Awareness 14000-2004 English

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ISO 14001:2004 and

Environmental Management Systems

Prepared by :

Eng. Mohamed Yassien El-Adawy

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Table of Contents

Introduction International developments of EMS since the 1970�s : - TQM and the development of EMS ; - Global Environmental Conferences ; - History and developments of EMS :

BS 7750 ; EMAS ; ISO 14001 .

- Integrating EMS with Health & Safety Management ; - EMS in relation to ISO 9001 ; - ISO 14001 and ISO 9001 : 2000 ; - ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 ; - Why your organization should have EMS .

( Benefits of EMS )

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ISO 14001 Requirements :

General Requirements

4.1��

Environmental Policy ��

4.2��

Planning : 4.3��Environmental Aspects 4.3.1 Legal & other Requirements 4.3.2 Objectives & Targets 4.3.3��and Environmental Management Programm(s) ��

��Implementation & Operation : 4.4��Structure and Responsibility 4.4.1��Competence & Training and Awareness 4.4.2��Communication 4.4.3��Documentation 4.4.4��Control of Documents 4.4.5��Operational Control 4.4.6��Emergency Preparedness & Response

��4.4.7��

Checking : 4.5��Monitoring& Measurements 4.5.1��Evaluation of compliance 4.5.2��Nonconformance and Corrective & Preventve Action 4.5.3��Control of Records 4.5.4 Internal Audit

��4.5.5

Management Review 4.6��

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�� - Establishing and Implementation of the EMS . - Initial Environmental Review . - The Registration Process :

( Certification against ISO 14001) : Phases of Audits ( Phase-1 & Phase-2 ) ; Classification of the CARs which may be raised

during the audit : Major CARs � Minor CARs ; EMS Auditors Reporting Structure ; Benefits of EMS Registration .

- Registration of auditors - Abbreviation

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Introduction : The health and well-being of people and the environment depends on what people do today . Unless people make drastic changes to the way they live and work, the earth will continue to suffer ; the environment on which they depend for survival will continue to deteriorate . Industry is a source of the most serious environmental problems ( air , water and soil pollution ). These environmental problems have severe effects on the quality of life of people . Globalization of environmental problems : Pollution can travel through air , river and ground water from one country to another , having severe effects on the quality of life of people living downwind or downriver from the source of pollution .

Due to industrial environmental problems , there has been an enormous increase of the new environmental legislation,regulation concerning environmental issues . In order to stay in business , organizations have to integrate environmental considerations into their business strategy. This is essential if they are to use business opportunities , compete with other business which take environmental considerations into account, and provide for interested parties / stakeholders .

In successful companies , end-of-pipe solutions are being replaced by pollution prevention strategies. This is to avoid expensive remediation costs and penalties. Effective EMS is an investment to improve business performance, ( compliance with regulation , prevention of pollution .

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This manual is designed for use by EMS implementers ( the people that will lead the EMS development effort ) . The manual uses the ISO 14001 Standard as a model for an EMS . The ISO 14001 Standard is the widely accepted official international Standard for EMS .

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International Developments of EMS since the 1970�s: In 1970,s : A great effort is done towards the approach of controlling the environmental impact of industrial activities . The response of industry was largely reactive : industry invested in end-of-pipe solutions to ensure compliance with the regulations. The increasing of environmental problems urged industry to develop effective EMSs . ( Proactive ) In successful companies , end-of-pipe solutions are being replaced by pollution prevention strategies. EMSs , and the concept of EMS was introduced . EMS is a voluntary systematic approach to environmental prevention . As well as legislative and regulatory compliance , environmental pressure groups have a marked effect on the public perception of industry . The reputation of coal , steel and chemical industries, suffer much from pressure groups .Such industries attract increasing attention because of its :emission to air , discharge to water , solid waste , noise, that affect on environment . When such industries are located close to housing ( bad neighbors ). Such companies try to do something about green issues associated with their activities ( i.e have a desire to be seen as green ) . In order for organizations to stay in business , they have to integrate environmental consideration into their business strategy. This is to control and improve the environmental performance .

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During 1970 : TQM was first applied to environmental management for many companies in Japan ,USA and European companies. These companies implement TQM principles for Environmental Management System. TQM principles provide a powerful foundation to implement an organization EMS . The elements of TQM include : customer focus , a high degree of senior management commitment , continuous improvement , prevention based approach ( Zero defects ) In TQM , the focus is on continual improvement with a goal of zero defects , Then in environmental terms , this can be seen as zero pollution or zero wastes . Global environmental conferences : - In 1992 : United Nations initiatives , such as : Rio de Janeiro � Conference on the Environment & development� ( UNCED ) ( Also referred to as the Earth Summit ) Governmental , non-governmental organizations , business leaders and private groups , Participate in this conference to consider how the world can move towards sustainable development, and how the world can cooperate to solve the environmental problems .

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( Global climate change agreement ) 140 countries sign this agreement :preparing a report for all emissions from their industrial activities and the methods to control . 1989 : Montreal Protocol for ozone depletion substances . 1994 : The protocol of sulpher in OSLO . For the limit of SO2 emissions from the burning of fuels . 1997 : Keyoto International Agreement For the United States : reduce air pollution by the end of 2012 ( reduce CO2 emissions 5.2 % versus 1990 total CO2 emission ). Withdrawal fro the agreement in Year 2002 .

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History and development of the EMS :

BS 7750 : It is the British standard for EMS. It has been used as a base reference document in the development of ISO 14001 . The 1st issue of this standard took place in 1992 The standard specifies the elements of the EMS . The standard was revised and reissued in 1994 . This revision brought the standard into line with EMAS for European countries . During 1994 , the UKAS ( United Kingdom Accreditation Service) monitored the certification activities against BS 7750 . ( accredited certification bodies to conduct certification audits against BS 7750 ). In Sept. 1996 , the international standard for EMS ( ISO 14001:1996 ) is issued . From that time ,UKAS directed that the British standard was to be phased out for registration purposes .

In Nov. , 2004 , the international standard for EMS ( ISO 14001:1996 ) is revised and a new revision (ISO 14001:2004) is issued .

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EMAS ( Eco-Management and Audit Scheme ) : In 1992 : proposed as a voluntary environmental auditing scheme for European countries with the objective to promote the continuous improvement of environmental performance of industrial activities .

It is a European community regulations , It has a mandatory effect by April 1995 . The regulation has been reissued in 2000 as ( EMAS 11 ). The revised version dealt with greater alignment to ISO 14001 . Organizations with EMAS tends to be certified to ISO 14001 as well . Initial environmental review is mandatory in EMAS .

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EMAS versus ISO 14001

Initial Environmental Review

EMS

( ISO 14001 )

Public Statement

Accredited verifier

Validated Site

is listed ( National )

and published ( European )

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ISO 14001 : ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) Is a non-governmental organization which was established in 1947 to develop worldwide standards. In 1993 : CEN ( European Committee for Standardization , and ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) , Through the work of TC 207 . Work together for the development of standards for Environmental management and performance : * ISO 14001 EMS - Specification with Guidance for Use . * ISO 14004 EMS � General Guidelines on principles , systems and Supporting Techniques . * 19011 : Auditing EMS . * 14040 : Life cycle Assessment In Sept. 1996 : ISO 14001:1996 have been published as international Standard . This standard has been modeled on BS 7750 , but differs in structure and in some individual system elements . In Nov. 2004 : This international Standard has been reissued as ( ISO 14001 : 2004). An EMS can be based on any one of EMAS or ISO 14001 .

The EMS standards requires to identify all aspects of their operations affecting the environment .

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Integrating EMS with Health and Safety Management : The Organizations may adopt an EMS from existing OHSAS 18001 : 1999 or ISO 9000 :2000 systems . The overlap between : the requirements of ISO 14001 and the USA OSHA . - is complementary with the difference that implementation of OSHA is a legal requirements .

- Many environmental aspects identified will relate to the hazards that employees are exposed during their work . EMS in relation to ISO 9001 : 2000 : ISO 9001: 2000 : a standard for QMS . ( TC 176 ) ISO 14001: 2004 : a standard for EMS . ( TC 207 ) Requirements of the 2 standards differ somewhat in their details and scope of application , but many common areas for control exist between them . In many areas, existing procedures and instructions would only need to be modified to meet the requirements , also there would be some new areas for control . Very few companies have chosen to fully integrate their EMS and QMS .

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ISO 9001 : focuses on the customer . ISO 14001 : consider not only the customer , but also regulatory enforcement agencies , the local community , the customer . for EMS : - the organization identify all environmental aspects of its products , service and activities which can or may have impact on the environment . - From aspects identified , the organization determines those which are significant . - implement programs to manage these significant environmental aspects . The auditor must determine that the process of identification of environmental aspects and evaluating its significance are well defined , logical and have been effectively implemented . The policy of ISO 14001 are more defined in requiring specific management commitments : to prevention of pollution . ( commitment to Zero pollution ) . to comply with applicable legislation and regulations , to continual improvement . The EMS requirements are thoroughly interlinked . It is not possible to isolate any individual requirement and apply it to a particular activity or department without considering interrelated requirements applicable within the area .

