Bill & Melinda GatesFoundation

Abbreviation BMGF

Formation 2000[1]

Founders Bill Gates

Melinda Gates

Type Non-operating privatefoundation

501(c)(3)[2]

Purpose Healthcare, Education,Ending poverty

Headquarters Seattle, Washington,U.S

Area served Worldwide

Method Donations, Grants

Key people Bill Gates (co-founder)

Melinda Gates (co-founder)

William H. Gates Sr.(co-chair)

Mark Suzman (CEO)

Endowment $46.8 billion (2018)[3]

Employees 1,489 (2018)[3]

Website GatesFoundation.org(http://gatesfoundation.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), previouslythe William H. Gates Foundation, is an American privatefoundation founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. Based in Seattle,Washington, it was launched in 2000 and is reported to be thelargest private foundation in the world,[4] holding $46.8 billion inassets.[3] The primary goals of the foundation are, globally, toenhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and, in the U.S.,to expand educational opportunities and access to informationtechnology. The foundation is controlled by its three trustees: Billand Melinda Gates, and Warren Buffett. Other principal officersinclude Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief ExecutiveOfficer Mark Suzman.[5]

It had an endowment of $46.8 billion as of December 31, 2018.[3]

The scale of the foundation and the way it seeks to apply businesstechniques to giving makes it one of the leaders in venturephilanthropy,[6] though the foundation itself notes that thephilanthropic role has limitations.[7] In 2007, its founders wereranked as the second most generous philanthropists in the US,and Warren Buffett the first.[8] As of 2018, Bill and MelindaGates had donated around $36 billion to the foundation.[9][10]

Since its founding, the foundation has endowed and supported abroad range of social, health, and education developmentsincluding the establishment of the Gates Cambridge Scholarshipsat Cambridge University.

HistoryWarren Buffett donation

ActivitiesProgram areas and grant databaseOpen access policyFunds for grants in developing countries

FinancialsTrust investments

Global development divisionGates Cambridge ScholarshipsFinancial assistanceAgricultural DevelopmentWater, sanitation and hygiene

Contents

Coordinates: 47°37′25″N 122°20′44″W

org)

Formerlycalled

William H. GatesFoundation

Headquarters complex in Seattle asseen from the Space Needle

Other global initiatives

Global health divisionUnited States division

Donation to Planned ParenthoodLibrariesEducationPacific Northwest

Criticisms and reformsModi Goalkeepers AwardPoverty and education policyCalls for divestment

LifespanAwardsSee alsoNotes and referencesExternal links

In 1994, the foundation was formed as the William H. GatesFoundation.[11] During the foundation's following years, fundinggrew to $2 billion. On June 15, 2006, Gates announced his plans totransition out of a day-to-day role with Microsoft, effective July 31,2008,[12] to allow him to devote more time to working with thefoundation. The first CEO of the foundation, until she stepped downin 2008, was Patty Stonesifer.[13]

In 2005, Bill and Melinda Gates, along with the Irish rock musicianBono, were named by Time as Persons of the Year 2005 for their outstanding charitable work.[14] In thecase of Bill and Melinda Gates, the work referenced was that of this foundation.

In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where heasked the students to take on the hard problems of the world in their futures. He also explained thenature and philosophy of his philanthropic endeavors.[15][16]

In 2010, the foundation's founders started the Commission on Education of Health Professionals for the21st Century, entitled "Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependentworld."[17]

A 2011 survey of grantees found that many believed the foundation did not make its goals and strategiesclear and sometimes did not understand those of the grantees; that the foundation's decision- andgrantmaking procedures were too opaque; and that its communications could be more consistent andresponsive. The foundation's response was to improve the clarity of its explanations, make "orientationcalls" to grantees upon awarding grants, tell grantees who their foundation contact is, give timelyfeedback when they receive a grantee report, and establish a way for grantees to provide anonymous orattributed feedback to the foundation.[18] The foundation also launched a podcast series.[19]

History

In 2013, Hillary Clinton launched a partnership between the foundation and the Clinton Foundation togather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the 1995 UnitedNations Fourth World Conference On Women in Beijing.[20][21] This is called "No Ceilings: The FullParticipation Project."[20][21]

On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of $62 billion as ofApril 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class Bshares (then valued at $3,071 each, before a 50-1 stock split in 2010) spread over multiple years throughannual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately $1.5billion.[22][23] Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation'sendowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the foundation's annual giving.Bloomberg News noted, "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Bill & Melinda GatesFoundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue toqualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshiregift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years toabide by the third requirement."[24][25][26] The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares inJuly 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year(475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008).[27][28] In July 2018, Buffet announced another donation of hiscompany's Class B stock, this time worth $2 billion, to the Gates Foundation.[29]

To maintain its status as a charitable foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation must donatefunds equal to at least 5 percent of its assets each year.[30] As of April 2014, the foundation is organizedinto four program areas under chief executive officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann, who "sets strategicpriorities, monitors results, and facilitates relationships with key partners":[31]

Global Development DivisionGlobal Health DivisionUnited States DivisionGlobal Policy & Advocacy DivisionGlobal Growth & Opportunity Division[32]

The foundation maintains an online database of grants.[33]

