Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.
-
Upload
kerry-richardson -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.
![Page 1: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae
LocomotionProtects spinal cordSuspends trunk
![Page 2: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vertebrae
CentrumBody of vertebraSurrounds or replaces notochord
![Page 5: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Centrum shape
Amphicelous (most fish, tailed amphibians)Opisthocelous (terrestrial salamanders, gar)Acelous (mammals)Procelous (reptiles, frogs)
![Page 7: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Vertebrae
Vertebral archNeural archNeural spine = spinous processNeural canal = vertebral canal
![Page 9: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vertebrae
Hemal archChevron bone in amniotesVentral archway for caudal blood vesselsHemal spine
![Page 11: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vertebrae
Transverse processDiapophysis
![Page 14: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vertebrae
ZygaphophysesTetrapod featurePrezygapophyses – cranialPostzygapophyses - caudal
![Page 16: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Development of vertebrae
AncientSclerotomes around notochordIntersegmental from the somitesCartilage replacement of notochordBone replacement of notochord
![Page 18: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vertebrae in advanced fish
Centrum replaces notochordDiplospondyly in tail
![Page 21: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vertebrae in fish
Regional differentiationDorsal = TrunkCaudal = tail
![Page 22: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Vertebrae - fish
Craniovertebral jointNo movement
![Page 24: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vertebrae - Amphibians
Terrestrial lifeSpine must support bodyResists bending but provides mobility
![Page 25: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Phylogeny of tetrapod vertebrae
Tetrapod centrum is the descendant of the Pleurocentrum, not the intercentrum
![Page 27: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Vertebrae - amphibians
Zygapophyses
![Page 29: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Vertebrae - amphibians
Regional differentiationCervical – usually oneTrunk = dorsal – ribs presentSacral – oneCaudal – no zygapophysesUrostyle – fused post-sacral vertebrae in
anurans
![Page 30: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Skeletal support
Cervical vert.Cervical vert.
Trunk vert.with ribsTrunk vert.with ribs
Sacral vert.Sacral vert.
Caudal vert.Caudal vert.
![Page 31: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Vertebrae - amphibians
Craniovertebral joint1-2 occipital condyles
![Page 33: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Vertebrae - Reptiles
Centrum replaces notochordProcoelous centrumPleurocentrum is phylogenetic ancestral
centrum
![Page 34: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Vertebrae - Reptiles
ZygapophysesNot in tail
![Page 35: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Vertebrae - reptiles
Cervical – 8 including atlas and axisDorsals = Trunk (thoracic and lumbar)Sacral – 2 for stronger supportCaudal
– Chevron bone = hemal arch– Autonomy
![Page 36: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Vertebrae - reptiles
Craniovertebral jointBall & socket type of jointSingle occipital condyle
![Page 39: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vertebrae - reptile
Atlas = C1Axis = C2
– Odontoid process for rotationProatlas in crocodiles anterior to atlas
![Page 41: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Vertebrae - Birds
Centrum is heterocoelous
![Page 43: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Vertebrae - birds
Numerous cervical vertebraeSingle occipital condyleTrunk = Thoracic vertebrae (tend to fuse)Synsacrum
– Last thoracic, all lumbar, 2 sacral, some caudalCaudal vertebrae
– Pygostyle supports tail feathers
![Page 45: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Vertebrae - Mammals
Centrum is acelous 7 cervical Thoracics vary Lumbars vary Sacrum 3-5 Caudal
– Chevron bone– Coccyx
![Page 48: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Vertebrae - Mammal
Intervertebral discFibrocartilagePulpy nucleus
![Page 54: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Vertebrae - Mammal
Craniovertebral joint2 occipital condylesAtlasAxisFlex, extend, circle, rotate
![Page 56: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dce5503460f94ac1de4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Key Points – Evolutionary trend of vertebrae
Regional differentiation?Head/neck?Sacral stability?Zygapophyses?Loss of notochord?