Awad_KM_Ch02
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Transcript of Awad_KM_Ch02
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Understanding
Knowledge
Chapter 2
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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OverviewD efinitionsCognition
Expert KnowledgeHuman Thinking and LearningImplications for Management
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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D efinitionsKnowledge: Understanding gained throughexperience or study know-howIntelligence: Capability to acquire andapply knowledge; thinking and reasoning;ability to understand and use languageMemory: Ability to store and retrieve relevant
experience at will; part of intelligence
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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D efinitionsLearning
Knowledge acquired by instruction or study?Consequence of intelligent problem solving?Bottom-line is: Any increase in problem-solving ability?
ExperienceRelates to what weve done and to knowledgeExperience leads to expertise?
Any difference with learning?
Common Sense: Unreflective opinions of ordinarypeopleHeuristic
A rule of thumb based on years of experienceCan heuristics be made from intelligence?
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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D ata, Information, and KnowledgeD ataUnorganized and unprocessed factsInformation
Data + context = ?Information = data-in-form?
Aggregation of data that makes decision makingeasier
KnowledgeD erived from information in the same way?information is derived from data??? It is a personsrange of information
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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KNOWLEDGE
INFORMATION
W ISDOM
Nonalgorithmic(Heuristic)
Nonprogrammable
From Data Processing to Knowledge-based SystemsFrom Data Processing to Knowledge-based Systems
DATAAlgorithmic Programmable
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D ata, Information, andKnowledge
Data is a set of discrete facts about eventsInform ati on becomes knowledge with questionslike what implications does this information havefor my final decision?Knowledge is understanding of informationbased on its perceived importance
Knowledge , not information, can lead to acompetitive advantage in business
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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Types of KnowledgeShallow (readily recalled) and deep(acquired through years of experience)
Explicit (codified) and tacit (embedded inthe mind)Procedural (psychomotor skills) versus
episodical (chunked by episodes;autobiographical)Chunking knowledge
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Knowledge as Know-HowKnow-how distinguishes an expert froma novice
Experts represent their know-how interms of heuristics, based onexperience
Know-how is not book knowledge; it ispractical experience
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Reasoning and HeuristicsHumans reason in a variety of ways:
Reasoning by analogy : relating one
concept to another F ormal reasoning : using deductive or inductive methods
C ase-based reasoning : reasoning fromrelevant past cases
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D eductive and inductivereasoning
D eductive reasoning: exact reasoning.It deals with exact facts and exactconclusionsI nductive reasoning : reasoning from aset of facts or individual cases to ageneral conclusion
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FROM PROCE DU RAL TO EP ISOD IC KNOWLE DG E
Sh allo roce ural o le geKnowledge
Knowledge of how to do a task that is essentially motor innature; the same knowledge is used over and over again.
_______________________________________________ D ecl a r ativ e Knowledge
Surface-type information that is available in short-termmemory and easily verbalized; useful in early stagesof knowledge capture but less so in later stages.
_______________________________________________ Sem a n ti c Knowledge
Hierarchically organized knowledge of concepts, facts,and relationships among facts.
_______________________________________________ Ep is od ic Knowledge
Knowledge that is organized by temporal spatial means,not by concepts or relations; experiential information thatis chunked by episodes. This knowledge is highly compiled
D ee p and autobiographical and is not easy to extract or capture.Knowledge
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EXPLICIT AN D TACIT
KNOWLE DG EExplicit knowledge: knowledge codified anddigitized in books, documents, reports,
memos, etc.Ta cit knowledge: knowledge embedded inthe human mind through experience and jobsTacit and explicit knowledge have been
expressed in terms of knowing-how andknowing-that, respectivelyUnderstanding what knowledge is makes iteasier to understand that knowledge hoarding
is basic to human nature.
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Knowledge As An Attribute of
Expertise An expert in a specialized area masters therequisite knowledgeThe unique performance of a knowledgeableexpert is clearly noticeable in decision-making qualityKnowledgeable experts are more selective inthe information they acquire
Experts are beneficiaries of the knowledgethat comes from experienceSee Figure 2.5 next: academic knowledgecontributes to conceptual knowledgeaprerequisite for practical knowledge
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Human LearningLearning occurs in one of three ways:
Learning by experience: a function of timeand talentLearning by example: more efficient thanlearning by experienceLearning by discovery: undirected approachin which humans explore a problem area withno advance knowledge of what their objectiveis.