In November 2014, the Gates Foundation announced that they were adopting an open access (OA) policyfor publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed publishedresearch funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets".[34] This move has been widelyapplauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing. Its termshave been called the most stringent among similar OA policies.[35] As of January 1, 2015 their OpenAccess policy is effective for all new agreements.[36] In March 2017, it was confirmed that the open

Warren Buffett donation

Activities

Program areas and grant database

Open access policy

Life expectancy in 1800, 1950, and2015 – visualization by Our World inData

access policy, Gates Open Research,[37] would be based on the sameinitiative launched in 2016 by Wellcome Trust in their WellcomeOpen Research policy[38] launched in partnership with F1000Research.[39][40]

The Gates Foundation supported Our World in Data, one of theworld's largest open-access publications.[41] Bill Gates called thepublication his "favorite website".[42]

Our World in Data is a scientific online publication, based at theUniversity of Oxford, that studies how to make progress againstlarge global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, climatechange, and inequality.[43] The mission of Our World in Data is topresent "research and data to make progress against the world’slargest problems".[44]

The following table lists the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation'scommitted funding as recorded in their International AidTransparency Initiative (IATI) publications. The Gates Foundationannounced in October 2013 that it would join the IATI.[45] The IATIpublications only include a subset of Gates Foundation grants (mainly excluding grants to developedcountries), and contain few grants before 2009 (which are excluded from the table).[46] The GatesFoundation states on the IATI Registry site that "reporting starts from 2009 and excludes grants relatedto our US programs and grants that if published could harm our employees, grantees, partners, or thebeneficiaries of our work".[47]

Funds for grants in developing countries

Committed funding ($ millions)

DAC 5 Digit Sector[48] 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sum

Infectious disease control 256.9 720.3 462.8 528.7 1248.3 1271.8 1097.5 5586.4

Malaria control 324.5 101.7 133.6 75.5 302.4 377.6 140.8 1456.1

STD control including HIV/AIDS 175.5 26.9 291.4 199.7 184.4 264.4 165.7 1308.0

Tuberculosis control 69.2 211.1 59.5 273.9 135.3 100.1 244.8 1094.0

Reproductive health care 173.8 66.8 77.4 165.2 84.9 207.6 130.0 905.8

Agricultural research 84.7 27.8 196.2 192.8 207.1 14.7 83.9 807.2

Family planning 104.5 21.2 21.4 49.3 165.0 145.8 181.7 688.9

Health policy and administrativemanagement 119.3 14.3 145.7 75.5 61.1 113.4 130.3 659.5

Agricultural development 5.2 30.0 0.0 35.0 0.0 325.1 86.1 481.3

Agricultural policy and administrativemanagement 72.9 30.0 77.5 77.1 86.2 19.7 96.9 460.3

Promotion of development awareness 47.2 45.0 35.5 41.7 124.4 61.7 80.7 436.2

Basic health care 22.3 23.9 43.7 73.2 1.7 45.6 206.3 416.7

Basic nutrition 19.2 15.7 40.9 51.5 63.7 55.9 148.2 395.2

Basic sanitation 10.1 34.9 82.9 74.9 59.1 48.7 64.9 375.5

Financial policy and administrativemanagement 29.0 18.4 9.8 8.9 70.1 32.9 53.4 222.5

Other 487.5 273.8 2208.9 260.2 332.1 433.3 2195.7 6191.5

Total 2002 1662 3887 2183 3126 3518 5107 21485

The following table lists the top receiving organizations to which the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundationhas committed funding, between 2009 and 2015. The table again only includes grants recorded in theGates Foundation's IATI publications.[46]

Organization Amount ($ millions)

GAVI Alliance 3,152.8

World Health Organization 1,535.1

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 777.6

PATH 635.2

United States Fund for UNICEF 461.1

The Rotary Foundation of Rotary International 400.1

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 340.0

Global Alliance for TB Drug Development 338.4

Medicines for Malaria Venture 334.1

PATH Vaccine Solutions 333.4

UNICEF Headquarters 277.6

Johns Hopkins University 265.4

Aeras 227.6

Clinton Health Access Initiative Inc 199.5

International Development Association 174.7

CARE 166.2

World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office 166.1

Agence française de développement 165.0

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo 153.1

Cornell University 146.7

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa 146.4

United Nations Foundation 143.0

University of Washington Foundation 138.2

Foundation for the National Institutes of Health 136.2

Emory University 123.2

University of California San Francisco 123.1

Population Services International 122.5

University of Oxford 117.8

International Food Policy Research Institute 110.7

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 104.8

The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill& Melinda Gates Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust. The foundation section,based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty", and its trustees areBill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and

Financials

transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holdsthe assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions fromBuffett.[49]

The foundation posts its audited financial statements and 990-PF forms on the "Financials" section of itswebsite as they become available. At the end of 2012, the foundation registered a cash sum of$4,998,000, down from $10,810,000 at the end of 2011. Unrestricted net assets at the end of 2012 wereworth $31,950,613,000, while total assets were worth $37,176,777,000.[50]

As of 30 September 2018, according to documents filed with the U.S. Securities and ExchangeCommission, the trust owned the following investments:[51]

Company # Shares Value($ thousands)