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ISO 14001 and ISO 9001:2000 : ISO 9001:2000 moves towards ISO 14001:1996 as a management system standard based on inputs and outputs as well as processes ( process approach model ). ISO 9001:2000 includes many requirements in common with ISO 14001:1996 and the new issue ISO 14001:2004 , including : continual improvement , specific reference to regulatory obligation , fewer specific references to � documented procedures �� . The development of an effective EMS can support your organization�s mission and goals towards environmental performance . The ISO 14001 standard is the widely accepted official international standard for EMS. It can be stated with confidence that in any developed country ( that now possesses environmental legislation ) , the adoption of the requirements of the standard ISO 14001 will limit the exposure to prosecution . Environmental improvements ( and cost saving ) can be achieved by reviewing and improving your organization�s management processes. The key to effective EMS is the use of a systematic approach to: Planning , Controlling , Measuring and Improving an organization performance .

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- ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 : * ISO 14001 EMS - Specification with Guidance for Use . * ISO 14004 EMS � General Guidelines on principles , systems and Supporting Techniques . ISO 14001 : is the specification standard of the ISO 14000 series. The primary use of ISO 14001 is for third � party registration . This standard contains the requirements against which companies will be audited for registration purposes . ISO 14004 : is a guidance standard , offers examples and descriptions related to the development and implementation of environmental management systems . When an organization registers to ISO 14001 , it declares that a specific EMS complies with the standard . The EMS can cover either the entire organization, a specific facility or several facilities . It is the organization responsibility to determine the scope of the EMS and to which activities , processes and products it applies .

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Why your organization should have an EMS ? ( The benefits of an EMS ) In successful companies , end-of-pipe solutions are being replaced by pollution prevention strategies. This is to avoid expensive remediation costs and penalties. Effective EMS is an investment to improve business performance, ( compliance with regulation , prevention of pollution : - Legislative pressure :

An increasing Environmental regulations and their enforcement. Improved compliance with legislation( environmental laws & regulations � Contractual obligation , customer obligation , community obligation). Reduced penalties . ( Regulatory enforcement ) , Avoid prosecutions for non-compliance with regulatory requirements ) - Attention from env. interested parties . ( pressure groups ) - Inability to obtain bank credit and other investment money. lower capital repayment rate (for capital lenders ),( for companies demonstrate effective control of their environmental aspects and reduce risks of future liability ) . - Lower insurance premiums. ( for companies demonstrate effective control of their environmental aspects and reduce risks of future liability ) .

( Insurance companies )

- Loss of market due to customer image and reputation . ( help your organization to compete in global market place ) Competitive advantage in the market place . - Improve public image (enhance image with public)

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- Enhance customer trust ( new customers/markets ) Improve public image ( enhance image with public ) .

- Resource utilization ( safe much money ) : * waste minimization , Reduced waste generation and disposal costs . * energy conservation, (reduce energy consumption ) * reduced raw material / resource usage . * recycling.( Recoverable resource utilization ).

- Lead to improvements in health and safety at sites .

- Fewer accidents .

- Employee involvement ( enhance employee morale ). Undoubtedly, a major benefit of any effectively implemented EMS is :

* the environmental operational control, and

* the compliance with all applicable legislation and regulations .

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It is now accepted that a better approach to environmental control is to develop, implement and maintain a well-structured EMS . An effective EMS makes a good business sense by helping you : - Identify the causes of environmental problems and then eliminate them ( identify problems before they occur ) . Not all environmental problems need to be solved by installing expensive pollution control equipment . - An EMS can help you save money :

* It is cheaper to prevent spill in the 1st place or clean it up afterwards . * More cost � effective to prevent pollution or to manage it after it has been generated .

- The development of an effective EMS can support your organization�s mission and goals towards environmental performance . Now companies have a concern for the environment and wish to be seen as environmentally responsible .

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��ISO 14001 Requirements ��

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��ƩƢººǨȇǂǠƫDefinitions�� ǾººƠȈƦǳơ�Environment � �

Surroundings in which organization operates , including : Air , water , land , natural resources , flora , funa , human and their interrelation. Note : Surroundings in this context extend from within an organization to the global system .

��ȄƠȈƦǳơ�ǂȀǜŭơEnvironmental Aspect� �

�ǽƘǌǼŭơ�ƨǘǌǻƗ�ǺǷ�ƲƫƢǼǳơ�ǂǐǼǠǳơ�Ȃǿ��ƢēƢƴƬǼǷ�ȁƗ��ǾƠȈƦǳơ�ȄǴǟ�ŚƯƘƫ�Ǿǳ�ȃǀǳơȁ�ƢēƢǷƾƻ�ȁƗ��Elements of an organization�s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment .

ǵƢŮơ�ȄƠȈƦǳơ�ǂȀǜŭơ��A Significant Environmental Aspect

�ǾƠȈƦǳơ�ȄǴǟ�ǵƢǿ�ŚƯƘƫ�Ǿǳ�ȃǀǳơ�ȄƠȈƦǳơ�ǂȀǜŭơ�Ȃǿ��Is an environmental aspect that has or can have a significant environmental impact .�

��ȄƠȈƦǳơ�ŚƯƘƬǳơEnvironmental Impact ��

Any change to the environment , whether adverse or beneficial , wholly or partially resulting from the organization�s activities , products or services .

ƔơȂǇ�ǾƠȈƦǳơ�ľ�ŚȈǤƫ�ȃƗ�Ȃǿ�ƨǘǌǻȋơ�ǺǷ�ȄƟǄƳ�ȁƗ�ȄǴǯ�ǲǰǌƥ�ƲƬǼȇ�ȃǀǳơȁ�ƣƢŸȏơ�ȁƗ�ƤǴǈǳƢƥ��ƩƢƴƬǼŭơ��ǽƘǌǼŭơ�Ƣđ�ǵȂǬƫ�ŕǳơ�ƩƢǷƾŬơ��

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Activity Product Service� �

� � Env. Aspects � �

� � Env. Impact Adverse / beneficial,

Emissi on to air.

Water & Effluent

emissions.

Waste Management and Disposal.

Spillage

Use of Raw Materials &Natural Resources.

Noise

Odor Vibration

Air Pollution Water Pollution Solid waste management Soil Contamination Conservation of Resources & Energy Noise pollution Nuisance

The environmental aspects : is the interaction with the environment. ( The cause ) The environmental impacts : is the change to the environment (effect ) The standard ISO 14001 mean with the relation between the cause and effect ( impact ) .

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��ǾƠȈƦǳơ�Ƨǁơƽơ�ǵƢǜǻ EMS ��

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��ƒƃƍőŪƆƃŒ��ƊűŬƈƕŒ�űƒűŤř�ƏƆƒŲƈřƃŒ�¾ƂƒƌƃŒ�ƏƄŵ�¾ƆřŬƒŘœ��ŘŒŇŒŧŞƙŒ��žƀšřƃŒƍ�žƒŕűřƍ�ŧƒƍűřƃ�ƊƆŨƚƃŒ�ťŧŒƍƆƃŒƍ�ŘœƒƄƆŶƃŒ��ƊŶŞŒŧƆƃŒ��ƏƄŵ�ŲœŽšƃŒƍ�

�ƊőƒŕƃŒ�ŗŪœƒŪ��Part of an organizations�s management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy and manage its environmental aspects. ( includes organizational structure, planning activities , responsibilities , practices , procedures , processes and resources for developing , implementing , achieving and maintaining the environmental policy )

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Environmental Performance ��

�Ȅǿ�ǾȈƠȈƦǳơ�ǂǿƢǜǸǴǳ�ǽƘǌǼŭơ�Ƨǁơƽȏ�ǾǇƢǬŭơ�ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ��ǾǛȂƸǴǷ��

�ƢȀǇƢȈǫ�ǺǰŻ�ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ�ǹƢǧ��ǾƠȈƦǳơ�Ƨǁơƽơ�ǵƢǜǻ�ǱƢů�ȄºǧƨǇƢȈǈƥ�ƨǻǁƢǬǷ�ǾƠȈƦǳơ�ǥơƾǿƗȁ��ȄƠȈƦǳơ�Ɣơƽȉơ�ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ�ȄǫƢƥȁ�ǾƠȈƦǳơ�ƩƢǧƾȀƬǈǷȁ��

Measurable results of o an organization�s management of its environmental aspects. Note : In the context of environmental management systems , results can be measured against environmental policy, environmental objectives, environmental targets, and other environmental performance requirements.

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��ȄƠȈƦǳơ�ǥƾºŮơ��Environmental Objective ��

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��œƒƆƂ�ŧťƀƆ��ƊŪœƒſ�ƇƂƆƒ��ƇƂƆŊ�œƆƄƂ��¾ŞƕŒ�¾ƒƍű��Overall environmental goal , consistent with the environmental policy , that an organization sets itself to achieve : - Quantified where practicable . � Long term .

