AWARENESS OF CIVILIZATION DISEASES THREAT AMONGST STUDENTS...

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Awareness of civilization diseases...

Journal of Health Policy, Insurance and Management – Polityka Zdrowotna

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ZnajomoÊç zagro˝eƒ chorobami cywilizacyjnymi wÊród studentów – mi´dzynarodowe badanie porównawcze

Anna Rybarczyk-Szwajkowska

STRESZCZENIE

W ramach programu „A CO ze zdrowiem studencie?!” przeprowadzono badania majàce na celuwskazanie ró˝nic jakie rysujà si´ wobec znajomoÊci zagro˝eƒ chorobami cywilizacyjnymi wÊródludzi m∏odych. Z uwagi na skal´ problemu w badaniu skupiono si´ na trzech jednostkach choro-bowych: alergii, cukrzycy i oty∏oÊci. Do badania w∏àczono 475 studentów z: (1) ∏ódzkich uczelniwy˝szych, (2) Uniwersytetu Wiedeƒskiego, (3) Narodowego Medycznego Uniwersytetu w Kijowie.

Badanie przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem autorskiego kwestionariusza ankiety zwierajà-cego 34 pytania. WÊród 161 respondentów wykonano dodatkowo badania antropometryczneoceniajàce prawid∏owoÊç masy cia∏a oraz sk∏ad cia∏a, a tak˝e zastosowano test sprawnoÊciowy po-przedzony spoczynkowym badaniem ciÊnienia t´tniczego i t´tna.

Wyniki badania wskazujà, i˝ ponad po∏owa badanej populacji zna∏a definicj´ cukrzycy, naj-cz´Êciej prawid∏owà odpowiedê zaznaczali studenci z Kijowa. Obliczono, i˝ istnieje zale˝noÊçpomi´dzy posiadanà wiedzà o czynnikach ryzyka cukrzycy wÊród badanych grup. Studenciz ∏ódzkich uczelni wy˝szych cz´Êciej, ni˝ ich koledzy z Wiednia i Kijowa znali czynniki ryzykawyst´powania tej jednostki chorobowej, natomiast studenci z Kijowa cz´Êciej ni˝ osoby studiu-jàce w Wiedniu i ¸odzi znali prawid∏owà wartoÊç st´˝enia cukru we krwi. Studenci ∏ódzkichuczelni wy˝szych, cz´Êciej ni˝ pozosta∏e grupy studentów, zaznaczali prawid∏owà definicj´ alergii.Studenci z Wiednia cz´Êciej ni˝ ich koledzy z ¸odzi i Kijowa deklarowali znajomoÊç wskaênikaBody Mass Indeks (86,4% analogicznie do 70,81% i 74,53%). WartoÊci wskaênika BMI i WHRwÊród studentów ∏ódzkich uczelni wy˝szych sà istotnie wy˝sza od wartoÊci wskaênika BMIi WHR studentów z Kijowa. WartoÊci z próby Ruffiera dla studentów z ∏ódzkich uczelni wy˝szychsà istotnie ni˝sze od wartoÊci próby Ruffiera dla studentów z Kijowa.

Badanie wskaza∏o potrzeb´ dzia∏aƒ prozdrowotnych w celu poprawy ÊwiadomoÊci zdrowotnej,w tym g∏ównie wiedzy o chorobach cywilizacyjnych.

S∏owa kluczowe: choroby cywilizacyjne, alergia, cukrzyca, oty∏oÊç

Key words: civilisation diseases, allergy, diabetes, obesity

1 Based on the results of the research conducted within the program “What About Your Health,Student?!” implemented by members of the Student’s Scientific Circle at the Chair of Health Care Policysince January 2009. The programme is an element of environmental research on reasons and social andeconomic results of civilisation diseases conducted by an international consortium coordinated by theChair of Health Care Policy of Medical University of ¸ódê. The coordinator and research coordinator ofthe program is Prof. Romuald Holly. A few employees and doctor – students of the Chair of Hygiene andEpidemiology of Medical University of ¸ódê also joined the project. The honorary patronage over theundertaking was taken over by His Magnificence Chancellor of Medical University – Prof. Pawe∏ Górski,MD, PhD.