Arcos Dorados Holdings 3,060,500 $19,128

AutoNation 1,898,717 $78,892

Berkshire Hathaway Class B 62,078,974 $13,291,729

Canadian National Railway 17,126,874 $1,537,993

Caterpillar Inc. 11,260,857 $1,717,168

FEMSA 6,214,719 $380,589

Crown Castle 5,332,900 $593,712

Ecolab 4,366,426 $684,568

FedEx 3,024,999 $728,390

Televisa 16,879,104 $299,435

Liberty Global Class A 2,119,515 $61,318

Liberty Global Class C 3,639,349 $102,484

Liberty Global Latin America Class A 370,424 $7,720

Liberty Global Latin America Class C 636,044 $13,122

Microsoft 24,000,000 $2,744,880

United Parcel Service 4,525,329 $528,332

Walmart 11,603,000 $1,089,638

Walgreens Boots Alliance 3,475,398 $253,357

Waste Management 18,633,672 $1,683,739

Christopher Elias leads the foundation's efforts to combat extreme poverty through grants as presidentof the Global Development Program.[52]

Trust investments

Global development division

Selwyn College, University ofCambridge

In March 2006, the foundation announced a $5 million grant for the International Justice Mission(IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model forcombating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with highrates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the followingpurposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuringappropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".[53]

The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippinescity of Cebu.[54][55] In 2010, the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated thatProject Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase incommitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through theproject, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided totrafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities toreplicate the model in other regions.[56]

In October 2000, William Gates established the Gates Cambridge Scholarships which allow students andscholars from the U.S. and around the world to study at Cambridge University, one of the topuniversities in the world. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to the RhodesScholarship, given its similarly international scope and substantial endowment. In 2000, the GatesFoundation endowed the scholarship trust with $210 million to help outstanding graduate studentsoutside of the United Kingdom study at the University of Cambridge.[57] The Gates Foundation hascontinued to contribute funds to expand the scholarship, making it one of the largest and best-endowedscholarships in the world. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship accepts less than 0.3% of applicants andremains extremely competitive. Each year, approximately 100 new graduate students from around theworld receive funding to study at Cambridge University.

Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI): A $35 million grant for theAFI supports a coalition of countries from the developing world tocreate savings accounts, insurance, and other financial servicesthat are made available to people living on less than $2 perday.[58]

Financial Access Initiative: A $5 million grant allows FinancialAccess Initiative to conduct field research and answer importantquestions about microfinance and financial access inimpoverished countries around the world.[59]

Pro Mujer: A five-year $3.1 million grant to Pro Mujer—amicrofinance network in Latin America combining financialservices with healthcare for the poorest women entrepreneurs—will be used to research new opportunities for the poorestsegment of the Latin American microfinance market.[60]

Grameen Foundation: A $1.5 million grant allows GrameenFoundation to approve more microloans that support Grameen'sgoal of helping five million additional families, and successfullyfreeing 50 percent of those families from poverty within five years.[61]

Gates Cambridge Scholarships

Financial assistance

The "sanitation value chain" used by the Gates Foundation toillustrate their approach to sanitation, showing collection, transport,treatment and reuse.[65]

The Gates Foundation created thisvideo to advocate for increasedinnovation for toilets and everythingthey are connected to

Grant worth $1.3 million Lawrence Muganga for his book You Can't Make Fish Climb Trees.[62]

International Rice Research Institute: Between November 2007 and October 2010, the GatesFoundation offered $19.9 million to the International Rice Research Institute. The goal of the aid wasto support the increasing world demand for rice. The Gates Foundation claims: "To keep up withworldwide demand, the production of rice will have to increase by about 70 percent in the next twodecades."[63] The International Rice Research Institute has developed Golden Rice, a geneticallymodified rice variant used to combat Vitamin A deficiency.[64]

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA): The Gates Foundation has partnered with theRockefeller Foundation to enhance agricultural science and small-farm productivity in Africa, buildingon the Green Revolution that the Rockefeller Foundation spurred in the 1940s and 1960s. The GatesFoundation has made an initial $100 million investment in this effort, to which the RockefellerFoundation has contributed $50 million.

The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) program of the Bill & MelindaGates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative", andbecame a full-fledged program under theGlobal Development Division in early2010.[65] The foundation has since 2005undertaken a wide range of efforts in theWASH sector involving research,experimentation, reflection, advocacy, andfield implementation. In 2009, thefoundation decided to refocus its WASHeffort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, usingnon-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers),[65] andless on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector wasgenerally receiving less attention from other donors and fromgovernments, and because the foundation believed it had thepotential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

In mid 2011, the foundation announced in its new "Water,Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focusesprimarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa andSouth Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in thoseregions.[66] Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 onsanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urbansanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy,advocacy and communications.[65][66]

In mid 2011, the foundation stated that they had committed more than $265 million to the water,sanitation, and hygiene sector over the past five years, i.e. since about 2006.[66] For the time period ofabout 2008 to mid-2015, all grants awarded to water, sanitation and hygiene projects totaled a value ofaround $650 million, according to the publicly available grant database.[33]

Agricultural Development

Water, sanitation and hygiene

Example for technology innovation:The off-grid Nano Membrane Toiletof Cranfield University - prototypeon display at Reinvent the Toilet Fairin Delhi, India

Example of low-tech toiletdevelopment being funded: A urine-diverting dry toilet called EarthAuger toilet from Ecuador/USA

