Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India-all volume

DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH
MONOGRAPHS
Sl. No. Plant Name Botanical Name Page No. (as per book)
1 AJAGANDHË (Seed) Cleome gynandra Linn 1
2 AJAMODË (Fri!) A"im le"!o"#yllm ($er%&)
F&'&M&e en!#
0 ËMALA+, (Dried /ri!) Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n&
ËAG'ADHA (Fri! "l") Ca%%ia /i%!la Linn 3
4 A+A (oo!) Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) &r& 5
3 A+A (Lea/) Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) &r& 16
5 ASANA (Hear! 7ood) $!ero.ar"% mar%"im o-& 12
8 A9O+A (S!em -ar:) Sara.a a%o.a (o%.) DC ;illd 10
16 A9'AGANDHË (oo!) ;i!#ania %omni/era Dnal 1
11 A9'ATTHA (ar:) Fi.% religio%a Linn& 13
12 ATAS, (Seed) Linm %i!a!i%%imm Linn 18
1* AT<ALË (oo!) A-!ilon indi.m (Linn) S7 26
10 AT<'<=Ë (oo!) A.on!m #e!ero"#yllm ;all& E
oyle
22
1 A>LA (S!em -ar:) A.a.ia nilo!i.a (Linn ) ;illd& E &
Del &S"& <ndi.a ( en!# ) renan
20
14 Ë+?C, (Fri!) $%oralea .oryli/olia Linn 2
13 <H,TA+A (Fri!) Terminalia -eleri.a o-& 24
15 <L'A (Fri! "l") Aegle marmelo% Corr& 23

22 DHËTA+, (Flo7er) ;ood/ordia /ri!i.o%a (Linn ) +r *2
2* EAA (oo!) i.in% .ommni% Linn *0
20 GAMHË, (oo! -ar:) Gmelina ar-ora o- *4
2 GO+=?A (oo!) Tri-l% !erre%!i% Linn *5
24 GO+=?A (Fri!) Tri-l% !erre%!i% Linn 06
23 G?>C, (S!em) Tino%"ora .ordi/olia (;illd&) Mier%& 01
25 G?GG?L? (Eda!e) Commi"#ora 7ig#!ii (Arn&) #and& 0*
28 G?JË (Seed) A-r% "re.a!ori% Linn& 00
*6 HA<DË (#iome) Cr.ma longa Linn& 0
*1 HA,TA+, (Fri!) Terminalia .#e-la e!& 03
*2 H<G? (Oleogmre%in) Ferla /oe!ida egel& 08
** JATËMËS, (#iome) Nardo%!a.#y% Ia!aman%i DC 1
*0 JËT,$HALA (Seed) Myri%!i.a /ragran% Ho!!& *
* +AM$<LLA (Fri!) Mallo!% "#ili""inen%i% MellArg&
*4 +ËCANËA (S!em -ar:) a#inia @ariega!a lme 4
*3 +A+OLA (Fri!) $i"er .-e-a Linn& /& 5
*5 +AA+Ë, (;#ole "lan!) Solanm %ra!!n%e rm&/& 8
*8 +ANBËSËA (Lea/) Aloe -ar-aden%i% Mill 42
06 +AAJA (Seed) $ongamia "inna!a (Linn&) Merr& 4*
01 +AA',A (Lea/) Nerim indi.m Mill 40
02 +A+AA9KG< (Gall) $i%!a.ia .#inen%i% rgo 44
0* +Ë$ËSA (Seed) Go%%y"im #er-a.em Linn& 43
00 +A9E? (#iome) S.ir"% :y%oor o-& 45
0 +ETA+, (oo!) $andan% !e.!ori% %oland&
e&$ar:in%on
04 +HAD<A (Hear! 7ood) A.a.ia .a!e.# (Linn&/&) ;illd& 36
03 +<ËTAT<+TA (;#ole "lan!) S7er!ia .#ira!a .#&Ham 31

08 +?LATTHA (Seed) 'igna ni.la!a (Linn&) ;al"& 3
6 +?=HA (oo!) Sa%%rea la""a C& Clar:e 34
1 +?AJA (S!em -ar:) Holarr#ena an!idy%en!eri.a (o!#)
A&DC
35
2 LA'AGA (Flo7er d) Syygim aroma!i.m (Linn&) Merr
M&$erry&
* LODHA (S!em -ar:) Sym"lo.o% ra.emo%a o-& 52
0 MADANA (Fri!) erom"#i% %"ino%a (T#n-) +eay 50
M<9EBË (Fri!) Foeni.lm @lgare Mill 54
4 NBAGODHA (S!em -ar:) Fi.% -engalen%i% Linn 55
3 $Ë=ËAHEDA (#iome) ergenia .ilia!a (Ha7 ) S!ern-& 86
5 $ËHË (oo!) Ci%%am"elo% "areira Linn 82
8 $>GA (Seed) Are.a .a!e.# Linn& 80
46 $?NANA'Ë (A+TA) (;#ole
"lan!)
oer#a@ia di//%a Linn 8
41 SA$TA$AA (S!em -ar:) Al%!onia %.#olari% (Linn)&r& 83
42 9A, (#iome) Hedy.#im %"i.a!m Ham &
E&Smi!#
40 S>+=MA<LË (Fri!) Ele!!aria .ardamo6mm (Linn&)
&r&
161
4 9?H, (#iome) ingi-er o//i.inale o-& 16*
44 S'AA$AT, (Lea/) Ca%%ia ang%!i/olia 'a#l& 16
43 9'ETAJ,A+A (Fri!) Cminm .yminm Linn 164
45 9'ETA SË<'Ë (oo!) Hemide%m% indi.% (Linn&) &r& 163
48 TAGAA (#iome) 'aleriana 7alli.#ii DC 168
36 TËMALA+, (oo! S!em P Lea/) $#yllan!#% /ra!ern% ;e-%!& 111
31 T'A+ (ar:) Cinnamimm eylani.m lme 11*
32 T'A+$ATA (Lea/) Cinnamomm !amala (.# 11

3* ?D?MAA (ar:) Fi.% ra.emo%a Linn 113
30 ?$A+?C<+Ë (Seed) Nigella %a!i@a Linn 118
3 'A?A (S!em -ar:) Cara!ae@a nr@ala .#Ham& 126
34 'ËSË (Lea/) Ad#a!oda @ai.a Nee% 122
33 '<AGA (Fri!)) Em-elia ri-e% rm&/& 12*
35 '<JABË (Lea/) Canna-i% %a!i@a Linn 12
38 BA=, (S!em Poo!) Gly.yrr#ia gla-ra Linn 123
56 BA'ËN, (Fri!) Tra.#y%"ermm ammi (Linn&)
S"rage e Trril&
128
LEGAL NOT< ES
In India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographs
which follow. hese monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposed
b! these laws wherever the! are applicable.
It is e"pedient that en#uir! be made in each case in order to ensure that the
provisions of the law are being complied with.
In general$ the %rugs & Cosmetics Act$ '()* +subse#uentl! amended in '(,)
and '(-/$ the %angerous %rugs Act$ '(0* and the 1oisons Act$ '('( and the rules
framed thereunder should be consulted.
2nder the %rugs & Cosmetics Act$ the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India
+A.1.I./$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I$ is the boo5 of standards for single drugs included therein and
the standards prescribed in the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I
would be official. If considered necessar! these standards can be amended and the
Chairman of the A!urvedic 1harmacopoeia Committee authorised to issue such
amendments. 6henever such amendments are issued the A!urvedic
1harmacopoeia of India$ 1art3I$ 4ol. I$ would be deemed to have been amended
accordingl!.
Title - The title of the book is “Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of
Name of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is in
Sanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part-I and Part-II !ill be considered official" These names have been arranged in
#nglish alphabetical order" The $atin name %ta&onomical nomenclature' of each drug as found in authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in the
introductory paragraph" The official name !ill be the main title of the drug and its scientific name !ill also be considered as legal name"
Introductory Para - #ach monograph begins !ith an introductory paragraph indicating the part scientific name of the drug in $atin !ith short description about its habit distribution and method of collection if any"
Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit #nglish
(indi )rdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in the classical te&ts Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part-I and Part-II as procured from the
e&perts scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states"
Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in the introductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents substances or processes described in Appendi&"
Odour and Taste - *herever a specific odour has been found it has been mentioned but the description as +odourless, or +no odour, has in many cases been avoided in the
description as large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour" The “odour is e&amined by directly smelling . g of the po!dered drug contained in a package or
freshly po!dered" If the odour is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an open container and re-e&amined after 0 minutes" If the odour persists to be discernible it is described as having odour"
The “Taste of a drug is e&amined by taking a small 1uantity of 2 mesh po!der by a tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed !ith !ater" This may not be done in case if poisonous drugs indicated in monograph"
Mesh Number - *herever the po!dering of the drug has been re1uired the sieve “3esh 4umber 2 has been used" This !ill not apply for drugs containing much oily substance"
Weights and Measures - The metric system of !eights and measures is employed" *eights are given in multiples or fractions of a gramme %g' or of a milligram %mg'" Fluid measures are given in multiples or fractions of millilitre %ml'"
*hen the term “drop is used the measurement is to be made by means of a
tube !hich delivers in .5 drops 0 gram of distilled !ater at 0o6"
3etric measures are re1uired by the Pharmacopoeia to be graduated at .5o6 and

The term “Foreign 3atter is used to designate any matter !hich does not form part of the drug as defined in the monograph" 7egetable drugs used as such or in formulations should be duly identified and authenticated and be free from insects pests fungi micro-organisms pesticides and other animal matter including animal e&creta be !ithin the permitted and specified limits for lead arsenic and heavy metals and sho! no abnormal odour colour sliminess mould or other evidence of deterioration"
The 1uantitative tests e"g" total ash acid-insoluble ash !ater-soluble ash
alcohol-soluble e&tractive !ater- soluble e&tractive ether-soluble e&tractive moisture content volatile oil content and assays are the methods upon !hich the standards of
Pharmacopoeia depend" The methods for assays are described in their respective monographs and for other 1uantitative tests methods are not repeated in the te&t of monographs but only the corresponding reference of appropriate appendi& is given" The analyst is not precluded from employing an alternate method in any instance if he is satisfied that the method !hich he uses !ill give the same result as the Pharmacopoeial 3ethod" In suitable instances the methods of microanalysis if of e1uivalent accuracy may be substituted for the tests and assays described" (o!ever in the event of doubt or dispute the methods of analysis of the Pharmacopoeia are alone
authoritative"
Limits for ea!y Metals 8 All Ayurvedic 9rugs %Single/6ompound formulation' must comply !ith the limits for (eavy 3etals prescribed in individual 3onograph and !herever limit is not given then they must comply !ith the limits given in *(: publication “;uality 6ontrol 3ethods for 3edicinal Plants and 3aterial" Standards - For statutory purpose statements appearing in the API Part-I 7ol" 7 under 9escription those of definition of the part and source plants and Identity Purity and Strength shall constitute standards"
Thin Layer "hromatogra#hy $T%L%"%& - )nder this head !herever given the number of spots and <f values of the spots !ith their colour have been mentioned as a guide for
identification of the drug and not as Pharmacopoeial re1uirement" (o!ever the analyst may use any other solvent system and detecting reagent in any instance if he is satisfied that the method !hich he uses even by applying kno!n reference standards !ill give better result to establish the identity of any particular chemical constituent reported to be present in the drug"
'uantities to be (eighed for )ssays and Tests - In all description 1uantity of the
substance to be taken for testing is indicated" The amount stated is appro&imate but the 1uantity actually used must be accurately !eighed and must not deviate by more than
05 per cent from the one stated"
"onstant Weight - the term “6onstant *eight !hen it refers to drying or ignition means that t!o consecutive !eighings do not differ by more than 0"5 mg per g of the substance taken for the determination the second !eighing follo!ing an additional hour of drying on further ignition"
"onstituents - )nder this head only the names of important chemical constituents
groups of constituents reported in research publications have been mentioned as a guide and not as pharmacopoeial re1uirement"
Percentage of Solutions - In defining standards the e&pression per cent %=' is used according to circumstances !ith one of the four meanings given belo!"

