Axiophytes in the landscape
description
Transcript of Axiophytes in the landscape
Axiophytes in the landscape
(or – everything you wanted to know about axiophytes but were afraid to ask...)
Sarah Whild1 , Alex Lockton2 , Jeremy Ison3 and Richard Aisbitt3
Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, Manchester Metropolitan University1, Whild Associates/BSBI2,
School of Biosciences (University of Birmingham)3
Axiophytes – what are they?This innovative approach has allowed for the creation of county indicator lists that can be used for conservation planning for sites and wider landscape use.
Axiophytes (‘worthy’ plants or ecological indicators) have been used by the Botanical Society of the British Isles (BSBI) as a way of creating indicator species lists for vice-counties throughout Britain and Ireland
Axiophytes – what are they?An exception to the 25% rule can be made for species in conservation habitats that are particularly well represented and widespread in the county.
An axiophyte list for a county is derived by taking all species that were restricted to BAP habitats (90% of records) and also found in 25% or fewer tetrads in the vice-county.
These axiophytes can then be allocated to one or more broad habitat types.
Axiophytes have been used for:
Assessing wildlife sites
Site selection and monitoring
Prioritising sites for habitat restoration
Identifying landscape units for broad-leaved tree planting
Using axiophytes for site selection and monitoring in Devon and
Wiltshire:
• How effective are axiophytes as a measure of site condition?
• Are significantly more axiophytes recorded for ‘high quality’ sites than those of ‘low quality’ and can this be used to discriminate between two sets of sites?
• Do grid squares containing designated sites have significantly more axiophytes than those that do not?
• Are individual axiophytes more likely to occur in high quality sites than those of low quality
• Can coincidence maps of axiophytes allow for targeted surveying at a landscape scale?
County Wildlife Sites (CWS) in Devon were previously assessed using the Integrated Habitat System (IHS) which does not require any species identification.
CW sites were assessed without any empirical evidence in the form of validated biological records.
Broad habitat types in Devon
Tetrad axiophyte coincidence map for Devon
1 - 1011 - 2021 - 3031 - 4041 - 5051 - 6061 - 7071 - 8081 - 164
A list of 416 axiophytes were identified for Devon
There are 2078 County Wildlife Sites and data were analysed for 29 that were approved as CW Sites and 23 that had been rejected using the IHS scheme together with a panel of local experts.
Figures suggested a threshold of 20 axiophytes would be needed to qualify as a CW Site and this was used to predict which sites would be accepted at the selection panel meeting.
Two sites that would have been accepted by the axiophyte method were rejected and six sites that would have been rejected were accepted out of a total of 41 sites.
A list of 311 axiophytes were identified for Wiltshire
Counts of axiophytes were compared across sites with different levels of protection
SSSIs had an average of 46 axiophytes
WWT reserves had 45 (very close to SSSIs)
Unprotected CWTs had 24
From these figures it was relatively straight forward to suggest a proposed cut-off point for designation for SSSIs and also for CW Sites
A tetrad coincidence map of axiophytes for Wiltshire suggested that axiophyte coincidence mapping could be used to target ‘new’ sites that had not been previously identified for conservation
Hot spots showed tetrads that stood out as having no designated sites but high levels of axiophytes – thus providing targets for survey
Using axiophytes for conservation planning
Axiophytes of the Meres and Mosses
123 species were chosen including 18 bryophytes
The county recorders for Shropshire, Cheshire and Staffordshire drew up a list of wetland axiophytes typical of the meres and mosses
A coincidence map of these species was then produced in order to highlight hotspots for restoration and conservation
The most important plant species for the Meres and Mosses are wetland species
121222819
5322248
11561216
1023349
512519
1421291723
1420132020
62017629
253442116
143025285
11018151811
1715111020
161015912
16691514
24344