Microbial fuel cell stack thatconverts urine into electricity(research by University of the Westof England, UK)

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but aneglected priority, as shown by the data collected by the JointMonitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) ofUNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progresstowards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating todrinking water and sanitation.[67] About one billion people have nosanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters,behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy.This is called open defecation and it poses significant healthrisks.[68] India is the country with the highest number of peoplepracticing open defecation: around 600 million people.[69] Thefoundation has been funding many sanitation research anddemonstration projects in India since about 2011.[70]

In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent theToilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development ofinnovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that donot have access to safe and effective sanitation.[71][72] This programhas generated significant interest of the mainstream media.[73][74] Itwas complemented by a program called "Grand ChallengesExplorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reachinguntil 2015) which involved grants of $100,000 each in the firstround.[72] Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideasthat relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatiblewith development country contexts.[75]

Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than adozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe,India, China and South Africa, have received grants to developinnovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for theurban poor. The grants were in the order of $400,000 for their firstphase, followed by typically $1 million – 3 million for their secondphase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processingtechnologies for excreta or fecal sludge.[76]

The "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" is focused on "reinventing theflush toilet". The aim was to create a toilet that not only removespathogens from human excreta, but also recovers resources such asenergy, clean water, and nutrients (a concept also known as reuse ofexcreta). It should operate "off-the-grid" without connections towater, sewer, or electrical networks. Finally, it should costs less than5 cents per user per day.[75][77]

High-tech toilets for tackling the growing public health problem of human waste are gaining increasingattention, but this focus on a "technology fix" has also been criticized by many in the sector.[73] However,low-tech solutions may be more practical in poor countries, and research is also funded by thefoundation for such toilets.[77][78]

Reinvent the Toilet Challenge

The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic,stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop newtechnologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor"[79]) andfecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta(for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential todevelop local business and revenue.[80]

About 200 sanitation projects in many different countries and at various scales - some with atechnology focus, some with a focus on market development or policy and advocacy, have receivedfunding by the foundation since 2008.[81]

The University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa Gates Foundation was awarded $1.6million in 2014 to act as a hub for sanitation researchers and product developers.[82][83]

One example of an Omni-Processor is a combustion-based system designed to turn fecal sludge intoenergy and drinking water. The development of this particular prototype by U.S.-based companyJanicki Bioenergy attracted media attention for the sanitation crisis and the work of the foundationafter Bill Gates drank water produced from this process.[84]

Examples for the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge include: Scientists at the University of ColoradoBoulder were giving funding of $1.8 million to develop a prototype toilet that uses solar heat to treatthe fecal matter and produce biochar.[85][86] Funding has been provided to RTI International since2012 to develop a toilet based on electrochemical disinfection and solid waste combustion.[87][88]

Some examples include:

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake: The foundation made total grant donations of $3 million to variouscharities to help with the aid effort for victims of the earthquake. These charities include: CAREinternational, International Rescue Committee, Mercy Corps, Save the Children, and WorldVision.[89][90][91][92][93]

2005 Kashmir earthquake: The foundation made a donation of $500,000 for the earthquake.[94]

In 2014, the Gates Foundation released "flexible funds" in the order of $50 million to United Nationsagencies and other organizations involved in the work against the deadly disease Ebola in WestAfrica.[95]

Since 2011, the president of the Global Health Program is Trevor Mundel.[96]

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: The foundation has donated more than$6.6 billion for global health programs, including over $1.3 billion donated as of 2012 on malariaalone, greatly increasing the dollars spent per year on malaria research.[97][98] Before the Gatesefforts on malaria, malaria drugmakers had largely given up on producing drugs to fight the disease,and the foundation is the world's largest donor to research on diseases of the poor.[98] With the helpof Gates-funded vaccination drives, deaths from measles in Africa have dropped by 90 percent since2000.[99]

Examples of transformative technologies research

Other global initiatives

Global health division

The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria,protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases.[99] However, a 2007investigation by The Los Angeles Times[99] claimed there are three major unintended consequences withthe foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primarydoctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fightagainst such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained,higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds tothe existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those sufferingfrom other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such asnutrition and transportation".[99] Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregiversto ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannotprevent".[99]

In response, the Gates Foundation has said that African governments need to spend more of theirbudgets on public health than on wars, that the foundation has donated at least $70 million to helpimprove nutrition and agriculture in Africa, in addition to its disease-related initiatives and that it isstudying ways to improve the delivery of health care in Africa.[99]

Both insiders and external critics have suggested that there is too much deference to Bill Gates's personalviews within the Gates Foundation, insufficient internal debate, and pervasive "group think."[98][100]

Critics also complain that Gates Foundation grants are often awarded based on social connections andideological allegiances rather than based on formal external review processes or technicalcompetence.[100]

Critics have suggested that Gates' approach to Global Health and Agriculture favors the interests of largepharmaceutical and agribusiness companies (in which Gates invests) over the interests of the people ofdeveloping countries.[101][102][103][104]

The Global Health Program's other significant grants include:

Polio eradication: In 2006, the foundation provided $86 million toward efforts attempting to eradicatepoliomyelitis (polio).[105]