Per cent !/v %Percentage !eight in volume' e&presses the number of grammes of active substance in 055 millilitres of product"
Per cent v/v %percentage volume in volume' e&presses the number of millilitres of active substance in 055 millilitres of product"
Per cent v/! %percentage volume in !eight' e&presses the number of millilitres of
active substance in 055 grammes of product"
Percentage of alcohol - All statements of percentage of alcohol %6.(:(' refer to
percentage by volume at 0"> o6"
Tem#erature - )nless other!ise specified all temperatures refer to centigrade %celsius' thermometric scale"
Solutions - )nless other!ise specified in the individual monograph all solutions are prepared !ith purified !ater"
*eagents and Solutions - The chemicals and reagents re1uired for the test in Pharmacopoeia are described in Appendices"
Solubility - *hen stating the solubilities of 6hemical substances the term “Soluble is necessarily sometimes used in a general sense irrespective of concomitant chemical
changes"
Statements of solubilities !hich are e&pressed as a precise relation of !eights of dissolved substance of volume of solvent at a stated temperature are intended to apply at that temperature" Statements of appro&imate solubilities for !hich no figures are given are intended to apply at ordinary room temperature"
Pharmacopoeial chemicals !hen dissolved may sho! slight physical impurities
such as fragment of filter papers fibres and dust particles unless e&cluded by definite tests in the individual monographs"
*hen the e&pression “parts is used in defining the solubility of a substance it is to be understood to mean that 0 gramme of a solid or 0 millilitre of a li1uid is soluble in that number of millilitres of the solvent represented by the stated number of parts"
*hen the e&act solubility of pharmacopoeial substance is not kno!n a descriptive term is used to indicate its solubility"
The follo!ing table indicates the meaning of such terms ?-
Descri#ti!e terms *elati!e +uantities of sol!ent
7ery soluble $ess than 0 part
Freely soluble From 0 to 05 parts
Soluble From 05 to @5 parts
Sparingly soluble From @5 to 055 parts
Slightly soluble From 055 to 0555 parts
7ery slightly soluble From 0555 to 05555 parts
Practically insoluble 3ore than 05555 parts

Thera#eutic uses and im#ortant formulations 8 Therapeutic uses and important formulations mentioned in this Pharmacopoeia are as provided in the recognised Ayurvedic classics and in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part 8I and Part-II"
Doses 8 The doses mentioned in each monograph are in metric system of !eights
!hich are the appro&imate conversions from classical !eights mentioned in )yur!edic te&ts" A conversion table is appended giving classical !eights of )yur!edic System of 3edicine !ith their metric e1uivalents" 9oses mentioned in the )yur!edic Pharmacopoeia of India %)%P%I"' are intended merely for general guidance and represent unless other!ise stated the average range of 1uantities per dose !hich is generally regarded suitable by clinicians for adults only !hen administered orally"
It is to be noted that the relation bet!een doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems set
forth in the te&t is of appro&imate e1uivalence" These 1uantities are for convenience of
prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes"
The abbreviations commonly employed are as follo!s?
)bbre!iations of technical terms
6otyledon 6otldn"
Flo!er Fl"
Fruit Fr"
AJAGANDHË (Seed)
AIagand#Q .on%i%!% o/ !#e %eed% o/ Cleome gynandra Linn& Syn& Gynandro"%i%
gynandra (Linn&) rie! (Fam& Ca""arida.eae)R a %!rong %melling %ome7#a! /oe!id #er-
6&4 1 m #ig# /ond a-ndan!ly !#rog#o! 7armer "ar!% o/ <ndia&
SBNONBMS
engali Hr#ria S#l!e
Engli%# Dog M%!ard
Hindi Hl#l Hr#r +a@alia
+annada Naram -ele So"" Nayee!la%i
+a%#miri Gandi !i
Malayalam A!nari @ela
$nIa-i gra
Telg 'amin!a 'ayin!a
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed% %mall 12 mm in diame!er :idney %#a"ed %r/a.e rog# dar: -ro7n or
-la.:&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Dar: -ro7n oilyR nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a nm-er o/ /ragmen!% o/ e"idermi% o/
1

!e%!a .on%i%!ing o/ !#in7alled "olygonal .ell%R gro"% o/ .ell% re%em-ling li:e %!one .ell% reddi%#-ro7n 7i!# nonligni/ied 7all%R a large nm-er o/ o@al ronded or irreglarly %#a"ed "ro!ein -odie%R %!ar.# and .ry%!al% a-%en!&
<DENT<TB $?<TB AND STENGTH
Foreign ma!!er No! more !#an 2 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&2&
To!al A%# No! more !#an 3 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&*&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6&0 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 14 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&
;a!er%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 3 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&3&

a%a +aU
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS NQrQyaVa CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES Glma AXU#YlQ +Zmiroga +aV[W +arVaroga
DOSE 1* g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&
2
2& AIamoda (Fr!&)
AJAMODË (Fri!)
AIamodQ .on%i%!% o/ dried aroma!i. /ri!% o/ A"im le"!o"#yllm ($er%&) F& '& M&
e en!#& (Fam& ?m-elli/erae)R an annal #er- .l!i@a!ed in And#ra $rade%# GIara!
Mad#ya $rade%# and +arna!a:aR .olle.!ed -y !#ra%#ing "lan!% on a ma! and dried in %#ade
or in drying %#ed%&
engali and#ni anyamani
Hindi AImda AImod
+annada Oma AIa@ana Oma::i
Malayalam Ayamoda:m Oman
Mara!#i AImoda Oo@a
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ %mall o@oid /ri!R -l: .olor yello7i%# -ro7n mainly o..r a% en!ire .remo.ar"% 7i!# "edi.el a!!a.#ed or de!a.#ed and -i/id %!ylo"od /ree end% .r@ed %ome!ime% o..r% a% %e"ara!e meri.ar"%R .remo.ar"% gla-ro% o@oid !o .oni.al a-o! 1&*&6 mm long and 1&22&5 mm 7ide yello7 !o yello7i%# greenR %e"ara!ed meri.ar"% -roadly o@oid more or le%% .r@ed dor%al %r/a.e .on@e 7i!# /i@e eally di%!in.! longi!dinal "rimary ridge%R a! !#e %mmi! .r@ed %!ylo"odirn .ommi%%ral %r/a.e /la! %#o7ing dar:er and lig#! .olored longi!dinal -and% /ormer re"re%en!ing !#e "o%i!ion o/ @i!!ae and @a%.lar -ndle% R odorR aroma!i.R !a%!e %lig#!ly -i!!er gi@ing a
3

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% meri.ar"% 7i!# /or large @i!!ae on dor%al %r/a.e !7o on .ommi%%ral %r/a.e and /or "rimary ridge% on dor%al %r/a.eR * %e.ondary oil .anal% "re%en! nder ea.# "rimary ridge and al%o -e!7een ridge%R .ar"o"#ore "re%en! on .ommi%%ral %r/a.eR e"i.ar" .ell% 7i!# !#in %!ria!ed .!i.le o!er 7all% dra7n in!o "a"illaeR %!oma!a anomo.y!i. !y"e "!o * µ in diame!erR me%o.ar" .on%i%!% o/ "olygonal "aran.#yma 7i!# !#i.:ened and ligni/ied .ell% mea%ring *6428µ. in diame!er 7i!# o@al !o rond "i!%R .olla!eral @a%.lar -ndle% lie -enea!# e"i.ar"R !ra.#eid% 226**55 µ in leng!# 7i!# %"iral %.alari/orm or re!i.la!e !#i.:ening%R ylem "aren.#yma ligni/ied elonga!ed 7i!# elli"!i.al "i!% mea%ring 2115134 -y 1**600 µ large %e.ondary @i!!a. !o7ard% endo%"erm mea%re "!o 12*µ in 7id!# and !o7ard% "eri"#ery !#e %malle%! @i!!ae mea%ring 150µ in diame!er&
$o7derS#o7% modera!ely !#i.:7alled .ell o/ e"i.ar" e#i-i!ing .#ara.!eri%!i. %!ria!ion% and o..a%ional "re%en.e o/ %!oma /ragmen!% o/ !ri.#ome% and glandlar #air% re!i.la!e "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ me%o.ar" /ragmen!% o/ yello7i%#-ro7n @i!!aeR /ragmen!% o/ endo%"erm !#i.:7alled "olygonal .ell% .on!aining alerone grain and mi.ro ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e&
Foreign ma!!er (<n.lding /S!al:) No! more !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&2&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 0 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
;a!er%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&3&
'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 2 "er .en! @\7 A""endi 2&2&16
ONST<T?ENTS E%%en!ial oil and /ied oil

4
+arma 'idQ#Y +a"#a@Q!aIi! DY"ana .i:Z! +ZmiIi! 9Wlag#na
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS AIamodQr:a AIamodQdi CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES Ar.i Ëd#mQna Glma Hi::Q C#ardi +Zmiroga 9Wla
DOSE 1* g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm&
No!e Tra.#y%"ermm ro-rg#ianm (DC) S"rage Syn& Carm ro-rg#ianm en!#& Hoo:&/& i% !#e .ommon mar:e! %-%!i!!e
5
ËMALA+, (Fre%# Fri! "l")
Ëmala:Y .on%i%!% o/ /re%# /ri! "l" o/ Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n& (Fam&
E"#or-ia.eae)R a %mall or medim %ied !ree /ond in mied de.ido% /ore%!% a%.ending
!o 1*66 m on #ill% and .l!i@a!ed in garden% and #omeyard%&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e Amla: Amla:#i Amla:#
engali Amla D#a!ri
Oriya Anala Ainla
Tamil Nelli::ai Nelli
Telg ?%iri:a
?rd Amla AmlaI
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.

Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re /ri! %#o7% an e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle layer o/ e"idermi% and 20 layer% o/ #y"odermi%R e"idermal .ell !a-lar <n %#a"e .o@ered e!ernally 7i!# a !#i.: .!i.le and a""ear in %r/a.e @ie7 a% "olygonalR #y"odermal .ell% !angen!ially elonga!ed !#i.:7alled %maller in dimen%ion !#an e"idermal .ell%R me%o.ar" /orm% -l: o/ /ri! .on%i%!ing o/ !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e% "eri"#eral 48 layer% %maller o@oid or !angen!ially elonga!ed 7#ile re%! o/ .ell% larger in %ie i%odiame!ri. and radially elonga!edR %e@eral .olla!eral /i-ro@a%.lar -ndle% %.a!!ered !#rog#o! me%o.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ ylem and "#loemR ylem .om"o%ed o/ !ra.#eal elemen!% /i-re !ra.#eid% and ylem /i-re%R !ra.#eal elemen!% %#o7 re!i.la!e %.alari/orm and %"iral !#i.:ening%R ylem /i-re% elonga!ed 7i!# narro7 lmen and "oin!ed endR me%o.ar" .on!ain% large aggrega!e% o/ nmero% irreglar %ili.a .ry%!al%&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e (On dried -a%i%) No! le%% !#an 06 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&
Moi%!re .on!en! No! le%% !#an 56 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&8
ONST<T?ENTS A%.or-i. a.id and !annin%

a%a Amla +aXQya Mad#ra Ti:!a +aU
GVa W:Xa Lag#
7
DOSE 1626 g o/ !#e drg
16 ml o/ /re%# Ii.e
8
0& Amala:i (Drd&Fr!&)
ËMALA+, (Dried /ri!)
Ëmala:Y .on%i%!% o/ "eri.ar" o/ dried ma!re /ri!% o/ Em-li.a o//i.inali% Gaer!n&
Syn& $#yllan!#% em-li.a Linn& (Fam& E"#or-ia.eae)R mo%!ly .olle.!ed in 7in!er %ea%on
a/!er ri"ening and in +a%#mir in %mmer a %mall or medim %ied !ree /ond -o!# in
na!ral %!a!e in mied de.ido% /ore%!% o/ !#e .on!ry a%.ending !o 1*66 m on #ill%R
.l!i@a!ed in garden% #omeyard% or gro7n a% a road %ide !ree&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e Amla:#i Amla:# Amla:
engali Amla D#a!ri
+a%#miri Amli Em-ali
Oriya Ainla Anala
Tamil Nelli::ai Nelli
Telg ?%iri:a
?rd Amla AmlaI
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ .rled "ie.e% o/ "eri.ar" o/ dried /ri! o..ring ei!#er a% %e"ara!ed %ingle %egmen!R 12 .m long or ni!ed a% * or 0 %egmen!%R -l: .olor grey !o -la.: "ie.e% %#o7ing a -road #ig#ly %#ri@elled and 7rin:led e!ernal .on@e %r/a.e !o %ome7#a! .on.a@e !ran%@er%ely 7rin:led la!eral %r/a.e e!ernal %r/a.e %#o7% a /e7 7#i!i%# %"e.:% o..a%ionally %ome "ie.e% %#o7 a "or!ion o/ %!ony !e%!a (7#i.# %#old -e remo@ed -e/ore "ro.e%%ing)R !e!re rog# .ar!ilagino% !og#R !a%!e %or
9
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ a %ingle layered e"idermi% .ell a""earing !a-lar and "oygonal in %r/a.e @ie7R .!i.le "re%en!R me%o.ar" .ell% !angen!ially elonga!ed "aren.#yma!o% and .r%#ed di//eren!ia!ed rog#ly in!o "eri"#eral 5 or 8 layer% o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed %maller .ell% re%! .on%i%!ing o/ mo%!ly i%odiame!ri. larger .ell% 7i!# 7all% %#o7ing irreglar !#i.:ening%R rami/ied @a%.lar elemen!% o..a%ionally "re%en!R %!one .ell% "re%en! ei!#er i%ola!ed or in %mall gro"% !o7ard% endo.ar" R "i!!ed @a%.lar /i-re% 7all% a""earing %erra!ed de !o !#e "i! .anal% leading in!o lmen&
$o7der Fine "o7der %#o7% e"idermi% 7i!# ni/ormly !#i.:ened %!raig#! 7alled i%odiame!ri. "aren.#yma .ell% 7i!# irreglar !#i.:ened 7all% o..a%ionally %#or! /i-re% and !ra.#eid%&
Foreign ma!!er (<n.lding %eed and %eed .oa!) No! more !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&2&
ONST<T?ENTS A%.or-i. a.id and gallo!annin%

a%a Amla +aXQya Mad#ra Ti:!a +aU
GVa W:Xa Lag#
+arma TridoXaIi! 'ZXya a%Qyana Ca:XXya
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Cya@ana"rQa D#Q!rY La#a D#Q!ryQdi G#Z!a Tri"#alQ CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES a:!a"i!!a Amla"i!!a $rame#a DQ#a
DOSE *4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
11
ËAG'ADHA (Fri! "l")
Ërag@ad#a .on%i%!% o/ "l" o-!ained /rom /ri!% (de@oid o/ %eed% %e"!a and "ie.e%
o/ "eri.ar") o/ Ca%%ia /i%!la Linn& (Fam& Legmino%ae) a modera!e %ied de.ido% !ree
.ommon !#rog#o! <ndia a% 7ild or .l!i@a!ed "lan! /ri!% .olle.!ed 7#en ri"e&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e Sonaroo
GIra!i Garamala Garamalo
+a%#miri +riyangal $#ali
Oriya Snari
Telg ela
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! a many .elled inde#i%.en! "od *46 .m long and 152 mm diame!er nearly %!raig#! and %-.ylindri.al .#o.ola!e-ro7n !o almo%! -la.: in .olor "od %r/a.e %moo!# !o na:ed eye -! nder len% %#o7ing min!e !ran%@er%e /i%%re% -o!# dor%al and @en!ral %!re% e@iden! -! no! "rominen! %#or! %!al: a!!a.#ed !o -a%e o/ /ri! and ronded di%!al end m.rona!e "eri.ar" !#in #ard and 7oody /ri! ini!ially di@ided -y !ran%@er%e %e"!a a-o! mm a"ar! ea.# .on!aining a %ingle %eed a!!a.#ed !o @en!ral %!re -y a long dar: !#readli:e /ni.le a-o! 512 -y 45 mm .ir.lar !o o@al /la!!ened reddi%#-ro7n %moo!# e!remely #ard and 7i!# a di%!in.! dar: -ro7n line e!ending /rom mi.ro"yle !o -a%e %eed ini!ially em-edded in a -la.: @i%.id "l"
12

.on%i%!ing o/ -la.: !#in %#ining .ir.lar di%. li:e ma%%e% #a@ing .en!ral de"re%%ion o/ %eed on -o!# %r/a.e% or a% -ro:en "ie.e% ad#ered 7i!# ea.# o!#er 7#en di""ed in 7a!er ma:e% yello7 %ol!ion 7#i.# dar:ne%% !o -ro7ni%#yello7 !o dar: -ro7n on :ee"ing "l" /ill% !#e .ell -! %#rin:% on drying and ad#ere% !o -o!# %ide% o/ !e%!a %eed% o/!en lye loo%e in !#eir %egmen!% odor /ain! %i.:ly !a%!e %7ee!&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
ASSAB
T&L& &

a%a Mad#ra Ti:!a
GVa Gr
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Ërag@ad#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES 'i-and#a ?dQ@ar!a Glma 9Wla ?dararoga HZdroga $rame#a
DOSE 16 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /ormR No!e T#e mar:e! ma!erial .on!ain% %eed% %e"!a e!.& 7#i.# /orm !#e Foreign Ma!!er and %#old -e %e"ara!ed -e/ore %e&
14
A+A (oo!)
Ar:a .on%i%!% o/ dried roo!% o/ Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) & r& (Fam&
A%.le"iada.eae) /ond 7ild more or le%% !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
engali A:anda A:one
Engli%# Madar Tree
GIra!i Aa:ado
Tamil 'eller:: Er::
Telg Jilled
?rd Madar Aa:
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
oo! rog# /i%%red longi!dinally .or:y and %o/! e!ernally yello7i%#grey 7#ile in!ernally 7#i!e .en!ral .ore .ream .olored -ar: ea%ily %e"ara!ed /rom ylem odor .#ara.!eri%!i. !a%!e -i!!er and a.rid&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% o!er mo%! .or: !i%%e .on%i%!ing o/ 05 ro7% o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed and radially arranged .ell% /ollo7ed -y *4 ro7% o/ modera!ely
15

!#i.:7alled irreglar .ell% o/ %e.ondary .or!e de@oid o/ .al.im oala!e .ry%!al% and %!ar.# grain% .or!e .om"o%ed o/ large "oly#edral "aren.#yma!o% .ell% .on!aining a-ndan! ronded %!ar.# grain% %ome .or!i.al .ell% .on!ain ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e %.a!!ered la!i.i/er .ell% 7i!# -ro7n .on!en!% "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e elemen!% and "#loem "aren.#yama %ie@e !-e% !#i.:7alled .ell% more "rominen! !o7ard% inner region o/ "#loem !ra@er%ed -y ni !o !e!ra%eria!e medllary ray% "#loem .ell% .on!ain .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e %!ar.# grain% and la!i.i/er% %imilar !o !#e%e /ond in .or!e .am-im "re%en! I%! 7i!#in !#e "#loem .on%i%!ing o/ 2 ro7% o/ !#in7alled !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% ylem /orm% !#e .en!ral "ar! o/ roo! .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el%& !ra.#eid% /i-re% and ylem "aren.#yma @e%%el% "re%en! !#rog#o! ylem region and arranged radially in gro"% o/ 23 %ome!ime %ingle @e%%el% al%o o..r %ally .ylindri.al #a@ing -ordered "i!% on !#eir 7all% ylem /i-re% long ligni/ied 7i!# 7ide lmen !a"ering on end% and #a@e %im"le "i!% on 7all% medllary ray% 10 %eria!e and !ri%eria!e in o!er region and ni or -i%eria!e in inner region .ell% o/ medllary ray% radially elonga!ed /illed 7i!# %!ar.# %imilar !o !#o%e "re%en! in .or!i.al .ell%&
ASSAB

a%a +aU Ti:!a
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma +a"#a@Q!a#Z! DY"ana #edana +Zmig#na 'raVa#ara 'iXag#na +XU#ag#na
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Ma#Q 'iXagar-#a Taila D#Qn@an!ara G#Z!a
THEA$E?T< ?SES +aV[W +XU#a +Zmiroga Glma ?dararoga 'raVa 9@Q%a
DOSE 1* g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion
17
3& Ar:a (L/&)
A+A (Lea/)
Ar:a .on%i%!% o/ dried lea@e% o/ Calo!ro"i% "ro.era (Ai!&) &r& (Fam&
A%.le"iada.eae) /ond 7ild more or le%% !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
engali A:anda A:one
Engli%# Madar Tree
GIra!i Aa:ado
Tamil Er:: 'eller::
Telg Jilled
?rd Aa: Madar
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
S-%e%%ile 41 .m -y 0&5 .m -roadly o@a!e o@a!eo-long elli"!i. or
o-o@a!e a.!e "-e%.en! 7#en yong and gla-ro% on -o!# %ide% on ma!ri!y&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Midri- !ran%@er%e %e.!ion !#rog# midri- %#o7% an ""er and lo7er %ingle layered e"idermi% e!ernally .o@ered 7i!# !#i.: %!ria!ed .!i.le /e7 e"idermal .ell% on -o!# %r/a.e% o/ lea/ elonga!ed !o /orm n i%eria!e 2* .elled !ri.#ome% e"idermal .ell%
18

.-i.al and radially elonga!ed e"idermi% /ollo7ed -y *5 layered .ollen.#yma on -o!# lo7er and ""er %r/a.e% "aren.#yma!o% .ell% !#in7alled i%odiame!ri. !o .ir.lar 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e% "re%en! in grond !i%%e %!ele .re%.en! %#a"ed .om"o%ed o/ -i.olla!eral and o"en @a%.lar -ndle ylem .on%i%!% mo%!ly o/ @e%%el% and !ra.#eid% a %!ri" o/ .am-im "re%en! -e!7een ylem and "#loem !i%%e% la!i.i/er% al%o "re%en! in !#e "#loem and "aren.#yma!o% one&
Lamina dor%i@en!ral 7i!# me%o"#yll di//eren!ia!ed in!o a "ali%ade and %"ongy !i%%e
""er and lo7er e"idermi% .o@ered e!ernally 7i!# a !#i.: %!ria!ed .!i.le -elo7 ""er
e"idermi% !#ree ro7% o/ elonga!ed .lo%ely arranged "ali%ade "aren.#yma "re%en!
%"ongy "aren.#yma !i%%e% almo%! radially elonga!ed 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e% .en!ral
.ell% irreglar in %#a"e la!i.i/er% and @a%.lar -ndle% al%o "re%en! %.a!!ered in !#i%
region
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&
ONST<T?ENTS Gly.o%ide (Calo!ro"in)

a%a +aU Ti:!a
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma 'Q!a#Z! DY"ana +Zmig#na 9o"#a 'raVa#ara 'iXag#na #edana 9@Q%a#ara
19
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Ar:a La@aVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES 9o!#a +aV[W +XU#a 'raVa +Zmiroga Glma 9leXmodararoga $lY#Qroga Ara 9@Q%a
DOSE 2636 mg o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
20
ASANA (Hear! 7ood)
A%ana .on%i%!% o/ #ear!7ood o/ $!ero.ar"% mar%"im o-& (Fam&
Legmino%ae)R a modera!e !o large %ied de.ido% !ree "!o *6 m #ig# and 2& m in
gir!# 7i!# %!raig#! .lear -ole /ond mo%!ly !#rog#o! GIara! Mad#ya $rade%# i#ar
and Ori%%a&
A%%ame%e AaIar
Engli%# <ndian +ino Tree
+a%#miri Lal C#ander
Malayalam 'enga
Tamil 'engai
?rd iIa%ar
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.

