AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE OUT - unep.fr · AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE OUT: ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ......

AV O I D I N G A D O U B L EP H A S E O U T:

A LT E R N AT I V E

T E C H N O L O G I E S

T O H C F C s I N

R E F R I G E R AT I O N

A N D A I R

C O N D I T I O N I N G

UNEP

United Nations Environment ProgrammeDivision of Technology, Industry and Economics

OzonAction Programme

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

© UNEP March 1999

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UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION

ISBN: 92-807-1767-7

AV O I D I N G A D O U B L E P H A S E O U T:

A LT E R N AT I V E T E C H N O L O G I E S

T O H C F C s I N R E F R I G E R AT I O N

A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G

UNEP

United Nations Environment ProgrammeDivision of Technology, Industry and EconomicsOzonAction Programme

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

Acknowledgements

This document was produced by UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and

Economics (UNEP TIE) as part of its OzonAction Programme under the

Multilateral Fund.

The project was managed by:

Ms Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, Director, UNEP TIE

Mr Rajendra Shende, Chief, Energy and OzonAction Unit, UNEP TIE

Mr Jim Curlin, Information Officer, UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme

Ms Dana Mun, Consultant, UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme

The case studies were prepared by:

Dr Alfi Malek, Technology Coodinator, Refrigeration Engineering Sector, Centre

Technique des Industries Mecaniques

Quality review of specific sections of this document was done by

Dr Lambert Kuijpers, Co-chair, UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel

Mr Geoffrey Tierney, Directorate General XI, European Commission XI D.4

Source material for this document was provided by the companies described in the

case studies.

Cover photos courtesy of DuPont Europe and PhotoDisc.

Inc. Images in sidebars all courtesy of PhotoDisc. Inc.

Design and layout by Words and Publications, Oxford, UK.

UNEP TIE wishes to thank all contributors and their employees for helping to make

this document possible.

AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE-OUT:

Introduction 2

Case studies

A fishery conditioning facility chooses R-404A for its flooded type heat exchangers 8

AGs FAVÖR’s new supermarket refrigeration plant with 35 kg propane 10

CARRIER designs chillers that replace HCFC-22 with R-134a 12

Copeland produces compressor for chlorine-free 407 series refrigerants 14

Hefei Meiling Group Co. in China chooses Perros Industriale SPA cyclopentane technology for refrigerator insulating foaming 16

R-404A (SUVA 404A) chosen by Germany’s LSG Sky Food Gmbh to freeze 16 million meals a year 18

Subiaco Abbey replaces R-502 with Dupont’s SUVA 404A in walk-in freezer 20

R-410A for new chillers: McQuay’s example 22

Annexes

Annex A Glossary 23

Annex B Decisions taken by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol and the Multilateral Fund’s Executive Committee regarding HCFCs 30

Annex C Examples of non-HCFC refrigeration sector projects approved by the Multilateral Fund 33

Annex D Refrigerant data 42

Annex E Selected references for the replacement of HCFCs in the refrigeration sector 50

Annex F Contacts for Implementing Agencies, the Multilateral FundSecretariat and the UNEP Ozone Secretariat 52

About UNEP TIE

About the UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme under the Multilateral Ozone Fund Secretariat and the UNEP Ozone Secretariat 53

Contents

ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

2

Through the Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the OzoneLayer and its Amendments, 168countries (‘Parties’) have agreed tospecific time tables to gradually phaseout their consumption and productionof eight groups of ozone depletingsubstances (ODS). Many of thecontrolled substances, specifically thechlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were thekey chemical gases of the worldwiderefrigeration and air conditioningindustries, therefore their replacementhas been one of the key priorities underthe Protocol.

Based on data collected by theTechnology and Economic AssessmentPanel (TEAP), the Parties over time havedecided to add control measures for

additional ODS, and in some cases toaccelerate phase out deadlines for existingsubstances. Whereas the original 1987Protocol controlled only fivechlorofluorocarbons (CFCs-11, -12,-113, -114, -115, collectively known as‘Annex A I’ substances), the 1989London Amendment brought other fully-halogenated CFCs (CFC-13, CFC-11,CFC-112, CFC-211 through CFC-217,collectively known as ‘Annex B I’substances) to the list of controlled ODS.

In 1992, the Parties through theCopenhagen Amendment addedhydroclorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) andhydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) to thelist of those substances to be eventuallyphased out. The phase out schedule forCFCs and HCFCs appears below.

Introduction

year beginning and thereafter control measures

1 July 1999 Freeze of Annex A CFCs at 1995–97

average levels

1 January 2003 Annex B CFCs reduced by 20% from 1998–2000

average consumption

1 January 2005 Annex A CFCs reduced by 50% from 1995–97

average levels

1 January 2007 Annex A CFCs reduced by 85% from 1995–97

average levels

Annex B CFCs reduced by 85% from 1998–2000

average levels

1 January 2010 CFCs phased out

1 January 2016 Freeze of HCFCs at base line figure of year 2015

average levels

1 January 2040 HCFCs phased out

Phase out schedule for CFCs and HCFCs: developing countries


3

year beginning and thereafter control measures

1 July 1989 Freeze of Annex A CFCs

1 January 1993 Annex B CFCs reduced by 20% from 1989 levels

1 January 1994 Annex B CFCs reduced by 75% from 1989 levels

Annex A CFCs reduced by 75% from 1986 levels

1 January 1996 Annex A and B CFCs phased out

HCFCs frozen at 1989 levels of HCFC + 2.8% of

1989 consumption of CFCs (base level)

1 January 2004 HCFCs reduced by 35% below base levels

1 January 2010 HCFCs reduced by 65%

1 January 2015 HCFCs reduced by 90%

1 January 2020 HCFCs phased out allowing for a service tail of

up to 0.5% until 2030 for existing refrigeration

and air-conditioning equipment

Phase out schedule for CFCs and HCFCs: developed countries

The 1995 TEAP Assessment Report statedthat ‘HCFCs remain critical for meeting

the near term CFC phase out goals. Theyare less important for new equipmentavailable in the mid and long-term period.HCFCs are currently necessary for certainnew refrigeration and air conditioningapplications [and] for servicing alreadyinstalled HCFC equipment ...’ (UNEP(TEAP), 1994 Report of the Refrigerationand Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps byTechnical Options Committee: 1995Assessment, 1995). In their 1998 Report,the TEAP finds that ‘in manyapplications, alternatives to HCFCs havebecome commercially available.’ (UNEP(TEAP), 1998 Report of the Technologyand Economic Assessment Panel, 1998).

HCFCs are among the several differentalternative substances and technologieswhich have enabled the successful phase

out of CFCs in developed countries,apart from agreed essential uses. HCFCs

have proved useful in some refrigeration,air conditioning and foam blowingapplications where their characteristicsand performance closely resemble theCFCs they have replaced.

However, while HCFCs have much lowerozone depletion potentials (ODPs) thanCFCs, their ozone destruction value isnot neglible (e.g. HCFC-22 has an ODPvalue of .055). Because of this positiveODP, HCFCs are themselves are to bephased out and are therefore consideredto be ‘transitional substances’ that are notin themselves a final solution to replaceCFCs. Accordingly, Article 2 F of theMontreal Protocol encourages each Partyto ensure that the use of HCFCs ‘shouldbe limited to those applications whereother more-environmentally suitable


4

AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE OUT:

alternative substances or technologies arenot available’1.

Concern about the threat to the ozonelayer, especially in the short to mediumterm, posed by HCFCs prompted anumber of countries and regions toenact policies that mandate a fasterphase out of those substances thanrequired by the Montreal Protocol. Forexample, the European Community’sRegulation No.3093/94 sets the date forthe total phaseout of HCFCs by 2015,instead of 2030 specified in theCopenhagen Amendment (or 2020specified in the Vienna Adjustment).Several European countries havedomestic legislation in force which willcompletely phase out the use of HCFCsaround 2000–2002.

Industry has met the HCFC phase outchallenge by developing andcommercializing a range of ‘synthetic’and ‘non-synthetic’ refrigerants toreplace HCFCs. For most applications ofHCFCs, there are now technically andeconomically feasible alternatives. Non-HCFC options should be considered byanyone planning to replace their CFCsto avoid having to phase out both CFCsnow and HCFCs at a later date. This isan excellent opportunity for companiesto ‘leapfrog’ the transitional HCFCoption and move directly to long-termnon-HCFC options, whose runningcosts are often lower than the HCFCequivalent. (See Annex E for additionaltechnical literature related to non-HCFC options.)

Avoiding ‘the double phase out’ hasbeen a major concern of the MontrealProtocol’s Multilateral Fund, whichprovides technical and financialassistance to developing countries(‘Article 5 countries’) to meet theirobligations under the treaty. At itsTwelfth Meeting, the Fund’s ExecutiveCommittee adopted a recommendationthat ‘consideration of the use of HCFCsin Multilateral Fund projects should besector-specific and approved for use onlyin areas where more environment-friendly and viable alternativetechnologies are not available’2.Elaborating on this ‘presumption againstHCFCs’, the Committee later directedthat in cases where conversion toHCFCs were recommended, the‘Implementing Agencies must provide afull explanation of the reasons why suchconversion was recommended, togetherwith supporting documentation that thecriteria laid down by the Executive

Committee for transitional substanceshad been met, and should make it clearthat the enterprises concerned hadagreed to bear the cost of subsequentconversion to non-HCFC substances’3.(See Annexes B and C for more detailsabout the executive committee’sdecisions regarding HCFCs.)

Before undertaking a change assignificant as replacing refrigerants,enterprises need examples of what hasworked for other companies. UNEPTIE’s OzonAction Programme underthe Multilateral Fund is helping to meetthis information need by providing these

1 Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 4th Edition (UNEP OzoneSecretariat), pg. 24.2 UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/12/37, para. 168, Supporting document: UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34.3 UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/64, Decision 19/2, para. 17.


5

case studies on non-HCFC options, aswell as examples of non-HCFC projectsthat have been approved by theMultilateral Fund. It is hoped that thiscollection will stimulate industry indeveloping countries to investigate thefull range of options to replace CFCs,with an emphasis on those that do notrely on HCFCs.

Overview of non-HCFC alternativerefrigerantsAlternative refrigerants fall into twomain categories:● Synthetic chemicals composed of

man-made molecules.● Non-synthetic chemicals composed of

molecules produced by naturalprocesses and purified throughindustrial processes.

Refrigerants can be used either as simple(i.e. single) fluids or as blends of two or

more fluids. Refrigerant blends can beeither either zeotropes or azeotropes.

Synthetic refrigerants used to replaceHCFCs include HFC and HFC blends,whereas non-synthetic alternativesinclude ammonia, hydrocarbons, carbondioxide and water. The more widelyused alternatives are described in greaterdetail below. (Refer to Annex D formore information about the chemicaland environmental properties ofalternative refrigerants.)

Synthetic RefrigerantsR-134a Although R-134a has been widely usedas a replacement of R-12 in domesticrefrigeration and mobile air conditioning(MAC), applicability of R-134a in

existing chillers require 15% higher tipspeed for impellers since volumetriccapacity of an R-134a compressor mustbe about 50% larger than that of anHCFC-22 compressor to acheive thesame cooling capacity.

Recently R-134a is being used in newlarge capacity chillers with turbocompression as an alternative toHCFC-22. R-134a is not a viablesolution for small unitary air conditioners.

R-404A/R-507R-404A and R-507 are HFC-blendswidely used as replacements forHCFC-22 for a full range ofrefrigeration applications. R-507 is anazeotropic blend composed ofR-125/R-143a (50/50%) that behaveslike a single fluid, and R-404A is aquasi-azeotropic blend composed ofR-125/R-143a/R-134a (46/50/4%) thatexhibits a very limited temperature glide(less than 1 Kelvin). Both of these fluidsare candidates for easy replacement ofR-502 since they exhibit thermodynamicproperties that are very similar to R-502.This similarity means that most of thesystem components will also be similar.As in the case of any HFC, these blendsshould only be used with polyolesterlubricants. These refrigerants may beused for retrofitting R-502 systems. Bothfluids are widely used in Europe asreplacements for R-502.

R-407CThis refrigerant is used in small andmedium-sized air conditioning and chillerapplications. It is one of the mostcommon non-ozone depleting alternativescurrently under consideration.

6

Most synthetic refrigerants proposed forHCFC-22 replacement are zeotropesand they have temperature glides rangingfrom 0.5 ˚C to about 5 ˚C. Evaporationand condensation temperature is highlydependant on the vapor composition inthe fluid and using a zeotrope requires adifferent design of heat exchanger thanthose in traditional use. This restricts itsusage in low power units (around or lessthan 200 kW) and imposes newapproaches to dimension the evaporatorand condenser. For example, using R-407C in traditional external tubeflooded evaporators exhibits significantperformance losses and is notrecommended with zeotropic fluids.

Although temperature glide can reduceheat transfer rates in the counterflowheat exchangers, more than 200,000retrofitted equipment using zeotropicrefrigerant have shown no noticeabledrawbacks on the refrigeration systemperformance. Frequently, refrigerantpressure drop in the evaporator andcondenser generates a temperaturedifference that overshadows therefrigerant glide. Counterflow heatexchangers could use glide to operatemore efficiently.

In addition, leaks will likely change therefrigerant’s composition ratios.Therefore, recharging may requireremoving old refrigerant. Thisprocedure will ensure that the originalperformance is maintained. Rechargingwithout complete replacement willlikely have small impact on theperformance. Du Pont data show 9%capacity reduction but 1% efficiencyimprovement after five recharges toreplace 50% R-407C vapor leak.

R-410ASeveral manufactures consider R-410A asa long-term replacement for HCFC-22for new chillers and unitary air-conditioning equipment. On-goingtechnical and economic studies aredetermining the full potential applicationrange for this fluid. R-410A exhibitslimited glide (lower than 0.2 ˚C). It is ahigh pressure blend and it has lowercritical temperature and higher operatingpressure (50%) than HCFC-22. Withoutsignificant changes to system design, thismight restrict its applications totemperate climate conditions. In addition,higher volumetric capacity will requiresubstantial compressor modifications toaccommodate lower refrigerant flows anda redesign of circuits and heat exchangers.Indications are, however, that the energyefficiency of R-410A systems is, in manycases, superior to most other alternatives.

Non-synthetic RefrigerantsAmmoniaAmmonia is a natural fluid with lowproduction cost and is widely available.However, it is highly toxic and,therefore, it cannot be used forrefrigeration in direct applications. Itstoxicity requires strict leakage avoidancemeasures and containment measures formaintenance and service companies.However, ammonia is an energy efficientrefrigerant, especially, in lowertemperatures. It can absorb up to 10times more heat per unit weight thanhalocarbon refrigerants but the actualsystem efficiency depends on systemdesign, components selection and others.

Ammonia has been widely used in manyindustrial and cold storage refrigerationapplications for many decades. It is now


also used in some chiller applications. Itis also used in some commercialrefrigeration systems that havesecondary loops.

Critical issues concerning ammonia’schemical properties and safety issuesrestrict its wider use in commercial airconditioning, other than in special casessuch as very small absorption systems ornon-occupied spaces. In addition,ammonia reacts with copper which iswidely used in air conditioning andrefrigeration heat exchangers.Accordingly, for ammonia to be used inair conditioning and refrigerationsystems, engineers and equipmentmanufacturers must ensure that ammoniachiller systems are used only with steel or,in some cases, aluminum piping, fittingsand valves.

Safety is a critical issue when usingammonia as a refrigerant. ASHRAEstandard 32 gives ammonia a B2 safetyrating which means it has lowerflammability and higher toxicity whileother halocarbon refrigerants such asR-22, R-407C, R-410A, and R-134a arenot flammable and have lower toxicity.Because of ammonia’s toxicity, ASHRAEStandard 15 nearly precludes ammoniacirculation in occupied spaces, except forlow occupant-density spaces such asrefrigerated warehouses. However,ammonia is used widely in industrialsystems and is gaining acceptance inindirect systems for other applications(e.g. supermarkets and air-conditioning)in many European countries.