The GAVI Alliance: The foundation gave the GAVI Alliance (formerly the "Global Alliance forVaccines and Immunization") a donation of $750 million on January 25, 2005.[106][107]

Children's Vaccine Program: The Children's Vaccine Program, run by the Program for AppropriateTechnology in Health (PATH), received a donation of $27 million to help vaccinate against Japaneseencephalitis on December 9, 2003.[108]

University of Washington Department of Global Health: The foundation provided approximately $30million for the foundation of the new Department of Global Health at the University of Washington inSeattle, US. The donation promoted three of the foundation's target areas: education, PacificNorthwest and global health.HIV Research: The foundation donated a total of $287 million to various HIV/AIDS researchers. Themoney was split between 16 different research teams across the world, on the condition that thefindings are shared amongst the teams.[109]

Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation: The foundation gave the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundationmore than $280 million to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) for usein high-burden countries (HBCs).[110][111]

Cheaper high-tech tuberculosis (TB) test: In August 2012, the foundation, in partnership withPEPFAR (United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), USAID (United States Agencyfor International Development) and UNITAID (an international drug purchasing facility hosted byWHO), announced they had finalized an agreement to reduce the cost of a commercial TB test

(Cepheid's Xpert MTB/RIF run on the GeneXpert platform), from $16.86 to $9.98.[112] This test cantake the place of smear microscopy, a technique first developed in the 1880s by Robert Koch. Smearmicroscopy often does not show TB infection in persons who are also co-infected with HIV, whereasthe GeneXpert system can show TB in the co-infected patient. In addition, the system can showwhether the particular TB strain is resistant to the bactericidal antibiotic rifampicin, a widely acceptedindicator of the presence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis.[113][114]

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) research: The foundation awarded the Hebrew University of Jerusalem'sKuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases a $5 million grant in 2009 for researchinto visceral leishmaniasis (VL), an emerging parasitic disease in Ethiopia, Africa, where it isfrequently associated with HIV/AIDS, and is a leading cause of adult illness and death. The project, acollaborative effort with Addis Ababa University, will gather data for analysis—to identify the weaklinks in the transmission cycle—and devise methods for control of the disease.[115] In 2005 thefoundation provided a $30 million grant to The Institute for OneWorld Health to support the nonprofitpharmaceutical company's VL work in the rural communities of India, Bangladesh and Nepal.[116] BySeptember 2006, the company had received approval from the Indian body Drug-Controller Generalof India (DCGI) for the Paromomycin Intramuscular (IM) Injection, a drug that provides an effectivecure for VL following a 21-day course.[117] In 2010 Raj Shankar Ghosh, the Regional Director for theSouth Asia Institute for OneWorld Health, explained that the foundation funded "the majority of ourwork" in the development of the drug.[118]

Next-Generation Condom: The foundation gave $100,000 to 11 applicants in November 2013 todevelop an improved condom; that is, one that "significantly preserves or enhances pleasure, inorder to improve uptake and regular use", according to the Gates Foundation's Grand Challenges inGlobal Health website.[119] Further grants of up to $1 million will be given to projects that aresuccessful.[120]

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): Alongside WHO, the governments of the United States, UnitedKingdom and United Arab Emirates, and the World Bank, the foundation endorsed the LondonDeclaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases, "to eradicate, eliminate and intensify control of 17selected diseases by 2015 and 2020", at a meeting on January 30, 2012, held at the Royal Collegeof Physicians in London, UK.[121] Gates was the principal organizer responsible for bringing togetherthe heads of 13 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies and the foundation's monetarycommitment to the Declaration was $363 million over five years.[122] On April 3, 2014, the two-yearanniversary of the Declaration, Gates attended a meeting in Paris, France, at which participantsreviewed the progress that had been made against 10 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Thefoundation committed a further $50 million, together with $50 million from the Children's InvestmentFund Foundation and $120 million from the World Bank.[123]

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI): A global group tasked with more quicklydeveloping vaccines against infectious disease threats worldwide was launched on January 8, 2017by a coalition of governments and nonprofit groups including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, funded with an initial investment of $460million from Germany, Japan, Norway, the Wellcome Trust and the Gates foundation, aims todevelop vaccines against known infectious disease threats that could be deployed quickly to containoutbreaks before they become global health emergencies, the group said in a statement at the WorldEconomic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.[124][125]

In 2020, together with the UK research charity Wellcome and Mastercard, the Gates Foundationfounded the COVID-19 Therapeutics accelerator to hasten research into developing a vaccine forCOVID-19.[126] After the World Health Organization’s appeal for funding, the Gates Foundationpledged an extra US$150 million on top of the US$100 million already committed earlier.[127]

United States division

Under President Allan Golston, the United States Program has made grants such as the following:

Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood andaffiliated organizations. In 2014, Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fundabortion", focusing instead on family planning and contraception in order to avoid conflation of abortionand family planning.[128] In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blogpost that "[she], like everyone else, struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personaldebate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic familyplanning".[128] Since this time, their endeavors have shifted to a more global perspective, focusing onvoluntary family planning and maternal and newborn health.[129][130]

In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to apublic library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to theInternet.[131] The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided trainingand technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access andknowledge.[131] Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps movepublic libraries into the digital age.[131]