INTRODUCTION

The progress of diseases referred to ascivilisation diseases or life style diseases becomesa very serious problem for health caresystems of all developing and developedcountries, Poland included. In particular thisrefers to: obesity, arterial hypertension,coronary heart disease and chronic pepticulcer disease, allergic and oncologicalconditions but also to diabetes (mainly oftype 2.).2 Chronic diseases more and morefrequently relate to the population of youngpeople. In particular, people below 30 areexposed to allergic diseases.3 The diabetesand obesity constitute also a serious problemamongst children and young people.4, 5

In consequence of high incidence, wecurrently refer to allergic diseases as anepidemic. In developed countries, thefrequency of allergy is estimated to rangefrom 20-30%. In the European UnionMember States, the significant role of theproblem of growing rhinitis and asthmafrequency is emphasised.6 The allergicrhinitis is the most frequent allergic disease– according to WHO data, it affects about

400 million people and constitutes a globalproblem. The WHO data referring tobronchitis asthma mention 300 millionpatients.7 The forecasts indicate that themaintenance of such a rate of incidencegrowth shall have it that the healthypopulation shall become equal in number tothose afflicted with allergy by 2020.8 Inaccordance with the results of the ECAPprogramme (Epidemiology of AllergicDiseases in Poland) depending upon theregion and gender, the allergy is declaredeven by as many as 40% of respondents, theinfection of nasal mucosa goes beyond 35%of the population examined in some largecities, the allergic rhinitis occurs in 25%, andthe asthma was diagnosed in 10% ofrespondents.9 In the group of children,youth and young grown up people, it isestimated that the allergy touches about 10million people.10,11 According to other all-Poland research, the frequency of allergicincidence of seasonal rhinitis in the globalpopulation was estimated as 8.7% of grownups and 8.9% of children, the all yearrhinitis was established with 3.0% of grownups and 2.1% of children, and the bronchitisasthma was diagnosed with 5.4% of grown

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2 Migda∏ W. Spo˝ycie mi´sa a choroby cywilizacyjne, ̊ ywnoÊç. Nauka. Technologia. JakoÊç (Meat Consumption,Civilisation Diseases, Nutrition. Technology. Quality) 6 (55), 2007: 48 – 6.

3 Samel-Kowalik P and partners, Wyst´powanie alergii i astmy w Polsce (Incidence of Allergy and Asthmain Poland) – ECAP test, Gazeta Farmaceutyczna periodical (3), 2009.

4 Obuchowicz A. Epidemiologia nadwagi i oty∏oÊci – narastajàcego problemu zdrowotnego w populacjidzieci i m∏odzie˝y, Endokrynologia, Oty∏oÊç i Zaburzenia Przemiany Materii (Epidemiology of Overweightand Obesity – Growing Health Problem in the Population of Children and Youth, Endokrynologia Periodical,Obesity and Disorders of Metabolism), volume 1, No. 3, 2005: 9–12.

5 Attitude of American Diabetes Association, Screening in Diabetes, Diabetologia Praktyczna periodical,2002, volume 3, supl. A.

6 Bousquet J., and partners. Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA 2008), Allergy, 2008; 68(Suppl 86): 8-160, http://www.unifesp.br/dmed/climed/liga/consensos/rinitealergicaeasma2008.PDF,(access: 13.03.2012).

7 Kuna P., KupryÊ-Lipiƒska I., Nowa ARIA 2007, Terapia (Therapy), No. 4 (208), April 2008, p. 81-87.8 European Allergy White Paper, The UCB Institute of Allergy. Allergic diseases as a public health

problem in Europe. UCB Institute of Allergy1997., cited after: Samel-Kowalik P. and partners, Incidenceof allergy and asthma in Poland – ECAP test, Gazeta Farmaceutyczna periodical, 3/2009, p. 32.

9 Results of ECAE tests (Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland)http://ecap.pl/pdf/ECAP_wyniki_pl.pdf, [date of download: 12.03.2012].

10 Samoliƒski B., Epidemiology of Allergy and Asthma in Poland – preliminary report on ECAP test,Terapia periodical, 2008, 4(208), pages: 127-131.