-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion %#o7% al!erna!ing -and% o/ larger and %maller "olygonal .ell% .on%i%!ing o/ !ra.#eid% /i-re !ra.#eid% ylem "aren.#yma and !ra@er%ed -y ylem ray% nmero% ylem @e%%el% di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o! in %ingle% or in gro"% o/ 2* %#o7ing !ylo%e% /illed 7i!# !anninR in i%ola!ed "re"ara!ion% @e%%el% drm or -arrel %#a"ed 7i!# 7ellmar:ed "er/ora!ion rim% and -ordered "i!%R !ra.#eid% nmero% long !#i.:7alled 7i!# !a"ering end% and %im"le "i!%R /i-re !ra.#eid% elonga!ed !#i.:7alled 7i!# narro7 lmen and %im"le "i!%R ylem "aren.#yma re.!anglar 7i!# %im"le "i!% "ara!ra.#eal %rronding @e%%el%R ylem ray% ni!o-i%eria!e *3 .ell% #ig# "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e "re%en! in .ry%!al /i-re% %!ar.# a-%en!&
$o7der ro7n !o .#o.ola!e .olor nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% @e%%el% 7i!# -ordered "i!% /i-re !ra.#eid% !ra.#eid% /ragmen!% o/ ylem ray% and /e7 .ry%!al /i-re% %!ar.# a-%en!&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6& "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
;a!er%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&3&
ONST<T?ENTS Al:aloid% and re%in
$O$ET<ES AND A T<ON
a%a +aXQya +aU Ti:!a
GVa Lag# W:Xa
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma +a"#a"i!!aQma:a GaladoXag#na +eya [email protected] S!am-#ana
+XU#ag#na a%Qyana a:!aod#ana
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Nyagrod#Qdi CWrVa A%ana-il@Qdi Taila
22
THEA$E?T< ?SES $QV[ $rame#a MedodoXa +XU#a +Zmiroga
DOSE 6166 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion
23
8& A%#o:a (S!& :&)
A9O+A (S!em -ar:)
Ao:a .on%i%!% o/ dried %!em -ar: o/ Sara.a a%o.a (o%e&) De& ;illd Syn& Sara.a
indi.a Linn& (Fam& Legmino%ae) .olle.!ed in %"ring /rom ma!re 7ild or .l!i@a!ed !ree%
/ond in Cen!ral and Ea%!ern Himalaya% ;e%!ern G#a!% and De..an&
SBNONBMS
engali A%#o:a
+a%#miri A%#o:
Telg A%#o:a"a!!a
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
ar: .#annelled e!ernally dar: green !o greeni%# grey %moo!# 7i!# .ir.lar
len!i.el% and !ran%@er%ely ridged %ome!ime% .ra.:ed in!ernally reddi%#-ro7n 7i!# /ine
longi!dinal %!rand% and /i-er% /ra.!re %"lin!ery e"o%ing %!ria!ed %r/a.e a !#in
7#i!i%# .on!ino% layer i% %een -enea!# !#e .or: layer !a%!e a%!ringen!&
24
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %!em -ar: %#o7% "eriderm .on%i%!ing o/ a 7ide layer o/ .or: radially /la!!ened narro7 .or: .am-im %e.ondary .or!e 7ide 7i!# one or !7o .on!ino% layer% o/ %!one .ell% 7i!# many "a!.#e% o/ %.lereid% "aren.#yma!o% !i%%e .on!ain% yello7 ma%%e% and "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% %e.ondary "#loem .on%i%!% o/ "#loem "aren.#yma %ie@e !-e% 7i!# .om"anion .ell% and "#loem /i-re% o..ring in gro"% .ry%!al /i-re% "re%en!&
Al.o#ol (86 "er .en!) %ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1 "er .en! A""endi
2&2&4&
ONST<T?ENTS Tannin% and a .ry%!alline gly.o%ide&

a%a +aXQya Ti:!a
GVa Lag# W:Xa
+arma GrQ#Y 'arVya HZdya 9o!#a#ara 'iXag#na
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Ao:QriXUa Ao:ag#Z!a
THEA$E?T< ?SES A%Zgdara A"a.Y DQ#a a:!adoXa 9o!#a
DOSE 26*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion&
25
A9'AGANDHË (oo!)
A@agand#Q .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re roo!% o/ ;i!#ania %omni/era Dnal& (Fam&
Solana.eae) a "erennial %#r- /ond in 7a%!e land .l!i@a!ed /ield and o"en grond%
!#rog#o! <ndia 7idely .l!i@a!ed in .er!ain area% o/ Mad#ya $rade%# and aIa%!#an
roo!% .olle.!ed in 7in!er 7a%#ed and .! in!o %#or! "ie.e%&
SBNONBMS
engali A%#@agand#a
Hindi A%gand#
Oriya A%7agand#a
?rd A%gand
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
oo!% %!raig#! n-ran.#ed !#i.:ne%% @arying 7i!# age& roo!% -ear /i-reli:e
%e.ondary roo!% o!er %r/a.e -// !o greyyello7 7i!# longi!dinal 7rin:le% .ro7n
.on%i%!% o/ 24 remain% o/ %!em -a%e %!em -a%e% @ario%ly !#i.:ened node% "rominen!
only on !#e %ide /rom 7#ere "e!iole ari%e% .ylindri.al green 7i!# longi!dinal 7rin:le%
/ra.!re %#or! and ne@en odor .#ara.!eri%!i. !a%!e -i!!er and a.rid&
26
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% .or: e/olia!ed or .r%#ed 7#en "re%en! i%odiama!ri. and nonligni/ied .or: .am-im o/ 20 di//%ed ro7% o/ .ell% %e.ondary .or!e a-o! !7en!y layer% o/ .om"a.! "aren.#yma!o% .ell% "#loem .on%i%!% o/ %ie@e !-e% .om"anion .ell% "#loem "aren.#yma .am-im 0 ro7% o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% %e.ondary ylem #ard /orming a .lo%ed @a%.lar ring %e"ara!ed -y ml!i%eria!e medllary ray% a /e7 ylem "aren.#yma
Al.o#ol (2 "er .en!) %ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1 "er .en! A""endi
2&2&4&
;a!er%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&3&
ASSAB
ASSAB A%7agand#a .on%i%!% o/ no! le%% !#an 6&2 "er .en! o/ !o!al al:aloid% 7#en a%%ayed a% /ollo7%
Ta:e a-o! *6g a..ra!ely 7eig#ed o/ !#e "o7dered drg .o@er 7i!# Al.o#ol (86 "er .en!) and allo7 !o %!and o@ernig#!& E!ra.! /or 4 #or% %o 7e! a""ara!% and .on.en!ra!e !o a %yr" re%ide& Trea! 7i!# 2 26 1 and 16 ml "or!ion% o/ "er .en! Sl"#ri. A.id n!il .om"le!e e!ra.!ion o/ al:aloid i% a//e.!ed&
To !#e .om-ined a.id e!ra.!% add an e.e%% o/ Dragandor/^% reagen!& Fil!er nder
%.!ion and di%%ol@e !#e re%ide in A.e!one S#a:e !#e a.e!one %ol!ion 7i!# /re%#ly
"re"ared %%"en%ion o/ 2ml Sil@er Car-ona!e in 16 ml o/ ;a!er& Fil!er !#e %ol!ion and
7a%# !#e "re.i"i!a!e 7i!# A.e!one Al.o#ol and 7a!er in !#a! order& $a%% %//i.ien!
Hydrogen Sl"#ide !#rog# !#e /il!ra!e& oil !#e %ol!ion /or 16 min!e% <n!er and
e@a"ora!e nder @a.m in a !ared /la%:& Add !o !#e re%ide ml o/ E!#yl Al.o#ol
e@a"ora!e !o dryne%% re"ea! !#e "ro.e%% on.e again and 7eig#! !#e re%ide !o .on%!an!
27
ONST<T?ENTS Al:aloid% and 7i!#anolide%&