Most recently, the foundation gave a $12.2 million grant to the Southeastern Library Network(SOLINET) to assist libraries in Louisiana and Mississippi on the Gulf Coast, many of which weredamaged or destroyed by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's educationpolicies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schoolsand opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typicallybacked by teachers' unions.[132] It spent $373 million on education in 2009.[132] It has also donated tothe two largest national teachers' unions.[132] The foundation was the biggest early backer of theCommon Core State Standards Initiative.[132] In October 2017 it was announced that the Bill andMelinda Gates Foundation would spend more than $1.7 billion over five years to pay for new initiativesin public education.[133]

One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in theUnited States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to thinktanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system offederal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates.[134][135] One of theways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them throughcollege faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities andcolleges.[136]

As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbyingorganizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have fundedreporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education WritersAssociation to fund training for journalists who cover education.[137] While some critics have feared the

Donation to Planned Parenthood

Libraries

Education

Cambridge University

foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through newscoverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for contentamong its grantees, who have editorial independence.[132][137][138] Union activists in Chicago haveaccused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocatesagainst seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".[132]

The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by someeducation professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation oneducation reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates'predetermined policy preferences.[134] Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charterschools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate theyhave not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm.[139][140]

Examples of some of the K-12 reforms advocated by the foundation include closing ineffectiveneighborhood schools in favor of privately run charter schools; extensively using standardized test scoresto evaluate the progress of students, teachers, and schools; and merit pay for teachers based on studenttest scores. Critics also believe that the Gates Foundation exerts too much influence over publiceducation policy without being accountable to voters or taxpayers. [139][141][142]

Some of the foundation's educational initiatives have included:

Gates Cambridge Scholarships: In 2000, the Gates Foundation donated $210 million to helpoutstanding graduate students from the U.S. and around the world to study at the prestigiousUniversity of Cambridge. The Gates Cambridge Scholarship has often been compared to theRhodes Scholarship given its international scope and substantial endowment, The scholar remainsextremely competitive with just 0.3% of applicants being selected. Each year, approximately 100 newgraduate students from around the world receive funding to attend Cambridge University. Severalbuildings at the University of Cambridge also bear the name of William and Melinda Gates aftersizable contributions to their construction.[143]

Cornell University: Faculty of Computing and InformationScience received $25 million from the foundation for a newInformation Science building, which will be named the "Bill andMelinda Gates Hall". The total cost of the building is expected tobe $60 million. Construction began in March 2012, and officiallyopened in January 2014.[144]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Part of the Ray andMaria Stata Center is known as the "Gates Tower" in recognitionof partial funding of the building.Carnegie Mellon University: The foundation gave $20 million tothe Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science for a newComputer Science building called the "Gates Center for Computer Science".[145] It officially openedon September 22, 2009.[146]

Smaller schools: The Gates Foundation claims one in five students is unable to read and grasp thecontents of what they read, and African American and Latino students are graduating high schoolwith the skills of a middle school student.[147] Gates Foundation has invested more than $250 millionin grants to create new small schools, reduce student-to-teacher ratios, and to divide up large highschools through the schools-within-a-school model.[147]

D.C. Achievers Scholarships: The Gates Foundation announced March 22, 2007 a $122 millioninitiative to send hundreds of the District of Columbia's poorest students to college.[148]

Gates Millennium Scholars: Administered by the United Negro College Fund, the foundation donated$1.5 billion for scholarships to high achieving minority students.[149]

NewSchools Venture Fund: The foundation contributed $30 million to help NewSchools to managemore charter schools, which aim to prepare students in historically underserved areas for collegeand careers.Strong American Schools: On April 25, 2007, the Gates Foundation joined forces with the Eli andEdythe Broad Foundation pledging a joint $60 million to create Strong American Schools, a nonprofitproject responsible for running ED in 08, an initiative and information campaign aimed atencouraging 2008 presidential contenders to include education in their campaign policies.[150]

Teaching Channel: The Gates Foundation announced in September 2011 a $3.5 million initiative tolaunch a multi-platform service delivering professional development videos for teachers over theInternet, public television, cable and other digital outlets.[151] To date, over 500,000 teachers andeducators have joined the community to share ideas, lesson plans and teaching methods.[152]

The Texas High School Project: The project was set out to increase and improve high schoolgraduation rates across Texas. The foundation committed $84.6 million to the project beginning in2003. The project focuses its efforts on high-need schools and districts statewide, with an emphasison urban areas and the Texas-Mexico border.[153]

University Scholars Program: Donated $20 million in 1998 to endow a scholarship program atMelinda Gates' alma mater, Duke University.[154] The program provides full scholarships to about 10members of each undergraduate class and one member in each class in each of the professionalschools (schools of medicine, business, law, divinity, environment, nursing, and public policy), as wellas to students in the Graduate School pursuing doctoral degrees in any discipline. Graduate andprofessional school scholars serve as mentors to the undergraduate scholars, who are chosen onthe basis of financial need and potential for interdisciplinary academic interests. Scholars are choseneach spring from new applicants to Duke University's undergraduate, graduate, and professionalschool programs. The program features seminars to bring these scholars together forinterdisciplinary discussions and an annual spring symposium organized by the scholars.Washington State Achievers Scholarship: The Washington State Achievers program encouragesschools to create cultures of high academic achievement while providing scholarship support toselect college-bound students.William H. Gates Public Service Law Program: This program awards five full scholarships annually tothe University of Washington School of Law. Scholars commit to working in relatively low-payingpublic service legal positions for at least the first five years following graduation.[155]