16 9
2
10 71
28
75 18 3
4 15
116
518
189
31018323
1
11
2
8
21117
23
11
24
11 1
322
31
57
34
29
1321
11238
1712111
1366104
32855
97242
19838
31414
11421
4
1
635
2
11 16
1
113
1212
12
21
13 1
3
11
35
1
231213
28
5
12
5
10
75
2
8109183
4671713
413115
6231
426331
7220413
96
11
172724720
3101112
7833
762
777914
19516257
232326510
82321519
1
42221
2011132
211113
1821965
11
22211
211
4
835
45 1
21
31
16
19 3
3 1 1
16
174
2710
91079
4109
1
211
1
25611
81421
14
54
6
122
204332
3111182
89533
859
11432124
110548
4812266
9313113
321334
121104325
2617113
574187
391451
812721
581022
1818516
79421
1
1
1
23
6
11
2
113
15
212
24
2
10231
9
11144
5 5 12513254
15313
3
10
232
3
7
44233
221
3
33212
31
1
24914511
32232173
34456
15226
6210374
1
2
6
262473
118984
101710283
101528454
4272575
3427614
244243
131
611
7137187
115576136
61724868
1863036
1465461
61468178
13
12
1
2
313210
117
114143
7111
6
3
34
5
1
2
1
5109971
31413
1
43
114131
43113
7722
262
18
2
22
2
12
4
1
111
1
76720
114104917
515102210
151411
43511
27714152
62916420
311532839
98253
4821
2155
1211
5
335
214412
111
515181912
78344
379256
126191262
1361649
1681
2015
204
112131541
63916311
161414
13
1
8
74
13
114
4
1323
394735115313
1
9236
15122
12
11
1864
83
4
2251
222 3
25 57
641751
277
20
128
15
7312754
4121434
21051
23
2
749111
36391
136361
15
65
537294
11
52
32
93
3636
6331
334
8
110213
111482
4511232
2
33 16
152
5
52
1611
34
24
3733
47415 3
701
91
2
13
119
11187
11111
1
63
33
42
10242
2076222
14925
581281
86
33
2
122
1
41393
3
513
2
473
354
1612
67
1122224
311437
2
3219
235217
16
39
351159
143714
185
41
551471
2493419
105199
218161013
111918148
89739
719316
83
2
814
3
61294221
795512
4661010
5
1
5
5
44
323
411635
24
51
19121
8
5
1
6142
227
1541
94
375
231223
3
1115
1146
1
33
2245
5
42850
6
82216
261
756117
39991
1477
31559
45353
7
41
110362
2122320
924
7
28466
319
324
151133
91712
55321
332042
3
124
82364
7101315
329815
133145
12103213
336312
119
4
43545
31111711
741
108451
193155
18358
7111363
3532
1
22
23
52
3
4
163
4133
1
1
21
1
61033
1
1
1
1
155
3
22 231
11132
54241
12611
52515
66544
138514
1166
97875
1254
7
237429
12471824
1111085
989411
8167
5
127425
119752
75295
714311
14
9
33455
466510
4210915
76101610
6515117
513968
91241116
148972
16810157
8248113
791665
13158611
911693
17319212
931112
1517793
15101583
47
332
587217
106143
11818
13
41718612
1
11
916
5383
22621
165
Sites were then ranked according to total axiophyte species richness
across time
Rank Total Current Decline Key sites1 76 11 86% The Mere, Ellesmere2 74 10 86% Bomere Pool3 72 42 42% Cole Mere4 70 46 34% Wybunbury Moss5 68 36 47% Whixall Moss6 67 38 43% Bomere, Shomere & Betton Pools7 64 35 45% Hatch Mere & Flaxmere8 62 48 23% Brown Moss9 61 32 48% Sweat Mere & Crose Mere10 55 11 80% White Mere11 55 39 29% Aqualate Mere12 54 26 52% Wem Moss13 53 12 77% Oak Mere14 50 19 62% Rostherne Mere15 49 31 37% Berrington Pool16 48 28 42% Clarepool Moss & Newton Mere17 47 31 34% Danes Moss18 45 7 84% Hencott Pool19 44 16 64% Fenemere20 44 31 30% Balterley Heath
DC0 <1929DC1 1930-1969DC2 1970-1986DC3 1987-1999DC4 2000-2009DC5 2010 plus
Date class 1 DC1 (1930-1969) is noticeably under-recorded in all the sites but the other date classes have comparable recording effort.
Taking the four sites with the largest total decline in number of species, we can give a more detailed breakdown by date class, showing variations in recording effort.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4
No.
axio
phyt
es
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4
No.
axio
phyt
es
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4
No.
axio
phyt
es
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4
No.
axio
phyt
es
The Mere, Ellesmere Hencott Pool
Bomere Pool White Mere
But White Mere is noticeably different, with no change in the number of axiophytes between DC0 and DC2, and no change between DC3 and DC4.
Three of the sites have broadly similar profiles, with the number of axiophytes decreasing by a factor of 2 between DC0 and DC2, and again halving in number by DC4.
This suggests that White Mere retained its axiophytes until relatively recently, and it has not deteriorated noticeably in the recent past. This could be justification for prioritising resources on White Mere, as recent changes are more likely to be reversible.