a%a Ti:!a +aXQya
+arma 'Q!a:a"#Q"a#a alya a%Qyana 'QIY:araVa
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS A@agand#QdyariXUa A@agand#Qdi Le#ya
alQ@agand#alQ:XQdi Taila
THEA$E?T< ?SES +Xaya Dar-alya 'Q!aroga 9o!#a +lai-ya
28
A9'ATTHA (ar:)
A@a!!#a .on%i%!% o/ dried -ar: o/ Fi.% religio%a Linn& (Fam& Mora.eae) a large
"erennial !ree gla-ro% 7#en yong /ond !#rog#o! !#e "lain% o/ <ndia "!o 136 m
al!i!de in !#e Himalaya% largely "lan!ed a% an a@ene and road%ide !ree e%"e.ially near
!em"le%&
SBNONBMS
engali A%@a!!#a A%#d A%#@a!!#a
Engli%# $i"al !ree
Hindi $i"ala $i"al
+annada Arlo anIi a%ri A%#@a!!#anara A%#7a!#a Aralimara Aralegida A%#@a!#amara a%ari A%#@a!!#a
+a%#miri ad
Oriya A%7a!#a
Tamil A%#7ar!#an Ara%amaram Ara%an Ara% Arara
Telg a@i.#e!!
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
ar: o..r% in /la! or %lig#!ly .r@ed "ie.e% @arying /rom 1&62& .m or more in
!#i.:ne%% o!er %r/a.e -ro7n or a%# .olored %r/a.e ne@en de !o e/olia!ion o/
.or: inner %r/a.e %moo!# and %ome7#a! -ro7ni%# /ra.!re /i-ro% !a%!e a%!ringen!&
29
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ -ar: %#o7% .om"re%%ed re.!anglar !o .-i.al !#i.:7alled .or: .ell% and dead elemen!% o/ %e.ondary .or!e .on%i%!ing o/ ma%%e% o/ %!one .ell% .or: .am-im di%!in.! 7i!# *0 ro7% o/ ne7ly /ormed %e.ondary .or!e mo%!ly .om"o%ed o/ %!one .ell% !o7ard% "eri"#ery %!one .ell% /ond %.a!!ered in large gro"% rarely i%ola!ed mo%! o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ %e.ondary .or!e .on!ain nmero% %!ar.# grain% and /e7 "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e %e.ondary "#loem a 7ide one .on%i%!ing o/ %ie@e elemen!% "#loem /i-re% in %ingle% or in gro"% o/ 2 !o many and nonligni/ied nmero% .ry%!al /i-re% al%o "re%en! in o!er region %ie@e elemen!% mo%!ly .olla"%ed 7#ile in inner region in!a.! "#loem "aren.#yma mo%!ly !#i.:7alled %!one .ell% "re%en! in %ingle or in %mall gro"% %imilar !o !#o%e in %e.ondary .or!e a nm-er o/ ray.ell% and "#loem "aren.#yma /illed 7i!# -ro7n "igmen!% "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e and %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in a nm-er o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% medllary ray% ni !o ml!i%eria!e 7ider !o7ard% o!er "eri"#ery .om"o%ed o/ !#i.:7alled .ell% 7i!# %im"le "i!% in !angen!ial %e.!ion ray .ell% .ir.lar !o o@al in %#a"e .am-im 7#en "re%en! .on%i%!% o/ 20 layer% o/ !#in7alled re.!anglar .ell%&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6&* "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
ONST<T?ENTS Tannin%&
a%a +aXQya
'Yrya 9Y!a
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma +a"#a"i!!a@inQY 'arVya Sa_grQ#Y #agna%and#Qna:ara
MW!ra%a_gra#aVYya
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Nyagrod#Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa Nyagrod#Qdi CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES 'Q!ara:!a a:!a"i!!a 'raVa BonidoXa $rame#a
DOSE 26*6 g o/ !#e drg /or de.o.!ion
31
ATAS, (Seed)
A!a%Y .on%i%!% o/ dried ri"e %eed% o/ Linm %i!a!i%%imm Linn & (Fam& Lina.eae)
an ere.! annal #er- 6&41&2 m #ig# e!en%i@ely .l!i@a!ed !#rog#o! !#e "lain% o/<ndia
"!o an al!i!de o/ 566 m .a"%le ri"en -y end o/ Jne dried %eed% %e"ara!ed /rom .a"%le
-y !#ra%#ing&
A%%ame%e Ti%i T%i
engali Ma%ina A!a%i
Engli%# Lin%eed
Hindi Al%i
+a%#miri Al%i
Mara!#i A!%#i
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Seed %mall -ro7n glo%%y 7i!# min!ely "i!!ed %r/a.e a-o! 04 mm long and 22& mm in maimm 7id!# elonga!edo@oid /la!!ened ronded a! one end and o-liely "oin!ed a! !#e o!#er near 7#i.# on one edge a lig#! de"re%%ion en.lo%ing #ilm and mi.ro"yle em-ryo .on%i%!ing o/ !7o yello7i%#7#i!e /la!!ened "lano.on@e .o!yledon% and a radi.le nearly /ill% !#e %eed and .om"le!ely %rronded -y a !#in 7#i!i%# endo%"erm -o!# endo%"erm and em-ryo oily !e%!a m.ilagino% 7#en %oa:ed in 7a!er odor .#ara.!eri%!i. !a%!e oily 7#en .#e7ed&
32
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %eed %#o7% !e%!a .on%i%!% o/ i%odiame!ri. .ell% 7i!#
m.ilagino% o!er 7all% .ollen.#yma!o% .ell% o/ middle layer o/ %eed .oa! .ylindri.al
%ingle layered yello7i%# -ro7n longi!dinally elonga!ed a-o! 126186µ long and
1013 µ 7ide !#i.: ligni/ied and 7i!# "i!!ed 7all% %ingle layer o/ /la!!ened "olygonal
"igmen! .ell% 7i!# reddi%#-ro7n .on!en!% alerone grain% in !#e .o!yledon% "!o 26µ
in diame!er ea.# 7i!# glo-oid and .ry%!alloid a-ndan! glo-le o/ /ied oil and
o..a%ional %!ar.# grain% "re%en!&
To!al A%# No! more !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&*&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an *6 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&
Fied oil No! le%% !#an 2 "er .en! A""endi 2&2&5
ONST<T?ENTS Fied oil m.ilage and "ro!ein
$O$ET<ES AND A T<ON
a%a Mad#ra Ti:!a
GVa Snigd#a Gr
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS SarXa"Qdi $rale"a
THEA$E?T< ?SES 9iroroga +Zmiroga +XU#a $rame#a
33
AT<ALË (oo!)
A!i-alQ .on%i%!% o/ roo! o/ A-!ilon indi.m (Linn&) S7ee! (Fam& [email protected]) a
#airy #er- or nder%#r- 1&61& m #ig# annal or more o/!en "erennial 7i!# golden
yello7 /lo7er% /lo7ering mo%!ly !#rog#o! !#e year /ond a-ndan!ly !#rog#o! !#e
#o!!er "ar!% o/ <ndia a% a .ommon 7eed on road %ide% and o!#er 7a%!e "la.e% in "lain% and
#ill% "!o an ele@a!ion o/ 466 m&
SBNONBMS
engali adela
Hindi +ang#i
+annada S#rimdrigida Mdragida Tr-e
Malayalam ?ram +a!@an ?r-am ?ra-am 'an:rn!o!! Oor"am T!!i
Mara!#i C#a:ra-#endi $e!ari Mdra
Oriya $edi"idi:a
?rd
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Ta" roo!% /airly long 7i!# a nm-er o/ la!eral -ran.#e% 1&2 .m in diame!er lig#! -ro7n o!er %r/a.e %moo!# 7i!# do! li:e len!i.el% -ar: !#in and .an -e ea%ily "eeled o// odor /ee-le !a%!e a%!ringen! and -i!!er&
34
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% a !#in .or: o/ 03 or more !angen!ially elonga!ed
re.!anglar .ell% .or: .am-im %ingle layered and a! !#e len!i.el region% /ollo7ed -y
2* layer% o/ %e.ondary .or!e o/ !#in7alled almo%! .-i.al or re.!anglar .ell%
.on!aining %mall .l%!er% o/ .al.im oala!e in mo%! o/ .ell% "#ellogen /ollo7ed -y *0
layer% o/ !#in7alled .ell% o/ .or!e %ome .ell% o/ .or!e 7#i.# are a-o@e !#e .oni.al
%!rand% o/ -a%! .r%#ed %mall %!ar.# grain% 48µ in diame!er "re%en! in %ome o/ !#e
.ell% "#loem /orm% !#e maIor "or!ion% o/ -ar: and "re%en! a% .oni.al %!rand% 7i!# !#eir
-a%e% !o7ard% !#e 7ood and 7i!# dila!e di%!al end% o/ !#e "rimary medllary ray in
-e!7een !#em /i-re% "re%en! in gro"% o/ 1612 in !#e%e .oni.al %!rand% in !angen!ial
ro7% al!erna!ing 7i!# !#in7alled "#loem elemen!% !o7ard% 7ood /i-re gro"% elemen!
in -e!7een !#e /i-re% mo%!ly .on%i%!% o/ "#loem "aren.#yma Some .ell% .on!ain .l%!er
.ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e and a /e7 o!#er% #a@e %!ar.# grain% %ome "#loem .ell%
!o7ard% "eri"#ery a""ear .om"re%%ed and .r%#ed inner !o "#loem a .am-im "re%en!
.on%i%!ing o/ 12 ro7% o/ narro7 !#in7alled re.!anglar .ell% 7ood .om"o%ed o/
@e%%el% 7ood /i-re% 7ood "aren.#yma and medllary ray% @e%%el% @ary in diame!er and
arranged in radial gro"% o/ 20 al%o o..r in %ingle% %ome .ell% %#o7 !ylo%e%
/orma!ion "aren.#yma !#i.:7alled and %lig#!ly 7ider !#an /i-re .ell% -! le%%
!#i.:ened %ingle or rarely .om"ond %!ar.# grain% "re%en! !e!rar.# -ndle or "rimary
ylem "re%en! a! !#e .en!re o/ 7ood medllary ray% ni or -i%eria!e 7iden m.# !o7ard%
di%!al end% mo%! o/ !#e ray .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain% and %ome .on!ain .l%!er o/
.al.im oala!e %!ar.# grain% "re%en! in 7ood larger !#an !#o%e o/ -ar: region a /e7 ray
.ell% a! .en!re o/ !#e roo! .on!ain r#om-oidal .ry%!al%&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&
35

ONST<T?ENTS A%"aragin
a%a Mad#ra
GVa Snigd#a
+arma GrQ#Y 'Q!a#ara alya 'ZXya
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS alQ Taila NQrQyaVa Taila Ma#Q NQrQyaVa Taila
THEA$E?T< ?SES Me#a 'Q!ara:!a a:!a"i!!a
36
10& A!i@i%#a (!&)
AT<'<=Ë (oo!)
A!i@iXQ .on%i%!% o/ dried !-ero% roo!% o/ A.oni!m #e!ero"#yllm ;all& e&
oyle (Fam ann.la.eae) a "erennial #erna!i@e o/ 7e%!ern Himalaya% and /ond in
Gar#7al +maon and +a%#mir a! al!i!de -e!7een 2660666 m&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e Aa!i.#
Hindi A!i%
Malayalam A!i@idayam A!i@i!ayam
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
oo!% [email protected] !a"ering do7n7ard% !o a "rin! 2&63& .m long 6&01&4 .m or more !#i.: a! i!% ""er e!remi!y gradally de.rea%ing in !#i.:ne%% !o7ard% !a"ering end e!ernally lig#! a%#grey 7#i!e or grey-ro7n 7#ile in!ernally %!ar.# 7#i!e e!ernal %r/a.e 7rin:led mar:ed 7i!# %.ar% o/ /allen roo!le! and 7i!# a ro%e!!e o/ %.aly rdimen!ary lea@e% on !o" /ra.!re %#or! %!ar.#y %#o7ing ni/orm 7#i!e %r/a.e mar:ed !o7ard% .en!re -y 03 .on.en!ri.ally arranged yello7i%#-ro7n do!% .orre%"onding !o end o/ /i-ro@a%.lar -ndle% !ra@er%ing roo! longi!dinally !a%!e -i!!er 7i!# no !ingling %en%a!ion&
37
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re roo! %#o7% %ingle layered e"idermi% .on%i%!ing o/ lig#! -ro7n !a-lar .ell% r"!ring on /orma!ion o/ .or: .or: .on%i%!% o/ 16 ro7% o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed !#in7alled .ell% .or: .am-im %ingle layered .on%i%!ing o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed !#in7alled .ell% .or!e m.# 7ider .on%i%!ing o/ !angen!ially elonga!ed or ronded !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e% .ell% /lly "a.:ed 7i!# -o!# %im"le a% 7ell a% .om"ond %!ar.# grain% .om"ond %!ar.# gain% .om"o%ed o/ 20 .om"onen!% o/ %"#eri.al -ody endodermi% di%!in.! .om"o%ed o/ -arrel %#a"ed .ell% elemen!% o/ @a%.lar -ndle% "oorly de@elo"ed @a%.lar -ndle% arranged in a ring in!er/a%.i.lar .am-im "re%en! in /orm o/ a ring .om"o%ed o/ /e7 layered !#in7alled .ell% .en!ral .ore .on%i%!ing o/ !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% "o%%e%%ing %!ar.# grain% %imilar !o !#o%e /ond in .or!i.al .ell%&
$o7der A%# .olored !o lig#! -ro7n nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% a-ndan! %im"le and .om"ond %!ar.# grain% and "aren.#yma!o% .ell%&
ONST<T?ENTS Al:aloid% (a!i%ine di#ydroa!i%ine #e!i%ined and #e!era!i%ine)&
$O$ET<ES AND A T<ON
a%a Ti:!a +aU
GVa Lag# W:Xa
38