University of Texas at Austin: $30 million challenge grant to build the Bill & Melinda Gates ComputerScience Complex.[156]

STAND UP: a national campaign that seeks to positively impact the current crisis within the UnitedStates public education system by calling upon community leaders, parents, students and citizens toencourage change and STAND UP for better schools and the future of America's children. STANDUP was co-founded by the Eli Broad Foundation, and was launched in April 2006 on The OprahWinfrey Show in a two-part feature.Every Student Succeeds Act: donated about $44 million to help with the 2015 federal educationlaw.[157]

Discovery Institute: Donated $1 million in 2000 to the Discovery Institute and pledged $9.35 millionover 10 years in 2003, including $50,000 of Bruce Chapman's $141,000 annual salary. According toa Gates Foundation grant maker, this grant is "exclusive to the Cascadia project" on regionaltransportation, and it may not be used for the Institute's other activities, including promotion ofintelligent design.[158]

Pacific Northwest

Rainier Scholars: Donated $1 million.Computer History Museum: Donated $15 million to the museum in October 2005.[159]

On September 24, 2019, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) gave its Goalkeepers GlobalGoals award to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi. The decision to award Modi was widely criticizedby academics, Nobel Prize laureates, and human rights activists from all over the world.[160][161][162] Apetition signed by over 100,000 people also demanded that the Gates Foundation rescind the award.[163]

Critics insisted that Modi, a Hindu nationalist prime minister with an alleged long record of humanrights abuse, should not be celebrated by an organization whose mission states that 'every life has equalvalue and all people deserve healthy lives.'[164] By giving Modi this prestigious award, they noted, theGates Foundation contributes in legitimizing the authoritarian rule of Modi, including his mistreatmentof India's minorities.[165]

Critics say the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has overlooked the links between poverty and pooracademic achievement and has unfairly demonized teachers for poor achievement by underprivilegedstudents. They contend that the Gates Foundation should be embracing anti-poverty and living wagepolicies rather than pursuing untested and empirically unsupported education reforms.[166]

Critics say that Gates-backed reforms such as increasing the use of technology in education mayfinancially benefit Microsoft and the Gates family.[134][167][168]

The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return oninvestment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worseningpoverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty.[82][169]

These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into thedeveloping world.[170] In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of itsinvestments to assess social responsibility.[171] It subsequently canceled the review and stood by itspolicy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence companypractices.[172][173]

Critics have called on the Gates Foundation to divest from the GEO Group, the second-largest privateprison corporation in the United States. A large part of the prison's work involves incarcerating anddetaining migrants that have been detained by the Obama administration and now the Trumpadministration.[174][175][176] In spring 2014 the Gates Foundation acknowledged its $2.2 millioninvestment in the prison corporation.[177] It has more recently rebuffed critics' request that it severinvestment ties with the prison corporation. It has refused to comment on whether it is continuing itsinvestments.[174][178]

Criticisms and reforms

Modi Goalkeepers Award

Poverty and education policy

Calls for divestment

In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & MelindaGates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda GatesFoundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which allgrants are made".[179][180] Also announced was the decision to spend all of the foundation's resourceswithin 50 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths.[181][182][183][184] This was later lowered to within 20years of their death.[185][186] This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectivelyend the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the 2006 announcement, it was reiterated that WarrenBuffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at deathare to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".[181]

The plan to close the Foundation Trust is in contrast to most large charitable foundations that have noset closure date. This is intended to lower administrative costs over the years of the Foundation Trust'slife and ensure that the Foundation Trust not fall into a situation where the vast majority of itsexpenditures are on administrative costs, including salaries, with only token amounts contributed tocharitable causes.[182]

In 2006, the foundation won the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.[187]

In 2007, then-President of India Pratibha Devisingh Patil presented the Indira Gandhi Prize forPeace, Disarmament and Development to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[188]

In recognition for the foundation's philanthropic activities in India, Bill and Melinda Gates jointlyreceived India's third highest civilian honor Padma Bhushan in 2015.[189]

On November 22, 2016, President Barack Obama honored Bill and Melinda Gates with ThePresidential Medal of Freedom for their philanthropic efforts.[190]

Corporate social responsibilityGlobal Alliance for Improved NutritionList of wealthiest charitable foundationsPhilanthropySocial enterpriseSocial entrepreneurshipSocial responsibility

1. "History" (https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/History). Bill & MelindaGates Foundation.

2. FoundationCenter.org [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20160311163100/https://fdo.foundationcenter.org/grantmaker-profile/?collection=grantmakers&key=GATE023), accessed February 10, 2016

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5. Schleifer, Theodore (December 5, 2019). "The Gates Foundation has enormous impact. Its CEOleaving could have an enormous impact, too" (https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/12/5/20997583/sue-desmond-hellmann-gates-foundation-departure). Vox. Retrieved March 12, 2020.

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9. "Foundation FAQ" (https://www.gatesfoundation.org/who-we-are/general-information/foundation-faq).Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. "From 1994 through 2018, Bill and Melinda gave the foundationmore than $36.0 billion."