Taking the four sites with the largest total decline in number of species, we can give a more detailed breakdown by date class, showing variations in recording effort.
Sweat Mere – a site that has remained in favourable condition
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4
No.
axio
phyt
es
What to do about White Mere?
How do the axiophytes break down into habitats?
Ancient Recent Present total
Bog 2 2
Carr 1 1 3 5
Grassland 4 1 5
Marginal 7 6 9 22
Open water 1 2 3
Woodland 1 2 12 15
Total 16 11 26 53
Bog species have disappeared completely (Andromeda polifolia)
Carr is in reasonable condition
Grassland disappeared long ago with a mixture of species including calcicoles
Clinopodium acinos and marshier species such as Triglochin palustris
Marginal species have been hit hard with Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani, Oenanthe aquatica and Phragmites australis
Dry woodland is in favourable condition
Most of these species are light loving species of
open, wetter conditions so shade
has increased.
Remove trees from the water’s edge in appropriate places
and restore marginal grazing
Target speciesBaldellia ranunculoidesBidens cernuaCarex rostrataCicuta virosaElatine hexandraLittorella unifloraLuronium natansOenanthe aquaticaOenanthe fistulosaPhragmites australisRanunculus linguaRumex hydrolapathumSchoenoplectus lacustrisSchoenoplectus tabernaemontaniTriglochin palustris
Conservation resources should be focused on the sites with the greatest number of these axiophytes, and the greatest urgency is for sites where there is a demonstrable decline
This can only be detected retrospectively, so ‘evidence of a recent loss of axiophytes’ is the appropriate trigger for intervention.
White Mere is the site with the highest and most recent decline
Axiophyte data tables can be used for monitoring further changes in the conservation status of the meres and mosses.
The more frequently that the sites are thoroughly surveyed, the more powerful this technique becomes.
To maximise the potential of this sort of analysis, all SSSIs should be surveyed thoroughly at least once a decade.
Axiophytes and Opportunities – a case study in working with local partners with biological recording data
In 2006 the Forestry Commission asked Shropshire County Council (now Shropshire Council) if they could provide a Woodland Opportunity map which highlighted areas that were more, or less, sensitive to new woodland planting.
The use of axiophytes to produce such a map would provide an evidence-based approach to mapping.
Axiophytes and Opportunities – a case study in working with local partners with biological recording data
MethodsAn axiophyte list for Shropshire was derived by taking all species that were restricted to BAP habitats (90% of records) and also found in 25% or fewer tetrads in the vice-county. These axiophytes were then allocated to one or more broad habitat types.
The woodland and grassland axiophytes were then coincidence-mapped to identify the areas of greatest value for woodland and grassland. The coincidence data were transferred to GIS and mapped onto Landscape Description Units so axiophyte species densities could be allocated to each landscape ‘patch’.
Axiophytes and Opportunities – a case study in working with local partners with biological recording data
Axiophytes and Opportunities – a case study in working with
local partners with biological recording
data
Axiophytes and Opportunities – a case study in working with local partners with biological recording data
ResultsThe resulting map then showed where woodland planting schemes could take place without compromising species-rich grassland and where woodland planting schemes could work effectively to link existing blocks of ancient woodland.
Conclusions and applicationsThis demonstrates how existing empirical, repeatable, presence-absence data is used to produce habitat maps which would otherwise have been expensive to collect and subject to a high degree of subjectivity. The resulting map is quantifiable and evidence-based.
Woodland planting schemes in Shropshire can now be targeted more effectively. This system has been adopted by the West Midlands Biodiversity Group.
What can we learn from case studies on axiophyte use?
Axiophytes can provide useful insights into how to assess sites empirically, using an evidence-based approach
Axiophytes indicate favourable conditions – the more axiophytes the better quality the habitat
Axiophytes can include bryophytes, not just vascular plants
They can be used to answer specific questions on site conservation, conservation prioritization and landscape scale issues
They should be used with a small degree of caution, bearing in mind issues of scope of recording especially when using time-sliced data
References
Aisbitt, R. 2012. Can axiophyte counts be used to assess wildife sites? University of Birmingham MSc Thesis
Belton, L. 2011. An algorithm to enumerate axiophyte richness in SSSIs. BSBI Recorder 15.
Ison J. 2011. Axiophyte diversity versus total species diversity in Devon. BSBI Recorder 15.
Lockton, A., Wrench, D., Whild, S. Diack, I. & McCullagh, F. 2007. Identifying conservation priorities in the Meres & Mosses Natural Area by using axiophytes. Unpublished report to Natural England.