11 Samoliƒski B., ECAP – Epidemiologia chorób alergicznych w Polsce – przyk∏ad dzia∏aƒ w zakresiezdrowia publicznego (Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland – an Example of Health Care Activities),II Students’ Scientific Seminar, Warsaw Days on Health Sciences, 14-15 III 2008, p. 6-8.

ups and 8.6% of children.12 The permanentgrowth of the per cent of people allergic toenvironmental allergens is of contemporarysocial importance.13

The diabetes, a disease recognised ascivilisation condition and an epidemic of themodern world develops slowly with no symptomsand frequently is detected by incident. Theepidemiological data indicate that in the world,there are 260 million diabetics. According tothe forecast by the World Health Organisation,it may be estimated that the number of diabeticsshall be growing and by 2030, it shall haveachieved 380 million.14 In 2007 in Poland,there were 2,275,000 diabetics aged between20 and 79.15 The main hazard is diabetestype 2, which constitutes from 90-95%of diabetics.16 As the early diagnosis andimmediate treatment may stop the developmentof diabetes and its complications, it isrecommended to screen patients for diabetes.There is no complete correlation between riskfactors and the development of diabetes.However, the more risk factors with oneperson, the larger probability of their fallingdiabetic. And vice versa – there is a relativelysmall risk that a person with no symptoms,nor risk factors is going to be or shall bediabetic.17

Another epidemic of a global scope isobesity, which is considered as one of themost important threats for human health.18

Overweight and obesity constitute one ofthe main risk factors for many chronic diseases(among others diabetes, ischemic heart disease).An excessive increment of body mass is notonly a problem in developed countries, butappears more and more frequently in developingstates. This results, among others, from a changein the life style: reduction in the physicalactivities and a change in the dietary habits,too large energy consumed and to intenseconsumption of high calorific cereals contributesignificantly to the progress of obesity.Analysing the phenomenon of obesity in theEuropean scale, we may notice that over 50%of Europeans are overweight and obesity isdiagnosed in 30% of the European population.19

Every year in consequence of obesity,according to WHO, about 250 thousandpeople die in Europe and about 2.5 millionpeople in the world.20 In the incoming years,the scale of this problem shall be growing.The World Health Organisation forecastsa permanent growth of body mass of an averageinhabitant of the Earth in the nearest 10 years.

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12 Liebhart J., Prevalence and Risk Factors for Asthma in Poland: Results From the PMSEAD Study,J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007; Vol. 17 (6): 367-374.

13 Kruszewski J., Kruszewski M., Alergia a wysi∏ek fizyczny (Allergy and Physical Effort), PrzewodnikLekarza periodical, No. 10, 2007, p.17-20.

14 Kinalska I., Cukrzyca chorobà cywilizacyjnà, materia∏y konferencyjne „Cukrzyca – wyzwanie XXIwieku, Rola i zadania samorzàdu lokalnego w prewencji i edukacji spo∏ecznej” (Diabetes a CivilisationDisease, Conference Material “Diabetes – Challenge of 21st Century, The Role and Tasks of Local Self-Government in Prevention and Social Education”, ¸ódê, 12.02.2009.

15 Grzeszczak W., Opieka diabetologiczna w Polsce i priorytety zmian – jak wyglàdamy na tle krajów europejskich,materia∏y konferencyjne „Cukrzyca – wyzwanie XXI wieku. Rola i zadania samorzàdu lokalnego w prewencjii edukacji spo∏ecznej” (Diabetological Care in Poland and Priorities of Changes – Our Outlook on theGround of European Countries, Conference Material “Diabetes – The Challenge of 21st Century. The Roleand Tasks of Local Self-Government in Prevention and Social Education”), ¸ódê, 12.02.2009.

16 Borodako A., Klasyfikacja i rozpoznanie cukrzycy (Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes), Terapiaperiodical, No. 5 (193), May 2007, p. 6-11.

17 Position of American Diabetes Association, Badania przesiewowe w cukrzycy (Screening in Diabetes),Diabetologia Praktyczna periodical, 2002, volume 3, supl. A.

18 World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHOConsultation presented at the World Health Organization. June 3-5,1997 Geneva, Switzerland.