<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS od#rQ%a@a 9i@Q GUi:Q La:XmYnQrQyaVa a%a Ma#Q
'iXagar-#a Taila Q%nairaV[Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa Sdarana CWrVa $a.a!i:!a Gggl G#Z!a Qla.Q!r-#adri:Q CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES J@ara +Q%a C#ardi AmQ!i%Qra +Zmiroga
DOSE 6&42&6 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
39
1& a--la (S!& :&)
A>LA (S!em -ar:)
a--Wla .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re %!em -ar: o/ A.a.ia nilo!i.a (Linn&) ;illd& e&
Del& %"& indi.a (en!#&) renan Syn& A.a.ia ara-i.a ;illd& (Fam& Legmino%ae) a
modera!e %ied %"iny e@ergreen !ree /ond !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
GIra!i a@al +aloa-a@al
+annada S#armeer:a +ari Jail +ari go-li $lai Jali
+a%#miri Sa:
Mara!#i a-#l a-#la
Oriya a-la a-ala
Telg Nalla!mma T#mma
?rd
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
ar: #ard dar: -ro7n or -la.: dee"ly /i%%red !ran%@er%ely and longi!dinally inner %r/a.e reddi%# -ro7n longi!dinally %!ria!ed and /i-ro% -rea:% 7i!# di//i.l!y and e#i-i!% a /i-ro% /ra.!re !a%!e a%!ringen!&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ ma!re -ar: %#o7% 12 layered !#in7alled %lig#!ly /la!!ened mo%!ly re.!anglar -ro7n .olored .or: .ell% a /e7 len!i.el% /ormed -y r"!ring o/ .or: .ell% %e.ondary .or!i.al .ell% o@a!e !o elonga!ed many !anni/ero% %!one .el1% @aria-le in %#a"e and %ie "re%en! in large gro"% %e.ondary "#loem
40

.on%i%!% o/ %ie@e !-e% .om"anion .ell% /i-re% .ry%!al /i-re% and "#loem "aren.#yma "#loem /i-re% in many gro"% and !#i.:7alled "#loem !i%%e% /illed 7i!# reddi%# or -ro7n .on!en!% "re%en! .ry%!al /i-re% !#i.:7alled elonga!ed di@ided -y !ran%@er%e %e"!a in!o %egmen!% ea.# .on!ain a "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al o/ .al.im oala!e medllary ray% ni !oml!i %eria!e rn almo%! %!raig#! ray .ell% elonga!ed !o "olygonal 2620 .ell% #ig# and 2 .ell% 7ide .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e /ond %.a!!ered among%! !#e %!one .ellb.el1% o/ %e.ondary .or!e and "#loem "aren.#yma&
$o7der$o7der a% %.# reddi%# -ro7n .olored nder mi.ro%.o"e many "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e %!one .ell% -o!# 7i!# narro7 and 7ide lmen and %!ria!ion% and .ry%!al /i-re% %een&
ONST<T?ENTS Tannin% and gm

a%a +aXQya
'Yrya 9Y!a
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma GrQ#Y +a"#a#ara 'iXag#na
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS MZ!a%aIY@anY SrQ a--WlQriXUa
THEA$E?T< ?SES +XU#a +Zmiroga A!Y%Qra +Q%a
41
Ë+? , (Fri!)
Q:.Y .on%i%!% o/ dry ri"e /ri!% o/ $%oralea .oryli/olia Linn& (Fam&
Legmino%ae) an ere.! 6&*1&5 m #ig# annal #er- di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o! <ndia /ond
.ommonly in ?!!ar $rade%# engal and Ma#ara%#!ra&
SBNONBMS
engali a:.#i SomraIi Ha:.#a 'eeIa
Engli%#
+annada a.#ige #a@an!i-eeIa #a@an.#igid a:.#i
+a%#miri a-.#i
Tamil +ar"o:ari%i +ar"ogalari%i +ar-ogalari%i
Telg a@an.#al
?rd a-.#i
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri!% dar: .#o.ola!e !o almo%! -la.: 7i!# "eri.ar" ad#ering !o !#e %eed.oa!
*0& mm long 2* mm -road o@oido-long or -ean %#a"ed %ome 7#a! .om"re%%ed
gla-ro% ronded or m.rona!e .lo%ely "i!!ed %eed% .am"ylo!ro"o% non
endo%"ermo% oily and /ree /rom %!ar.# odorle%% -! 7#en .#e7ed %mell o/ a "ngen!
e%%en!ial oil /el! !a%!e -i!!er n"lea%an! and a.rid&
42
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% "erio.ar" 7i!- "rominen! ridge% and de"re%%ion% .on%i%!ing o/ .olla"%ed "aren.#yma and large %e.re!ory gland% .on!aining oleore%ino% ma!!er !e%!a an o!er layer o/ "ali%ade e"idermi% layer o/ -earer .ell% 7#i.# are m.# !#i.:ened in !#e inner !angen!ial and -a%al radial 7all% and 2* layer% o/ "aren.#yma .o!yledon% o/ "oly#edral "aren.#yma and !#ree layer% o/ "ali%ade .ell% on !#e adaial %ide&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1* "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&

a%a Ti:!a +aU
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS SomarQIY Taila A@algIQdi Le"a
THEA$E?T< ?SES 9@i!ra +XU#a +Zmiroga J@ara Me#a
43
13& i-#i!a:a (Fr!&)
<H,TA+A (Fri!)
i-#Y!a:a .on%i%!% o/ "eri.ar" o/ dried ri"e /ri!% o/ Tern!inalia -eleri.a o-&
(Fam& Com-re!a.eae) a large de.ido% !ree 1612 m or more #ig# .ommonly /ond in
"lain and /ore%!% "!o 866 m ele@a!ion /ri!% ri"en !o7ard% No@em-er&
SBNONBMS
engali ayada a#eda
+a%#miri a-elo alali
?rd a#era
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.

Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% an o!er e"i.ar" .on%i%!ing o/ a layer o/ e"idermi% mo%! o/ e"idermal .ell% elonga!e !o /orm #air li:e "ro!-eran.e 7i!# %7ollen -a%e .om"o%ed o/ a one o/ "aren.#yma!o% .ell% %lig#!ly !angen!ially elonga!ed and irreglarly arranged in!ermingled 7i!# %!one .ell% o/ @arying %#a"e and %ie elonga!ed %!one .ell% /ond !o7ard% "eri"#ery and %"#eri.al in !#e inner one o/ me%o.ar" in gro"% o/ *16 me%o.ar" !ra@er%ed in @ario% dire.!ion% -y nmero% @a%.lar %!rand% -ndle% .olla!eral endar.# %im"le %!ar.# grain% and %ome %!one .ell% /ond in mo%! o/ me%o.ar" .ell% /e7 "eri"#eral layer% de@oid o/ %!ar.# grain% ro%e!!e% o/ .al.im oala!e and %!one .ell% "re%en! in "aren.#yma!o% .ell% endo%"erm .om"o%ed o/ %!one .ell% rnning longi!dinally a% 7ell a% !ran%@er%ely&
;a!er%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&3&
ONST<T?ENTS Galli. a.id !anni. a.id and gly.o%ide%

a%a +aXQya
'i"Q:a Mad#ra
+arma +a"#a"i!!aIi! #eda:a +ZminQana Ca:XXya +eya +Q%a#ara
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Tri"#alQ CWrVa Tri"#alQdi Taila La@a]gQdi 'aUY
THEA$E?T< ?SES S@ara-#eda Ne!raroga +Q%a C#ardi +Zmiroga 'i-and#a
DOSE *4 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /rom
45
15& il@a (Fr!& $l")
<L'A (Fri! "l")
il@a .on%i%!% o/ "l" o/ en!ire nri"e or #al/ ri"e /ri!% o/ Aegle marmelo% Carr&
(Fam& !a.eae) a !ree a!!aining a #eig#! o/ 12 m gro7ing 7ild and al%o .l!i@a!ed
!#rog#o! !#e .on!ry rind o/ /ri! i% remo@ed and "l" i% -ri%ed and dried&
SBNONBMS
engali ela il@a
Hindi ela Sri"#al el
+annada il@a
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! %-glo-o%e 15 .m in diame!er e!ernally greeni%# 7#en yong yello7i%#-ro7n 7#en ri"e rind a-o! 1& mm* mm !#i.: #ard and 7oody %r/a.e %moo!# or %lig#!ly granlar -earing a .ir.lar %.ar a! !#e "oin! o/ a!!a.#men! 7i!# "edn.le .ar"el% 161 .en!ral ea.# .on!aining %e@eral #airy %eed% em-edded in yello7i%#-ro7n e!remely %!i.:y m.ilage %eed% o-long /la! 7oody and #a@ing 7#i!e #air /re%# "l" o/ ri"e /ri! -ro7n o/ %!i.:y %#read% dried "l" #ard and "ale !o dar: red in .olor /reen!ly -rea:% a7ay /rom !#e rind dring drying lea@ing a !#in layer a!!a.#ed !o i! odor /ain!ly aroma!i. !a%!e m.ilagino% and %lig#!ly a%!ringen!&
46
ASSAB
T&L& &

a%a +aU Ti:!a +aXQya
GVa Lag# W:Xa
+arma DY"ana $Q.ana GrQ#Y $i!!a:Z! 'Q!a:a"#a#ara alya
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS il@Qdi Le#a Z#a! Ga]gQd#ara CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES $ra@Q#i:Q AgnimQndya Gra#aVYroga
47
18& #andra%a (Sd&)
ANDA9>A (Seed)
CandraWra .on%i%!% o/ dried %eed% o/ Le"idim %a!i@m Linn & (Fam& Cr.i/erae) a
%mall ere.! annal #er- a-o! 10 .m #ig# .l!i@a!ed !#rog#o! <ndia&
SBNONBMS
Engli%# Common Cre%%
Hindi C#an%r
Oriya C#anda%ara C#anda%ra
$nIa-i Holon Tara!eI
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.