HydrocarbonsEither as pure refrigerants or as blends,propane, n-butane and isobutane are

considered good refrigerants in terms oftheir performance. They are energy-efficient, and compatible withtraditionally-used components andmaterial. Isobutane is used in domesticrefrigeration, and propane in air-conditioning. Among these refrigerants,only propane shows thermodynamiccharacteristics similar to those ofHCFC-22. However, all hydrocarbonrefrigerants are highly flammable.Because of the safety issues related to theflammability, their application may belimited to low capacity and low chargeapplications, unless the safety issues areproperly addressed. The use ofhydrocarbons in low-charge (smaller)equipment and in indirect systems isgaining increasing acceptance in severalMember States of the EuropeanCommunity.

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide can be used in somerefrigeration applications in a cascadesystem for low temperatures, and as asecondary refrigerant.

Since it shows a very high pressurecompared to HCFC-22, carbon dioxideis currently being studied as an alternativein several limited applications (e.g. heatpumps). However, it requires completere-engineering of the HCFC system.

Research into using carbon dioxide inapplications such as vehicle andcommercial stationary air conditioning isunderway, however this refrigerant is notexpected to be widely applied incommon refrigeration and airconditioning applications.

7


8


BackgroundLocated in western France near Nantes,Matal has been a leading company in theindustrial refrigeration sector for the pastseveral decades. Matal is activelyinvolved with developingenvironmentally safe solutions for thissector, including those related to theEuropean calendars for phasing outozone depleting refrigerants. Matal hasbeen peforming test at several pilotinstallations. In order to obtainexhaustive information on newalternative technologies, Matal hasequipped some of these pilotinstallations with adequateinstrumentation and on-site measuringdevices. This project was conducted withthe participation of experiencedlaboratories in refrigeration, Centred’Etudes des Machines Agricoles Eaux etForêts (CEMAGREF), and wasfinancially assisted by the Agence deL’Environnement et de la Maîtrise del’Energie (ADEME).

R-22 replacement in the refrigerationapplications is now possible withrefrigerants like R-404A, R-507 andammonia. Matal has successfulexperiences with installations for bothwith ammonia and synthetic refrigerants.

Alternative technologyA fishery located in southeast France wasrecently built with refrigerationequipment using R-404A as thereplacement. This technology wasselected over HCFCs because it hasseveral key advantages: zero-ODP, saferefrigerant, and good refrigerationperformance. An important criteria wasthe applicability of the refrigerant to

flooded evaporators because of the smallglide at the evaporator and thecondenser temperatures. The refrigerantis commercially available and distributedin France by Dehon.

Drying fish requires alternatively heatingand cooling in order to performadequate temperature control andhumidity of the drying tunnels. Twocooling loops are linked to a commonhigh pressure refrigerant capacity. Thefirst loop has an evaporation temperatureof -8 ˚C and is used for drying fish, andthe second one operates at -12 ˚C and isdedicated to fish preparation andconditioning. Cooling is performed bythe circulation of the secondaryrefrigerant. Energy performance isimproved by heat recovery at thecondensers at a condensing temperatureof 45 ˚C. Refrigeration capacity of eachloop is : 230 kW for the lowtemperature loop and 1,000 kW for the–8 ˚C loop. Several measurements wereperformed and analyzed. The measuredcoefficient of performance for therunning conditions is around 2.4.

Also, refrigerant was sampled at differentlocations of the loops for analysis. Nosignificant composition changes weredetected as compared to the nominalcomposition of R-404A.

These results confirm that 404A isperfectly applicable to the flooded heatexchangers technology.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is notwidely used in developing countriesbecause of limited availability and

A fishery conditioning facilitychooses R-404A for its floodedtype heat exchangers


9

relatively high cost. However, R-404A isa technically viable option for Article 5countries, and its cost is expected tocome down in the future as demandincreases.

R-404A technology does not need anysignificant changes in terms ofcomponents such as heat exchangers and

circuiting when compared to R-502.Compressors are of same size andcapacity, which renders the technologyeasily adaptable to both new andretrofitted installations from R-502

application with only minor changes.However, particular attention must begiven to changing lubricants tocompatible polyolesthers.

Contact for further information

Mr Gueguen Quality Manager GEA Matal BP 24Les SorignieresFranceTel: (33) 2 40 84 54 54Fax: (33) 2 40 31 28 80

before options after

R-502R-404A R-507

R-404A

Process flow diagram

345 kW

condenser(recuperator)

aero condenser(evaporator)

+45°C

174 kW 5 cyl.

low-temperature receivers

high-pressure receiver

-8°C -12°C 4 cyl. 6 cyl.

400 kW 580 kW

evaporators

247 kW

10

BackgroundChallenged with developing a new ‘supermodern’ department store in only twomonths, AGs FAVÖR opened its newstore in Helsingborg, Sweden in March1997, with a total sale area of 3,000m2.

With 40 employees, the store includesfacilities for deep-frozen andrefrigerated products as well as diaryproducts. The store’s equipmentincludes the latest Electroluxrefrigeration and deep freezer units(which have carbon dioxide as thesecondary refrigerant), and ahydrocarbon refrigeration system fromABB Stall-Litzell. The refrigerationunits were developed and manufacturedby Bonus Energie AB, Sweden.

Alternative technology Propane was chosen to reinforce AGsFAVÖR environmental commitment,

both for the deep freezer andrefrigeration systems. ABB Stal-Litzellhandled the delivery which also includedresponsibility for the installation ofpiping and electricity.

The project has attracted considerableattention and is believed to be the firstone on such a large scale. Seven unitswith semi-hermetic compressors andplate heat exchangers supply the plantusing carbon dioxide as the secondaryrefrigerant for freezers and propyleneglycol for medium temperatures. Thecapacity is 240 kW for the mediumtemperature and 140 kW for thefreezing systems. The hydrocarbon-unitshave a total of 35 kg of CARE 50refrigerant which is manufactured byCalor Gas. The medium is a mixture of

propane and ethane, which in terms ofoutput corresponds to R-22 and R-502.The plant is designed for heat recovery.

All refrigerants both synthesized andnatural require that technicians followspecific procedures during handling,installation and service. The mostnatural refrigerant is ammonia, whichhas been used in refrigerationtechnology for over 100 years.Hydrocarbons (HC) such as liquidpetroleum gas (LPG) and propane areused in very large volumes in oursociety. Even as a refrigerant, HC hasbeen used to a large extent before Freonwas introduced in the 1930s. Interest inHC is now increasing again, which hasforced a new section in SwedishRefrigeration Standards for inflammablerefrigerants. An interim edition for‘Units with flammable refrigerants’ wasissued in March 1997, where it requiresthat refrigerant companies shall beaccredited for work with hydrocarbonsand that personal certification will alsobe introduced.

When the company planned thehydrocarbon refrigeration systems, theycontacted the relevant local authoritiesand complied with the SwedishFlammable and Explosive Goods Act.

ODS phased out: 2.1 tonnes of R-22

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThe technology needs no significanttechnical changes as compared totraditional fluids. Heat exchangers,compressors and basic components havesimilar dimensions. Propane iscompatible with materials used with


AGs FAVÖR’s new supermarketrefrigeration plant with 35 kg propane

11


traditional refrigerants. Synthetic andmineral lubricants are compatible withpropane. However, because offlammability risks, the manufacture of

propane units requires know-how andprecision. The training of servicetechnicians is necessary for the properhandling of propane refrigerants.


R-502R-22

R-404AR-507R-290

R-404A


Mr Paul BlacklockGeneral ManagerCalor Gas RefrigerationAthena DriveTachbrook ParkWarwickshireCV34 6RLGreat BritainTel: (44) 1926 31 8773Fax: (44) 1926 31 8706

Open multideck cases for low temperature

BackgroundCarrier Corporation was established in1902 as a manufacturer and distributorof air conditioning, heating andventilation for applications ranging fromindividual applications to very largewater chillers. Currently, the companyhas 49 sites with a total of 28,000employees.

The project for replacing HCFC-22 inCarrier’s chillers started 4 years ago.However, the choice of the refrigerantwas not simple. The criteria consideredby Carrier when selecting the alternativerefrigerant included:

● zero ozone depletion potential● low global warming potential● not flammable● acceptable thermal and physical

properties● pure refrigerant● availability of the refrigerant

worldwide

Alternative technologyTo comply with the above criteria,Carrier chose HFC-134a as the bestsolution because of its availability andreliability. Global Chiller was designedwith R-134a in the range from 260 kWto 1,300 kW as an alternative toHCFC-22 chillers. This product wassimultaneously launched in the marketin Europe and the United States at theend of 1996.

Technological innovations wereintroduced in many of the chillercomponents, including the compressor,oil separator, expansion system,economizer, water or air condenser,evaporator and control. The coefficient

of performance (COP) is high for allsizes, reaching a value of 5 kW/kW forthe water cooled chillers.

Additional features are the low coolingcapacity difference (12%) between sizeswhich allows Carrier to offer a machinethat is perfectly sized for the projectrequirements and the externalcompactness of the complete range(footprint on average 30% smaller thanprevious chillers).

Carrier has developed a twin-rotor screwcompressor especially designed forR-134a, the Power 3 compressor. Theneed to increase swept volume by morethan 50% when using R-134a led theCarrier engineers to develop a speedmultiplier to bring the screws to a higherspeed than that of the motor.

All compressors use the same rotors witha diameter of 104 mm and the samecrankcase. Only the gearing and theelectric motor capacity differ from onesize to the next. There are all togetherfive compressor sizes with nominalcapacities from 39 to 80 tons (137 to280 kW) with same characteristics at 50and 60 Hz. The rotor speed ranges from4,251 to 8,970 rpm. The maximumspeed close to 9,000 RPM may seemhigh but this speed has been proven tobe achievable in other industries that areknown for their reliability: screwcompressors are used in aeronauticalindustry running at 20,000 rpm. In viewof the small diameter of the rotors theperipheral speed of the Power 3compressor is moderate, always lowerthan 60 m/s. The gearing relies onCarrier technology used in centrifugalcompressors. The gears are

CARRIER designs chillers thatreplace HCFC-22 with R-134a


12

manufactured as AGMA class 12normally reserved for aeronauticalindustry. In order to reduce the size ofthe compressor, the two rotors areplaced above each other, and the checkvalve assembly is placed at the low end.Suction flage is located under thecompressor to allow direct installation tothe evaporator without suction pressureloss, which is an important point withthe R-134a.

The compressor does not have a slidevalve but two capacity control pistonsprovide 1/3 and 2/3 of the full capacity.These pistons are activated by thedischarge pressure. When the solenoidvalves are not energized, the pistons arepushed back and part of the compressedgas is taken back to the suction chamber.The compressor always starts at reduced

capacity to avoid loss of compressorperformance which often experiencedwith wearing slide valve control.

A numerical control has been developed.All parameters are managed by fuzzylogic. The leaving chilled watertemperature is controlled at the unitoutlet by a PID loop which returntemperature compensation in order tooptimize compressor operation. All safetydevices are continuously monitored.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThis technology is easily accessible sincealternative technologies with R-134a arenow available in many Article 5 countries.This specific technology is availablethrough suppliers in Asia Pacific, LatinAmerica and Middle East/Africa.


13


R-22R-410AR-134a

ammonia

R-134a


Michel Grabon Engineering Manager, Carrier s.a.BP. 49- Route de Thil01122 Montluel CedexFranceTel: (33) 04 72 25 22 15Fax: (33) 04 72 25 22 44

30HX Global Chiller (above) andGlobal Chiller system componentoverview (left)

BackgroundSince the establishment of the MontrealProtocol in 1987, there has been acontinuous search for chlorine-freerefrigerants which representenvironmentally acceptable long-termsolutions. Having accelerated thedevelopment and evaluation of non-HCFC alternatives to meet the MontrealProtocol challenge, the chemicalindustry today offers a wide selection ofchlorine-free alternative refrigerants,including the R-407 series, R-134a,R-404A, R-507 and R-410 A.

Realizing the importance of these newfluids, several compressor manufacturers,including Copeland, have developed newproducts that are compatible with thenew non-HCFCs replacement.

Copeland was founded in 1921 byEdmond Copeland. Today, it is asubsidiary of Emerson Electric Companywith estimated annual sales ofUS$ 1 billion. Its main products arecompressors for air conditioning andheat pumps. Copeland has developedvarious compressor models for operatingwith chlorine free refrigerants such asR-134a, R-404A, R-507 and R-407C.Tests have also been successfullycompleted with the zeotropic R-407group of refrigerant blends whichcontain R-32, R-125 and R-134a.Depending upon the specificcomposition of components, the R-407blends represent a replacement to R-22applications and additional alternativesto R-502 applications.

Alternative technologyCurrently available zeotropic blendsR-407A, R-407B and R-407C haveenvironmentally safe properties, in termsof their ODP. Their refrigeratingcapacity and energy efficiency producedgood performances. The technology usedfor these refrigerants is very close to thatfor HCFC-22. R-407 series are HFCblend of R-32/ R-125/R-134a. Differentfrom azeotropic and near azeotropicrefrigerants, the zeotropic R-407 blendsare characterized by their relatively largetemperature glide. Therefore, certainfactors on system design, service andmaintenance needs to be considered.

From the user’s point of view, it isessential that the glide of R-407refrigerant blends be given carefulconsideration. Special attention must bepaid to the system design, specifically theheat exchangers. Since the compositionof the liquid and the vapor is different, itis essential that system charging beperformed only with liquid leaving therefrigerant cylinder. To adapt theircompressors to the R-407 series,Copeland has given special attention tolubricant development and to materialcompatibility issues.

The chlorine-free R-407 refrigerantsrequire use of polyolester (POE)lubricant. Only Mobil EAL Arctic 22CCand ICI emkarate RL 32CF are approvedfor this purpose. One disadvantage ofPOE is that it is far more hygroscopicthan mineral oil. Only brief exposure toambient air is needed for POE to absorbsufficient moisture and it makesunacceptable for use in a refrigerationsystem. Further, since POE holdsmoisture more readily than mineral oil, it

Copeland produces compressor forchlorine-free 407 Seriesrefrigerants


14

is more difficult to remove it through theuse of vacuum. Copeland recommends tocharge systems with POE containing nomore than 50 ppm moisture content.Through the use of properly sized filterdryers, it is possible to maintain themoisture level in the system at less than50 ppm. If the moisture content in thesystem reaches a high level, corrosion ofvarious metallic material and copperplating may occur. In addition, acid andalcohol can form through hydrolysis. Allthese will have a negative impact on thecompressor and system durability andperformance in the long run.

Compressors designed for operatingwith chlorine-free refrigerants are

factory supplied with one of theapproved oils and are suitably identifiedin several locations to preventinappropriate lubricant oils from beingfilled into the system.

Applicability to Article 5 countries The new R-407 compressor technologyis similar to the technology developedfor the application of HCFC-22, whichis already available in several Article 5countries. However, technicians must betrained to handle with the specificprecautions relative to the use ofzeotropic blends.


15


R-404AR-22 R-407 Series R-407 Series

R-507


Mr Guy HundyDirector Application EngineeringCopeland Europe27 rue des 3 Bourdons48 40 WelkenraedtBelgiumTel: 32 87 30 55 48Fax: 32 87 30 55 06

BackgroundEstablished in 1984 and located in HefeiAnhui, China, Hefei Meiling Co.operates four lines for the production ofdomestic refrigerators and freezers. Withgradual expansion over time, Hefei’sproduction capacity is nowapproximately 561,000 units per year.Recognizing the detrimentalenvironmental effects of its CFC-basedproduction system, Hefei Meiling Co.decided to implement partial conversionof the company’s production line tonon-CFC production system to test theeffectiveness of the ozone friendlytechnology. The project was funded bythe Multilateral Fund for theimplementation of the MontrealProtocol, and implemented with theassistance of UNIDO (Project Number:CPR/REF/22/INV/196).

Located at Abbiategrasso, a few mileswest of Milan, Italy, Perros IndustrialeSPA develops and produces standardequipment and processing systems forthe domestic appliance industry. Perrosdelivers turn-key plants all over theworld ranging from simple jigs plants tocomplex units including plants for moreadvanced branches of the refrigeratorsindustry.