19 Kobus G., and partners, Oty∏oÊç jako problem spo∏eczny. Leczenie i prewencja oty∏oÊci (Obesity as aSocial Problem. Treatment and Prevention of Obesity), Terapia periodical, No. 3 (236), March 2010, p. 62-67.

20 World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHOConsultation presented at the World Health Organization. June 3-5,1997 Geneva, Switzerland.

The tendency to increase the per cent ofobese people was revealed also in Poland,which was proved by Pol-MONICA test. Itshowed that in Polish population about 67%of people are overweight and the obesityrefers to about 30% of women and 20% ofmen21. According to data from NATPOL IIIPLUS test 34% of Polices are overweight, and19% are afflicted with obesity.22

According to the International Obesity TaskForce (IOTF) data, 155 million children inthe world in the school age show overweightor obesity. Among them 30–45 million areobese children and youth aged between 5–17and 22 million obese children below 5. Forthis reason, children and youth shall be themain receivers of pro-health programmes asthe epidemic of obesity starts already at thedevelopment age.23

OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

The cognitive objective of the research wasto indicate the differences which show withinthe civilisation diseases threats amongst youngpeople. Because of the scale of the problem,the research was focused on three diseases:allergy, diabetes and obesity24. The selectionof research group was dictated by epidemiologicaldata, indicating an increase in the threat of

chronic diseases with young people. It wasassumed that a young person is that agedbetween 19 and 26.

The comparison of the awareness of threegroups of students in various countries ofa different culture was to verify the hypothesis,suggesting that cultural factors have an impacton: (1) pro-health behaviour and (2) thescope of knowledge on civilisation diseases.

The purpose of research undertaken wasalso to find out a relation between the knowledgeon risk factors for diabetes and obesity andthe excessive body mass. A hypothesis on arelation between the incidence of a givendisease in the respondents and the range oftheir knowledge on the disease was alsoadvanced.

MATERIALSAND METHODS

The research was conducted within theinternational program WHAT ABOUT YOURhealth, student?!, which was implemented inthree stages25. The first part of the researchwas conducted on 23rd May 2009, in the areaof the campus in Lumumby Street in ¸ódê.

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21 Kobus G., and partners., Oty∏oÊç jako problem spo∏eczny. Leczenie i prewencja oty∏oÊci (Obesity as aSocial Problem, Treatment and Prevention of Obesity), Terapia periodical, No. 3 (236), March 2010, p. 62-67.

22 Zdrojewski T, and partners. Rozpowszechnienie g∏ównych czynników ryzyka chorób uk∏adu sercowo-naczyniowego w Polsce. Wyniki badania (Spreading of Main Factors of Heart Vascular System Diseases inPoland. Results of NATPOL PLUS tests; Kardiol Pol 2004; 61 (supl. IV): IV1-IV26.

23 Obuchowicz A., Epidemiologia nadwagi i oty∏oÊci – narastajàcego problemu zdrowotnego w populacjidzieci i m∏odzie˝y, Endokrynologia, Oty∏oÊç i Zaburzenia Przemiany Materii (Epidemiology of Overweightand Obesity – Growing Health Problem in Children and Youth Population, Endocrynology, Obesity andDisorder of Metabolism), 2005, volume 1, No. 3, p. 9–12.

24 Knowledge on allergy is understood as the awareness of allergy definition, risk factors for incidence of allergy,allergy symptoms, notion of anaphylactic shock and manner of behaviour in case it occurs; Knowledge ondiabetes is understood as awareness of: diabetes definition, risk factors of diabetes incidence, diabetessymptoms, correct level of glucose in blood, most frequently occurring form of diabetes, devices servingto measure the level of glucose in blood; The knowledge on obesity is understood as the awareness of:obesity definition, risk factors for obesity incidence, symptoms of obesity, BMI notion and its correctscope, value of correct cholesterol level in blood with its division into LDL and HDL fractions,consequences of obesity.

25 First and second stage was carried out by a team composed of: Anna Rybarczyk, Anna Staszewska,Anna Pasternak, Anita Szymczak, Hubert Berski, Micha∏ Rynkiewicz, Beata Szymczak. The third stagewas carried out by: Edyta Skibiƒska, Anna Rybarczyk, Martyna Kruszyƒska, Dominika Kryƒska, KingaChudzik, Ma∏gorzata Pintera, Milena Nowakowska.