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Environmental Targets ��

�ƏőƒŕƃŒ�ŇŒťƓŒ�ƍƋ��œƈƂƆƆ�ƁƃŦ�ƇœƂ�ŒŦŒ��œƒƆƂ�ŧťƀƆƃŒƍ��Ɖťƒťšř�ŔƄűřƒ�ƎŦƃŒƍ�ƊƒőƒŕƃŒ�ŻŒťƋƕŒ�žƒƀšřƃ�ƊƒƃŒ�¾ƍŮƍƃŒƍ��

�ľ�ǲǐƫ�ȃƾŭơ�ƧŚǐǫ�ǹȂǰƫ�ƢǷ�ƧƽƢǟ�ƩƢǧƾȀƬǈŭơ�ƢǸǼȈƥ�ȃƾŭơ�ƧƾȈǠƥ�ǹȂǰƫ�ƢǷ�ƧƽƢǟ�ǥơƾǿȋơ�ǥơƾǿȋơ�ǪȈǬŢ�Ȅºǳơ�ǾȇƢȀǼǳơ��

ƌřŪƆƄƃ�ƇƂƆƒƍ�űœŬƈ�ƍŊ�ƇƒŶƆ�ŴſƍƆ�ƏƄŵ�ƍŊ�œƌƄƂ�ƉŋŬƈƆƃŒ�ŧŕŵ�žŕűř�ƇŊ�Řœżť�ƇƒŶƆ��

Detailed performance requirement, quantified where practicable , applicable to the organization or parts thereof , that arises from the the environmental objectives and that needs to be set and met in order achieve these objectives . - Quantified where practicable . � Short term .

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�ƊŲƍšƄƆ��ƊƒőƒŕƃŒ�ƊŪœƒŪƃŒŴŰƍƃƍ�¾ƆŶƄƃ�ƅœŶƃŒ�ŧœűƙŒ�¾ƂŬř��ŻŒťƋƕŒ�ŘœżťƌřŪƆƃŒƍ��¾ŞƕŒ�ŖŧƒŮſ�ŻŒťƋƕŒ��¾ŞƕŒ�ŗƄƒƍű��

Overall intentions and directions of an organization principles in related to its overall environmental performance as formally expressed by top management. Note : The environmental policy provides a framework for action and for setting environmental objectives and environmental targets .�

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Prevention of Pollution ��

ŘœŞřƈƆƃŒ��ťŒƍƆƃŒ��žŧűƃŒ��ŘœƒƄƆŶƃŒ�ƅŒťŤřŪŒ�ƍƋƊſœűƃŒƍŊ�ŘœƆťŤƃŒ��œƌŕ�ƏřƃŒƍ�Əż�ƅƂšřƃŒ�ƍŊ�¾ƒƄƀř��ŔƈŞř�ƇƂƆƒ��ŚƍƄřƃŒ�ƊƒőƒŕƃŒ�ŘŒŧƒśŋřƃŒ�¾ƒƄƀřƃ�ƁƃŦƍ��

�¾ƆŬř�ƇŊ�ƇƂƆƒ�ƏřƃŒƍ� Use of processes, practices , techniques , materials , products, services or energy to avoid , reduce or control ( separately or in combination ) the creation , emission or discharge of any type of pollutant or waste in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Prevention of pollution can include :

- Source reduction or elimination - Process, product or service Changes - Efficient Use of Resources - Material or Energy Substitution - Reuse - Recovery - Recycling - Reclamation - Treatment - Control mechanisms

�ƭȂǴƬǳơ�ǞǼǷ�ƾƟơȂǧ��The Potential Benifits of Prevention of Pollution :

�ǾƠȈƦǳơ�ȄǴǟ�ŒǴǈǳơ�ŚƯƘƬǳơ�ǲȈǴǬƫ��Reduction of adverse environmental impacts��ǽƔƢǨǰǳơ�śǈŢ��Improved effiency . ��ǦȈǳƢǰƬǳơ�ǲȈǴǬƫ��ǂȇȁƾƬǳơ�ƧƽƢǟơ��Reduced costs . � �

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Procedure : Specified way to carry out an activity or process .

Procedure can be documented or not. Record : Document stating results achieved or providing evidence of activities performed. Internal audit : Systematic , independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the EMS audit criteria set by the organization are fulfilled. Note : In many cases, particularly in smaller organizations, independence can be demonstrated by the freedom from responsibility for the activity being audited.

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E. M.S. Requirements ( International Standard ISO14001: 2004 )��General Requirements

4.1� �

Environmental Policy � �

4.2� �

Planning : 4.3� �Environmental Aspects 4.3.1 Legal & other Requirements 4.3.2 Objectives & Targets 4.3.3� �and Environmental Management Programm(s)

� �

Implementation & Operation : 4.4� �Resources, Roles, Responsibility and authority. 4.4.1� �Competence , Training and Awareness 4.4.2� �Communication 4.4.3� �Documentation 4.4.4� �Control of Documents 4.4.5� �Operational Control 4.4.6� �Emergency Preparedness & Response

� �4.4.7� �

Checking : 4.5� �Monitoring& Measurements 4.5.1� �Evaluation of compliance 4.5.2� �Nonconformance and Corrective & Preventive Action

4.5.3� �

Control of Records 4.5.4� �Internal Audit

� �4.5.5� �

Management Review 4.6� ��

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��4.1 General Requirements

The organization shall establish, document, implement, Maintain and continually improve an EMS , in accordance with The requirements of this international standard and determine how it will fulfill these requirements. The organization shall define and document the scope of its EMS.

Continuous Improvement

�� EMS� �Establish� �Organization� �

��Review � �

��Check &

Evaluate� � ǖȈǘţ��

Plan ��

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��ǪȈƦǘƫEMS ǾǠƳơǂǷ��ƶȈƸǐƫ�� Review Based on Implementation

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��ŢǪǬ�� Check

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�EMS Includes : � �

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Environmental Policy

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Environmental Aspects � �

��Legislative and Regulatory Requirements

� ��

E. Objectives and Targets � �

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Environmental Programme(s) � �

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Operational Control

��Monitoring & Measurement , Evaluation of compliance ��Corrective &Preventive Action , Internal Audits . � �

Management Review Continuous Improvement

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��4.2 Environmental Policy��

��Environmental Policy� �Define��

� �Top Management� �

The environmental policy ensure that ( within the defined scope of the EMS ) , it : is appropriate to the nature, scale, and environmental

impacts of its activities, products and services ; includes a commitment to continual improvement and

prevention of pollution ; includes a commitment to comply with applicable

legal requirements and with other requirements to which the organization subscribes which relate to its environmental aspects ;

provides the framework for setting and reviewing

environmental objectives and targets . is ��- documented

- implemented - maintained

is communicated to all persons working for or on behalf of the organization .

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is ��Available to Public

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Key Policy Commitments : - Continual improvement ; - Pollution Prevention ; - Compliance with relevant laws & regulations.

��Environmental Policy : - Policy is the driving force of achieving env. improvement. - The env. policy can be a stand-alone document or it can be integrated with the health & safety, quality or other organizational policies . - All levels of the organisation must be aware of the policy. - Understood, implemented and maintained.

- Compliance with relevant legislation & regulations . - Prevention of pollution : ( Avoid , control or reduce ) - Continual improvement: Potential improvement of Env. Performance. Should be linked to significant Env. Aspects. BAT ( best available technology ) .

��

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Continual improvement : Process of enhancing the EMS to achieve improvements in overall environmental performance in line with the organization�s environmental policy . Note : The process need not take place in all areas of activity simultaneously . - The EMS auditor should ensure that some or all of the

significant environmental aspects of an organisation are areas where continual improvement is being sought , or have the reasons justified where this is not the case .

- The Focus for continual improvement :

The Focus for continual improvement committed to within an organization�s environmental policy will depend upon : the nature of the organization activity . supporting information should be available in the form of

identified aspects , documented objectives and targets , and the practices of the environmental program .

Opportunities for improvement can occur in any part of the product / service life cycle .

��ÐÓ

Some areas where potential environmental improvement may be achieved are listed below : Management systems : improvement definition of responsibilities , management

structure and interfaces .

process parameters better defined .

efficiency of corrective/preventive action systems . quality of monitoring & measurement information .

effectiveness of audit and review cycle .

Training / communication : staff , suppliers , contractors / subcontractors .

Products : reduction of material input; selection of alternative materials with less significant

environmental impacts; improved recycability of products ; the use of less/alternative packaging; the design of products to minimize their environmental

impacts during production, use and disposal .

��ÐÔ

Processes : the use of cleaner technologies that are more efficient in

resource and material consumptions; the recovery and reuse materials; recyclability waste products; reduction of wastes; reduction and elimination of polluting releases to the

environment; prevention of environmental accidents, mitigation of their

environmental impacts and contingency planning .

Natural resources : minimization of resource usage; use of sustainable natural resources; use of renewable energy sources; minimization of energy consumption; recovery and reuse of energy .

Raw materials and Bought-in Goods :

use renewable materials; use recyclable materials; preventive measures in transport, storage and handling.