Since the middle of 1992, Perrosconducted research and laboratory testswith some of its customers and rawmaterial suppliers to find potentialsubstitutes for CFCs used as blowingagents in the production of polyurethanefoam for the insulation of refrigerators.Tests were conducted using withR-141b, R-22/R-142b, R-134a andcyclopentane.

Since 1993, Perros has constructed anddelivered complete plants andequipment for the modification andimplementation of existing refrigeratorfoaming systems to phase out ODS withalternative blowing agents in developedand developing countries. The projectfor Hefei Meiling Group Co is anexample of this application in China.

Alternative technologyThe project consisted of upgradingexisting units with non-CFCtechnologies, as well as new equipmentfor refrigerators. In both cases, long-termtechnologies with HCFC-free solutionswere preferred for environmental andeconomical considerations. The projectincluded:● Converting existing refrigerator

cabinet and door foaming plants touse cyclopentane

● Installing one new cabinet foamingplant with ten stationary foamingfixtures encapsulated with a safety boxwith exhaust system

● Developing storage system forcyclopentane

● Installing chemicals storage andpremixing system for polyol andcyclopentane (ECOMIX)

● Installing high pressure foamingmachines designed for134a/Cyclopentane (ECODOSING)

The systems applied in this project arebased on modular systems and availablein Article 5 countries. The systems startfrom kit for modification of any typeand maker of high pressure foamingmachine (ECOKIT) for the possible useof cyclopentane, or a very simple and

Hefei Meiling Group Co. in Chinachooses Perros Industriale SPAcyclopentane technology forrefrigerator insulating foaming


16

low cost basic machine to replace lowpressure foaming machine for ecologicalreasons. There is no need for solvents orany sort of mixing head flushing.

All the metering and mixing equipmentusing cyclopentane either as pure orblended with polyol (ECOMIX -ECOKIT - ECODOSING) areencapsulated with safety box withexhaust system and safety controls. Allthe standard equipment designed forcyclopentane is certified by the German

Saftey Agency, TUV, and it has beenapproved and accepted in manycountries.

Applicability to Article 5 countries This technology is commerciallyavailable in Article 5 countries and hasbeen proven to be a cost effective optionto replace CFCs. This non-HCFCtechnoogy using hydrocarbons has beenimplemented in a number of projectsfunded under the Multilateral Fund.


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R-141bR-142b

CycopentaneCycopentan/R-134a

Cycopentane

Contacts for furtherinformation

Eng. G. AmodeoTechnical DirectorPerros Industriale SPAStrada per Casinetta, 620081 Abbiategrasso, Milano,ItalyTel: (39) 029 420 622Fax: (39) 029 420 678Email: [email protected]: http://www.perros.it

Mr Angelo D’Ambrosio Managing DirectorIndustrial Sectors andEnvironment DivisionUnited Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization(UNIDO)Vienna International CentreP.O. Box 300A-1400 Vienna, AustriaTel: (43) 1 26026 3782Fax: (43) 1 26026 6804 Email: [email protected]: http://www.unido.org

Door foaming plant with seven fixtures (roller type)

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BackgroundThe deep freezer facility located at Alzey,Germany operates its Frigoscandia spiralfreezer with Suva 404A (formerly knownas Suva HP 62) refrigerant to freeze 16million pre-portioned meals a year. Thethree and a half tons of Suva 404Asupplied by Dupont for the cateringcenter’s blast freezer and huge deep-freeze store are neither flammable nortoxic. Therefore, it poses minimum riskto the 140 employees at the LSG SkyFood facility.

Alternative technologyThe Frigoscandia freezer stores 4,800meals per hour at a temperature rangingfrom + 12°C to –18°C and requires arefrigeration capacity of 240 kW. Therefrigeration contractor, Prause + Partnerof Gosla, filled the equipment with1,500 kg of Suva 404A blend withoutmaking any alterations.

Prause + Partner believes that it is thefirst time that Suva 404A has been usedin a flooded system. According to them,the use of Suva 404A permits improvedfine-tuning of the refrigeration process.

The deep-freeze store holds 10,800boxes (45 meal trays per box), whichare stacked in four rows of floor-to-

ceiling shelving. A three to four weeksupply of roughly half a million mealsis kept at a temperature of –20 ˚C to–23 ˚C. The meals are immediatelyavailable to international airlinesaccording to the number of passengerscarried in each flight. This systemensures that the Alzey warehousesupplies every German airport ‘just intime’. The computer-controlled deep-freeze store is one of the largest andmost modern in the catering industry.Its entire low-temperature requirementis met by two combined systems with atotal refrigeration capacity of 96 kW.In addition, installation and runningcosts are comparable to R-502installations.

ODS phased out: 1.5 tonnes of R-502

Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is not

widely used in developing countriesbecause of limited availability andrelatively high cost. However, R-404Ais a technically viable option for Article5 countries, and its cost is expected tocome down in the future as demandincreases.

R-404A technology does not need anysignificant changes in terms of

R-404A (SUVA 404A) chosen byGermany’s LSG Sky Food Gmbh tofreeze 16 million meals a year



R-502 R-404AR-507

R-404A


19

Contacts for further information

Ms Ina BreitsprecherDirector Press Relations InternationalLSG Lufthansa Service Holding AGDornhofstrasse, 4063263 Neu-IsenburgGermanyTel: (49) 6102 240 699Fax: (49) 6102 722 506

M Pierre ChaigneauDupont Europe2 Chemin du PavillonGenevaSwitzerlandTel: (41) 22 717 54 36Fax: (41) 22 717 61 69

components such as heat exchangers andcircuiting when compared to R-502.Compressors are of same size andcapacity, which renders the technologyeasily adaptable to both new andretrofitted installations from R-502application with only minor changes.However, particular attention must begiven to changing lubricants tocompatible polyolesthers. Frozen food being loaded into an aircraft

20

BackgroundFounded in 1878 by a group ofBenedictine monks from Switzerland,Subiaco Abbey is now home to 65monks. The Abbey is located in Subiacoin Arkansas, United States, where it isinvolved in a variety of ministriesincluding staffing Subiaco Academy, acollege preparatory Catholic boardingschool for 200 boys in grades ninethough 12. Subiaco Abbey operates aretreat and guest facility located on the100 acre campus and raises 400 cattle onmore than 1,000 acres of farmland.

In July 1994, Subiaco Abbey decided tooverhaul its 34-year-old walk-in deepfreezer, an ageing 5-ton unit using R-502.The freezer had been experiencingrefrigerant leaks for some time, and theinsulation in the freezer walls had begun todisintegrate. The abbey sought to replacethe old unit with a more energy efficientand environmentally friendly system.

Alternative technology After defining the facility’s refrigerationneeds, the abbey selected a smaller 3-toncompressor. Next, the abbey investigatedvarious refrigerants that would maximizeenergy efficiency while protecting theenvironment.

A comparison of commercially-availableoptions was made. Suva 404A (formerlyknown as Suva HP 62) was found to bethe most adaptable refrigerant comparedto R-502. It had the followingadvantages:

● Energy efficiency: 94 to 105 %relative to R-502

● Refrigerating capacity: 98 to 108 %relative to R-502

● Discharge pressure: Best match toR-502

● Refrigerant characteristics: Blendcomposed of HFC-125, HFC-143aand HFC-134a with a very smallglide.

Subiaco Abbey replaces R-502 withDupont’s SUVA 404A in walk-infreezer


A service technician charging the Abbey’s outdoor unit


21


R-502 R-404AR-507

R-404A


Mr Pierre ChaigneauDupont Europe2 Chemin du PavillonGenevaSwitzerlandTel: (41) 22 717 54 36Fax: (41) 22 717 6169

● Refrigerant charging: Manufacturerrecommends removing it as a liquidfrom the charging cylinder; smallimpact on performance can occur ifcharged as a vapor.

An outdoor condensing unit with a3-phase 3-hp Copeland compressor anda Bohn evaporator coil were selected.The new system runs on Suva 404A thatoffers the closest performance to R-502.

The local DuPont RefrigerantsAuthority distributor provided adequateadvice to the in-house installation team.There were no major difficulties forinstalling and running the newequipment. The new equipment isrunning smoothly. Particular precautionswere given for the oil which is a polyolester lubricant as recommended by thecompressor manufacturer.

The deep freezer is kept atapproximately –23 ˚C and handled by

the Suva 404A without any problem.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesAt present, R-404A refrigerant is notwidely used in developing countriesbecause of limited availability andrelatively high cost. However, R-404A isa technically viable option for Article 5countries, and its cost is expected tocome down in the future as demandincreases.

R-404A technology does not need anysignificant changes in terms ofcomponents such as heat exchangers andcircuiting when compared to R-502.Compressors are of same size andcapacity, which renders the technologyeasily adaptable to both new andretrofitted installations from R-502application with only minor changes.However, particular attention must begiven to changing lubricants tocompatible polyolesthers.

22


BackgroundAlthough R-410A is considered one ofthe most promising long-term alternativesto HCFC-22, new equipment needs to bedeveloped to effectively use this highpressure refrigerant.

McQuay was the first chillermanufacturer to respond to thischallenge in 1997, McQuay began usingthe non-ozone depleting R-410Amanufactured by Allied Signal on theirnew line of ARI-certified screw chillers.

Alternative technologyRefrigerant R-410A was selected byMcQuay as a long-term alternative forHCFC-22. It is a zeotropic blend of tworefrigerants: HFC-32 and HFC-125,with a very limited temperature glide of0.1 ˚C. This blend has a saturationpressure which is about 1.6 times that ofHCFC-22, making it necessary to

redesign existing product line. Thehigher pressure, however, allows formore compact equipment design. Aswith R-407 series, R-410A is to beapplied with polyolesther lubricants.R-410A has shown to have a 5–6 %higher energy-efficiency rating (EER)than HCFC-22. The products developedby McQuay have a capacity range from825 to 1,100 kW and utilizes McQuay’sStarGate single screw compressors.

Applicability to Article 5 countriesThis technology is available today fordeveloping countries. Low maintenanceand compactness allow for easy exportationto any Article 5 countries. R-410A chillersare competitively priced compared toR-22 chillers in the market place.

ODP phased out: 500 kgs of R-22 perchiller

R-410A for new chillers: McQuay’s example


R-22 R-134aR-410A

R-410A


M Ben SchlinsogManager, Marketing Programs McQuay International13600 Industrial Park BoulevardMinneapolis, Minnesota 55441United States of AmericaTel: (1) 612- 553- 5330 Fax: (1) 612-553- 5177

PFS water cooled screw chiller

Article 5 CountriesDeveloping countries which are Party tothe Montreal Protocol with a annualcalculated level of consumption lessthan 0.3 kg per capita of the controlledsubstances in Annex A, and less than0.2 kg per capita of the controlledsubstances in Annex B, on the date ofthe entry into force of the MontrealProtocol, or any time thereafter. Thesecountries are permitted a ten years graceperiod compared to the phaseoutschedule in the Montreal Protocol fordeveloped countries. These countries arecommonly referred to as ‘Article 5countries’ because their commitmentsunder the Montreal Protocol areindicated in Article 5, paragraph 1 ofthe treaty.

AzeotropeA blend consisting of one or morerefrigerants of different volatilities thatdoes not appreciably change incomposition or temperature as itevaporates (boils) or condenses (liquefies)under constant pressure (compare withzeotrope). Refrigerant blends assignedR-500 series number designations byANSI/ASHRAE 34 are azeotropes.

Blends/mixturesA blend is a mixture of two or morepure fluids. A ternary blend containsthree fluids. Given the rightcomposition, blends can achieveproperties to fit almost any refrigerationpurpose. For example, a mixture offlammable and non-flammablecomponents can result in a non-flammable blend. Blends can be dividedinto three categories: azeotropic, non-azeotropic and near-azeotropic blends.

Blowing agentA gas, a volatile liquid, or a chemicalthat during the foaming processgenerates gas. The gas creates bubbles orcells in the plastic structure of a foam.

ButaneA gaseous hydrocarbon of the alkaneseries (C4H10).

Carbon dioxide (CO2)A gaseous compound (CO2) formed by,for example, combustion of carbon.Carbon dioxide contributes to thegreenhouse effect.

CFCsSee Chlorofluorocarbons.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)A family of organic chemicals composedof chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms,usually characterized by high stabilitycontributing to a high ODP. These fully

halogenated substances are commonlyused in refrigeration, foam blowing,aerosols, sterilants, solvent cleaning, anda variety of other applications. CFCshave the potential to destroy ozone inthe stratosphere.

CO2

See Carbon dioxide.

ContainmentThe application of service techniques orspecial equipment designed to precludeor reduce loss of refrigerant fromequipment during installation,operation, service and/or disposal ofrefrigeration and air-conditioningequipment.


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Annex A: Glossary

Controlled substanceUnder the Montreal Protocol, any ozonedepleting chemical that is subject tocontrol measures, such as a phase-outrequirement.

COPSee Energy efficiency—coefficient ofperformance.

CyclopentaneA cyclic hydrocarbon (C5H10).

Drop-in replacement The procedure when replacing CFC-refrigerants with non-CFC refrigerantsin existing refrigerating, air conditioningand heat pump plants without doingany plant modifications. However,drop-in are normally referred to asretrofitting because minor modificationsare needed, such as change of lubricant,replacement of expansion device anddesiccant material.

Energy efficiency—coefficient ofperformance (COP)The energy efficiency or coefficient ofperformance (COP) of a refrigeratingsystem is defined as the ratio between therefrigerating capacity of the plant, Q0(cooling/freezing capacity, kW) and thepower/electricity consumption, P (kW) ofthe compressors and pumps. The COP isprimarily depending on the working cycleand the temperature levels(evaporating/condensing temperature) butalso the properties of the refrigerant andsystem design and size. COP = (Q0/P).

Filter dryerA device installed in the refrigerant loopof a system, contain-ing a desiccantwhich removes moisture and other

contaminants from the circulatingrefrigerant-lubricant mixture.

Global warmingThe warming of the earth due to theheat-trapping action of natural and man-made greenhouse gases. Greenhousegases emitted by human activitiesincluding CFCs and HCFCs, arebelieved to warm the Earth’satmosphere, leading to climate change.

Global warming potential (GWP)The relative contribution of certainsubstances (greenhouse gases), e.g.carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, HCFCsand halons, to the global warming effectwhen the substances are released to theatmosphere by combustion of oil, gasand coal (CO2), direct emission, leakagefrom refrigerating plants etc. Thestandard measure of GWP is relative tocarbon dioxide (GWP=1.0), which isconsistent with the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)indexing approach. The GWP can begiven with 20, 100 or 500 yearsintegration time horizon. There is not acomplete agreement within the scientificcommunity on what is the proper timehorizon, but 100 years is mostcommonly used.

Greenhouse gasA gas, such as water vapour, carbondioxide, methane, CFCs and HCFCs,that absorbs and re-emits infraredradiation, warming the earth’s surfaceand contributing to climate change.

GWPSee global warming potential.


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HalocarbonsHalocarbons are compounds derivedfrom methane (CH4) and ethane(C2H6), where one or several of thehydrogen atoms are substituted withchlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and/orbromine (Br). These compounds are socalled ‘partly halogenated halocarbons’.When all the hydrogen atoms aresubstituted the compound is said to befully halogenated. The ability ofhalocarbons depleting ozone in thestratosphere is due to their content ofchlorine and/or bromine and theirchemical stability. Fully halogenatedhalocarbons have much higher chemicalstability (atmospheric lifetime typically100–500 years) than partly halogenatedhalocarbons (atmospheric lifetimetypically 1–20 years). CFCs, HCFCsand HFCs are examples of halocarbons.

HBFCsSee Hydrobromofluorocarbons.

HCSee Hydrocarbon.

HCFCsSee Hydrochlorofluorocarbons.

Hermetic compressorsCompressors whose motors are sealedwithin the refrigerant loop, and oftencooled by the flow of the refrigerant-lubricant mixture directly over themotor windings.

HFCsSee Hydrofluorocarbons.

Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)A family of hydrogenated chemicalsrelated to halons consisting of one or

more carbon atoms surrounded byfluorine, bromine, at least one hydrogenatom, and sometimes chlorine. HBFChave lower ODPs than halons.