The second stage was undertaken at theVienna University between 10 and 11 December2009. The third edition took place between3 and 4 November 2011 at the National MedicalUniversity of Kiev. The characteristics ofrespondents are presented in table 1.

The research was conducted with the useof the authors’ questionnaire. The questionnairecontained 34 questions and was divided into4 parts. The first part contained questionsrelated to allergy, the second one to diabetes,and the third one to obesity, and the last oneis a so-called demographics. The questionnairewas translated into English, German andRussian.

The weight, together with the measurementof height were used for anthropometric tests26,evaluating the correctness of Body Mass

Index – BMI, Waist to Hip Ratio – WHRand body composition (the per cent contentof fat and water in the body). Amongst theparticipants, fitness tests were also conducted(Ruffier’s test), preceded by blood pressureand pulse tests at rest to which a stopper anda nanometre were used.

To analyse the data from the questionnaires,a Chi-square test was applied but to analysethe anthropometric results Kruskal-Walis’Anova one-way analysis of variance by ranksand Dunn’s test were applied. The level ofmateriality α=0.05 was assumed. The averagedominant and the standard divergence werecalculated. The Statistica software licensedto the Medical University was used togetherwith Microsoft Office Excel 2008.

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Table 1. Characteristics of the population examined

Source: author’s own table

26 The anthropometric tests were carried out by doctoral-students and employees of the Chair of Hygieneand Epidemiology of Medical University of ¸ódê in the following composition: Anna Gawron-Skarbek,Marta ¸aszek, Marta Niedêwiedzka-Stadnik and Andrzej Olczyk supported by Students’ Scientific GroupMembers.

RESULTS

Over one half of the examined populationknew the definition of diabetes. 66.7% ofKiev students and a little over 51% of ¸ódêstudents and nearly 41% of Vienna studentsknew the correct answer. There is a materialdependency (level “p” is lower than theboundary level alfa=0.05) between the knowledgeon the diabetes definition amongst the

examined groups – students most frequentlyelected the correct answer (table 2). It wascalculated that there is a dependency betweenthe knowledge acquired and the diabetes risksamong the examined groups.

Students from ¸ódê University morefrequently than those from Vienna and Kievknew the risk factors for the incidence ofthis disease (table 3).

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Table 2. Knowledge on diabetes definition amongst students from ¸ódê Universities, studentsfrom Vienna, students from Kiev (%).


Table 3. Knowledge of risk factors of diabetes occurrence amongst students from ̧ ódê Universities,from Vienna and Kiev (%)


Students were asked whether the factorsrelated to diet have an impact on the courseof diabetes. There is a material dependency,and therefore, we conclude that Kiev studentsmost frequently answered correctly.

At the same time, students from Kiev morefrequently than those from Vienna and ¸ódêknew the correct value of sugar concentrationin blood (table 4).

It was also found out that there was amaterial dependency of the knowledge on allergydefinition amongst students’ groups examined.

Therefore, we conclude that residents of¸ódê most frequently elect the correct answer,i.e. they know the definition of allergy (table 5).

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Table 4. Knowledge of correct sugar concentration in blood amongst students from ¸ódêUniversities, students from Vienna, students from Kiev (%)

Table 5. The knowledge of allergy definition amongst students from ¸ódê Universities, fromVienna and from Kiev



Vienna students more frequently thantheir colleagues from ¸ódê and Kievdeclared the knowledge of Body Mass Index(86.4% similarly to 70.81% and 74.53%) andit was that group of respondents that mostfrequently marked the correct value (table 6).

It was found out that the dependencyrelated to the impact of the life style on theincidence of obesity amongst examined studentgroups is at the boundary of materiality(level “p” is a little larger than the boundarylevel alpha=0.05).

With cautiousness, we conclude that Kievstudents more frequently than the remainingrespondents know that the factors related tothe life style have an impact on the occurrenceof obesity.

However, there is no material dependency(level “p” is larger than boundary levelalpha=0.05) in the structures of answers tothe question whether the respondents knowthe symptoms of obesity and the differences,arising from the calculations have a randomnature (table 7).