��

��ÐÕ

4.3.1 Environmental Aspects� ��

Organization

Establish, implement &

Maintain (a) Procedure(s)� �

-To identify the env. Aspects of its activities, products or services within the defined scope of the EMS that it can control and those it can influence , in order to determine those which have or can have significant impact on the environment. i.e Significant environmental aspects .

��Significant ��Environmental Aspect��Environmental Aspect

�� - Legal requirements , - Risk assessment , - of international concern , - accidents , potential emergency situations.

The process for identifying env. Aspects should consider�

- planned or new developments - new or modified activities, products and services - normal operating conditions and potential emergency situations.

��ÐÖ

The organization : Shall ensure that the significant environmental aspects are taken into account : in establishing, implementing and maintaining its EMS.

The organization : Shall document this information and keep it up-to-date .

��

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Environmental Aspects

��Indirect Direct Indirect

�� Influence Capable of control Influence

Organization

*Off-site *Waste transportation. disposal , contractor *Use /Disposal operation of products.

Emission to air.

Water & Effluent emissions.

Waste Management and Disposal.

Land Contamination .

Use of Raw Materials& Natural Resources.

Nuisance (Odor ,Noise ,Vibration) - Identification of environmental aspects .

- Evaluation of significant .

��ÑÎ

Identification methodology - Process flow diagram. - Identify inputs and outputs.

- Relate to impact

The guidance standard suggests a four-step procedure for identifying aspects and impacts : 1- Select an activity or process , 2- Identify all possible environmental aspects of the activity or

the process .

3- Identify potential or actual impacts associated with the aspect.

4- Evaluate of significance of impacts .

��ÑÏ

Procedure for Identification of Environmental Aspects and their Impact

Draw process maps

for each activity

Identify aspects which

can be influenced

No control

Identify aspects ( including those

which may be controlled or influenced

Influence

Determine the impacts for each

aspect

No influence

Impacts over which control or influence Cannot be exercised

Evaluate for significance

using defined criteria

( Out side the scope of the EMS )

Review

Define action to be taken (Objectives& targets � Programs)

( Operational Control )

Review and Keep up to date

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All Env. Aspects

Sign. Env. aspects

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To evaluate significance , the guidance notes the following factors :

- The severity of impact. - The duration of impact.

- The impact ( local/global � direct/indirect )

- The legal requirements.

- Customer image.

- Investors.

- Interested parties ( Pressure groups )

- Health and safety consideration .

��ÑÒ

Environmental aspects :

Emission to air. Release to water.

Contamination to land.

Use of Raw Materials&Natural Resources.

Other local issues :

*Noise. *Odour. *Smoke. *Traffic. *Vibration.

��

: Environmental Aspects

- Normal operating conditions . ��

- Abnormal operating conditions . ��

-Incidents , accidents , potential emergency situations.��

- Past activities , current activities ,planned activities ��

( new product , new process , new site ) . ��

��ÑÓ

Tools for identification of environmental aspects : Past performance review. Compliance record. Incidents. Periodic evaluation. Product review ( LCA ). Process review. Site assessment. EIA ( Environmental Impact Assessment ). Compliance Audit . Environmental Audits. EPE(Environmental Performance Evaluation).

��

Life Cycle Assessment Technique for assessing the environmental aspects & potential impacts associated With a product by : Compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs

of a system. Evaluating the potential environmental impacts

associated with these inputs and outputs. Interpreting the results of inventory and impact phases

in relation to the objectives.

��ÑÔ

EIA ( Environmental Impact Assessment ) : Evaluation of environmental impacts associated with proposed projects . It is not typically used to assess environmental impacts associated with existing operations .

Compliance Audit : Used to assess compliance with environmental regulations .

��

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Environmental Aspects and its Impacts Activity / Operation/ Site

Aspect

Impact

Emission to air. Air Pollution Release to water. Water Pollution Spillage Soil contamination

Possible ground Water pollution .

Leaks Soil contamination , Possible ground Water pollution .

Solid Waste Land contamination Emission to air due to usage of chemicals

Air Pollution

Use of raw materials & natural resources. (Use of energy,Use of water )

Consumption of natural resources (resources depletion)

Use of Ferion Ozone Depletion Noise. Noise Pollution

Production

Other local issues. *Odour. *Traffic. *Vibration.

Nuisance to Neighbors .

Product disposal and Obselence .

Solid waste management

��

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��Activity / Operation/ Site

Aspect

Impact

Boiler Emission of gases ( CO2 , NOx , SOx )

Air pollution, Contributor to global warming

Soldering Emission of solder fumes .

Air pollution ( workplace )

Fire Emission of ( toxic ) Smoke , product of Combustion

Possible Health risks ,Land contamination

Open Burning

Emission of dust , Smoke , Particulates

Air pollution , Nuisance to neighbors .

Transport deliveries to site .

- Noise , Traffic - Exhaust emissions

Nuisance to neighbors . Air Pollution , Human health impacts .

Site appearance

Visual amenity Negative Visual Impact

Fire protection system

Potential emission of Hallon

Ozone Depletion

Cleaning operation

Emission of solvents Local air pollution ( workplace )

��ÒÍ

Activity / Operation/ Site

Aspect

Impact

Spray painting

-emission of VOCs . -emission of particulates

-Air pollution. -Possible health impact.

Refrigeration System

Emission of CFCs Ozone Depletion

Fuel unloading /storage

- Potential spillage during unloading - potential leakage during storage.

- Water pollution . - potential ground water contamination.

Chemical Unloading / Storage/ use

- Potential spillage during unloading. - Potential leakage during storage/use

- Water pollution. - potential ground water contamination.

Effluent treatment plant

- Discharge to water : ( river or municipal sewer system ) - Sludge.

- Potential Water pollution. - Possible damage to sewarage system . - potential ground water contamination.

Maintenance Used oil Soil contamination/ Water pollution / Air pollution

Transport Automobile Exhaust Air Pollution

��

��ÒÎ

��

Significance Aspects��

� ��

��

Operational Control� �

Improve Investigation

��

��

Objectives & Targets And Environmental Programs� �

��

��

Significant Aspects needed to : - to have existing Control Procedure . and / or - be subject to program for planned improvement. and/ or

-be subject to investigation for eventual improvement.

��ÒÏ

Identification of significant environmental aspects

using appropriate methodologies

- A screening mechanism : Assessed for significance on the basis of the following criteria :

- Legislative / Regulatory obligation .

- Risk to environment .

- Local issues & actual and potential nuisance : noise, odour, smoke , traffic , vibration .

�� - International concerns :

�� International protocol , Conferences , Scientific base.

- Resources usage .

- Lack of information or data : Measurement , �� Scientific Knowledge . �

��

Evaluating the significance of many aspects will normally involve consideration of at least two or more of the above criteria.

��

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��

The local issues : Nuisance are all about the impacts on the site �neighbors� who need to be recognized and any identifiable nuisances that could affect them. This includes the wildlife neighbors as well as the human ones. ( River, Groundwater, Human beings ) This should be determined by identifying the adjacent land use which could be: People - residential, hospitals, schools, recreational areas, car parks, museums. The concept of source � pathway � receptor is also useful in this activity.

Source

Pathway

Receptor

��

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��

Possible Criteria for evaluating Significance : Filters of Significance :

Aspect

Legal Yes Sig.

Risk = Probability X Consequence Sig. ��

Lack of information Sig.

��

Nuisance Sig.

International concern Sig.

Non-Significant

International Issues

Local Issues / interested parties

Legal and other requirements

Lack of knowledge

Environmental Consequences

Non-significant aspects

Sig

nif

ican

t A

spec

ts

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

START

��

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After definition of �Filters of Significance , they could be set out in the form of a flow chart and applied to a set of environmental aspects to determine those which are �significant�

Environmental Risk Assessment :

Risk assessment is a useful approach to determining significance. Risk Assessment :

*Nature of hazard : Type of material , Amount of material solid , liquid , gas (diffcult to control ) * Probability of occurrence : 1- improbable (impossible to occur)

2- rarely, 3- occasional, 4- often, 5- almost certain (frequent).

* Likely consequence on environment : public , health , flora , funa , global

�ǽŚƯƘƫ�ȃƾǷ��ǹƢǰŭơ�ȄǴǟ�ǦǫȂƬȇȁ� 1- negligible, �� 2- slight, 3- moderate, 4- high, 5- very high.

��ÒÓ

The significance of an environmental impact may depend on:

Nature of the source or hazard Sensitivity of the receptor Existence of a pathway between the source and the

receptor Source

Pathway

Receptor

For example, when an above ground fuel storage tanks leaks directly onto unmade ground, a pathway exists for that contamination to migrate through the soil and potentially contaminate groundwater. If containment is provided around the tank, any leak will be contained and the pathway for escape will have been controlled. The degree of risk may be judged, taking into account the probability of occurrence (i.e. likely frequency) and severity of the impact if it occurs. Environmental risk may be expressed as:

Risk (r) = Probability (p) x Severity of effect (s) Scoring systems may be devised to assist with this risk evaluation.

