AW101 :

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 1CASE STUDY

TOPIC : DROWNING

CONTENTNO. TOPIC PAGES1. INTRODUCTION DROWNING2. TYPES OF DROWNING3. THE SYMPTOMS OF DROWNING4. HOW TO HELP VICTIMS OF ALMOST

DROWNED (NEAR DROWNING)5. HOW TO PREVENT FROM DROWNING6. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)7. CONCLUSION8. REFERENCES9. ATTACHMENT

INTRODUCTION DROWNING

DROWNING

Drowning is a condition that occurs when oxygen is blocked / partitions from entering the respiratory tract caused by drowning in the water, but not to cause death. However, the lack of oxygen in the blood can lead to tissue damage and brain death, and this phenomenon is called drowning.

TYPES OF DROWNING

Dry Drowning Near Drowning Fresh Water Drowning Salt Water Drowning Secondary Drowning

1. Dry Drowning

Muscle spasms in the area around the voice box block the airway, often due to immersion in cold water. This is known as apnoea. No water enters the lungs. Around 10% of drownings are dry drownings.

2. Near Drowning

Near drowning is the term for survival after suffocation caused by submersion in water or another fluid. Some experts exclude from this definition cases of temporary survival that end in death within 24 hours.

3. Fresh Water Drowning

Only a small amount of either kind of water is needed to damage the lungs and interfere with the body's ability to breathe. If fresh water is inhaled, it passes from the lungs to the bloodstream and destroys red blood cells.

4. Salt Water Drowning

If salt water is inhaled, the salt causes fluid from the body to enter the lung tissue displacing the air.

5. Secondary Drowning

If a tiny amount of water enters the lungs, this can cause irritation, and the fluid produced in the lungs as a result can accumulate to cause drowning up to 72 hours after immersion in water. Casualties who have suffered near drowning must always be seen by a doctor as soon as possible, even if they appear to be fine.

THE SYMPTOMS OF DROWNING

Symptoms depend on the severity, among others, include coughing, gasping, vomiting, wheezing, bluish skin and unconscious.

Effects implication drowning. Almost Drowning situation can lead to conditions such as: i) Infection of the lungsii) permanent damage brain tissueiii) Body fluid in the lungsiv) Heart irregularities, include heart attack and death

HOW TO HELP VICTIMS OF ALMOST DROWNED (NEAR DROWNING)

• The level of awareness of victims.

• Ask for help

• Check the respiratory tract, breathing and pulse victim conditions

• Remove impurities in the mouth (if any)

• Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if the victim was found not breathing

• Immediately seek medical help.

HOW TO PREVENT FROM DROWNING

Learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Encourage all family members including infants to learn swim Never swim alone Don’t drink alcohol

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

CPR is an important key in the chain of survival for victims who suffered sudden shock to the heart and breathing. It is intended to prevent brain damage before receiving medical assistance. CPR has two objectives, namely: -

Maintain blood flow throughout the body. Maintain the flow of air in and out of the lungs.

Steps to perform CPR (DRABC)

D = danger.R = response.A = airway.B = breathing.C = blood circulation.

D = danger

The value of the prevailing situation. Depending on the scene.

Remove objects that could be dangerous to you and your future. Try to ask for help if you need to control the situation.

R = response

Check the patient's reaction. Wake patients, pat the shoulder and yelled, "are you ok?"

Place the patient lying supine on a compact surface. If there is no response, call an ambulance (999 or 991)

A = airway

Do technique 'chin lift and tilt your head'. Open the airway tract in patients with head tilted his chin with one hand while with the other hand raised again.

Check whether the tongue victims disturbing the respiratory tract. Move the tongue that prevents breathing.

B = breathing

Position the cheek near the nose and mouth, look toward the patient's chest.

See, hear and feel breathing for 5 to 10 seconds. If no breathing, pinch the nose closed the patient until Give 2 full

blowing into her mouth for 2 seconds each blow

C = blood circulation

• If there are no signs of normal breathing, coughing, or any movement on the patient, start chest pressure.

• Put your hands in the middle of the chest / sternum Bone (heartburn) and press into 1 ½ to 2 inches by 15 times at a rate of 80 - 100times per minute. With the count And One, And Two, And Three up and Fifteen.

• Continue with gusts 2 and 15 times the pressure until medical help arrives.

CONCLUSION

Drowning is a leading g lobal killer, particularly among children and young adults. It is pr eventable but neglected relative to its impact on families, communities and livelihoods.

Drowning is an important public health issue with major impacts on children and youth. Drowning is preventable. Proven strategies implemented at household, community and national level range from teaching basic swim skills and installing barriers that control exposure to water hazards, to providing safe spaces for children such as nuseries and learning about safe rescue. Tailored to individual settings and risk groups, countries should take steps to improve data on drowning mortality and morbidity, and establish a national water safety plan.

REFERENCES

- Google image- http://www.scribd.com/doc/30732006/01-Langkah-Langkah-Dan-

Cara-Menghadapi-Kecemasan#scribd- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning

ATTACHMENT