Hydrocarbon (HC)A chemical compound consisting of oneor more carbon atoms surrounded onlyby hydrogen atoms. Examples ofhydrocarbons are propane (C3H8,HC-290), propylene (C3H6, HC-1270)and butane (C4H10, HC-600). HCs arecommonly used as a substitute forCFCs in aerosol propellants andrefrigerant blends. The hydrocarbonshave an ODP of zero. Hydrocarbonsare volatile organic compounds, andtheir use may be restricted orprohibited in some areas. Although theyare used as refriger-ants, their highlyflammable properties normally restricttheir use as low concentrationcomponents in refrigerant blends.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)A family of chemicals related to CFCswhich contains hydrogen, chlorine,fluorine, and carbon atoms. HCFCs arepartly halogenated and have much lowerODP than the CFCs. Examples ofHCFC refrigerants are HCFC-22(CHClF2) and HCFC-123(CHCl2CF3).

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)A family of chemicals related to CFCswhich contains one or more carbonatoms surrounded by fluorine andhydrogen atoms. Since no chlorine orbromine is present, HFCs do not depletethe ozone layer. HFCs are widely used asrefrigerants. Examples of HFCrefrigerants are HFC-134a (CF3CH2F)and HFC-152a (CHF2CH3).


25

Implementing AgencyUnder the Montreal Protocol, fourinternational organizations designated toimplement the Multilateral Fund. Theyare UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO and theWorld Bank.

Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)Gas that occurs naturally as a constituentof wet natural gas or crude oil orproduced as a by-product of petroleumrefining.

LPGSee liquified petroleum gas.

Material compatibilityThe abilities of materials to survive longterm exposure to substances withoutsignificant degradation in their physicalor chemical properties.

Montreal ProtocolAn international agreement limiting theproduction and consumption ofchemicals that deplete the stratosphericozone layer, including CFCs, Halons,HCFCs, HBFCs, methyl bromide andothers. Signed in 1987, the Protocolcommits Parties to take measures toprotect the ozone layer by freezing,reducing or ending production andconsumption of controlled substances.This agreement is the protocol to theVienna convention.

Multilateral FundPart of the financial mechanism underthe Montreal Protocol. The MultilateralFund for Implementation of theMontreal Protocol has been establishedby the Parties to provide financial andtechnical assistance to Article 5countries.

National Ozone Unit (NOU)The government unit in an Article 5country that is responsible for managingthe national ODS phase-out strategy asspecified in the Country Programme.NOUs are responsible for, inter alia,fulfilling data reporting obligationsunder the Montreal Protocol.

Natural refrigerantsNaturally existing substances which arealready circulating in the biosphere wichcan be used as refrigerants. Examples ofnatural refrigerants are ammonia (NH3),hydrocarbons (e.g. propane), carbondioxide (CO2), air and water.

Near-azeotropic blends/mixtures(NEARB/NEARM)Near-azeotropic blends/mixtures(NEARB/NEARM) have properties verysimilar to azeotropic blends, and can beused as refrigerants in existingrefrigeration equipment without any

modification.

NOUSee National Ozone Unit.

ODPSee ozone depletion potential.

ODSSee ozone depleting substance.

ODS OfficerA member of a National Ozone Unit.

OzoneA reactive gas consisting of three oxygenatoms, formed naturally in theatmosphere by the association ofmolecular oxygen (O2) and atomicoxygen (O). It has the property of


26

blocking the passage of dangerouswavelengths of ultraviolet radiation inthe upper atmosphere. Whereas it is adesirable gas in the stratosphere, it istoxic to living organisms in theproposphere.

OzonAction programmeUNEP TIE’s OzonAction programmeprovides assistance to developing countryparties under the Montreal Protocolthrough information exchange, training,networking, country programmes andinstitutional strengthening projects.

Ozone depleting substances (ODS)Any substance with an ODP greater than0 that can deplete the stratospheric ozonelayer. Most of ODS are controlled underthe Montreal Protocol and itsamendments, and they include CFCs,HCFCs, halons and methyl bromide.

Ozone depletionAccelerated chemical destruction of thestratospheric ozone layer by the presenceof substances produced, for the mostpart, by human activities. The mostdepleting species for the ozone layer arethe chlorine and bromine free radicalsgenerated from relatively stablechlorinated, fluorinated, and brominatedproducts by ultraviolet radiation.

Ozone depletion potential (ODP)A relative index indicating the extent towhich a chemical product may causeozone depletion. The reference level of 1is the potential of CFC-11 and CFC-12to cause ozone depletion. If a producthas an ozone depletion potential of 0.5,a given weight of the product in theatmosphere would, in time, deplete halfthe ozone that the same weight of

CFC-11 would deplete. The ozonedepletion potentials are calculated frommathematical models which take intoaccount factors such as the stability ofthe product, the rate of diffusion, thequantity of depleting atoms permolecule, and the effect of ultravioletlight and other radiation on themolecules. The substances implicatedgenerally contain chlorine or bromine.

Ozone layerAn area of the stratosphere,approximately 15 to 60 kilometers (9 to38 miles) above the earth, where ozoneis found as a trace gas (at higherconcentrations than other parts of theatmosphere). This relatively highconcentration of ozone filters mostultraviolet radiation, preventing it fromreaching the earth.

Ozone SecretariatThe secretariat to the Montreal Protocoland Vienna Conventionl, provided byUNEP and based in Nairobi, Kenya.

PartyA country that signs and/or ratifies aninternational legal instrument (e.g. aprotocol or an amendment to a protocol),indicating that it agrees to be bound bythe rules set out therein. Parties to theMontreal Protocol are countries that havesigned and ratified the Protocol.

Phase outThe ending of all production andconsumption of a chemical controlledunder the Montreal Protocol.

POESee Polyolester.


27

Polyolester (POE)A synthetic lubricant formed from oneor more ester chains. Polyolesterlubricants are typically more misciblewith HFC refrigerants than traditionalmineral oils.

PropaneA gaseous hydrocarbon of the alkaneseries (C3H8).

PropyleneA member of the ethylene series (C3H6).

RefrigerantA heat transfer agent, usually a liquid,used in equipment such as refrigerators,freezers and air conditioners.

Refrigerant management plan (RMP) The objective of a RMP at country levelis to design and implement an integratedand overall strategy for cost-effectivephaseout of ODS refrigerants, which

considers and evaluates all alternativetechnical and policy options. Projectspreviously implemented in isolationfrom one another are thus part of anoverall approach synchronized foroptimal results.The RMP concept mayalso be used as a management tool at thecompany level.

Retrofit The upgrading or adjustment ofequipment so that it can be used underaltered conditions; for example, ofrefrigeration equipment to be able to usea non-ozone depleting refrigerant inplace of a CFC.

ServicingIn the refrigeration sector, all kind ofwork which may be performed by a

service technician, from installation,operations, inspection, repair,retrofitting, redesign andde-commissioning of refrigerationsystems to handling, storage, recoveryand recycling of refrigerants as well asrecord-keeping.

StratosphereThe part of the earth’s atmosphere abovethe troposphere, at about 15 to 60kilometers (9 to 38 miles). Thestratosphere contains the ozone layer.

Transitional substancesUnder the Montreal Protocol, achemical whose use is permitted as areplacement for ozone-depletingsubstances, but only temporarily due tothe substance’s ODP or toxicity.

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)One of the Multilateral Fund’simplementing agencies.

United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)Through the UNEP IE OzonActionProgramme, UNEP is one of theMultilateral Fund’s implementingagencies.

United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO)One of the Multilateral Fund’simplementing agencies.

UNDPSee United Nations DevelopmentProgramme.


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UNEPSee United Nations EnvironmentProgramme.

UNEP TIEUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeDivision of Technology, Industry andEconomics (located in Paris, France)formerly called UNEP Industry andEnvironment Centre (UNEP IE).

UNIDOSee United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization.

VentingA service practice where the refrigerantvapor is allowed to escape into theatmosphere after the refrigerant liquidhas been recovered. This practice is nolonger acceptable.

Vienna ConventionThe international agreement made in1985 to set a framework for globalaction to protect the stratospheric ozonelayer. This convention is implementedthrough its Montreal Protocol.

World BankFormally known as the InternationalBank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, it is one of theMultilateral Fund’s implementingagencies.

ZeotropeA blend consisting of several refrigerantsof different volatilities that appreciablychange in composition or temperature asit evaporates (boils) or condenses(liquefies) at a given pressure (comparewith azeot-rope). A refrigerant blendassigned a R-400 series numberdesignation in ANSI/ASHRAE 34 is azeotrope.


29

The following key decisions have beentaken by the Parties to the MontrealProtocol and the Multilateral Fund’sExecutive Committee. These decisionsillustrate how HCFC control measureshave developed over time and indicatethe Parties’ and Executive Committee’spreference for non-HCFC optionswherever possible. The text below istaken from Multilateral FundSecretariate’s Policies, Procedures,Guidelines and Criteria (as of November1998).

HydrochlorofluorocarbonsThe Fifth Meeting of the Parties decidedthat each Party is requested, as far aspossible and as appropriate, to giveconsideration in selecting alternativesand substitutes, bearing in mind, interalia, Article 2F, paragraph 7, of theCopenhagen Amendment regardinghydrochlorofluorocarbons, to:(a) environmental aspects;(b) human health and safety aspects;(c) the technical feasibility, the

commercial availability andperformance;

(d) economic aspects, including costcomparisons among differenttechnology options taking intoaccount:(i) all interim steps leading to final

ODS elimination;(ii) social costs;(iii) dislocation costs, etc.; and

(e) country-specific circumstances anddue local expertise.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/5/12 Decision V/8(section 1).

The Twelfth Meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee adopted the followingrecommendations on the use oftransitional substances as substitutes forozone depleting substances:(a) in view of the ongoing review

requested of the Technology andEconomic Assessment Panel by theParties to the Montreal Protocol, thepaper on The Use of TransitionalSubstances as Substitutes for OzoneDepleting Substances(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34)may not be considered as a policyguideline but as a possible input tothe work of the Open-endedWorking Group of the Parties to theMontreal Protocol.

(b) meanwhile, consideration of the useof HCFC in the Multilateral Fundprojects should be sector-specific andapproved for use only in areas wheremore environment-friendly andviable alternative technologies are notavailable.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/12/37, para. 168).(Supporting document:UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/12/34).

The Fifteenth Meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee stated that, wheneverpossible, HCFCs should not be used. Itfurther requested that the applicability ofHCFCs in commercial refrigerationprojects should be examined by anexpert group, possibly the OORG,which should prepare a report forsubmission to the Executive Committee.(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/15/45, para. 90).

Annex B: Decisions taken by theParties to the Montreal Protocol andthe Multilateral Fund’s ExecutiveCommittee regarding HCFCs


30

The Executive Committee requestedImplementing Agencies to take thefollowing issue into consideration whenpreparing projects for domesticrefrigerator insulation foam conversion:(a) as HCFCs were not controlled

substances for Article 5 countries,incremental costs for conversion ofHCFC-141b plants were not eligiblefor funding;

(b) Implementing Agencies should notea presumption against HCFCs whenpreparing projects; and

(c) where HCFC projects wereproposed, the choice of thistechnology should be fully justifiedand include an estimate of thepotential future costs of second-stageconversion.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/15/45, para. 129).(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/17/60, Decision17/17 para. 26).

The Executive Committee, noting therecommendation of the Sub-Committee(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/5, para. 12),decided:(a) to take note of decision VII/3 of the

Seventh Meeting of the Parties tocontrol HCFCs and to note furtherthat projects involving conversion toHCFCs should be considered in thelight of that decision, as well as otherrelevant factors;

(b) that in the future, in cases whereconversion to HCFCs wasrecommended, the ImplementingAgencies should be requested toprovide a full explanation of thereasons why such conversion wasrecommended, together withsupporting documentation that thecriteria laid down by the Executive

Committee for transitionalsubstances had been met, and shouldmake it clear that the enterprisesconcerned had agreed to bear thecost of subsequent conversion tonon-HCFC substances; and

(c) to request the Secretariat to preparefor examination by the ExecutiveCommittee at its Twentieth Meetinga paper on:(i) the historical background to

HCFC conversion projects;(ii) what information on alternatives

to HCFCs had been provided bythe Implementing Agencies to the applicant countries, and howthat information had been received and acted upon; and

(iii) the justifications given for the choice of one technology over another.

(UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/19/64, Decision19/2, para. 17).

The Twentieth Meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee, decided:(b) to request the Implementing

Agencies to ensure that adequateinformation on all alternativetechnologies was provided toenterprises converting from CFCs;

(c) to reaffirm paragraph (b) of its decision19/2 which stated that, in caseswhere conversion to HCFCs wasrecommended, the ImplementingAgencies should be requested toprovide a full explanation of thereasons why such conversion wasrecommended, together withsupporting documentation that thecriteria laid down by the ExecutiveCommittee for transitional substanceshad been met, and should make it clear


31

that the enterprises concerned hadagreed to bear the cost of subsequentconversion to non-HCFC substances.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/20/72, Decision20/48, para 72 (b, c).

The Twenty-sixth Meeting of theExecutive Committee decided:(a) that the full information provided in

the project document should beincluded in the project evaluation sheet;

(b) that where, upon review by the FundSecretariat, a project proposalrequesting HCFC technology wasconsidered to provide inadequateinformation justifying the choice ofthat technology, the project shouldbe submitted for individualconsideration by the Sub-Committeeon Project Review.

Uses and possible applications ofHCFCsThe Eighth Meeting of the Partiesdecided:1. that UNEP distribute to the Parties

of the Montreal Protocol a listcontaining the HCFCs applicationswhich have been identified by theTechnology and EconomicAssessment Panel, after having takeninto account the following:(a) the heading should read ‘Possible

Applications of HCFCs’;(b) the list should include a chapeau

stating that the list is intended to facilitate collection of data on HCFC consumption, and does not imply that HCFCs are needed for the listed applications;

(c) the use as fire extinguishers should be added to the list;

(d) the use as aerosols, as propellant, solvent or main component, should be included, following the same structure as for other applications;

2. That the Technology and EconomicAssessment Panel and its TechnicalOptions Committee be requested toprepare, for the Ninth Meeting of theParties, a list of available alternatives toeach of the HCFC applications whichare mentioned in the now available list.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro.8/12, Decision VIII/13).

Analysis of projects using HCFCtechnologiesThe Twenty-third Meeting of theExecutive Committee decided:(a) to request the Fund Secretariat to

produce a paper containing figureson an analysis of what projects werebeing submitted for funding usingHCFC technologies, to see whetherthere existed any trend towards oraway from HCFC use in specificsectors, particularly the foam sector;

(b) to request the Secretariat toincorporate the following elements inthe project evaluation sheets and, inthe case of (i) below, in the list ofprojects and activities presented tothe Committee for approval:(i) information on the conversion

technology to be used;(ii) a comprehensive outline of the

reasons for selection of the HCFC technology, if used; and, where possible,

(iii) an indication of how long an enterprise intended to use a transitional HCFC technology.

(UNEP/Ozl.Pro/ExCom/23/68, Decision23/20 (para. 42).


32

The following are examples of projectsthat have been approved by theMultilateral Fund to date to assistdeveloping countries with theelimination of CFCs in refrigeration andair conditioning applications. Theseprojects illustrate the widespreadadoption of non-HCFC technologies invarious subsectors. The source of theproject information is based on theMultilateral Fund Secretariate’sInventory of Approved Projects as ofNovember 1998.

Brief explanations for the data categoriesin the table below are as follows:

● Sector: Describes the application orsubsector within refrigeration and airconditioning sector

● Country: The Article 5 country inwhich the project is beingimplemented

● Project Title: Brief description of theproject

● ODS Replaced: The ozone depletingsubstance(s) targeted for elimination

● Alternatives Implemented: Thereplacement technology used to phaseout the CFCs. Note: Most of theseprojects have two components for theODS Replaced and the AlternativesImplemented. One is the refrigerantcomponent (e.g., CFC-12 and itsreplacement) and the other one is thefoam blowing agent component (e.g.,CFC-11 and its replacement) used asinsulated foam in the refrigerationsector.