However, a simple estimation of pathway completion and a qualitative judgment of risk in terms of high, medium or low may be sufficient for non-complex sites.

��ÒÔ

The nature of the hazard would be dependent on the type and quantity of material being released and its chemical nature. For example: Solids are not readily transmissible. Liquids are readily transmissible in water or other liquids. Gases are almost impossible to control once released. Large quantities of material released in a short period of time will have greater potential hazard than smaller quantities or longer periods. Toxic materials are liable to cause more damage than inert materials .

Estimation of probability (likelihood) of occurrence : The likelihood of the aspects can be scored using a numeric scoring as shown below:

1 = Very low. 2 = Low � isolated or absent (e.g. quarterly / yearly). 3 = Medium � infrequent occurrence (e.g. weekly /monthly. 4 = High � frequent occurrence (e.g. daily / continuous).

Likely Consequence on the Environment :

Consequences will be a function of the nature of the hazard and the characteristics of the receptor environment .

��ÒÕ

Estimating Environmental Risk : Risk can now be estimated for each hazard identified based on the relationship between the likelihood of occurrence and the nature / severity of the consequence as defined earlier. This may be done numerically (as in the example given here) or qualitatively. The assessment will produce a risk rating and significance is determined by choosing a cut-off point on the risk rating scale � the aspect is deemed to be significant if it has a risk rating equal to or greater than a defined score or combination. A question that is often asked is which rating do we choose as the cut off point. Matrices are a simple method of estimating the risk .

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Probability

5 Significant 4� � 3� � 2� � 1� � Non Significant

0 1 2 3 4 5 Consequence

��

Low Consequence SEVERITY Very Severe

1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2 3 4 5

2 2 4 6 8 10

3 3 6 9 12 15

4 4 8 12 16 20

Lo

w P

RO

BA

BIL

ITY

High

5 5 10 15 20 25

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Critical Success factors for evaluating significancy :

Well defined , logical criteria . Criteria applied consistency.

Justification of Significance.

��

Developing a Suitable Methodology : To develop a set of criteria specific to the organisation, which can be applied to the aspects and associated impacts identified to determine which might be considered significant. The methodology and associated criteria should be defined and documented to ensure consistency of approach.

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Step 1: Identification of Environmental Aspects and Impacts

An assessment of aspects and impacts is made using a process mapping approach which subdivided the plant into a number of functional areas based on manufacturing activities, but also included support activities, site infrastructure and condition and issues over which the company the company could influence.

All possible aspects and impacts should be identified and listed for all processes, activities and areas under normal, abnormal and emergencies conditions. Consideration should also be given to past and planned activities. The following risk assessment criteria might be used, where this means of assessment is deemed relevant and appropriate: Hazard Identification The first stage of risk assessment is to identify the hazards requiring control � for example waste disposal, air and water pollution. The hazard needs to be carefully and defined to reflect the nature of the environmental aspect(s) which give rise to them. A hazard may be defined as a situation that has the potential to give rise to harm to the environment or human health. Hazard identification should take into account all the operating conditions of the activity under consideration. The nature of the hazard would be dependent on the type and quantity of material being released and its chemical nature.

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Step 2: Determination of Environmental Significance Once all the aspects and impacts have been identified and recorded, significance is assigned based on the defined criteria and recorded on the environmental significance matrix together with a written justification of the level of significance assigned. A Simple Risk Assessment using a Risk Matrix :

Ranking of Aspects for Priority (Significance)

The assessment team should categorise each aspect under all identified conditions by probability and severity from the identified criteria .

The scores for probability and severity are multiplied together and can then be plotted on the ranking matrix .

For example, Probability 3 and Severity 4 would be Priority 12.

The numbers in each cell of the matrix represent ranking for priority to determine which management actions should be taken to control or improve the aspect.

Any aspect which scores a Priority of 6 or more is significant and requires management actions (operational control or objectives and targets for improvement).

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Using a simple risk assessment together with �legislative obligation� Criteria : All environmental aspects identified shall be recorded on the environmental aspect evaluation matrix and any relevant legal or other requirements noted. The evaluation team shall assign a rating of the significance to each aspect and highlight those aspects that have a legal or other requirement obligation. Review of Environmental Significance

All information and evaluations to be updated as external / internal requirements change.

As a minimum of at least once per year, the EMS steering committee will review all relevant information to determine if the significance of any aspect has changed. The basis of this review will be:

Changes in emissions / releases to the environment. Changes in legislation by authorities. Incidents or complaints (internally and externally). Changes to processes, procedures, equipment etc. Purchasing of new materials.

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Links between Clause 4.3.1 and other important clauses of the standard Area of EMS Clause Comments Policy 4.2(a) Policy should be appropriate to nature, scale

and environmental impacts of activities, products and services.

Environmental Aspects

4.3.1 A procedure is required to identify aspects of organisation that it can control and those which it can influence to determine those that have or can have significant impact on the environment.

Legal and other requirements

4.3.2 A procedure is required to identify and have access to legal and other requirements that are applicable to the environmental aspects of the organisation. Legal and other requirements are commonly used criteria for determining significance.

Objectives and Targets

4.3.3 Significant environmental aspects to be considered by the organisation when setting and reviewing objectives and targets.

Environmental Management Programme

4.3.3 The action plan to realise objectives and targets as a way of managing a significant environmental aspect.

Training 4.4.2 Procedures required to ensure all personnel whose work involves significant aspects are trained / competent to deal with them.

Communication 4.4.3 Internal / external communication processes required with regard to environmental aspects.

Operational Control

4.4.6 Operational control procedures related to significant aspects.

Emergency Preparedness and Response

4.4.7 Potential emergency situations to be identified and response plans determined. Will often be an organisation�s most significant aspects.

EMS Audit 4.5.5 The audit programme or schedule should be based on environmental importance of activities � i.e. those activities associated with significant aspects.

Management Review

4.6 Address the need for system changes � particularly in relation to the organisations significant aspects.

��

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4.3.2 Legal &other Requirements � �

��The Organization shall Establish, implement and Maintain a procedure(s) :

a) To identify and have access to the applicable legal & other�requirements to which the organization subscribes related to its environmental aspects , and

b) To determine how these requirements apply to its environmental aspects.

The Organization shall ensure that those applicable legal requirements & other�requirements to which the organization subscribes are taken into account in establishing , implementing and maintaining its EMS. Regulations may include :

- Fedral requirements - Local requirements

Other requirements may include :

- Industry code of practice . - Standards in locations where you sell products . - International Chamber of Commerce Charter for Sustainable

Development . - Non-regulatory guidelines and agreements with public

authorities . - Supplier and contractor requirements . - Customer requirements . - International agreements or protocols

��ÓÓ

Commonly Applicable Fedral Environmental Laws in the US : - US EPA ( United states environmental protection agency )

Regulations. - Clean Air Act ( CAA ) - Clean Water Act ( CWA ) - Federal Insecticide , Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) - Toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA ) - Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ( HMTA )

��ÓÔ

4.3.3 Objectives and Targets and programme(s) ��

Documented environmental objectives and targets .�

Establish, implement &

Maintain� �

��

Organization��

� �

��

At relevant function and levels within the

organization.

The objectives and targets shall be measurable ( where practicable ) and consistent with the env. Policy, including : the commitment to prevention of pollution , to compliance with applicable legal and other

requirements to which the organization subscribes , and to continual improvement.

When establishing and reviewing the objectives and targets , an organization shall take into account :

The legal and other requirements to which the organization subscribes ; Its significant environmental aspects ; The technological options ; Its financial, operational and business requirements ; The views of interested parties.

��

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Organization

Establish, implement & Maintain� �

a Programme(s)��

��

For achieving its objectives and targets at relevant functions and levels of the organization

Programme(s) shall include : * Designation of responsibility for achieving objectives and targets at relevant function and level of the organization. * the means and time-frame by which they are to be achieved. ( All necessary resources that include people , skills , technology ,financial resources ,..) * Designation of a time-frame within which they will be achieved.

��

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��

Objectives and targets can apply across the organization or on a site-specific or activity specific basis . An overall objective of a 50% reduction in waste water may translate into specific targets applicable for each operation or each plant . Objectives : are long �term goals , and Targets : are short-term steps which result in achieving An objectives .

Environmental Targets and Programs : ��

S Significant Aspects

M Measurable ( Quantifiable ) ��

A Achievable

R Records

Resources ��

Responsibilities ��

T Time-frame ( have specific time-frame )

��ÔÍ

The following provides examples of objectives:

Objective : reduce use of chemical solvents and substitute Bio-degradable cleaners . by the end of 2002 , reduce use of chemical solvents 80% versus 2001 total chemical solvent usage . ( Keyoto International Agreement ) For the United States : Objective : reduce air pollution by the end of 2012 , reduce CO2

emissions 5.2 % versus 1990 total CO2 emission.

Objective : increase recycling by the end of 2007 , increase the use of recycled material in packaging 50% versus the amount of recycled material in packaging in 2000.