$o7der Creamyello7 7i!# a nm-er o/ reddi%#-ro7n /ragmen!% o/ %eed .oa!% nder mi.ro%.o"e %#o7% "ie.e% o/ %eed .oa! %ome %#o7ing red .oloring ma!!er and o!#er% 7i!# ni/ormly !#i.: 7all% endo%"erm oily&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an 1* "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&

a%a +aU Ti:!a
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS +a%!WryQdi ('Qy) GUi:Q
THEA$E?T< ?SES Hi::Q A!Y%Qra 'Q!ara:!a
49
<TA+A (oo!)
Ci!ra:a .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re roo! o/ $lm-ago eylani.a Linn& (Fam&
$lm-agina.eae) a large "erennial %-%.anden! %#r- /ond !#rog#o! <ndia in 7ile
%!a!e and o..a%ionally .l!i@a!ed in garden%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! Agni 'a#ni J@alanQ:#ya +ZQV H!Qa Da#ana H!a-#: 9i:#Y
A%%ame%e Agiya.#i! Agna.#i!
engali C#i!a
Engli%# Lead 7ar
+annada C#i!ramla 'a#ni ili.#i!ramoola
+a%#miri C#i!ra S#a!ranIa
Malayalam 'ella:ed@eli T#m"o::od@eli
Mara!#i C#i!ra:a
$nIa-i C#i!ra
?rd S#ee!raI Hindi C#ee!a#
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
oo!% *6 .m or more in leng!# 4 mm or more in diame!er a% al%o a% %#or! %!o! "ie.e% in.lding roo! %!o.:% reddi%# !o dee" -ro7n %.ar% o/ roo!le!% "re%en! -ar: !#in and -ro7n in!ernal %!r.!re %!ria!ed odor di%agreea-le !a%!e a.rid&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% o!er mo%! !i%%e o/ .or: .on%i%!ing o/ 3 ro7 o/ .-i.al !o re.!anglar dar: -ro7n .ell% %e.ondary .or!e .on%i%!% o/ 2* ro7% o/ !#in 7alled re.!anglar lig#! -ro7n .ell% mo%! o/ !#e .or!e .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain%
50

%e.ondary .or!e /ollo7ed -y a 7ide one o/ .or!e .om"o%ed o/ large "olygonal !o !angen!ially elonga!ed "aren.#yma!o% .ell% @arying in %ie and %#a"e .on!aining %!ar.# grain% and %ome .ell% 7i!# yello7 .on!en!% /i-re% %.a!!ered %ingly or in gro"% o/ 24 "#loem a narro7 one o/ "olygonal !#in7alled .ell% .on%i%!ing o/ %al elemen!% and "#loem /i-re% %imilar !o .or!i.al one "#loem /i-re% %ally in gro"% o/ 2 or more -! o..a%ionally o..rring %ingly ligni/ied 7i!# "oin!ed end% and narro7 lmen %imilar in %#a"e and %ie !o !#o%e o/ %e.ondary .or!e .am-im indi%!in.! ylem lig#! yello7 !o 7#i!i%# @e%%el% radially arranged 7i!# "i!!ed !#i.:ening% medllary ray% %!raig#! 14 %eria!e .ell% radially elonga!ed %!ar.# /illed 7i!# %!ar.# grain% %!one .ell% a-%en!&
Foreign ma!!er No! more !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&2&
To!al A%# No! more !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&*&
ONST<T?ENTS $lm-agin
a%a +aU
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma DY"ana $Q.ana GrQ#Y +a"#a@Q!a#ara Aro#ara 9Wla#ara 9o!#a#ara
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Ci!ra:Qdi 'aUY Ci!ra:a#arY!a:Y Ci!ra:Qdi CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES AgnimQndya Gra#aVYroga Ara ?daraWla Gdao!#a
DOSE 12 g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /ormR No!e 9`d#ana o/ !#i% drg i% !o -e done -e/ore %e a% de%.ri-ed in !#e a""endi
51
21& D#anya:a (Fr!&)
DHËNBA+A (Fri!)
D#Qnya:a .on%i%!% o/ dried ri"e /ri!% o/ Coriandrm %a!i@m Linn& (Fam&
?m-elli/erae) a %lender gla-ro% -ran.#ed annal #er- .l!i@a!ed all o@er <ndia *686
.m #ig# gi@ing .#ara.!eri%!i. aroma 7#en r--ed .ro" ma!re% in 2* mon!#% a/!er
%o7ing #er- i% "lled o! 7i!# roo!% a/!er drying /ri!% !#rea%#ed o! and dried in %n
7inno7ed and %!ored in -ag%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! D#ani:a D#Qnya 'i!nna:a +%!m-r
A%%ame%e D#aniya
engali D#ane D#ania
Engli%# Coriander /ri!
GIra!i D#ana
+a%#miri D#ani7al D#ana7al
Malayalam Malli +o!#am"a!ayari
Oriya D#ania
$nIa-i D#ania
Telg D#aniyal
?rd +i%#nee
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Fri! glo-lar meri.ar"% %ally ni!ed -y !#eir margin% /orming a .remo.ar" a-o! 20 mm in diame!er ni/ormly -ro7ni%#yello7 or -ro7n gla-ro% %ome!ime% .ro7ned -y !#e remain% o/ %e"al% and %!yle% "rimary ridge% 16 7a@y and %lig#!ly in.on%"i.o% %e.ondary ridge% 5 %!raig#! and more "rominen! endo%"erm .oelo%"ermo% odor aroma!i. !a%!e %"i.y and .#ara.!eri%!i.&
52
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ri! %#o7% "eri.ar" 7i!# o!er e"idermi% 7#en "re%en! 7i!# %lig#!ly !#i.:ened an!i.linal 7all a /e7 %!oma!a many .ell% 7i!# %mall "ri%m% o/ .al.im oala!e !ri.#ome% a-%en! o!er layer o/ me%o.ar" "aren.#yma!o% 7i!# inner .ell% in 7a@y longi!dinal ro7% and degenera!ed @i!!ae a% !angen!ially /la!!ened .a@i!ie% middle layer o/ me%o.ar" %.leren.#yma!o% /orming a !#i.: layer o/ /%i/orm "i!!ed .ell% in @ery %ino% ro7% layer% o/!en .ro%%ing a! rig#! angle% 7i!# de/ini!e longi!dinal %!rand% in !#e %e.ondary ridge% %ino% "rimary .o%!ae 7i!# %ome %"iral @e%%el inner .ell% o/ me%o.ar" large #eagonal 7i!# ra!#er !#in ligni/ied 7all% inner e"idermi% o/ @ery narro7 !#in7alled .ell% %lig#!ly %ino% an!i.linal 7all %#o7ing "are!ry arrangemen! !7o or rarely more normal @i!!ae o..rring on .ommi%%ral %ide o/ ea.# me%o.ar" .on!aining @ola!ile oil endo%"erm o/ !#i.:7alled .elllo%i. "aren.#yma .on!aining m.# /ied oil nmero% alerone grain% a-o! 05 in diame!er .on!aining mi.roro%e!!e% o/ .al.im oala!e %"li! .ar"o"#ore "a%%ing a! a"e o/ ea.# meri.ar" in!o ra"#e adIa.en! !o 7#i.# a large .a@i!y and on inner %ide o/ !#i% a /la!!ened @a%.lar %!rand .ar"o"#ore .on%i%!ing o/ /i-re% %rronded -y %"iral @e%%el%&
$o7der Fa7n !o -ro7n e"idermal .ell% o/ "eri.ar" 7#en "re%en! %lig#!ly !#i.:7alled and many .on!aining %mall "ri%m o/ .al.im oala!e "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ me%o.ar" 7i!#o! re!i.la!e !#i.:ening ma%%e% o/ %.leren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ me%o.ar" in %ino% ro7% o/!en .ro%%ing a! rig#! angle% large !-lar #eagonal ra!#er !#in7alled %.leren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ endo.ar" .ell% o/ inner e"idermi% 7i!# %lig#!ly %inno% an!i.linal 7all% !#i.:7alled "olygonal "aren.#yma!o% .ell% o/ endo%"erm .on!aining /ied oil and nmero% %mall alerone grain% mi.roro%e!!e% o/ .al.im oala!e&
'ola!ile oil No! le%% !#an 6&* "er .en! A""endi 2&2&16
ONST<T?ENTS E%%en!ial oil (.oriandrol)

GVa Lag# Snigd#a
'Yrya ?XVa
+arma DY"ana $Q.ana GrQ#Y TridoXan! MW!rala Ca:XXya HZdya
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS D#Qnya"a.a:a +@Q!#a CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES J@ara TZXVQ C#ardi DQ#a AIYrVa A!Y%Qra
DOSE 1* g o/ !#e drg in "o7der /orm
54
DHËTA+, (Flo7er)
D#Q!a:Y .on%i%!% o/ /lo7er% o/ ;ood/ordia /r!i.o%a (Linn&) +r& (Fam&
Ly!#ra.eae) m.# -ran.#ed %emi de.ido% nder%#r- or %#r- 1* m #ig# rarely
"!o * m /ond !#rog#o! <ndia a%.ending !o 166 m in Himalaya% and al%o in !#e
Gange!i. "lain% al%o .l!i@a!ed in garden%&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e D#ai"#ool
engali D#ai"#l
Hindi D#ai D#a@a
+annada D#a!a:i Tamra"%#"i
$nIa-i Da@i $#l D#a@a
Tamil +a!!a!i +a!!a!#i +a!!a!!i"oo
Telg Aarl $r@
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Flo7er a-o! 1&2 .m long o..r% a% %ingle or in -n.#e% o/ 21 .aly 1&61&4 .m long ridged and gla-ro% -rig#! red 7#en /re%# -! /ade% on drying 7i!# .am"anla!e -a%e and o-lie a"e #a@ing 4 !rianglar and a.!e !ee!# ea.# !oo!# -eing 22& mm long 4 @ery min!e a..e%%ory %e"al% a!!a.#ed o!%ide a! !#e In.!re o/ .aly !oo!# and dee"er in .olor "e!al% 4 a!!a.#ed in%ide !#e mo!# o/ .aly!-e %#ig#!ly longer !#an .aly !oo!# al!erna!ing 7i!# .aly!oo!# "ale ro%e or 7#i!i%# !#in "a"ery lan.eola!e a.mina!e %!amen% 12 ni!ed a! !#e -a%e a-o! 1&2 .m long /ilamen! /ili/orm .r@ed a! !#e a"e :ee"ing an!#er% in%ide .aly!-e an!#er% dor%i/ied -ro7n almo%! ronded or -roadly o@a!e .ar"el% 2 ni!ed o@ary %"erior %!yle /ili/orm
55
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ %e"al %#o7% %ingle layered .!i.lari%ed e"idermi% "ro@ided 7i!# -o!# glandlar and .o@ering !ri.#ome% Rglandlar !ri.#ome% ml!i.elllar long .on%i%!ing o/ a %!al: and a glo-o%e !#in7alled ml!i.elllar #ead .o@ering !ri.#ome% ni.elllar !#i.:7alled -road a! -a%e and "oin!ed a! !#e a"e grond !i%%e .on%i%!ing o/ !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% %r/a.e @ie7 o/ "e!al %#o7% !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% "ro@ided 7i!# @ery /e7 %"ar%ely di%!ri-!ed .o@ering !ri.#ome% !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ /ilamen! %#o7% e"idermi% .on%i%!ing o/ %ingle layered !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% .o@ered 7i!# a @ery !#i.:.!i.le grond !i%%e .on%i%!ing o/ !#in 7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# in!er.elllar %"a.e% %rronding a .en!ral& @a%.lar .ylinder o/ %"irally !#i.:ened @e%%el% !ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ an!#er %#o7% %ingle layered e"idermi% .o@ered 7i!# .!i.le /ollo7ed -y %e@eral layer% o/ !#i.:ened .ell% %rronding -o!# !#e "ollen%a.% #a@ing nmero% "ollen grain% "ollen grain% rog#ly !e!ra#edral 7i!# !#ree "ore% mea%ring 1214 µ a""roima!ely .en!ral region .on%i%!ing o/ !#in7alled .ell% em-oding @a%.lar -ndle%&
ONST<T?ENTS Tannin and gl.o%ide