● Duration: The period from theproject’s approval date to its expectedcompletion date. In some cases,projects have been completed earlieror later than the planned date.

● Project Number/Agency: The projectreference number and the agency orbilateral organization thatimplemented the project. For moredetailed information on specificprojects, please contact theappropriate agency.


33

Annex C: Examples of non-HCFCrefrigeration sector projectsapproved by the Multilateral Fund

34


Chiller

Chiller

Chiller

CommercialRefrigeration







Commercial

Commercial








Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela

Argentina

Argentina

Brazil

Brazil

Brazil

Brazil

Brazil

Chile

Chile

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Iran

Replacement of CFC by HFC-134a as a refrigerant in centralair conditioning units at Clínica Atias, Hospitalización yServicios

Replacement of CFC by HFC-134a as a refrigerant in centralair conditioning units at Instituto de Prvención Social delMédico

Replacement of CFC by HFC-134a as a refrigerant in centralair conditioning units at Congreso de la República

Elimination of the use of CFCs in the manufacture of displaycabinets and polyurethane panels for cold stores at MarketCostan S.A.

Elimination of the use of CFCs in the manufacture of displaycabinets and polyurethane panels for cold stores and walk-incoolers at Eurofrio

Elimination of CFC-12 in the production of refrigerationequipment (drinking water fountains and coolers) at IndustriaBrasileira de Bebedouros Ltda. (IBBL)

Replacement of CFC-11/12 to cyclopentane/HFC-134afoaming agent/refrigerant factory conversion at Metalfrio S.A.

Phasing out of CFC-12 by HFC-134a as refrigerant andCFC-11 by cyclopentane as foam blowing agent in commercialrefrigeration equipment for supermarkets at Electrofrio, S.A.

Phasing out of CFC-12 by HFC-134a and CFC-11 bycyclopentane in the production of commercial refrigerationequipment at Refrigeracao Rubra

Phasing out of CFC-12 with HFC-134a and CFC-11 withcyclopentane in the production of commercial refrigerationequipment at Panamante Refrigeracao

Retrofit of freezing chambers at Frigorent Frigorifico SociedadLimitada

Replacement of ODS at Supermercado Plaza Egana

Conversion to CFC free-technology Reftruck Company

Conversion to CFC free-technology at Misr Panel (EgyptianCompany for Cold Storage Industries)

Elimination of CFC in the manufacture of commercialrefrigeration equipment at Royal Engineering, Co.

Elimination of CFC in the manufacture of commercialrefrigeration equipment at Port Said Metal Work, Co. (MOG)

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture ofcommercial refrigeration equipment at United InvestmentCorporation Inc.

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture ofcommercial refrigeration equipment at Refcat Compnay Inc.

Phasing out ODS at Electro Steel Co.

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

CyclopentaneHFC-134a


HFC-134a





HFC-404a

HFC-404a








Oct-1992Apr-1994

Oct-1992Apr-1994

Oct-1992Apr-1994

Nov-1995May-1997

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Oct-1996Apr-1998

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Oct-1996Oct-1998

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Jul-1998Aug-2000

Jun-1992Sep-1996

Jun-1992Mar-1997

Mar-1994Mar-1995

Mar-1994Mar-1995

Dec-1994Dec-1995

Dec-1994Dec-1995

Nov-1995May-1997

Nov-1995May-1997

Nov-1997Dec-1999

VEN/REF/08/INV/09IBRD



ARG/REF/18/INV/34UNDP

ARG/REF/23/INV/66UNDP

BRA/REF/20/INV/56IBRD

BRA/REF/15/INV/18IBRD

BRA/REF/20/INV/54UNIDO



CHI/REF/07/INV/18IBRD

CHI/REF/07/INV/27IBRD

EGY/REF/12/INV/30UNDP






IRA/REF/23/INV/24UNIDO

Sector Country Project Title ODS Alternatives Duration Project Replaced Implemented Number/

Agency


35


















DomesticRefrigeration


Iran

Iran

Iran

Philippines

Philippines

Romania

Syria

Thailand

Thailand

Turkey

Turkey

Algeria

Indonesia

Lebanon

Mexico

Morocco

Morocco

Algeria

Argentina

Phasing out ODS at Yakh Chavan Manufacturing Company

Phasing out ODS at Yakh Saran Co.

Phasing out ODS at Zagross II Co.

Phase out of CFC in the manufacture of commercialrefrigerators and ice boxes at Unimagna Philippines, Inc.

Elimination of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the manufacture ofcommercial refrigeration equipment at Azkcon RefrigerationIndustries, Inc.

Conversion of commercial refrigeration equipment to phase outCFC-12, HCFC-502 and CFC-11 at Tehnofrig S.A.

Umbrella project for phasing out CFCs at Krayem Int. Co.(Krayem Co. and Krayem Brothers Co.)

Elimination in the use of CFC in the manufacture of commercialrefrigerators at Sanden Refrigerator Co. Ltd.

Phase out of CFC-11 in the manufacturing of equipment for thefood and beverage industry at Siam Stainless Steel Co. Ltd.

Engineering assistance for the elimination of ODS used in theproduction of freezers, coolers, ice makers, and ice creammachines at UGUR Makinalari Sanayi ve Ticaret, A.S.

Conversion from CFC-11, CFC-12 into cyclopentane andHFC-134a for commercial refrigeration at S.F.A. SogutmaUrunleri Sanayi Ve Tekstil Pazariama Ltd. Sti.

Replacement of CFC-12 with HFC-134a for commercialrefrigeration at Equipments Collectifs et Application Techniques(Enapat)

Conversion of CFC-12 commercial refrigeration to HFC-134aat PT Maspion

Conversion of refrigeration industrial facilities

Replacement of CFC-12 with HFC-134a refrigerant in themanufacturing of commercial refrigeration in RefrigeraciónOjeda

Replacement of CFC-12 with HFC-134a for commercialrefrigeration at Batinox

Replacement of CFC-12 with HFC-134a for commercialrefrigeration at Smifam

Investment project for phasing out CFCs at Entreprise Nationaledes Industries de l’Electroménager, Eniem (2 refrigerator plantsand one chest freezer plant)

Elimination of ODP in the production of household refrigeratorsat the Fribe La Rioja Plant

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12












HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a



Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Jul-1994Jul-1995

Nov-1997Dec-1999

May-1996May-1999

Nov-1995May-1997

Jul-1994Jul-1995

May-1996Sep-1996

May-1996Nov-1997

May-1997Feb-1999

Jul-1998Aug-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Jun-1999

Nov-1991Nov-1992

Jul-1998Aug-1999

Nov-1998Dec-1999

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1997




PHI/REF/13/INV/33UNDP

PHI/REF/23/INV/53Germany

ROM/REF/19/INV/08UNIDO

SYR/REF/18/INV/11UNIDO

THA/REF/13/INV/33UNDP

THA/REF/19/INV/52IBRD

TUR/REF/19/INV/21IBRD


ALG/REF/25/INV/26UNIDO

IDS/REF/23/INV/72IBRD

LEB/REF/23/INV/22France

MEX/REF/05/INV/09IBRD

MOR/REF/25/INV/25UNIDO

MOR/REF/26/INV/27UNIDO


ARG/REF/15/INV/18IBRD


Agency

36





















Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Argentina

Cameroon

Cameroon

China

China

China

Elimination of CFC in two manufacturing plants of domesticrefrigerators at Helametal S.A., and Helametal Catamarca S.A.

Elimination of ODS in the production of domestic refrigeratorsin the Fribe, S.A. plant

Elimination of CFC in the domestic refrigerator manufacturingplant of McLean

Elimination of CFCs in domestic refrigerator production plantsin Aurora S.A.

Elimination of CFCs in 2 domestic refrigerator manufacturingplants at Piragua S.A., and Piragua San Luis

Elimination of CFCs in domestic refrigerator production plant inAutosal, S.A.

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators of Briket, S.A.

Elimination of CFC in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators of Neba, S.A.

Elimination of CFC in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators at Adzen S.A. C.I.F.

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacturing plants of domesticrefrigerators of Frimetal, Rosario

Phasing out of CFCs in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators of Radio Victoria Catamarca, S.A.

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators of Frare S.A., Buenos Aires

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators of Bambi S.A., Santa Fe

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacturing plants of domesticrefrigerators at Gepasa S.A. and Gesal S.R.L.

Phasing out of CFC at Faem, S.A.

Investment project for phasing out of CFCs at Union Camerounaise d’Entreprise

Staged project to produce CFC-refrigerators in China (stage 1b:field testing, stage 2: changeover of foam blowing agent to cyclo-pentane and refrigerant to isobutane in Haier Refrigerator Factory)

Conversion of domestic refrigerator and freezer factories tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 by hydrocarbons isobutane andcyclopentane at Hangzhou Xiling Holdings Company

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacture of domestic refrigeratorsat Guangdong Kelon Electrical Holding Company Ltd.

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12




CyclopentaneIsobutane













Isobutane



Dec-1994Dec-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1997

Dec-1994Dec-1996

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

May-1996May-1997

May-1996May-1998

May-1997Jun-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Nov-1995Mar-1997

Mar-1995Mar-1996

Jul-1995Jul-1997

Jul-1995Jan-1997











ARG/REF/22/INV/58UNIDO




CMR/REF/13/INV/05UNIDO

CMR/REF/18/INV/07UNIDO

CPR/REF/16/INV/116USA

CPR/REF/17/INV/119UNIDO

CPR/REF/17/INV/123UNDP


Agency


37



















China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

China

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacture of domestic refrigeratorsat Changsha Zhongyi Group Corp. Ltd.

Phasing out ODS at the Hangzhou Huari Refrigerator Co.

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture of domesticfreezers at Guingdao Haier General Freezer Company

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture of domesticfreezers at Henan Freezer Factory

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator plant of Aucma ElectricAppliances Group Co.

Conversion of manufacturing facilities from CFC-11 foamingagent to cyclopentane and CFC-12 refrigerant to HFC-134a atGansu Changfeng Baoan Industry Co. Ltd.

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator plant of Hefei MeilingCo. Ltd.

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator plant of Zerowatt ElectricAppliances Group

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator plant of ZhejiangRongsheng Electric Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, Deqing County

Phasing out ODS at the Changshu Refrigerating EquipmentWorks (Baixue), Changshu

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator plant of Bole ElectricAppliances Group

Phasing out ODS at the freezer plant of Xing Xing ElectricAppliances Industrial Co.

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture of domesticfreezers at Jilin Jinouer Electric Appliances Group Co.

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacture of domestic refrigeratorsat Wanbao Electrical Appliance Industries Co.

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture of domesticfreezers at Honxiang Group, Laizhou Freezer Plant

Elimination of CFCs 11 and 12 in the manufacture of domesticfreezers at DeBao Refrigeration Equipment Co. Ltd.

Conversion of refrigerator manufacture to HFC-134a refrigerantand cyclopentane foam blowing agent at Henan Xinfei ElectricCo. Ltd.

Conversion of refrigerator manufacture to HFC-134a refrigerantand cyclopentane foam blowing agent at Shanghai ShanglingChang-An Refrigerator Co., Ltd (former Shanghai YuandongRefrigerator Co. Ltd.)

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12



















Jul-1995Jan-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

May-1996Nov-1997

May-1996Nov-1997

Oct-1996Oct-1998

Oct-1996Oct-1998

May-1997Jun-1999

May-1997Jun-1997

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1999

Nov-1997Nov-2000






CPR/REF/20/INV/176IBRD














Agency

38





















China

China

China

China

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Guyana

India

India

India

Indonesia

Indonesia

Conversion to cylopentane and R-134a in the manufacture ofdomestic freezers at Wanbao Freezer Industrial Corporation

Conversion to cyclopentane and isobutane in the manufactureof domestic refrigerators at Hangzhou Household Electrical Appliance Industrial Corporation (HHEAIC)

Conversion of refrigerator manufacture in Changhe Group toHFC-134a as refrigerant and cyclopentane as foam blowingagent

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator plant of Hefei HualingElectronic Co., Ltd.

ODS phase-out at Delta Industrial Co.

ODS phase-out at Electrostar for Refrigeration Co.

ODS phase-out at Kiriazi Refrigeration Manufacturing Co.

Phasing out ODS at Helwan Company for Metallic Appliancesdomestic refrigeration plant

Phasing out ODS at Super Bosh Factory domestic refrigerationplant

Phasing out ODS at Islamic Company for Industrialization(Siltal) domestic refrigeration plant

Phasing out ODS at Societe Mondiale pour Refroidissement(Alaska) domestic refrigeration plant

Phasing out ODS at International Co. for Refrigeration andAppliances (Iberna) domestic refrigeration plant

Phasing out ODS at El Nasr Company for Electric andElectronic Apparatus (Philips) domestic refrigeration plant

Phasing out ODS at Guyana Refrigerator Ltd., Guyana (GRL)

Conversion of domestic refrigerator manufacture tocyclopentane blowing agent and either R600a or HFC-134arefrigerant at Godrej - GE Appliances Ltd. (GGEAL)

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacture of domestic refrigeratorsat Maharaja International Ltd.

Conversion of refrigerator manufacture to cyclopentane foamblowing agent and to HCF-134a refrigerant at VideoconAppliances Ltd.

Elimination of ODS used in the production of householdrefrigerators at P.T. Sharp Yasonta, Indonesia

Elimination of ODS used in the production of householdrefrigerators at P.T. Lippo Melco Manufacturing

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12




















Mar-1998Apr-2000

Jul-1998Aug-2000

Jul-1998Aug-2001

Jul-1998Aug-2000

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Nov-1997Jun-1999

Oct-1996Feb-1999

May-1997Nov-1999

May-1997Nov-1999

Dec-1994Jun-1997

Dec-1994Oct-1998





EGY/REF/13/INV/32UNIDO









GUY/REF/23/INV/05UNIDO

IND/REF/20/INV/104IBRD






Agency


39




















Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia

Iran

Iran

Iran

Iran

Iran

Iran

Iran

Jordan

Jordan

Jordan

Lebanon

Macedonia

Malaysia

Malaysia

Mozambique

Nigeria

Elimination of ODSs used in the production of householdrefrigerators at P.T. National Gobel (Nabel)

Engineering assistance for the elimination of ODS used in theproduction of household refrigerators at PT. Goldstar AstraElectronics (GSA)

Engineering assistance for the elimination of ODS used in theproduction of household refrigerators at PT. Samsung MaspionIndonesia (SMI)

Conversion of domestic refrigerator production facilities tophase-out CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Arj, Azmayesh, Bahman, IranPoya and Pars Appliances

Conversion of a domestic refrigerator production facility tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 at Movalled Home AppliancesCo.

Conversion of a domestic refrigerator production facility tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 at Pars Machine ManufacturingCo.

Conversion of a domestic refrigerator production facility tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 at Lorestan RefrigeratorManufacturing Industries

Conversion of a domestic refrigerator production facility tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 at Gadook Industries, Co.

Conversion of a domestic refrigerator production facility tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 at Faritz Iran

Conversion of a domestic refrigerator production facility tophase out CFC-12 and CFC-11 at Pars Monark Co.

ODS phase-out at National Refrigeration Co. (NRC)

ODS phase-out at Household Appliance Manufacturing Co.(Hamco)

ODS phase-out at Middle East Electrical Industries Co. Ltd.

Phasing out of CFCs at Lebanese Modern Industrial andTrading Co.

Phasing out of CFCs at the refrigerator plant of FrinkoRefrigerators Company, Bitola

Elimination of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the manufacture of homerefrigerators at Sharp Roxy Appliance Corp.

Elimination of CFC in the manufacture of refrigeration productsat Oyl Appliances

Phasing out of CFCs at Industria de Aplicacoes Technico-Domesticas Limitada (Indatec)

Investment project for phasing out CFCs at Debo Industries Ltd.