��ÔÎ

Objectives :

Targets :

- Reduce energy use - Reduce usage of hazardous chemicals - Reduce hazardous waste generation - Improve employee awareness of env. issues - Improve compliance with wastewater discharge permit limit

*Reduce electricity use by 10 % by the end of 2001 *Reduce diezel oil use by 15 % by the end of 2002 * Eliminate use of CFC�S by the end of 2005 * Reduce use of high-VOC paints by 25 % in 2001 * Reduce chrome wastes in plating area by 50 % in 2002 *Hold monthly awareness training courses * Train 100 % of employees by end of year * Reduce water pollution to the legal limits by the end of 2001

Best Available Technology : ( BAT ) ISO 14001 , does not require organizations to use best available technology where economically viable .

��

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� ��

��

Legal & Other Requirements Significant Aspects


Objecive # 1 Objecive # 2 Objective # 3 ��

Target # 1 Target # 2 Target # 3

Program ��

��

Step # 1 Step # 2 Step # 3 ��

Fead back

Monitoring and Measurement ( 4.5.1 ) ��

��

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��4.4.1 Resources, roles , responsibility and authority

� ��

��Management ��

- Shall ensure the availability of resources essential to

establish, implement, maintain and improve the EMS . - Resources include : Human resources , Specialized skills , Organization�s infrastructure, Technology , Financial resources .

Roles , responsibilities and authorities

Shall be Defined, Documented & Communicated.

in order to facilitate effective EMS.

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��

�� The organization�s top management shall appoint specific management representative(s) EMR (s ) who irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have defined roles, responsibilities and authority for : a)Ensuring that the EMS is established ,implemented and maintained in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard ( ISO 14001: 2004 ) . b)Reporting to top management on the performance of the EMS for review including recommendations for improvement.

Environmental Management Representative(s) EMR(s) ��

��ÔÒ

��The selection of the EMR (s ) is flexible : * in large organizations, there can be several designated EMR (s). * in smaller organizations, there may be only one and that person may be the owner. * the EMR can be the chief officer or an environmental committee that includes managers from across all corporate functions .

��ISO 14004 emphasizes that the EMR : should have sufficient authority, responsibility and resources to ensure the effective implementation of the EMS .

It is important to note that the environmental performance : is not the responsibility of the EMR only , the entire organization is involved . Geographic areas of responsibility to ensure that the whole site is covered . Managers across the organization must ensure compliance to the EMS , and assign responsibilities to employees whose work may create a significant impact upon the environmental . Methods for personnel to be held in place to account for their responsibilities .

Communication is critical :

* All employees must understand their role in achieving the environmental performance . * All employees must become aware of the potential env. aspects of their jobs . ( Staff at all level can create environmental problems ) .

��ÔÓ

4.4.2 Competence ,Training and Awareness � �

��

- The organization shall ensure that any Person(s) performing tasks for it or on its behalf that have the potential which can cause a significant env. Impacts identified by the organization is (are) competent on the basis of : Appropriate education, training or experience , And shall retain associated records.

��

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------��

Organization�

Shall identify

� �

Training needs Associated with its environmental aspects and its EMS. �

��

- It shall require provide training or take other action to meet these needs, and shall retain associated records.

��ÔÔ

Organization�

Shall Establish, Implement &

Maintain A Procedure(s)� �

To make persons working for it or on its behalf aware of :

��

* The importance of conformance with the environmental policy and procedures and with the requirements of the EMS ;

* The significant environmental impacts and related actual or potential impacts associated with their work * The environmental benefits of improved personal performance ;

* Their roles and responsibilities in achieving conformity with the requirements of the EMS. * The potential consequences of departure from specified procedures .

��ÔÕ

All personnel whose work may create a significant impact upon the environmental , have received appropriate training . Annex-A suggests that the organization should require contractors to demonstrate that their employees have the requisite training . This requires that the contractor offer evidence of training to the organization .

��* Annex-A of the standard requires that :

Management should determine the level of experience , competence and training necessary to ensure the capability of personnel, especially those carrying out specialized environmental management functions.

��ÔÖ

��4.4.3 Communication � �

With regard to: ��EMS Env Aspects ��

��

Establish, implement & Maintain a

Procedure(s)

Organization� �

��Internal communication :

Among the various levels and functions of the organization.

��External communication :

- Receiving, documenting and responding to relevant communication from external interested parties . (may include information about the env. impacts associated with the organization�s operations ) .

- The organization shall decide whether to communicate externally about its significant environmental aspects and shall document its decision. If the decision is to communicate, the organization shall establish and implement a method(s) for this external communication.

��ÕÍ

The standard requires that the communication be � relevant � and that it responds to � interested parties �. : ( Receiving, documenting and responding to relevant communication from external interested parties ) . The implication is that an organization decides what is relevant communication; it need not respond to every and any request for information . Communication with external interested parties is to be reactive and passive � if someone requests relevant information, the organization is to respond . The relevant information may include information about the env. impacts associated with the organization�s operations . The EMAS requires that companies publish detailed annual reports . These reports often contain detailed information about env. policy , objectives, and performance. The aim of external reporting is to demonstrate management commitment, address pro-activity and encourage acceptance of the company�s environmental policy. Some companies have established other method of communication such as : Toll-free telephone numbers for questions and complaints . Company newsletters.

��

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��4.4.4 EMS Documentation

��The EMS documentation shall include : a) the environmental policy, objectives and targets, b) description of the scope of the EMS, c) description of the main elements of the EMS and their interaction, and reference to related documents, d) documents ( including records ) required by this international standard, and e) documents ( including records ) determined by the organization to be necessary to ensure the effective planning, operation and control of processes that relate to its significant environmental aspects.

��

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Documentation is vital to providing structure to the EMS Related documentation may include : Operating procedure cover the requirements of the

EMS ; Work instructions ; Records ; includes all documentation needed to

demonstrate compliance with the EMS and its requirements .

Internal standards ; Process information ; Organization chart ; Site emergency plans , etc

��

��ÕÐ

��

The sign posting documents: - Policy. - Structure & responsibility. - Objectives & targets .

� � ��Level 1

� ��

Level 2 System Procedures Env. Aspects - Audits

� ��

Level 3 Operational Control Procedures Work Instructions��

� �Level 4��

Data � Records��

��

��

This documentation may be integrated with other documented systems implemented by the organization . The EMS can be independent of or integrated into the organization�s overall management system . Addressing the environmental aspects of the organization�s activities does not require a separate EMS System. The EMS�s elements can be aligned with the elements of other management systems, such as operational control, training measuring and monitoring systems. The flexibility makes it possible for small and medium-size organizations which lack resources and personnel to implement an EMS without the administrative work .

��ÕÑ

e.g. ISO 14001 versus ISO 9000

3 Possibilities

ISO

9000

ISO

14001

ISO

ISO

9000 14001

Separate Complete Integration

ISO 9000

ISO 14001

Partial Integration The level of detail of the documentation should be sufficient to describe the core elements of the EMS , and provide direction on where to obtain more detailed information on the operation of specific parts of the EMS . It is common for organizations to create an EMS manual that provides the basics , such as : The environmental policy ; Objectives , targets ; Key responsibilities Referenced related documentation .

��

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��4.4.5 Control of documents

� ��

Documents required by the EMS and by this International Standard �ISO 14001: 2004 shall be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall be controlled in accordance with the requirements given in 4.5.4 ( control of records ) .

The organization shall establish, implement & maintain a Procedure(s) to : Approve documents for adequacy prior to issue , Review and update as necessary and re-approve

documents, Ensure that changes and the current revision status of

documents are identified, Ensure that relevant versions of applicable documents

are available at point of use, Ensure that documents remain legible and readily

identifiable, Ensure that documents of external origin determined

by the organization to be necessary for the planning and operation of the EMS are identified and their distribution controlled ,

Prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents and apply suitable identification to them if they are retained for any purpose.

��ÕÓ

Obsolete documents are promptly removed from all points of issue and points of use, or otherwise assured against unintended use . Any obsolete documents retained for legal and/or knowledge preservation purposes are suitably identified .

��Documentation shall be : legible ; dated ( with date of revision ) and readily identifiable ; maintained in an orderly manner and retained for a

specified period . ��

Procedures and responsibilities shall be established and maintained concerning the creation ( issuing ) and modification of the various types of documents .

��

��ÕÔ

��4.4.6 Operational Control ��

�� The identified significant environmental aspects Consistent with its policy , objectives and targets .

that are associated��

with � �

Those

Operations

Shall

Identify & Plan � �

Organization � �

In order to ensure that they are carried out under specified conditions by :

establishing, implementing and maintaining documented

procedure(s) to control situations where their absence could lead to deviations from the environmental policy and the objectives and targets ;

stipulating ( specify ) operating criteria in the procedure(s) ;

establishing, implementing and maintaining procedures

related to the identified significant environmental aspects of goods and services used by the organization and communicating applicable procedures and requirements to suppliers ( including contractors ) . This involves communicating requirements for :

Raw materials ,Procedures for proper disposal of waste products ,Storage procedures and similar activities .

