• B. Constitution=Bundle of Compromises–1. Virginia Plan:Brand new gov’t w/ Central

Powers• a. 3 branches: Exec, Leg, Jud• b. Bicameral Congress• c. Congress selects exec. and jud. officers• d. Rep. in Congress based on pop. for both houses– 1)Lower House: Popularly Elected– 2)Upper House: Chosen by Lower House

• e. Congress has same powers, can now force states to obey.• f. Nat’l Gov’t given addtl powers (army, tax)

–2. New Jersey Plan: Small States, only revise articles.• a. Unicameral Congress: Each state equal (1

vote)• b. More powers to Congress: tax, treaties,

trade• c. Plural Executive: Appointed by Congress• d. National Sup. Ct.: Appt. by execs for life.

–3. Great Compromise (Conn. Compromise): Between large/small states over rep. into Natl Congress.• a.Lower House (House of Reps): Represent the

people, representation based on pop. (favors large states)• b.Upper House (Senate): Created to represent

states, based on equality, 2 per state (favors small states)• c.Revenue (tax) bills can only be introduced in

the lower house.

–4. 3/5 Compromise: Between Free and Slaves States• a. North: Count slaves into pop. for tax

purposes, but not for representation into the lower house.• b. South: Count slaves for rep. purposes, but

not for tax.• c. Results: 3 out of every 5 slaves would be

counted into the state’s population for both purposes.

–5. Economic Compromises: Industrial North vs. Agricultural South• a.Industrial: Wanted Congress to have power

to regulate trade, impose import/export duties.• b.Agricultural: Didn’t want Gov’t intereference

w/ exportation of cotton or importation of slaves.• c.Results: Congress can tax imports, not

exports, couldn’t prohibit slave trade until 1808, Pres. can make treaties but w/ 2/3 vote in Senate.

–6. Compromises over Presidency• a.single or plural: single chief executive• b.chosen by people, states, or Congress:

Electoral College (all).• c.Life or specified term: 4 year term, unlimited• d.How to check powers: a system of checks

and balances created.• e.what powers?: limited but included his role

of commander-in-chief• f.Qualifications: natural-born citizenship,

residency, age (35)

–7. Conditions necessary for compromise• a. Each side must want to find a solution• b. Each side must see a benefit to both sides in

any concession it offers.• c. Both sides must be assured of saving face

and power• d. Positions of both sides must be fairly close

to begin with.

• C. The struggle Ratification (approval)–1. Federalists: Favored new constitution,

wanted and needed a strong central gov’t to protect property and interests.• a. Upper Class• b. Dominated Convention: Changed rules, only

9 needed to agree (RI wouldn’t)• c. Ratification in special ratifying conventions,

people vote for delegates cuz state legislatures ( wouldn’t approve)• d. Voting requirements favored Feds

–e. Voting in cities (stronghold)–f. Wanted to act quickly, avoid opposition

organizing–g. Better educated, more to gain, well-

organized, could afford campaign costs.–h.Federalist Papers: Propaganda by

Madison, Hamilton, John Jay to convince ratification. 85 anonymous essays to get NY to ratify

– i. Stressed everyone’s interests protected under the new gov’t.• 1) Local Communities by the House of

Representatives.• 2) States by the Senate• 3) The nation by the President• 4) Individuals by the courts

–2. Anti-Federalists: Those who opposed • a. Feared a strong central gov’t.• b. Weakened the states.• c. Suspicious President• d. Suspicious of Elastic Clause: Gave Congress powers

beyond those in const.• e. Disliked standing army.• f. No Bill of Rights.

– g. Convention closed to public.–h. Pres., Senators, Judges, not directly elected by

people.– i. Senate made treaties.– j. Fed. cts. could overturn state cts.– k. Gov’t controlled by elites– l. Taxation power: Too great–m. Allowed Slavery

–3. Ratification: 9 states had to approve• a. Delaware first (Dec 1787)• b. New Hampshire 9th state (June 1788)• c. NY and VA still not in: To get their support

Federalists promised to amend Const. w/ Bill of Rights.

Federalist Counter-arguments

• 1) Trade Regulated and taxes levied.• 2) Create Military• 3) National Court System• 4) Easier to pass laws• 5) Easier to amend (not too easy)• 6) Pres. Provides leadership• 7) Uniformity: $, Foreign affairs, treaty, Commerce• 8) Separation of powers safeguards liberty.

• 9) Republican Gov’t can exist in large states, factions fight one another.

• 10) Powers of Congress are limited.• 11) Nat’l gov’t will be checked by people who

will be more loyal to their states• 12) 2nd term: allows for experience