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12




















Nov-1995Nov-1999

Oct-1996Apr-1999

Feb-1997Aug-1999

Nov-1993Nov-1995

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Nov-1995Nov-1997

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Jul-1994Jan-1996

May-1997Nov-1998

Oct-1996Apr-1998

Mar-1994Jun-1995

Jul-1994Dec-1995

Nov-1995Mar-1997

Nov-1995May-1997











JOR/REF/13/INV/18UNIDO



LEB/REF/22/INV/19UNIDO

MDN/REF/20/INV/03UNIDO

MAL/REF/12/INV/29UNDP

MAL/REF/13/INV/42UNDP

MOZ/REF/18/INV/04UNIDO

NIR/REF/18/INV/10UNIDO


Agency

40





















Nigeria

Nigeria

Nigeria

Nigeria

Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan

Romania

Sri Lanka

Syria

Syria

Tanzania

Turkey

Turkey

Uruguay

Zimbabwe

Algeria

Investment project for phasing out CFCs at ThermocoolEngineering Co. PLC

Replacement of refrigerant CFC-12 with HFC-134a and foamblowing agent CFC-11 with cyclopentane in the manufacture ofdomestic refrigeration appliances at A.G. Leventis

Replacement of refrigerant CFC-12 with HFc-134a and foamblowing agent CFC-11 with cyclopentane in the manufacture ofdomestic refrigeration appliances at New Ltd.

Replacement of CFC-12 with HFC-134a and foam blowing agentCFC-11 with cyclopentane in the manufacture of domesticrefrigeration appliances at Kolinton Technical Industries

Phasing out ODS at the Chest Freezer Factory of Riaz ElectricCo. Ltd.

Phasing out ODS at the refrigerator and chest freezer plants ofPak Elektron Ltd. (PEL)

Conversion of refrigerator manufacture from CFC-11 tocyclopentane foam blowing agenct and CFC-12 to R-134arefrigerant at Domestic Appliances Ltd. (DAL)

Phasing out ODS at the freezer factory of Hirra Farooq’s(Pvt) Ltd.

Conversion to CFC-free technology in the manufacture ofpolyurethane foam at Singer Pakistan Ltd.

Phasing out CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the production of domesticrefrigerators and replacing them by cyclopentane and HFC-134a at Ratmil Bucarest, Uzina Mecanica Sadu

Elimination of FC-11 and CFC-12 at Regnis (Lanka) Ltd.domestic refrigeration conversion

Phase out of CFC at Al-Hafez Refrigerator Co. (Al Hafez factoryand Safa factory)

Investment project for phasing out CFC at Penguin (SyrianBatric Co.)

Phasing out of CFCs at Tanzania Domestic ApplianceManufacturers Ltd.

Introduction of non-ODS technologies in the production ofdomestic refrigerators at Arcelik A.S.

Engineering assistance for the elimination of ODS used in theproduction of household refrigerators at PEG Profilo ElektrikliGerecler Sanayii A.S.

Elimination of the use of CFC-11 as a blowing agent in rigidpolyurethane foams used as insulation for refrigerators andsubstitution of CFC-12 used as refrigerant at Indurnor S.A.

Conversion of CFC-12 refrigerator production to HFC-134arefrigerant and CFC-11 to cyclopentane as the blowing agentfor foam insulation at Imperial Derby Refrigeration Ltd.

Replacement of CFC-12 with HFC-134a for domesticrefrigeration at Enterprise Nationale d’Approvisionnement et deProduction Electronique et Electr-ménager (Enapem)

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-12



















HFC-134a

Nov-1995May-1997

Nov-1998Dec-2000

Nov-1998Dec-2000

Nov-1998Jun-2000

May-1996Nov-1997

May-1996Nov-1997

May-1996Nov-1997

Nov-1997Jun-1999

Nov-1997Mar-2000

Oct-1996Oct-1998

Jul-1995Jan-1997

Jul-1994Jan-1996

Dec-1994Jun-1996

Nov-1995Mar-1997

Oct-1992Oct-1995

Dec-1994Dec-1995

Dec-1994Dec-1995

Oct-1996Oct-1999

Nov-1998Dec-1999





PAK/REF/19/INV/09UNIDO


PAK/REF/19/INV/11IBRD


PAK/REF/23/INV/21IBRD

ROM/REF/20/INV/10UNIDO

SRL/REF/17/INV/06UNDP



URT/REF/18/INV/06UNIDO



URU/REF/15/INV/12IBRD

ZIM/REF/20/INV/09IBRD



Agency


41








MACRefrigeration

Refrigeration:Compressor



Refrigeration:MAC

Technicalassistance/support

Argentina

Argentina

China

China

China

Ecuador

Ecuador

Iran

China

China

China

Venezuela

Tunisia

Elimination of CFCs in 1 manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators of enterprise Whirlpool Argentina S.A.

Elimination of CFCs in the manufacturing plant of domesticrefrigerators at Lobato San Luis S.A.

Engineering assistance for conversion of refrigerator manufactureto use HFC-134a refrigerant with Tecumseh designedcompressors at Hua Yi Electrical Appliances General Co.

Engineering assistance for conversion of refrigerator manufactureto use HFC-152a refrigerant in conventional compressors atWanbao Electrical Appliances Industrial Corporation

Engineering assistance for conversion of refrigeratormanufacture to HFC-134a with rotary compressor at ShanghaiShangling General Refrigerator Factory

Replacing CFC-12 refrigerant with HFC-134a at amanufacturing plant of domestic refrigerators belonging toIndurama S.A.

Replacement of CFC-12 refrigerant with HFC-134a at amanufacturing plant of domestic refrigerators belonging toEcuatoriana de Artefactos S.A. (ECASA)

Conversion to non-CFC facilities of 4 companies producing carsand wagons equipped with MAC-umbrella project

Phasing out ODS at the compressor factory of the HuangshiDongbei Refrigeration Co.

Phasing out ODS at the household refrigerator compressorfactory of the Guangzhou Wanbao Compressor Group inGuangzhou

Phasing out ODS at the Zel Tianjin Compressor Co., Ltd.

MAC factory conversion for fabrication of HFC-134acompressors and heat exchangers at Aire AcondicionadoIntegral, S.A. (Aaisa)

Technical assistance for development of HFC-134a-baseddomestic refrigerators

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-11CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CFC-12

CyclopentaneHFC-134a andIsobutane


HFC-134a

HFC-152a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

Isobutane

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

HFC-134a

Nov-1997Jun-1999

Nov-1997Dec-1998

Jul-1994Jul-1996

Jul-1994Jul-1996

Jul-1994Jul-1996

Nov-1998Jun-2001

Nov-1998Feb-2000

Mar-1998Apr-1999

May-1996May-1998

Oct-1996Oct-1999

May-1997Jun-1999

Nov-1993Sep-1996

Oct-1992Apr-1995






ECU/REF/26/INV/25IBRD

ECU/REF/26/INV/26IBRD

IRA/REF/24/INV/34France





TUN/REF/08/TAS/08IBRD


Agency

Annex D: Refrigerant Data


42

This Annex was adapted from the 1998Report of the UNEP Technical OptionsCommittee for refrigeration, airconditioning and heat pumps(p. 264–274). It is intended to assist thereader in understanding the differentchemical and environmental propertiesof the various refrigerant alternatatives.For more details, please refer to theoriginal report.

Data summaryThe table on pages 45–49 providessummary data for refrigerants, bothsingle compounds and blends, addressedin this report as well as those known tohave been used historically or underconsideration as candidates for futureuse. The table excludes proprietaryblends for which the composition(components) and/or formulation (theirproportions) have not been disclosed.

The data in this table were extractedfrom the ARTI Refrigerant Database/Cal98/, which provides furtherinformation on the refrigerants includedand addresses additional refrigerants.This database identifies the source forthe data presented in the table as well as,for some refrigerants, additional datawhere conflicting values have beenidentified by different investigators. Thedata and their limitations should beverified in the referenced sourcedocuments, particularly where use of thedata would risk loss to life or property.REFPROP /McL98/ can be used tocalculate additional properties for manyof the refrigerants and additional blends.

The data presented, from left to right inthe table are:

Refrigerant number: if assigned, inaccordance with ASHRAE Standard 34/ASH97/

Chemical formula: in accordance withthe IUPAC convention /IUP79/ or, forblends, the blend composition inaccordance with ASHRAE Standard 34/ASH97/

Molecular mass

Normal boiling point (NBP) or, forblends, the bubble point temperature at101.325 kPa

Critical temperature (Tc) in °C or, forblends, the calculated pseudo-criticaltemperature

Critical pressure (Pc) in kPa or, forblends, the calculated pseudo-criticalpressure

Threshold limit value—time weightedaverage (TLV-TWA) in ppm v/vassigned by the American Conference ofGovernmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) or a consistent measure

Lower flammability limit (LFL) in %concentration ambient air, determinedin accordance with ASHRAE Standard34 /ASH97/

Heat of combustion (HOC) in MJ/kgcalculated assuming complete reaction tothe most stable products in their vapourstate, namely CO2, HF (or F2 ifinsufficient H), Cl2, N2, and H2O:Negative values indicate endothermic


43

reactions while positive values indicateexothermic reactions

Safety classification: if assigned, inaccordance with ASHRAE Standard 34/ASH97/ or pending addenda thereto.Some of the classifications are followedby lower case letters, which indicate:‘d’ signifies that the project committeeresponsible for ASHRAE Standard 34,SSPC 34, has recommended deletion ofthe classification, but final approvaland/or publication is still pending;‘p’ indicates that the classification wasassigned on a provisional basis; ‘r’ signifiesthat SSPC 34 has recommended revisionor addition of the classification as shown,but final approval and/or publication isstill pending.

Atmospheric lifetime (τatm) in years

Ozone depletion potential (ODP)relative to R-11 based on the modelled

values adopted in the Scientific

Assessment /WMO95/ or, for blends,the mass-weighted average based on theIUPAC atomic weights /IUP97/ of thecomponent ODPs.

Global warming potential (GWP)relative to CO2 for 100-year integrationbased on the values adopted in the IPCCAssessment /IPC96/ or, for blends, themass-weighted average based on theIUPAC atomic weights /Cop97/ of thecomponent ODPs

Status: Refrigerants restricted(production limitations, phase-out, ormeasures to reduce releases) forenvironmental reasons are noted asfollows:

M—Controlled (or for blends one ormore components is controlled) underthe Montreal ProtocolK—Controlled (or for blends one ormore components is controlled) underthe Kyoto Protocol

References

/ASH97/‘Designation and Safety Classification ofRefrigerants,’ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard34-1997, American Society of Heating,Refrigerating, and Air-ConditioningEngineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA,1997.

/Cal98/J. M. Calm, ‘Refrigerant Database,’ Air-Conditioning and RefrigerationTechnology Institute (ARTI), Arlington,VA, August 1998.

/Cop97/T. B. Coplen and H. S. Peiser for theInternational Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC) Commission onAtomic Weights and IsotopicAbundances, ‘History of theRecommended Atomic Weight Valuesfrom 1882 to 1997: A Comparison ofDifferences from Current Values to theEstimated Uncertainties of EarlierValues’, Pure and Applied Chemistry,70(1):237-257, 1998.

/IPC96/Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) of the World


44

Meteorological Organization (WMO)and the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP), ‘Climate Change1995—Contribution of Working GroupI to the Second Assessment Report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange,’ edited by J. T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N.Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,UK, 1996.

/IUP79/International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC), ‘Nomenclature ofOrganic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D,E, F, and H,’ prepared by J. Rigaudyand S. P. Klesney, Pergamon PressIncorporated, New York, NY, 1979.

/McL98/M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein,E. W. Lemmon, and A. P. Peskin,‘Thermodynamic and TransportProperties of Refrigerants andRefrigerant Mixtures Database(REFPROP),’ Standard ReferenceDatabase 23 version 6.01, NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology(NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, July 1998.

/WMO95/‘Scientific Assessment of OzoneDepletion: 1994,’ chaired byD. L. Albritton, R. T. Watson, andP. J. Aucamp, report 37, WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO),Global Ozone Research and MonitoringProject, Geneva, Switzerland; UnitedNations Environment Program (UNEP),Nairobi, Kenya; National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA),Washington, DC, USA; NationalAeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), Washington, DC, USA;February 1995


45

CFC

-11

CC

l 3F

137.

3723

.719

8.0

4.41

C10

00no

ne0.

9A

150

1.00

038

00M

BCFC

-12B

1C

BrC

lF2

- hal

on 1

211

165.

36-4

.015

4.0

4.10

1000

none

205.

100

M

CFC

-12

CC

l 2F 2

120.

91-2

9.8

112.

04.

1410

00no

ne-0

.8A

110

20.

820

8100

M

BFC

-13B

1C

BrF 3

- hal

on 1

301

148.

91-5

7.7

67.1

3.96

1000

none

A1

6512

.000

5400

M

CFC

-13

CC

lF3

104.

46-8

1.3

29.2

3.92

1000

none

-3.0

A1

640

1.00

011

700

M

FIC

-13I

1C

F 3I

195.

91-2

2.5

122.

0no

ne<0

.1<1

FC-1

4C

F 4- c

arbo

n te

traflu

orid

e88

.00

-128

.1-4

5.6

3.75

none

A1

5000

00.

000

6500

K

HC

FC-2

1C

HC

l 2F

102.

928.

917

8.3

5.18

10no

neB1

0.01

0M

HC

FC-2

2C

HC

lF2

86.4

7-4

0.8

96.2

4.99

1000

none

2.2

A1

12.1

0.04

015

00M

HFC

-23

CH

F 3- f

luor

ofor

m70

.01

-82.

125

.94.

8410

00no

ne-1

2.5

A1

264

0.00

011

700

K

HC

C-3

0C

H2C

l 2- m

ethy

lene

chl

orid

e84

.93

40.2

237.

06.

0850

14.6

B20.

460.

000

9

HC

FC-3

1C

H2C

lF68

.48

-9.1

0.1

0.01

0M

HFC

-32

CH

2F2

- met

hyle

ne fl

uorid

e52

.02

-51.

778

.15.

7810

0013

.39.

4A

25.

60.

000

650

K

HC

C-4

0C

H3C

l - m

ethy

l chl

orid

e50

.49

-24.

214

3.1

6.67

508.

1B2

1.5

0.02

08

HFC

-41

CH

3F -

met

hyl f

luor

ide

34.0

3-7

8.1

44.1

5.90

3.7

0.00

015

0K

HC

-50

CH

4- m

etha

ne16

.04

-161

.5-8

2.5

4.64

1000

5A

312

.20.

000

21

CFC

-113

CC

l 2FC

ClF

218

7.37

47.6

214.

13.

3910

00no

ne0.

1A

185

0.90

048

00M

CFC

-114

CC

lF2C

ClF

217

0.92

3.6

145.

73.

2610

00no

ne-3

.1A

130

00.

850

9200

M

CFC

-115

CC

lF2C

F 315

4.47

-38.

980

.03.

1210

00no

ne-2

.1A

117

000.

400

9300

M

FC-1

16C

F 3C

F 3- p

erflu

oroe

than

e13

8.01

-78.

219

.93.

0410

00no

neA

110

000

0.00

092

00K

HC

FC-1

23C

HC

l 2C

F 315

2.93

27.8

183.

83.

6650

none

2.1

B11.

40.

014

90M

HC

FC-1

24C

HC

lFC

F 313

6.48

-12.

012

2.3

3.62

1000

none

0.9

A1

6.1

0.03

047

0M

HFC

-125

CH

F 2C

F 312

0.02

-48.

166

.23.

6310

00no

ne-1

.5A

132

.60.

000

2800

K

HFE

-E12

5C

HF 2

-O-C

F 313

6.02

-42.

081

.33.

3582

0.00

0

HFC

-134

CH

F 2C

HF 2

102.

03-2

3.0

119.

04.

6210

00no

ne4.

310

.60.

000

1000

K

HFC

-134

aC

H2F

CF 3

102.

03-2

6.1

101.

14.

0610

00no

ne4.

2A

114

.60.

000

1300

K

HFE

-E13

4C

HF 2

-O-C

HF 2

118.

036.

216

0.8

4.23

none

80.

000

HC

FC-1

41b

CH

3CC

l 2F

116.

9532

.020

4.2

4.25

500

6.4

8.6

9.4

0.10

060

0M

HC

FC-1

42b

CH

3CC

lF2

100.