��ÕÕ

The organization should consider the different operations and activities contributing to its environmental impacts when developing operational control procedures . Such operations and activities may include :

research & development ; purchasing ; contracting ; handling and storage of raw materials ( Material

Safety Data Sheets ) ; production and maintenance processes ; laboratories ; storage of products ; transportation ; customer services ; construction or modification of property and facilities ; waste management .

��

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�� Health and Safety Data Sheets - Product identification . - Composition / Information on Components : Chemical name. Hazardous components. Hazards identification : main hazards. Specific risks.

- First aid measures. - Clean-up. - Storage . ǺȇǄƼƬǳơ�Ǖȁǂǋ�� - Packaging.

- Toxicological information. - Fire fighting measures. - Accidental release measure. - Handling and storage. - Exposure control / Personnel protection.

- Disposal consideration .

- Transport information . - Regulatory information.

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4.4.7 Emergency Preparedness and Responce . � ��

Organization

Establish, implement & Maintain a Procedure(s)� �

��

��

to identify potential emergency situation and potential accidents that can have an impact(s) on the environment and how it will respond to them.

��

Organization

�� Shall

� �

��

��

Respond to actual emergency situations and accidents and prevent or mitigate the associated adverse environmental impacts .� �

��

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��

Organization

��Periodically

Review and where necessary

Revise � �

its emergency preparedness & response procedures , ( in particular after the occurrence of accidents or emergency situations )

� �

��

Organization�� ( Where practicable) ��

Periodically test � �

Emergency preparedness & response procedures ,� �

��

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The ISO 14004 guidance specifies that emergency plans can include : assigning authority and responsibility ; developing procedures for providing emergency services ( e.g fire department , spill clean-up services ) ;

action taken in the event of different types of emergencies ;

information on hazardous materials ;

internal and external emergency communication ;

training for emergency preparedness and response ;

Periodically test ( Where practicable) Emergency prepardeness &

response procedures .

These plans should be related to existing company procedures for health and safety .

��

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��4.5 Checking

��

4.5.1 Monitoring and Measurement � ��

Organization

Establish,

implement & maintain

a procedure(s)� �

to monitor and measure ( on a regular basis )

the key characteristics of its operations that can have a

significant environment impact .� �

The procedure(s) shall include : The documenting of information to monitor performance, Applicable operational controls and ; conformity with the organization�s environmental objectives

and targets . The organization shall ensure that calibrated or verified monitoring and measurement equipment is used and maintained and shall retained associated records.

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4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance ��

Consistent with its commitment to compliance, Organization

Shall Establish, implement &

maintain a procedure(s)� �

for periodically evaluating compliance with applicable

legal requirements

� �

��The organization shall keep records of the results of the periodic evaluation.

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Organization

Shall � �

Evaluate compliance with

other requirements to which it subscribes.

� �

The organization may wish to combine this evaluation with the evaluation of legal compliance or to establish a separate procedure(s). The organization shall keep records of the results of the periodic evaluation.

��

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5.3 Nonconformity Corrective Action & Preventive Action ��

Organization

� ��

Establish, implement and Maintain a Procedure(s) ��

- for dealing with actual and potential nonconformity(ies) - and for taking corrective and preventive action.

��

The procedure(s) shall define requirements for :

a) Identifying and correcting nonconformity(ies) and taking action(s) to mitigate their environmental impacts,

b) Investigation nonconformity(ies), determining their cause(s) and taking actions in order to avoid their recurrence.

c) Evaluating the need for action(s) to prevent nonconformity(ies) and implementing appropriate actions designed to avoid their recurrence.

d) Recording the results of corrective action(s) and preventive action(s) taken, and

e) Reviewing the effectiveness of corrective action(s) and preventive action(s) taken .

��ÖÓ

any corrective or preventive action taken to eliminate the

causes of actual and potential nonconformity(ies) shall be appropriate to the magnitude of the problems and the environmental impact encountered .

�� The organization shall ensure that any necessary changes are

made to EMS documentation. Recording any changes in the documented procedures resulting from corrective and preventive action .

implement or modifying controls necessary to avoid repetition of the nonconformance .

Defining responsibility and authority for handling and investigating nonconformance ; - Taking action to mitigate any impacts caused ; - initiating and completing corrective and preventive action .

��

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��4.5.4 Control of Records� �

��Organization� ��

Shall Establish and Maintain��

� Records as necessary to demonstrate conformity to the requirements of its EMS and of this International Standard, and the results achieved.

��Organization��

� ��

Shall Establish, implement and Maintain a procedure(s) ��

� For the identification, storage , protection, retrieval, retention and disposal of records.

- Records shall be and remain legible, identifiable and traceable.

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Environmental records may include :

applicable environmental laws & other requirements ; complaint records ; training records ; incident reports ; contractor and supplier information ; emergency response records ; information on significant environmental aspects ; inspection , maintenance and calibration records ; audit results ; management review .

Environmental records shall be :

legible ; identifiable ; traceable to the activity, product or service involved ; stored and maintained in such a way that they are readily

retrievable and protected against damage, deterioration or loss ; their retention times shall be established and recorded .

��

Records shall be maintained , to demonstrate conformance to the requirements of the International Standard ( ISO 14001 ) .

��

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4.5.5 Internal Audit ��

Organization� ��

Shall ��

ensure that internal audits of the EMS are conducted at planned intervals:

�� In order to��

* determine whether the EMS : - conforms to planned arrangements for environmental

management including the requirements of this International standard ( ISO 14001 ) .

- has been properly implemented and is maintained .

* provide information on the results of audits to management. ��

The audit programme(s) shall be planned, established, implemented and maintained by the organization , taking into consideration : shall be based on : the environmental importance of the operation(s) concerned

;and the results of previous audits .

��

The audit procedure(s) shall be established, implemented and maintained that address : the responsibilities and requirements for planning and

conducting audits, reporting results and retaining associated records, ;

the determination of audit criteria, scope, frequency and methods.

Selection of auditors and conduct of audits shall ensure objectively and the impartially of the audit process.

��ÎÍÍ

4.5 Management Review It is integral part of the continual improvement loop ( Plan � Implement-Check � Review )

��

( Top Management )

Shall Review the

organization EMS at planned

intervals, to ensure: � �

To ensure its : -continuing suitability - adequacy - effectiveness .

��

Reviews shall include : assessing opportunities for improvement, the need for changes to the EMS , including the environmental

policy and environmental objectives and targets. Records of the management reviews shall be retained.

��ÎÍÎ

Input to management reviews shall include :

a) results from internal audits ; b) Evaluation of compliance with legal requirements and with

other requirements to which the organization subscribes,

c) Communication(s) from external interested parties, including complaints,

d) The environmental performance of the organization,

e) Status of corrective and preventive actions,

f) Follow-up actions from previous management reviews.

g) Changing circumstances, including developments of legal

and other requirements related to its environmental aspects, and

h) Recommendations for improvement.

Output from management reviews shall include :

Any decision and actions related to possible changes to environmental policy, objectives, targets and other elements of the EMS, consistent with the commitment to continual improvement.

Changing circumstances can include :

- changes in legislation ; - changes in the organization�s products or activities ; - technological advances ; - marketing information ;

- feedback from environmental incidents .��

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��

Establishing and Implementation of EMS ��

��

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Schedule of Establishing and Implementing EMS

Initial Environmental Review

Environmental Policy

EMS Documentation

Environmental Manual

Implementation

EMS Internal Audits

Corrective & Preventive Action

Follow-up & Closed-out

Management Review

��ÎÍÑ

��

��

Planning ��

��

Implementation ��Review Policy ��

(Improve ) ��

��Check ��

��

Commitment of Top Management

��

Initial Environmental Review��

��ÎÍÒ

Initial Environmental Review - Provide an initial evaluation of all environmental aspects of a

company�s operations , to establish the environmental key issues into management attention . ( identifying and evaluating each of the actual and potential environmental impacts associated with its products , services and activities . If the review fails to identify all relevant environmental concerns and to assign priorities , then the EMS developed from the analysis may be of questionable value .

- It is not formal within the ISO 14001 EMS , because it does not exist as a requirement .

- Is suggested in the non-mandatory Annex A , and is therefore considered to be non-auditable rather than a part of a system .

- An EMS can , therefore be developed without a formal review have been undertaken .

- ( Mandatory in the EMAS ) Conduct gab analysis : Assess the current EMS against ISO 14001 standard and identify gabs where implementation of the standard would require changes and investment.