a%a +aXQya +aU

+arma GrQ#Y 'iXag#na Gar-#a%!#Q"ana +Zmin! Sand#QnYya
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Z#a! Ga]gQd#ara CWrVa
THEA$E?T< ?SES A!Y%Qra TZXVQ 'i%ar"a 'raVa a:!a"i!!a
DOSE *4 g& o/ drg in "o7der /orm
57
EACA (oo!)
EraV[a .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re roo!% o/ 2i.in% .ommni% Linn& (Fam&
E"#or-ia.eae) a !all gla-ro% %#r- or almo%! %mall !ree 20 m #ig# /ond !#rog#o!
<ndia mo%!ly gro7ing 7ild on 7a%!e land and al%o .l!i@a!ed /or i!% oil %eed%&
SBNONBMS
San%:ri! Gand#ar@a#a%!a 'Q!Qri $a.Q]gla Ci!rQ ?r- -
A%%ame%e Eda Era
engali #erenda
GIra!i Erandio Erando
+a%#miri Aran anangir
?rd edanIir Arand
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
oo! lig#! in 7eig#! almo%! %!raig#! 7i!# /e7 roo!le!% o!er %r/a.e dll yello7i%# -ro7n nearly %moo!# -! mar:ed 7i!# longi!dinal 7rin:le% %ome "la.e% 7#i!i%#yello7 and %o/! odorle%% !a%!e a.rid&
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% !#in layer o/ .or: o/ %ari%# !o !angen!ially
58

elonga!ed !#in7alled .ell% -enea!# .or: %e.ondary .or!e o/ !#in7alled !angen!ially elonga!ed .ell% narro7 .or!e o/ ronded !o !angen!ially elonga!ed !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% %ome .on!aining large oil glo-le% ro%e!!e% o/ .al.im oala!e .ry%!al% and rond %im"le or .om"ond %!ar.# grain% "#loem a -road one .on%i%!ing o/ %ie@e !-e% "#loem "aren.#yma and "#loem /i-re% /i-re% long mo%!ly %e"!a!e #ig#ly !#i.:ened #a@ing narro7 lmen %ome /i-re% %rronded -y .on.en!ri. ro7% o/ .ell% .on!aining .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e %ie@e !-e% !#in7alled 7i!# .om"anion .ell% and "#loem "aren.#yma in !#e inner region o/ "#loem more "rominen! %ome "#loem "aren.#yma .ell% .on!ain .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e .am-im * layered .ell% re.!anglar in %#a"e ylem o.."ie% maIor "ar! o/ roo! "en!ar.# /i@e gro"% o/ "rimary ylem di%!in.! in !#e .en!re o/ !#e 7ood ylem .on%i%!% o/ @e%%el% "aren.#yma and /i-re% @e%%el% ni/ormly %.a!!ered !#rog#o! !#e ylem region ei!#er %oli!ary or in gro"% larger in %ie !o7ard% "#loem 7i!# -ordered "i!% ylem "aren.#yma le%% ia nm-er arond @e%%el% .on!aining %!ar.# grain% ylem /i-re% long and !#i.:7alled medllary ray% ni!o-i%eria!e more or le%% %!raig#! 0 %eria!e ray% %ome!ime% /ond near "ro!oylem gro"% ray .ell% !#in7alled %lig#!ly radially elonga!ed in "#loem region !#i.:7alled in ylem region all ray .ell% .on!ain %!ar.# grain%&
Al.o#ol%ol-le e!ra.!i@e No! le%% !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&4&
ONST<T?ENTS Al:aloid (ri.inine)
a%a Mad#ra
'Yrya ?XVa
59

<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS Gand#ar@a#a%!Qdi +@Q!#a CWrVa 'Q!Qri Gggl
Gand#ar@a#a%!a !aila
THEA$E?T< ?SES Ëma@Q!a 9o!#a 'a%!iWla +aUiWla ?dararoga J@ara
60
GAMHË, (oo! -ar:)
Gam-#QrY .on%i%!% o/ dried ma!re roo! and roo! -ar: o/ Gmelina ar-orea o-&
(Fam& 'er-ena.eae) !ree a-o! 15 m #ig# 7i!# a .lear -ole o/ 48 m and a gir!# o/
1&2&1 m /ond in !#e lo7er Himalaya% !#e Nilgiri% and !#e Ea%! and ;e%! Coa%!% o/
<ndia&
SBNONBMS
A%%ame%e Gamari
engali Gam-#ar Gamar
Engli%# Cand#ar Tree
GIra!i S#i@an
+a%#miri +a%#mari
Tamil +mi%#an +mi#an
Telg $eggmmd $eggmmadi
?rd
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
oo! O..r% in "ie.e% 7i!# %e.ondary and !er!iary -ran.#e% roo! "ie.e% nearly .ylindri.al 7i!# ne@en %r/a.e greyi%# -ro7n /ra.!re %ome7#a! !og# in -ar: -ri!!le and "redominan! in 7oody "or!ion&
oo! -ar:ma!re roo! -ar: 7#en /re%# yello7i%# in .olor dry "ie.e% .r@ed and .#annelled !#inner one% /orming %ingle ill% e!ernal %r/a.e rgged de !o "re%en.e o/ @er!i.al .ra.:% ridge% /i%%re% and nmero% len!i.el% /ra.!re %#or! and granlar !a%!e m.ilagino% %7ee!i%# 7i!# %lig#! -i!!erne%%&
61
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
oo!!ran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ roo! %#o7% 45 layer% o/ .or: .ell% %e.ondary .or!e in.lding "rimary and %e.ondary "#loem a-o! !7o !#ird .on%i%!ing o/ 7ood .or: -ro7ni%# .ell% arranged in !angen!ial dire.!ion and -ro:en a! "la.e% !o7ard% ""er layer% .or!e .#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# %!ar.# grain% re%in d.!% "re%en! in a-ndan.e !#rog#o! .or!e %.a!!ered %!one .ell% /i-re li:e or elonga!ed .ommon /i-re% "re%en! o..rring mo%!ly in %ingle% .ell% o/ .or!e al%o .on!ain ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e and oil glo-le% "rimary "#loem .#ara.!eri%ed -y !#e "re%en.e o/ %ie@e !-e% 7i!# .om"anion .ell% "#loem "aren.#yma %o/! -a%! /i-re% and ray .ell% "#loem /i-re% o..r %ingly and %.a!!ered .or!i.al .ell% 0636 µ -y 2* µ and -a%! /i-re% *661666 µ -y 161 µ de@elo"men! o/ .or: !a:e% "la.e in %e.ond or !#ird layer o/ "rimary .or!e 7ood .on%i%!% o/ %im"le "i!!ed 7ood "aren.#yma and medllary ray% 7ood .ell% mainly .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el% and !ra.#eid% and inner 7ood .on%i%!% o/ a maIor "or!ion o/ /i-re% !oge!#er 7i!# a /e7 @e%%el% @e%%el% nmero% and /orm almo%! a ring near !#e "eri"#ery o/ ylem .ylinder and %ome7#a! %"are% -eing %.a!!ered in gro"% or %ingly nearer !#e .en!ral region lmen o/ @e%%el% %ome7#a! large dimen%ion% o/ @e%%el% 1*626 µ -y 6166 µ and !#o%e o/ !#e !ra.#eid% 13*66 µ -y *66 µ 7ood /i-re% a-ndan! and 7i!# %im"le "i!% .am-im di%!in.! medllary ray% generally 12 .elled !#i.: 7i!# a-ndan! %!ar.# grain% .ell% o-long !o re.!anglar&
To!al A%# No! more !#an "er .en! A""endi 2&2&*&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an 6&* "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&

a%a Ti:!a +aXQya
'Yrya ?XVa
'i"Q:a +aU
+arma DY"ana $Q.ana #edana Med#ya TridoXaIi! 9o!#a#ara 'iXag#na J@ara#ara
<M$OTANT FOM?LAT<ONS DaamWlQriXUa DaamWla#arY!a:Y DaamWla G#Z!a
DaamWla =aU"ala:a G#Z!a
THEA$E?T< ?SES J@ara TZXVQ DQ#a Ara 9o!#a
63
2& Go:%#ra (!&)
GO+=?A (oo!)
Go:Xra .on%i%!% o/ roo! o/ Tri-l% !erre%!ri% Linn& (Fam& ygo"#ylla.eae) an
annal "ro%!ra!e #er- rarely "erennial .ommon 7eed o/ !#e "a%!re land% road %ide% and
o!#er 7a%!e land .#ie/ly gro7ing in #o! dry and %andy region% !#rog#o! <ndia and "!o
*666 m in +a%#mir&
SBNONBMS
engali Go:%#ra Go:#ri
Engli%# Cal!ro"% roo!
GIra!i e !#a go:#ar Nana go:#ar Mi!#ogo:#ar
Hindi Go:#r
+a%#miri Mi.#ir:and $a:#da
Malayalam NerinIil
Oriya G:#ra Go:#yra
$nIa-i #a:#ra Go:#r
Tamil NerinIil NernIil
Telg $aller@er
DES <$T<ON
a) Ma.ro%.o"i.
Drg .on%i%!% o/ roo! 315 .m long and 6&*6&3 .m in diame!er %lender
.ylindri.al /i-ro% /reen!ly -ran.#ed -earing a nm-er o/ %mall roo!le!% !og#
7oody and yello7 !o lig#! -ro7n in .olor %r/a.e -e.ome% rog# de !o "re%en.e o/
%mall nodle% /ra.!re /i-ro% odor aroma!i. !a%!e %7ee!i%# and a%!ringen!&
64
-) Mi.ro%.o"i.
Tran%@er%e %e.!ion o/ "rimary roo!% %#o7 a layer o/ e"idermi% /ollo7ed -y 0
layer% o/ !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .or!e endodermi% di%!in.! "eri.y.le en.lo%ing
diar.# %!ele in ma!re roo! .or: 04 layered .or: .am-im %ingle layered /ollo7ed -y
410 layer% o/ !#in7alled "aren.#yma!o% .ell% 7i!# @arying nm-er o/ /i-re%
di%!ri-!ed !#rog#o! %ome %e.ondary .or!e .ell% %#o7 %e.ondary 7all /orma!ion and
re!i.la!e !#i.:ening /i-re% /ond in gro"% re%em-ling !#o%e o/ "#loem %e.ondary
"#loem di@ided in!o !7o one% o!er one .#ara.!eri%ed -y "re%en.e o/ nmero%
"#loem /i-re% 7i!# a /e7 %ie@e !-e% %lig#!ly .olla"%ed inner one /reen!ly
"aren.#yma!o% de@oid o/ /i-re% o/!en %#o7ing %ie@e !-e% and .om"anion .ell%
"#loem ray% di%!in.! /e7 .ell% ge! .on@er!ed in!o /i-re% in o!er region .am-im *
layered 7ood .om"o%ed o/ @e%%el% !ra.#eid% "aren.#yma and /i-re% and !ra@er%ed -y
medllary ray% @e%%el% %.a!!ered arranged in %ingle% or do-le% !o7ard% inner %ide in
gro"% o/ !#ree !o /or on o!er %ide #a@ing -ordered "i!% !ra.#eid% long narro7 7i!#
%im"le "i!% ylem "aren.#yma re.!anglar or %lig#!ly elonga!ed 7i!# %im"le "i!% and
re!i.la!e !#i.:ening ylem /i-re% /e7 !ra.#ied% elonga!ed 7i!# %im"le "i!% medllary
ray% #e!erogeno% 10 .ell% 7ide %!ar.# grain% and ro%e!!e .ry%!al% o/ .al.im oala!e
"re%en! in %e.ondary .or!e "#loem and medllary ray% .ell% /e7 "ri%ma!i. .ry%!al% al%o
"re%en! in ylem ray .ell%&
To!al A%# No! more !#an 1* "er .en! A""endi 2&2&*&
A.idin%ol-le a%# No! more !#an * "er .en! A""endi 2&2&0&
;a!er%ol-le

Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India-all volume

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