49-9

.013

7.1

4.12

1000

6.9

9.8

A2

18.4

0.05

018

00M

HFC

-143

CH

2FC

HF 2

84.0

45.

015

6.7

4.52

5.8

10.9

3.8

0.02

030

0K

HFC

-143

aC

H3C

F 384

.04

-47.

272

.93.

7810

007.

110

.3A

248

.30.

000

3800

K

Shad

ed a

reas

den

ote

subs

tanc

es o

r bl

ends

con

tain

ing

subs

tanc

es th

at a

re c

ontro

lled

unde

r th

e M

ontre

al P

roto

col.

Physi

cal D

ata

Safe

ty D

ata

Envi

ronm

enta

l D

ata

TLV

-St

d 3

4Ref

riger

ant

Chem

ical fo

rmula

-M

ole

cula

rN

BP

TcPc

TWA

LFL

HO

Csa

fety

Atm

osphe

ric

GW

Pnum

ber

com

mon n

am

em

ass

(°C)

(°C)

(MPa)

(PPM

)(%

)M

J/k

ggro

up

life

(yr)

OD

P100 y

rst

atu

s


46

HFE

-E14

3aC

H3-

O-C

F 310

0.04

-24.

110

4.9

3.59

5.1

0.00

045

0

HFC

-152

aC

H3C

HF 2

66.0

5-2

4.0

113.

34.

5210

003.

117

.4A

21.

50.

000

140

K

HC

C-1

60C

H3C

H2C

l - e

thyl

chl

orid

e64

.51

13.1

187.

25.

2410

03.

820

.6<1

0.00

0

HFC

-161

CH

3CH

2F -

ethy

l flu

orid

e48

.06

-37.

110

2.2

4.70

3.8

<10.

000

low

K

HC

-170

CH

3CH

3- e

than

e30

.07

-88.

632

.24.

8710

003.

2A

30.

000

~20

HE-

E170

CH

3-O

-CH

3- d

imet

hyl e

ther

46.0

724

.812

8.8

5.32

1000

3.4

0.00

0~2

0

FC-2

18C

F 3C

F 2C

F 3- p

erflu

orop

ropa

ne18

8.02

-36.

671

.92.

6810

00no

neA

126

000.

000

7000

K

HFC

-227

eaC

F 3C

HFC

F 317

0.03

-15.

610

2.8

2.98

1000

none

3.3

36.5

0.00

029

00K

HFC

-236

eaC

HF 2

CH

FCF 3

152.

046.

213

9.3

3.50

none

5.4

7.8

0.00

0K

HFC

-236

faC

F 3C

H2C

F 315

2.04

-1.4

124.

93.

2010

00no

ne20

90.

000

6300

K

HFC

-245

caC

H2F

CF 2

CH

F 213

4.05

25.1

174.

43.

947.

18.

46.

60.

000

560

K

HFC

-245

cbC

H3C

F 2C

F 313

4.05

-18.

010

7.2

3.26

1.8

0.00

0K

HFC

-245

faC

HF 2

CH

2CF 3

134.

0515

.115

4.1

4.43

500

pno

ne6.

1A

1p r

8.8

0.00

082

0K

HFE

-E24

5fa1

CH

F 2-O

-CH

2-C

F 315

0.05

29.2

170.

93.

426.

10.

000

640

HFC

-254

cbC

H3-

CF 2

-CH

F 211

6.06

-0.8

146.

23.

751.

60.

000

K

HC

-C27

0C

H2-

CH

2-C

H2-

- cy

clop

ropa

ne42

.08

-33.

512

5.2

5.58

2.4

0.00

0

HC

-290

CH

3CH

2CH

3- p

ropa

ne44

.10

-42.

196

.74.

2525

002.

350

.3A

30.

000

~20

FC-C

318

CF 2

-CF 2

-CF 2

-CF 2

-20

0.03

-6.0

115.

22.

7810

00no

neA

1 d

3200

0.00

087

00K

HFE

-E32

9mcc

2C

HF 2

-CF 2

-O-C

F 2-C

F 323

6.04

22.0

139.

52.

260.

000

HFC

-338

mcc

CH

2FC

F 2C

F 2C

F 320

2.05

27.8

158.

82.

730.

000

K

HFC

-338

mee

CF 3

CH

FCH

FCF 3

202.

0526

.014

8.5

2.48

none

0.00

0K

HFE

-E34

7mcc

3C

H3-

O-C

F 2-C

F 2-C

F 320

0.05

34.2

164.

62.

48no

ne6.

40.

000

485

HFE

-E34

7mm

y1C

F 3-C

F(O

CH

3)-C

F 320

0.05

29.4

160.

22.

554.

90.

000

368

HFC

-365

mfc

CH

3CF 2

CH

2CF 3

148.

0740

.218

7.7

2.75

3.5

110.

000

850

K

R-40

0(50

/50)

R-12

/114

(50/

50)

141.

63-2

0.8

128.

93.

92no

neA

1/A

10.

835

8650

M

R-40

0(60

/40)

R-12

/114

(60/

40)

136.

94-2

3.2

125.

43.

99no

neA

1/A

10.

832

8540

M

R-40

1AR-

22/1

52a/

124

(53/

13/3

4)94

.44

-34.

410

5.3

4.61

1000

none

A1/

A1

0.03

197

0M

R-40

1BR-

22/1

52a/

124

(61/

11/2

8)92

.84

-35.

710

3.5

4.68

1000

none

-2.7

A1/

A1

0.03

310

60M

R-40

1CR-

22/1

52a/

124

(33/

15/5

2)10

1.03

-30.

510

9.9

4.40

none

A1/

A1

0.02

976

0M

R-22

/152

a/12

4 (3

1/24

/45)

95.0

9-2

9.6

110.

44.

430.

026

710

M

R-40

2AR-

125/

290/

22 (6

0/2/

38)

101.

55-4

9.2

76.0

4.23

none

-1.4

A1/

A1

0.01

522

50M

Physi

cal D

ata

Safe

ty D

ata

Envi

ronm

enta

l D

ata

TLV

-St

d 3

4Ref

riger

ant

Chem

ical fo

rmula

-M

ole

cula

rN

BP

TcPc

TWA

LFL

HO

Csa

fety

Atm

osphe

ric

GW

Pnum

ber

com

mon n

am

em

ass

(°C)

(°C)

(MPa)

(PPM

)(%

)M

J/k

ggro

up

life

(yr)

OD

P100 y

rst

atu

s


47

R-40

2BR-

125/

290/

22 (3

8/2/

60)

94.7

1-4

7.2

83.0

4.53

none

-1.6

A1/

A1

0.02

419

60M

R-40

3AR-

290/

22/2

18 (5

/75/

20)

91.9

9-4

4.0

91.2

4.69

1000

none

A1/

A1

0.03

025

30M

R-40

3BR-

290/

22/2

18 (5

/56/

39)

103.

26-4

3.8

88.7

4.40

1000

none

A1/

A1

0.02

235

70M

R-40

4AR-

125/

143a

/134

a (4

4/52

/4)

97.6

0-4

6.6

72.1

3.74

1000

none

-6.6

A1/

A1

0.00

032

60K

R-40

5AR-

22/1

52a/

142b

/C31

8

(45.

0/7.

0/5.

5/42

.5)

111.

91-3

2.9

106.

04.

2910

00no

neA

1/A

1 d

0.02

144

80M

R-40

6AR-

22/6

00a/

142b

(55/

4/41

)89

.86

-32.

711

6.5

4.88

wff

A1/

A2

0.04

315

60M

R-22

/600

a/14

2b (6

5/4/

31)

88.5

7-3

5.0

112.

24.

95w

ff0.

042

1530

M

R-40

7AR-

32/1

25/1

34a

(20/

40/4

0)90

.11

-45.

281

.94.

4910

00no

ne-3

.6A

1/A

10.

000

1770

K

R-40

7BR-

32/1

25/1

34a

(10/

70/2

0)10

2.94

-46.

874

.44.

0810

00no

ne-1

.8A

1/A

10.

000

2290

K

R-40

7CR-

32/1

25/1

34a

(23/

25/5

2)86

.20

-43.

887

.34.

6310

00no

ne-4

.9A

1/A

10.

000

1530

K

R-40

7DR-

32/1

25/1

34a

(15/

15/7

0)90

.96

-39.

491

.64.

4810

00no

ne-4

.3A

1/A

10.

000

1430

K

R-40

7ER-

32/1

25/1

34a

(25/

15/6

0)83

.78

-42.

888

.84.

7310

00no

ne-4

.80.

000

1360

K

R-32

/125

/134

a (3

0/10

/60)

80.1

3-4

3.4

89.1

4.87

wff

0.00

012

60K

R-40

8AR-

125/

143a

/22

(7/4

6/47

)87

.01

-45.

583

.34.

42no

ne5.

7A

1/A

10.

019

2650

M

R-40

9AR-

22/1

24/1

42b

(60/

25/1

5)97

.43

-35.

410

6.9

4.69

1000

none

3.0

A1/

A1

0.03

912

90M

R-40

9BR-

22/1

24/1

42b

(65/

25/1

0)96

.67

-36.

510

4.4

4.71

none

A1/

A1

0.03

912

70M

R-41

0AR-

32/1

25 (5

0/50

)72

.58

-51.

672

.54.

9510

00no

ne-4

.4A

1/A

10.

000

1730

K

R-41

0BR-

32/1

25 (4

5/55

)75

.57

-51.

571

.04.

78no

neA

1/A

10.

000

1830

K

R-32

/125

(32/

68)

84.6

3-5

1.1

67.7

4.40

0.00

021

10K

R-32

/125

(48/

52)

73.7

5-5

1.6

69.9

4.73

none

0.00

017

70K

R-41

1AR-

1270

/22/

152a

(1.5

/87.

5/11

.0)

82.3

6-3

9.7

99.1

4.95

1000

wff

A1/

A2

0.03

513

30M

R-41

1BR-

1270

/22/

152a

(3/9

4/3)

83.0

7-4

1.6

96.0

4.95

1000

wff

6.5

A1/

A2

0.03

814

10M

R-41

1CR-

1270

/22/

152a

(3.0

/95.

5/1.

5)83

.44

-41.

895

.54.

95no

ne0.

038

1440

M

R-41

2AR-

22/2

18/1

42b

(70/

5/25

)92

.17

-36.

410

7.5

4.88

1000

wff

A1/

A2

0.04

118

50M

R-41

3AR-

218/

134a

/600

a (9

/88/

3)10

3.95

-29.

310

1.4

4.24

wff

0.00

017

70K

R-41

4AR-

22/1

24/6

00a/

142b

(51/

28.5

/4/1

6.5)

96.9

3-3

4.0

110.

74.

7010

003.

60.

037

1200

M

R-41

4BR-

22/1

24/6

00a/

142b

(50/

39/1

.5/9

.5)

101.

59-3

4.4

108.

04.

59no

ne0.

036

1100

M

R-23

/22/

152a

(5/8

0/15

)81

.72

-47.

097

.25.

0410

00w

ff0.

032

1810

M

R-23

/22/

152a

(5/6

5/30

)78

.29

-44.

810

0.8

4.95

0.02

616

00M

R-23

/22/

152a

(5/9

0/5)

84.1

8-4

8.4

94.4

5.10

1000

none

0.03

619

40M

Physi

cal D

ata

Safe

ty D

ata

Envi

ronm

enta

l D

ata

TLV

-St

d 3

4Ref

riger

ant

Chem

ical fo

rmula

-M

ole

cula

rN

BP

TcPc

TWA

LFL

HO

Csa

fety

Atm

osphe

ric

GW

Pnum

ber

com

mon n

am

em

ass

(°C)

(°C)

(MPa)

(PPM

)(%

)M

J/k

ggro

up

life

(yr)

OD

P100 y

rst

atu

s


48

R-41

6AR-

134a

/124

/600

(59.

0/39

.5/1

.5)

111.

92-2

3.4

108.

24.

027.

80.

012

950

M

R-22

/12/

142b

(25/

15/6

0)98

.99

-26.

612

9.4

5.10

1000

wff

0.16

326

70M

R-22

/124

/600

(50/

47/3

)10

2.64

-34.

810

2.6

4.56

900

none

0.03

497

0M

R-22

/134

a/21

(65/

15/2

0)91

.49

-35.

911

1.0

5.10

0.03

415

00M

R-22

/142

b (4

0/60

)94

.37

-27.

912

3.1

4.72

wff

0.04

616

80M

R-22

/142

b/21

(65/

20/1

5)91

.20

-34.

511

6.0

5.07

0.04

216

00M

R-22

/227

ea/6

00a/

142b

(41/

40/4

/15)

107.

82-3

2.4

108.

24.

370.

024

2050

M

R-23

/125

/143

a (2

0/36

/44)

90.1

6-6

4.8

67.3

4.03

0.00

050

20K

R-23

/32/

134a

(4.5

/21.

5/74

)83

.14

-42.

289

.04.

90no

ne0.

000

1630

K

R-32

/125

/143

a (1

0/45

/45)

90.6

9-4

8.4

72.0

4.05

none

0.00

030

40K

R-32

/125

/143

a/13

4a (1

0/33

/36/

21)

90.8

0-4

9.4

77.5

4.01

none

0.00

026

30K

R-32

/134

a (2

5/75

)82

.26

-40.

393

.74.

83w

ff0.

000

1140

K

R-32

/134

a (3

0/70

)79

.19

-41.

892

.44.

9410

00w

ff0.

000

1110

K

R-32

/134

a (3

3.8/

66.2

)77

.03

-42.

891

.45.

020.

000

1080

K

R-12

5/14

3a/2

90/2

2 (4

2/6/

2/50

)95

.70

-47.

781

.04.

4510

00no

ne0.

020

2150

M

R-13

4a/1

42b

(80/

20)

101.

71-2

4.1

107.

54.

120.

010

1400

M

R-13

4a/1

52a

(20/

80)

71.0

6-2

4.1

384.

24.

400.

000

370

K

R-15

2a/2

27ea

(25/

75)

122.

01-2

0.7

107.

82.

83no

ne0.

000

2210

K

R-17

0/29

0 (6

/94)

42.9

0-5

0.0

91.2

4.29

1.9

0.00

0~2

1

R-21

8/13

4a/6

00 (3

2.7/

62.8

/4.5

)11

5.36

-31.

499

.84.

150.

000

3110

K

R-29

0/22

/124

(3/4

0/57

)10

5.45

-37.

011

2.5

4.46

500

none

0.03

387

0M

R-29

0/60

0a (5

0/50

)50

.15

-32.

811

4.8

4.04

20.

000

~20

R-50

0R-

12/1

52a

(73.

8/26

.2)

99.3

0-3

3.6

102.

14.

1710

00no

neA

10.

605

6010

M

R-50

1R-

22/1

2 (7

5.0/

25.0

)93

.10

-40.

596

.24.

76no

neA

10.

235

3150

M

R-50

2R-

22/1

15 (4

8.8/

51.2

)11

1.63

-45.

380

.74.

0210

00no

neA

10.

224

5490

M

R-50

3R-

23/1

3 (4

0.1/

59.9

)87

.25

-87.

518

.44.

2710

00no

ne0.

599

1170

0M

R-50

4R-

32/1

15 (4

8.2/

51.8

)79

.25

-57.

762

.14.

44no

ne0.

207

5130

M

R-50

5R-

12/3

1 (7

8.0/

22.0

)10

3.48

-30.

011

7.8

4.73

none

0.64

2M

R-50

6R-

31/1

14 (5

5.1/

44.9

)93

.69

-12.

314

2.2

5.16

none

0.38

7M

R-50

7AR-

125/

143a

(50/

50)

98.8

6-4

7.1

70.9

3.79

none

-5.5

A1

0.00

033

00K

R-50

8AR-

23/1

16 (3

9/61

)10

0.10

-87.

411

.03.

7010

00no

neA

10.

