judge from Manhattan has banned the sale of spirotetramat after January 15, 2010, a pesticide produced by Bayer CropScience. Citing allegations by environmental groups and commercial beekeepers that the pesticide is toxic and is killing off the nation's honeybee population.

According to Cote, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) did not follow proper procedure when approving spirotetramat. The EPA did not take public comment about the pesticide before approving it and the agency failed to publish both the Bayer application and the approval documents in the Federal Register. The EPA and Bayer CropScience have 60 days to appeal the decision.


• Queen and a small number of survivor bees may be present in the brood nest• http://maarec.psu.edu/

ColonyCollapseDisorder.html


• February 2007, many of the beekeepers reporting heavy losses associated with CCD • 50-90% of their colonies

• Surviving colonies not viable pollinating or honey producing


• No evidence CCD affects honey• Impact limited to adult bees


• GMO crops, specifically Bt Corn • Genetically Modified Organism

• Symptoms not consistent with GMO• Not a “top” priority at the moment


• Radiation transmitted by cell towers

• The distribution of both affected and non-affected CCD does not make this a likely cause

• Also cell phone service is not available in some areas where affected commercial apiaries are located • For this reason, it is

currently not a top priority.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112112722.htm

http://www.panna.org/blog/banner-week-bee-science-zombie-flies-poisonous-planter-exhaust

NATIVE BEES

Most native bees solitary Resistant to CCD

Honeybees introduced from Europe in 1622

NATIVE BEES

Lay egg in cavity and plug with food

NATIVE BEES

Work longer hours Prolific pollinators

NATIVE BEES

Sweat BeesRarely stingCollect pollen on hairs on legs

NATIVE BEES

Mariola bee One of few natives that

produce honey Stingless

NATIVE BEES

Mason Bee

NATIVE BEES

Digger Bee

NATIVE BEES

Bumblebee

NATIVE BEE HOMES

Sunny location Protect from rain At least 3’ off ground

NATIVE BEE HOMES

Simple nesting blocks mason bees and leaf-cutting

bees Multiple holes drilled into

blocks of wood several inches deep vary in diameter, from 2 mm to

7 mm. untreated lumber or dried logs

NATIVE BEE HOMES

Hollow tubes Sections of bamboo 12” long

Bees will plug the end of the tube with mud

NATIVE BEE HOMES

BIRDS

• Most birds do not eat seeds• Insects

• Cardinals and Finches are seed-eaters

BIRDS

• Black oil sunflower seeds preferred

WATER

• Drink and bathe• Dripping water is

attractive• Mosquitoes• Perching sticks

WATER

• Change water 2-3 times per week• Bird feces• Mosquitoes

SHELTER

• Brush pile to hide from predators

SHELTER

• Bird houses species specific

BATS

• Massive insect consumption

BATS

With bats threatened by careless wind-turbine development in major flyways and, more pressingly, by the new and dreadful White Nose Syndrome

Some such bats worth $3 billion in agricultural insect control

BATS

Some suggest fungus introduced by spelunkers

BATS http://

content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/01/fungus-has-killed-up-to-67m-bats-in-potential-extinction/1

BUTTERFLIES

• Most adult butterflies live 10-20 days• Some live no longer than three or four days

• Monarchs may live six months

BUTTERFLIES

Puddling• Wet, muddy area• Minerals and nutrients

BUTTERFLIES

Basking• Body temperatures between 85 and 100F• Stones or concrete

BUTTERFLIES

Hibernation box• Fraud

BUTTERFLIES

Food source• Caterpillar plants

• Fennel (Swallowtail)

BUTTERFLIES

Food source• Nectar plants

• Lantana (Swallowtail)

BUTTERFLIES


• Pentas (Sulfur)

BUTTERFLIES


Mexican sunflower (Swallowtail)

BUTTERFLIES


Butterfly bush (Red admiral)

BUTTERFLIES


Mexican sunflower (Gulf fritillary)

LIZARDS

http://srelherp.uga.edu/lizards/index.htm

ANOLES

American chameleon Not true chameleon

BROWN ANOLE

Invasive

SKINKS

GECKO

Invasive

BIRDS

http://www.wildbirds.com/Default.aspx?tabid=519

http://www.nwf.org/Get-Outside/Outdoor-Activities/Garden-for-Wildlife/Gardening-Tips/How-to-Attract-Butterflies-to-Your-Garden.aspx

B IRDS, B EES, AND B UTTERFLIES. .

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