��ÎÍÓ

Initial Environmental Review should cover 4 key areas : ( IER ) legislative and regulatory compliance . identification and evaluation of significant environmental

aspects. An examination of all existing environmental management

practices and procedures . An assessment of feedback from the investigation of previous

incidents and noncompliance with legislation and regulations . The following is valuable in the review process : areas where environmental performance could be improved . views of interested parties . environmental objectives and targets beyond regulatory

requirements . expected changes in legislation and regulations . environmental records . internal and external communications on environmental issues. Environmental effect of activities , products and services . Resource consumption ( energy , fuels , materials ). Waste minimization & and recycling . Use of hazardous processes . Use and disposal of hazardous materials and products . Complaints and their recording and follow up . Visual impact , noise and odors . Environmental hazard and risk assessment of potential

emergency situations. Environmental aspects of emergency planning.0000

��ÎÍÔ

The initial review can be undertaken by using external consultants with specialist skills , or internally by the company . In case the initial review is undertaken by external , specialist consultants: It is important that site personnel are actively involved to ensure its own styl of operation and management control and with its agenda for an environmental program . Establishing a company�s initial environmental review : - Questionnaires : The review is concerned with the gathering and evaluation of relevant data on company�s environmental activities , impacts and performances . Identify information at individual sites prior to site visit. - Site visits : The site visit is essential to obtain direct information of a company�s operation and environmental interactions . The visit is made to : conduct a detailed inspection and environmental management review , and to clarify issues raised or identified in the questionnaires .

��ÎÍÕ

Site visits , include : a discussion with the site manager(s) and relevant personnel ; an initial tour of the site to obtain an insight into the site layout, the operational , processing and storage facilities , and any effluent/waste disposal facilities ; a review of questionnaire responses with appropriate personnel and more detailed examination of any issues of possible concern; a repeat tour of the site , if appropriate , to inspect any specific issues identified ; an exit meeting to discuss initial impressions . Report preparation : include information about : an overview of current and prospective environmental issues , and of present performance ; environmental policy issues , if relevant ; register of applicable legislation ; data on significant environmental aspects ; priorities agenda for an EMS .

��

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��

The Registration Process��Certification against ISO 14001��

��

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��The Registration Process : ( Certification process ) 1st Party Audit : Internal Audit 2nd Party Audit : Customer audit of a supplier 3rd Party Audit : Audit by another party independent organization . Registration vs. Certification :

Both terms can be used to describe the third-party process. In the US : the term registration , is generally used for management systems ,while the term certification is generally used for products . EMS registration : Is the process whereby a non-biased , third-party ensure that an organization�s EMS conforms with the requirements of an EMS Standard such as ISO 14001 . The third-party organization that performs the registration services is called a ( Registrar ) or a ( Certification Body ) . A registrar or certification body can be accredited by accreditation body that is independent of the registrar . UKAS : United Kingdom Accreditation of Certification . EAC : European Accreditation of Certification . RvA : The Dutch Council for Accreditation . ANSI : American National Standards Institute RAB : Registrar Accreditation Board

��ÎÎÎ

Accreditation : is the process in which the certification body is evaluated by accreditation body with national or governmental recognition . ISO 14001 does not require that an organization implement the Standard at the corporate level. For example , one organization may choose to implement the Standard throughout the entire organization, while another may implement the Standard in one particular facility .

Registrars ( Certification Bodies ) , may have different registration processes . The following is a description of a typical registeration process ;

The Registration Process : - Application for Registration : The organization seeking EMS registration submits an application form indicating the activities and facilities of the organization or site to be registered . The application form, used for preparing the audit process . - The requirement for assessment of certification bodies by UKAS ( Accreditation Body ) is that assessment will be by a multiple stage approach . Normally this will require at least 2 stages at the site or location:

*Phase 1 � audit ( some called it , pre-audit or initial audit ) ( On-Site ) The objective of phase-1 audit is : - documentation review , to ensure that the established EMS cover all requirements of the standard ISO 14000 . - to ensure that all environmental aspects relating to activities, products and services of the company have been taken into consideration . At the closing meeting of phase-1 , auditors agree the time of phase-2 .

��ÎÎÏ

* Phase 2 � audit : ( called main audit or certification audit ) ( On-Site ) The objective of phase-2 audit is : Is to determine the implementation and effectiveness of the EMS. An audit team conducts an on-site audit to evaluate and verify through objective evidence ( interviews , procedures , records , etc ) that the EMS conforms to the requirements in the ISO 14001 Standard, is effectively implemented and has sufficient provisions to be maintained . At the closing meeting of phase-2 , certification ( if any ) is recommended . A final report containing the results of the registration audit is submitted to the certification body by the team leader . Upon approval for the recommendation of certification ( in case the organization meet the requirements of the ISO 14001 Standard, as well as the registration policies of the registrar ) , the organization receive a certificate of registration . * Surveillance Audits : Surveillance audits are typically performed semi-annually to verify continued conformance with the ISO 14001 Standard . During the surveillance audits, the audit team may only audit certain elements of the EMS . Over a three year period, however, all of the elements of the EMS must be reviewed to ensure continued conformance to the requirements of the ISO 14001 .

��ÎÎÐ

Possible Registration Audit Results : - Recommendation for registration : There are no major nonconformities .

- No recommendation for certification : one or more major nonconformities . Upon correction of these major nonconformities : will be verified and certification will be recommended .

Classification of the CARs which may be raised during the audit :

SGS international , subcon , procedures for EMS certification give the following definitions for nonconformities which would merit the raising of major CARs :

Major CARs :

1 - Absence or failure of a procedure to recognize a highly significant environmental impact . 2- When a nonconformity is directly related to meet legislative requirements .(failure to comply with legislation ) 3- Failure to act , either by setting objectives or applying an operational control , when a highly significant environmental impact has been identified . 4- When a noncompliance represents a complete failure, or breakdown in the implementation of an element of the requirements of the EMS standard . ( A large number of a minor nonconformities for one element may be considered a major nonconformity ) 5- No management review has taken place . 6- A full internal audit cycle covering all activities is not performed . 7- The EMS is not yet operational for 3 months .

Minor CARs : When a nonconformance represents an isolated failure to implement a procedure requirements ( a single observed nonconformity ) and the failure has no significant effect on environment .

��ÎÎÑ

EMS Auditor Reporting Structure

��

��

Accreditation Body � �

�� Certification Decision to

��

Certification Body��

�� Reports Recommendation to

��

Lead Auditor � �

�� Managed by

��

Audit Team � �

��

Benefits of EMS Registration :

��ÎÎÒ

The benefits of EMS registration may vary among organizations . In certain cases , EMS registration : may be required by customers; or may be necessary to fulfill a contract requirement . Organizations that sells their goods or services internationally may find that EMS registration is a strong selling point in the global marketplace and may enable them to obtain preferred supplier status . An organization may pursue registration as a means to demonstrate to its shareholders that its EMS conforms to the requirements of an EMS international standard . Organizations that are striving for good community relations may use registration as a vehicle to improve their public image . Some lenders and insurers have indicated that organizations that have obtained EMS registration may be given preferential treatment because they are perceived to be a lower risk . ( offer better rates if the organization has a registered EMS )

��

��ÎÎÓ

Sources of Assistance to implement EMS : - The US Environmental Protection Agency ( US EPA ) :

The US Environmental Protection Agency provides information on a number of topics that can be useful in the development and implementation of an EMS . Some of these resources include assistance with : interpretation of environmental laws and regulations , information on pollution prevention technologies , case studies , hot lines to answer questions about environmental issues . - Local chamber of commerce can be helpful in providing information about legislative and regulatory issues that affect EMS . - On- line resources : There is a wealth of information related to EMS implementation available on the Internet containing information that can be useful to the organization , such as : pollution prevention , recycling , waste minimization , environmental laws and regulations , manufacturing technologies , material substitution , case studies .

��

��ÎÎÔ

��

Registration of Auditors : According to ISO 19011 ( Guidelines for environmental auditing-Qualification criteria for environmental auditors ) : For Auditors : An auditor should have completed on-job training for a total of twenty equivalent workdays of environmental auditing , and for a minimum of four environmental audits . This should include involvement in the entire audit process under the supervision and guidance of the lead auditor . This on-job training should occur within a period of not more than 3 consecutive years . For Lead Auditors : The lead auditor should be an auditor who meets the following additional criteria : - Participation in the entire audit process for a total of fifteen

additional equivalent workdays of environmental auditing for a minimum of 3 additional complete environmental audits ; and

- Participation as acting lead auditor, under the supervision and

guidance of a lead auditor, for at least one of these 3 audits . - These additional criteria for the lead auditor should be met

within a period of not more than 3 consecutive years .

��ÎÎÕ

Competence of auditors : Auditors should maintain their competence by ensuring the currency of their knowledge of : - aspects of relevant environmental science and technology ; - appropriate technical and environmental aspects of facility

operations ; - relevant requirements of environmental laws, regulations and

related documents ; - EMSs and related standards against which audits may be

conducted ; - Audit procedures, processes and techniques .

��ÎÎÖ

Some abbreviations CEN : European Committee for standardization .

ISO : International Standard Organisation . EARA : Environmental Auditors Registration Association.

IRCA : International Registration of Certified Auditors . IEMA : Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment. Formed in Sept. 1999 from a merger between : - EARA ( Environmental Auditors Registration Association ) & - IEM (Institute of Environmental Management ) & - IEA ( Institute of Environmental Assessment ) The ( IEMA ) auditor registration scheme retains the criteria set by the ( EARA) .

Awareness 14000-2004 English

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