000

1020

0K

Physi

cal D

ata

Safe

ty D

ata

Envi

ronm

enta

l D

ata

TLV

-St

d 3

4Ref

riger

ant

Chem

ical fo

rmula

-M

ole

cula

rN

BP

TcPc

TWA

LFL

HO

Csa

fety

Atm

osphe

ric

GW

Pnum

ber

com

mon n

am

em

ass

(°C)

(°C)

(MPa)

(PPM

)(%

)M

J/k

ggro

up

life

(yr)

OD

P100 y

rst

atu

s


49

R-50

8BR-

23/1

16 (4

6/54

)95

.39

-87.

414

.03.

9310

00no

neA

1/A

10.

000

1040

0K

R-50

9AR-

22/2

18 (4

4/56

)12

3.96

-40.

487

.24.

0310

00no

neA

10.

018

4580

M

R-13

4a/1

52a

(85/

15)

94.3

2-2

5.4

102.

94.

080.

000

1130

K

R-15

2a/6

00a

(70/

30)

63.4

5-2

6.5

120.

34.

930.

000

100

K

R-21

8/15

2a (8

3.5/

16.5

)14

4.11

-34.

886

.83.

380.

000

5870

K

R-60

0C

H3-

CH

2-C

H2-

CH

3- b

utan

e58

.12

-0.5

152.

03.

8080

01.

949

.5A

30.

000

~20

R-60

0aC

H(C

H3)

2-C

H3

- iso

buta

ne58

.12

-11.

613

4.7

3.64

800

1.8

49.4

A3

0.00

0~2

0

R-61

0C

H3-

CH

2-O

-CH

2-C

H3

- eth

yl e

ther

74.1

234

.621

4.0

6.00

400

1.9

0.00

0

R-61

1H

CO

OC

H3

- met

hyl f

orm

ate

60.0

531

.821

4.0

5.99

100

5.1

B20.

000

R-63

0C

H3(

NH

2) -

met

hyla

min

e31

.06

-6.7

156.

97.

465

4.9

0.00

0

R-63

1C

H3-

CH

2(N

H2)

- et

hyla

min

e45

.08

16.6

183.

05.

625

3.5

0.00

0

NC

H3(

CF 3

) 216

7.05

10.4

142.

62.

920.

000

NC

HF 2

(CF 3

) 220

3.03

7.5

131.

82.

732.

20.

000

R-70

4H

e - h

eliu

m4.

00-2

68.9

-267

.90.

23no

neA

10.

000

R-71

7N

H3

- am

mon

ia17

.03

-33.

313

2.3

11.3

325

14.8

22.5

B20.

000

<1

R-71

8H

2O -

wat

er18

.02

100.

037

4.2

22.1

0no

neA

10.

000

<1

R-72

9ai

r28

.97

-194

.4-1

40.7

3.77

none

0.00

01

R-74

4C

O2

- car

bon

diox

ide

44.0

1-7

8.4

31.1

7.38

5000

none

A1

>50

0.00

01

R-76

4SO

2- s

ulfu

r di

oxid

e64

.06

-10.

015

7.5

7.88

2no

neB1

0.00

0

HC

C-1

130

CH

Cl=

CH

Cl -

die

lene

96.9

447

.824

3.3

5.48

200

5.6

HC

-115

0C

H2=

CH

2- e

thyl

ene

28.0

5-1

09.4

9.3

5.11

1000

2.7

A3

0.00

0

FC-1

216

CF 2

=CFC

F 315

0.02

-29.

494

.92.

90no

ne5.

8 d

0.00

02

K

HC

-127

0C

H3C

H=C

H2

- pro

pyle

ne42

.08

-47.

792

.44.

6737

52.

0B3

r0.

000

NBP

= n

orm

al b

oilin

g po

int;

Tc

= cr

itica

l tem

pera

ture

; Pc

= c

ritic

al p

ress

ure;

TLV-

TWA

= A

CG

IH T

hres

hold

Lim

it Va

lue

- Tim

e W

eigh

ted

Ave

rage

, unl

ess

prec

eded

by

‘C’ f

or C

eilin

g va

lues

, or

cons

iste

nt c

hron

ic e

xpos

ure

limit

(e.g

., O

SHA

Per

mis

sibl

e Ex

posu

re L

imit,

PEL

);LF

L =

low

er fl

amm

abili

ty li

mit

(% v

olum

e in

air)

, ‘w

ff’ s

igni

fies

that

the

wor

st ca

se o

f fra

ctio

natio

n m

ay b

e fla

mm

able

; H

OC

= h

eat o

f com

busti

on;

OD

P =

ozon

e de

plet

ion

pote

ntia

l; G

WP

= gl

obal

war

min

g po

tent

ial;

STA

TUS

code

s of

‘K’ a

nd ‘M

’ ind

icat

e re

stric

ted

by th

e Ky

oto

or M

ontre

al P

roto

cols

Suffi

xes

to s

afet

y cl

assi

ficat

ions

indi

cate

cha

nges

that

are

not

fina

l yet

(‘d’

for

dele

tion

or ‘r

’ for

rev

isio

n or

add

ition

) or

clas

sific

atio

ns a

ssig

ned

as p

rovi

sion

al (‘

p’).

Dat

a so

urce

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The following is a selection of recentpublications related to non-HCFCalterantives in the refrigeration and airconditioning sector. These papers maybe useful reference for companieswishing to avoid or replace HCFCs inspecific applications. Furtherinformation is available from UNEPTIE’s OzonAction Programme (seeAnnex F for contact officials).

Barreau, M., Macaudiere, S., Weiss, P.and Jouber, M. ‘R-404A in IndustrialRefrigeration Application for CFC-502and HCFC-22 Replacement: Systemwith a Recirculation-type evaporator’,from the International CFC and HalonAlternatives Conference, Washington,D.C., 21–23 October 1996.

Bhaduri, S. C. ‘Assessment of HFC 143aas an Alternative of HCFC 22 and R502’. International CFC and HalonAlternatives Conference and Exhibition,Washington, D.C., 21–23 October 1995.

COWIconsult. ‘Phase-out of HCFC inArticle 5 Countries Draft Issue Paper’submitted to the 12th Open-EndedWorking Group Meeting, August 1995.

Eggen, G. and Aflekt, K. ‘CommercialRefrigeration with Ammonia and CO2

as Working Fluids’. Natural WorkingFluids ’98 Refrigeration Science andTechnology Proceedings, Oslo, Norway,2–5 June 1998.

Gabrieli, C. and Vamling, L.‘Replacement of R22 in tube-and-shellcondensers: experiments andsimulations’, International Journal ofRefrigeration, Vol.20, No.3, pp.165-178, 1997.

Jung, D., Kim, C., Hwangbo, H. and Ji,H. ‘Eeffec of Suction Line HeatExchangers on the Performance ofVarious HCFC 22 Alternatives’, fromthe International CFC and HalonAlternatives Conference, Washington,D.C., 21–23 October 1996.

Kauffeld, M. and Christensen, K. G.‘Reefer 2000—A new Energy-efficientReefer Container Concept using CarbonDioxide as Refrigerant’. NaturalWorking Fluids ’98 RefrigerationScience and Technology Proceedings,Oslo, Norway, 2–5 June 1998.

Manzione, J. A. ‘Development of carbondioxide environmental control unit forthe US Army’. Natural Working Fluids’98 Refrigeration Science andTechnology Proceedings, Oslo, Norway,2–5 June 1998.

Murphy, F. T., Low, R. E. andGilbert. ‘Comparison of R-407C andR-407A with R-22 in a 10.5 kW(3.0 TR) Residential Central Air-Conditioner’, from International CFCand Halon Alternatives Conference andExhibition, Washington, D.C., 21–23 October 1995.

Nekså, P., Schiefloe, P.A., and Girotto ,S. ‘Commercial Refrigeration UsingCO2 as Refrigerant—System Design andExperimental Results’. Natural WorkingFluids ’98 Refrigeration Science andTechnology Proceedings, Oslo, Norway,2–5 June 1998.

Nyvad, J. and Lund, S. ‘IndirectCooling with Ammonia inSupermarkets’. Natural Working Fluids’98 Refrigeration Science and

Annex E: Selected references forthe replacement of HCFCs in therefrigeration sector


50

Technology Proceedings, Oslo, Norway,2–5 June 1998.

Oellrich, L. R., Engler, T., SrinivasaMurthy, S. and Venkatarathnam, G.‘Refrigerant Mixtures as Alternatives toHCFC22 & R502: Systematic Screening& Pinch Point Studies’, June 1996.

Park, S. N. and Kim, M. S.‘Performance of AutocascadeRefrigeration System Using CarbonDioxide and R134a’. Natural WorkingFluids ’98 Refrigeration Science andTechnology Proceedings, Oslo, Norway,2–5 June 1998.

Suwono, A., Tandian, N. P., Pasek, A. D., Hardianto, T. andSoelaiman, T. A. F. ‘IndonesianExperience of Hydrocarbon Applicationas Refrigerant Substituting’. NaturalWorking Fluids ’98 RefrigerationScience and Technology Proceedings,Oslo, Norway, 2–5 June 1998.

UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme,Protecting the Ozone Layer: Refrigerants,Vol.1, 1992.

UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme,Chiller and Refrigerant Management:Training Manual, December 1994.

UNEP TIE OzonAction Programme,Information Paper on Blends asRefrigerants to Replace CFCs and HCFCs,September 1995.

UNEP (TEAP), 1994 Report of theRefrigeration and Air Conditioning andHeat Pumps by Technical OptionsCommittee: 1995 Assessment, 1995.

UNEP (TEAP), 1998 Report of theTechnology and Economic AssessmentPanel, 1998.

UNEP TIE. Sourcebook of Technologiesfor Protecting the Ozone Layer:Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and HeatPumps, 1994.

Weiss, P., Giraud, A., Barreau, M. andFauvarque, P. ‘HCFC-22 ReplacementsAdapated either for Refrigeration or forAir Conditioning Appliances’, from theInternational CFC and HalonAlternatives Conference, Washington,D.C., 21–23 October 1996.


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Implementing AgenciesMr Rajendra Shende, ChiefEnergy and OzonAction UnitUnited Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry andEconomics (UNEP TIE)39–43, quai Andre Citroën75739 Paris Cedex 15FranceTel: (33) 1 44 37 14 50Fax: (33) 1 44 37 14 74E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.unepie.org/ozonaction.html

Mr Frank Pinto, Principal TechnicalAdviser and ChiefMontreal Protocol UnitUnited Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)1 United Nations PlazaUnited NationsNew York, N. Y. 10017United StatesTel: (1) 212 906 5042Fax: (1) 212 906 6947E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/montreal

Mr S. M. Si Ahmed, Acting DirectorIndustrial Sectors and EnvironmentDivisionUnited Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO)Vienna International CentreP. O. Box 300A-1400 ViennaAustriaTel: (43) 1 26026 3782Fax: (43) 1 26026 6804 E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.unido.org

Mr Steve Gorman, Unit ChiefMontreal Protocol Operations UnitWorld Bank1818 H Street N.W.Washington, D. C. 20433United StatesTel: (1) 202 473 5865Fax: (1) 202 522 3258E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.esd.worldbank.org/mp/home.cfm

Multilateral Fund SecretariatDr Omar El Arini, Chief OfficerSecretariat of the Multilateral Fund forthe Montreal Protocol27th Floor, Montreal Trust Building1800 McGill College AvenueMontreal, Quebec H3A 6J6CanadaTel: (1) 514 282 1122Fax: (1) 514 282 0068E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.unmfs.org

UNEP Ozone SecretariatMr K. M. Sarma, Executive SecretaryUNEP Ozone SecretariatP. O. Box 30552NairobiKenya Tel: (254 2) 623 855Fax: (254 2) 623 913E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/home.htm

Annex F: Contacts for ImplementingAgencies, the Multilateral FundSecretariat and the UNEP OzoneSecretariat


52


53

Nations around the world are concernedabout the emissions of man-made CFCs,halons, carbon tetrachloride, methylchloroform, methyl bromide and otherozone-depleting substances (ODS) thathave damaged the stratospheric ozonelayer—a shield around the Earth whichprotects life from dangerous ultravioletradiation from the Sun. More than 160countries have committed themselvesunder the Montreal Protocol to phaseout the use and production of thesesubstances. Recognizing the specialneeds of developing countries, theParties to the Protocol also established aMultilateral Fund and appointedimplementing agencies to providetechnical and financial assistance toenable the developing countries to meettheir commitments under the treaty.UNEP is one of the Fund’simplementing agencies; the others areUNDP, UNIDO and the World Bank.

Since 1991, the UNEP TIE OzonActionProgramme in Paris has beenstrengthening the capacity ofgovernments (especially National OzoneUnits) and industry in developingcountries to make informed decisions ontechnology and policy options that willresult in cost-effective ODS phase-outactivities with minimal externalintervention. The Programmeaccomplishes this by delivering a rangeof need-based services, including:

Information exchange to enable decision makers to takeinformed decisions on policies andinvestments. Information and

management tools already provided fordeveloping countries include theOzonAction Information Clearinghouse(OAIC) diskette and World Wide Website, a quarterly newsletter, sector-specific technical publications foridentifying and selecting alternativetechnologies, and policy guidelines.

Training and networking that provide platforms for exchangingexperiences, developing skills, andtapping the expertise of peers and otherexperts in the global ozone protectioncommunity. Training and networkworkshops build skills for implementingand managing phase-out activities, andare conducted at the regional level(support is also extended to nationalactivities). The Programme currentlyoperates seven regional and sub-regional

Networks of ODS Officers comprisingmore than 80 countries, which haveresulted in member countries’ takingearly steps to implement the MontrealProtocol.

Country Programmes andInstitutional Strengthening that support the development of nationalODS phase-out strategies andprogrammes, especially for low-volumeODS-consuming countries. TheProgramme currently assists 74 countriesin the development of their CountryProgrammes and implementsInstitutional-Strengthening projects for50 countries.

About the UNEP TIEOzonActionProgramme underthe Multilateral Ozone Fund

UNEP

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About the UNEP Division ofTechnology, Industry and EconomicsThe mission of the UNEP Division ofTechnology, Industry and Economics isto help decision-makers in government,local authorities, and industry developand adopt policies and practices that:

● are cleaner and safer; ● make efficient use of natural resources; ● ensure adequate management of

chemicals; ● incorporate environmental costs; ● reduce pollution and risks for humans

and the environment.

The UNEP Division of Technology,Industry and Economics (UNEP TIE)located in Paris, is composed of onecentre and four units:

The International EnvironmentalTechnology Centre (Osaka), whichpromotes the adoption and use ofenvironmentally sound technologies witha focus on the environmentalmanagement of cities and freshwaterbasins, in developing countries andcountries in transition.

Production and Consumption (Paris),which fosters the development of cleanerand safer production and consumptionpatterns that lead to increased efficiencyin the use of natural resources andreductions in pollution.

Chemicals (Geneva), which promotessustainable development by catalysingglobal actions and building nationalcapacities for the sound management ofchemicals and the improvement ofchemical safety world-wide, with apriority on Persistent Organic Pollutants

(POPs) and Prior Informed Consent(PIC, jointly with FAO)

Energy and OzonAction (Paris), whichsupports the phase-out of ozonedepleting substances in developingcountries and countries with economiesin transition, and promotes goodmanagement practices and use of energy,with a focus on atmospheric impacts.The UNEP/RISØ Collaborating Centreon Energy and Environment supportsthe work of the Unit.

Economics and Trade (Geneva), whichpromotes the use and application ofassessment and incentive tools forenvironmental policy and helps improvethe understanding of linkages betweentrade and environment and the role offinancial institutions in promotingsustainable development.

UNEP TIE activities focus on raisingawareness, improving the transfer ofinformation, building capacity, fosteringtechnology cooperation, partnershipsand transfer, improving understandingof environmental impacts of trade issues,promoting integration of environmentalconsiderations into economic policies,and catalysing global chemical safety.

For more information contact:UNEP, Division of Technology,Industry and Economics39–43, Quai André Citroën75739 Paris Cedex 15, FranceTel: (33) 1 44 37 14 50; Fax: (33) 1 44 37 14 74E-mail: [email protected]; Web: http://www.unepie.org

AVOIDING A DOUBLE PHASE OUT: ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO HCFCS IN REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

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