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Table 6. The knowledge of BMI index amongst students from ¸ódê Universities, from Viennaand from Kiev (%)

Table 7. Knowledge of obesity symptoms amongst ¸ódê Universities students, students fromVienna, students from Kiev (%)



SELECTED RESULTSOF ANTHROPOMETRICEXAMINATION

The main test of ranks Anova (H) showeda material dependency between Body MassIndex (BMI) amongst examined respondents’groups. In consequence “post-hoc” (Dunn’stest) was conducted, which showed that thevalues of the BMI index amongst ¸ódêUniversities students is materially higherthan the value of BMI index of Kiev students(chart 1).

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A material dependency in the structureof answers to the question on effects of obesitywas noticed. We may conclude that ¸ódêand Vienna inhabitants more frequentlythan students from Kiev know that obesity

favours the incidence of diabetes, arterialhypertension, ischemic heart disease andcholecystolithiasis (table 8).

Table 8. Knowledge of obesity effects amongst students from ¸ódê Universities, Viennastudents and Kiev students (%)


Chart 1. The value of BMI index amongststudents from ¸ódê Universities, Viennastudents, Kiev students

With the help of the main test of Anovaranks (H) test, a material dependencybetween the value of Waist to Hip Ratio(WHR) was also noticed. In consequence anadditional “post-hoc” test was conducted,which showed that the values of WHR indexamongst ¸ódê Universities students arematerially higher than the values of theindex amongst Vienna and Kiev students(chart 2).

Chart 2. The value of WHR index amongst¸ódê Universities students, Vienna studentsand Kiev students

Source: author’s own chart

Anova ranks test did not show any materialdifferences between the examined groupsreferring to the mass and per cent content offat mass (FM). Therefore, a conclusion wasadopted that as to the changeable FM thestudents’ groups do not show differentiation(chart 3).

Chart 3. Value of FM index amongst ¸ódêUniversities students, those from Vienna,those from Kiev


The main Anova rank (H) test was alsoused to build a dependency of Ruffier’s testresults of the examined respondents groups.The test showed a material dependency andtherefore the “post-hoc” test was conducted,which proved that the values from Ruffier’stest for students from ¸ódê Universities aresignificantly higher than the value of Ruffier’stest for the Kiev students. For the chart No. 4the graphic interpretation of results waspresented.

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Chart 4. Value of Rufier’s test for studentsfrom ¸ódê Universities students, studentsfrom Vienna, students from Kiev.


DISCUSSIONAND RESULTS

The comparison of results of the authorsexamination with the results of other authorsis not possible because no analogous researchexists, which would be carried out either in

Poland or abroad. There are works undertaken,whose purpose is to set out the knowledgeon hepatitis C and to describe the pro-healthconduct and negative health conduct of studentsof Polish schools in Lvov to test the healthawareness of the youth from Kraków schools,etc.27,28,29,30

The objective of this research was toindicate the differences shown in the light ofthreatening civilisation diseases amongstyoung people. The comparison of theknowledge of three students groups fromvarious countries of a different culture wastargeted to prove the hypothesis that thecultural factors have an impact on the pro-health conduct and the scope of knowledgeacquired on civilisation diseases. The researchresults obtained do not allow, however, toverify the hypothesis. In the next stage ofresearch, the research tool shall be modifiedso as to make it possible to check the judgementsuggested. However, according to DavidMechanic the health conduct is marked, to,a large extent, by the social and culturalcontext, shaping and limiting the individualelections. The said health practices arefrequently not only the effect of intendedactions but they rather result from theircohesion with a more general “attitude tolife” of a given population.31 The attitude ofthe researcher enforces a continuation ofthe research towards the verification of thehypothesis.

The objective of the research undertakenwas also to find out the relation between theknowledge and the risk factors of diabetesand obesity and the incidence of excess body

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27 Dziewulak J., and partners, Próba oceny stanu wiedzy studentów kierunków nie-lekarskich o WZWtypu C, II Studenckie Sympozjum Naukowe (An Attempt at Assessing the State of Knowledge of Non-Medical Students about hepatitis C, Second Students’ Scientific Seminar) „Warszawskie Dni Nauki o Zdrowiu”(“Warsaw Days of Health Science”), 14-15.03.2008, p. 73-76.