10. "Bill Gates" (https://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates/#4863025f689f). Forbes. "To date, Gates hasdonated $35.8 billion worth of Microsoft stock to the Gates Foundation."

11. "William H Gates Sr" (https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Executive-Leadership-Team/William-H-Gates-Sr). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. RetrievedApril 17, 2018.

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16. Guo, Jeff, "In interview, Gates describes philanthropic journey" (http://tech.mit.edu/V130/N21/gates/interview.html), The Tech, Volume 130, Issue 21, April 23, 2010. (video & transcript). "After he spokeat Kresge Auditorium, Bill Gates sat down with The Tech to talk more about his college tour, hisphilanthropy, and the philosophy behind it."

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21. Foundation Center. "Wyss, Clinton Foundations Partner on Full Participation by Women and Girls" (http://www.philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/wyss-clinton-foundations-partner-on-full-participation-by-women-and-girls). Philanthropy News Digest (PND).

22. Loomis, Carol J. (March 5, 2008). "Warren Buffett gives away his fortune" (http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/25/magazines/fortune/charity1.fortune/index.htm). Fortune. Time Warner via CNNMoney.com.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071128090517/http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/25/magazines/fortune/charity1.fortune/index.htm) from the original on November 28, 2007. RetrievedDecember 10, 2007.

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34. "Knowledge is Power: Sharing Information Can Accelerate Global Health Impact" (http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2014/11/Knowledge-is-Power). Impatient Optimists. Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation. November 20, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014.

35. "Gates Foundation announces world's strongest policy on open access research" (http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/11/gates-foundation-announces-worlds-strongest-policy-on-open-access-research.html). News blog Nature.com. November 21, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2015.

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ion.com/article/181342/how-gates-foundations-investments-are-undermining-its-own-good-works).74. Joe Watson, "Demonstrators Protest Gates Foundation's $2.2 Million Investment in GEO Group,"

"Prison Legal News," July 2016 https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2016/jul/6/demonstrators-protest-gates-foundations-22-million-investment-geo-group/

75. 2012 tax return uploaded to this web page: http://www.iamawake.co/revealed-bill-gates-invests-billions-in-fast-food-private-prison-and-oil-companies/

76. Madison Pauly, "A Brief History of America's Private Prison Industry," "Mother Jones," July/August2016 https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/06/history-of-americas-private-prison-industry-timeline/

Official website (https://www.gatesfoundation.org/)

Grants database from 1994 onward (https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database) (grant payments only, not contracts or investments)

Bill Gates donated his $35.8 billion to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (https://greatmotive.com/bill-gates/#Bill_Gates_Net_Worth) World's Biggest Charitable TrustThe Foundation Center: Top 100 US Foundations by asset size (http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100assets.html) Gates Foundation ranked number one.New York Times (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/g/gates_bill_and_melinda_foundation/index.html?inline=nyt-org) Updated news on the foundation.

77. Lael Henterly, "Gates Foundation resists pressure to pull private prison investment," "The SeattleGlobalist," May 8, 2014 http://www.seattleglobalist.com/2014/05/08/gates-foundation-private-prison-investments-geo-nwdc/24430

78. Alex Park, "Is the Gates Foundation Still Investing in Private Prisons?," "Mother Jones, December 8,2014 https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/12/gates-foundation-still-investing-private-prisons/

79. "Gates Foundation Announces That It Doesn't Plan to Operate Forever" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220226/http://www.philanthropy.com/free/update/2006/11/2006112901.htm). Archivedfrom the original (http://www.philanthropy.com/free/update/2006/11/2006112901.htm) on September27, 2007.

80. "About the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080815085113/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/Announcements/Announce-061129.htm). Archived from theoriginal (http://www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/Announcements/Announce-061129.htm) on August15, 2008.

81. "Announcements - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080815085113/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/Announcements/Announce-061129.htm). Archived from theoriginal (http://www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/Announcements/Announce-061129.htm) on August15, 2008.

82. "The Chronicle, 11/29/2006: Gates Foundation Announces That It Doesn't Plan to Operate Forever"(http://philanthropy.com/article/Gates-Foundation-Announces/55464/). The Chronicle of Philanthropy.

83. "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation sets lifespan" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gates-foundation/bill-melinda-gates-foundation-sets-lifespan-idUSN0125394420061201). Reuters. December 1, 2006.

84. Beatty, Sally (December 1, 2006). "Gates Foundation Sets Its Lifespan" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116493514082937519?mod=home_whats_news_us). WSJ.

85. "Interview with Bill Gates September 21, 2013 (Video 33:52)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBHJ-8Bch4E). YouTube.

86. "Foundation Trust" (https://www.gatesfoundation.org/who-we-are/general-information/financials/foundation-trust). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

87. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria807.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081204114126/http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria807.html) December 4, 2008,at the Wayback Machine

88. "Gates Foundation to get Indira Gandhi peace prize" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gates-foundation-to-get-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/284494/).

89. PTI. "Advani, Bachchan, Dilip Kumar get Padma Vibhushan" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advani-bachchan-dilip-kumar-get-padma-vibhushan/article6821421.ece). The Hindu.

90. "The Presidential Medal of Freedom" (https://www.whitehouse.gov/campaign/medal-of-freedom).The White House. Retrieved November 23, 2016.

External links

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