28 Rodziewicz-Gruhn J., Pyzik M., Zachowania prozdrowotne i antyzdrowotne uczniów szkó∏ polskich weLwowie na Ukrainie (Pro-Health Conduct and Negative Health Conduct of Students in Polish Schools inLvov in the Ukraine), Borgis – Nowa Medycyna 7/1999, p. 10-14.

29 ˚i˝ka-Salamon D., ÂwiadomoÊç i zachowania zdrowotne m∏odzie˝y szkó∏ krakowskich (Awareness andPro-Health Conduct of Kraków Schools Youth), Nowiny Lekarskie 2003, 72, 2, 124-130.

30 Rodziewicz-Gruhn J., Pyzik M., Zachowania zdrowotne studiujàcych zaocznie na kierunku pedagogikaAkademii im. Jana D∏ugosza w Cz´stochowie (Pro-Health Conduct of Off-Mural Students at the Facultyof Teaching in the Academy named after Jan D∏ugosz in Cz´stochowa), Zeszyty Naukowe Wy˝szej Szko∏yPedagogiki i Administracji w Poznaniu (Scientific Leaflets of Higher School of Teaching at Administrationin Poznaƒ), 3/2007.

31 Ostrowska A., Prozdrowotne style ˝ycia, Promocja zdrowia, nauki spo∏eczne i medycyna (Pro-HealthLifestyles, Promotion of Health, Social Sciences and Medicine). 1997, No. 0-11, p. 9.

mass. A hypothesis was suggested that theoccurrence of a given disease in a respondenthas an impact on the range of knowledge onthis disease. The analysis of resultsconducted indicated that the average valueof BMI index amongst all respondents iscorrect and amounts to 22.95 and nearly70% of those under research knew thecorrect range of this index. The BMI indexvalues amongst ¸ódê Universities studentsis materially higher than the BMI indexvalues of Kiev students, however, there areno statistically significant differences in theknowledge of correct range of BMI indexamongst these two students groups.Therefore, it is not possible to verify thehypothesis put forward. It is necessary tochange the research tool in such a way as tobe able to correlate the questionnaireresults with the results of anthropometricmeasurements.

The research indicated unambiguouslythe need to have pro-health action toimprove health awareness, the knowledgeon civilisation diseases included, inparticular, amongst young people. The pro-health conduct is shaped in every period ofhuman life. The importance of the level ofpopulation awareness of disease risk factorsis one of the main markers of attitudes andpro-health conduct related to themaintenance and keeping up the health andpreventive action. Shaping the desired pro-health conduct and recommendationsrelated to the conduct have a negativeimpact on health and make up an integralpart of the socialisation process in whichbeside the family the largest role shall befulfilled by schools32. The experience andknowledge of young people, the manner inwhich they undertake their developmenttasks have a crucial impact on the creationof resources for their health in the adultlife33. The conscience is extremely importantin the prophylaxis. The acquisition ofinformation on diseases most frequently

occurring is important: the knowledge ofrisk factors, such as genetic predispositions,incorrect diet, lifestyle, environmentalfactors, quite frequently find their reflectionin the improvement of health condition. Theknowledge on the impact of the lifestyle onthe health is not sufficient – set out action isnecessary, however, an increase in the awarenessenhances the chances to introduce advantageouschanges in the conduct and lifestyle.

LITERATURE

1. Bousquet J., and partners. Allergic Rhinitisand Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA 2008),Allergy, 2008; 68 (Suppl 86): 8-160

2. Dziewulak J., and partners, Próba ocenystanu wiedzy studentów kierunków nie-lekarskich o WZW typu C, II StudenckieSympozjum Naukowe (An Attempt atAssessing the State of Knowledge of Non-Medical Students about hepatitis C,Second Students’ Scientific Seminar)„Warszawskie Dni Nauki o Zdrowiu”(“Warsaw Days of Health Science”), 14-15.03.2008

3. European Allergy White Paper, The UCBInstitute of Allergy. Allergic diseases as apublic health problem in Europe. UCBInstitute of Allergy1997

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