AN ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION’S

CONTRIBUTION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

POLICY

CASE OF KARAGWE DISTRICT, TANZANIA

AVIT THEOPHIL

MPA (DL) 312/ 0417

A Research project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award

of Master Degree in Public Administration

Mount Kenya University

JUNE, 2015

ii

DECLARATION

I, Avit Theophil do hereby declare that this project document is my own work. It has never

been represented elsewhere except to MKU for partial fulfillment for the award of a Master‟s

degree in Public Administration and Management.

Name: Avit Theophil

Signature:

Date: 7/07/2015

This work has been Submitted with Our approval as a supervisors.

Name of Supervisor: Dr. Juda Leonard Msaki

Signature:

Date: 7/07/2015

Name of Supervisor: Mr. John Momanyi Ongubo

Signature:

Date: 12/03/2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Of all, I thank the Lord, God for keeping me healthy and physically fit. Also I acknowledge

my internal and external supervisors upon this work, John Momanyi Ongubo (PhD Scholar)

and Dr. Juda Leonard Msaki for their hearty effort during all my consultation period. My

sincerely thanks to Post Graduate Coordinator at MKU, Dr Joyce Gikandi for her full

academic support that she has been providing to me and I also acknowledge kind, resource

and technical support that I have received from my line manager, Dr. Livingstone

(SAWAKA Executive Director). And finally, I do appreciate workmate and best friends at

SAWAKA who encouraging me while taking this study, Iman G. Masenge (Programs

Officer Technical), Frank Fallon (ICS UK volunteers), Fadhila Hussein (Assistance

Programs Officer), Ruth Hole (Community Social Mobiliser Officer), Theonest Kashushura

(Finance Manager), Evelyne Rwechungura (ICS TZ volunteer), Elvis Chuwa (ICS TZ

Volunteer), Libertha Charles (Admnistrator), Mzee Nekemia Kazimoto (Chairman-

SAWAKA), Mzee C.K Nsherenguzi (Vice Chairperson-SAWAKA), Mr. Boas Kaitaba

(Project Advisor-SAWAKA), Imisa Masinjila (ICS VSO Manager), just to mention a few.

Last but not list, I thank my wife Mary Urio as well as Theophil Mussa family for their

tireless effort to support me academically until this time.

Thank you all who have contributed in one way or another and your names didn‟t appear in

this acknowledgement section but your contributions are seriously appreciated.

Thank you and God bless you all!

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION..................................................................................................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. viii

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ ix

DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS USED ............................................................................... x

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background of the study ................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................................... 7

1.4 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................... 7

1.4.1 General Objectives ................................................................................................... 7

1.4.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................... 7

1.5 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 8

1.6 Justification of the Study ................................................................................................. 8

1.7 Significance of the study ................................................................................................. 9

1.8 Scope of the Study........................................................................................................... 9

1.9 Assumptions of the Study ............................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 10

2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review ....................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 Behavioral Theory on Child Development ............................................................. 10

2.1.2. Social Child Development Theories ...................................................................... 11

2.1.3. Public Administration Theory ............................................................................... 11

2.2 Empirical Literature ...................................................................................................... 13

2.2.1 Awareness creation by national NGOs ................................................................... 14

2.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................................... 16

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2.2.3 Surveys by national NGOs ..................................................................................... 16

2.4 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 17

2.5 Research Ethics Considerations .................................................................................... 18

2.6 Research gaps ................................................................................................................ 19

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................... 20

3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20

3.1 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 20

3.2 Target Population of the study ...................................................................................... 20

3.3 Sampling procedures and sampling Techniques ........................................................... 21

3.4 Sample Size ................................................................................................................... 21

3.5 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................... 22

3.5.1 Surveys ................................................................................................................... 22

3.5.2 Questionnaires ........................................................................................................ 22

3.6. Validation and Reliability of Instruments .................................................................... 22

3.6.1 Instrument‟s Validity .............................................................................................. 23

3.6.2 Instrument‟s Reliability .......................................................................................... 23

3.7 Data Analysis techniques and procedures ..................................................................... 24

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATIONS AND

PRESENTATIONS ............................................................................................................... 25

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 25

4.1.1 Response Rate......................................................................................................... 25

4.1.2 Reliability Analysis ................................................................................................ 25

4.2 Demographic Information ............................................................................................. 26

4.3 Awareness Creation....................................................................................................... 29

4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation............................................................................................ 31

4.5 Surveys Conducted By NGOs ....................................................................................... 34

4.6 Implementation of Child Development Policy.............................................................. 36

4.7 Regression Analysis ...................................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 40

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 40

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5.2 Discussion of The Findings ........................................................................................... 40

5.2.1 Awareness Creation ................................................................................................ 40

5.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................................... 40

5.2.3 Surveys Conducted By NGOs ................................................................................ 41

5.2.4 Implementation of Child Development Policy ....................................................... 41

5.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 42

5.4 Study Recommendations ............................................................................................... 43

5.5 Recommendation for further studies ............................................................................. 43

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 44

Appendix I: Questionnaire .................................................................................................. 48

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1: The table below shows the total population of study ........................................... 20

Table 3.2: The Table below Shows Sample Size Of Study .................................................... 21

Table 3.3: Cronbach‟s Alpha reliability coefficient table ....................................................... 24

Table 4.1: Response rate ......................................................................................................... 25

Table 4.2: Reliability Analysis ............................................................................................... 25

Table 4.2: Gender distribution ................................................................................................ 26

Table 4.2: Age Category ......................................................................................................... 26

Table 4.2: Length of Service in the Organization ................................................................... 27

Table 4.2: Level of education ................................................................................................. 28

Table 4.1: Creation of Awareness by NGOs .......................................................................... 29

Table 4.2: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation .............. 29

Table 4.2: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation .............. 30

Table 4.2: Effects of Monitoring and Evaluation on Policy Implementation ......................... 31

Table4.2: Extent to Which Monitoring and Evaluation Influence Policy Implementation .... 31

Table 4.2: Influence Monitoring and Evaluation on Child Development Policy ................... 32

Table 4.2: Effects of surveys on implementation of child development policy ..................... 34

Table 4.2: Influence Surveys on the Implementation of Child Development Policy ............. 34

Table 4.2: Influence of Surveys by NGOs on Child Development Policy ............................. 35

Table 4.2: Statements Relating To Implementation of Child Development Policy ............... 36

Table 4.15: Model summary ................................................................................................... 37

Table 4.16: Analysis of Variance............................................................................................ 37

Table 4.18: Table of Coefficients ........................................................................................... 38

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Theoretical frame work ........................................................................................ 12

Figure 2. 2. Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................... 18

Figure 4.1: Gender distribution ............................................................................................... 26

Figure 4.2: Age category......................................................................................................... 27

Figure 4.3: Length of Service ................................................................................................. 27

Figure 4.4: Level Of Education .............................................................................................. 28

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ABBREVIATIONS

MVC : Most Vulnerable Children

MVCC : Most Vulnerable Children Committee

NGO : Non Governmental Organization

OVC : Orphans and Vulnerable Children

UN : United Nations

SAWAKA : Saidia Wazee Karagwe

UNECOSOC : United Nations Economic and Social Council

MOH : Ministry of Health

DPI : Department of Public Information

WTO : World Trade Organization

WB : World Bank

USAID : U.S. Agency for International Development

AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

GDP : Gross Domestic Products

MKU : Mount Kenya University

CSO : Civil Society Organization

DPI : Department of Public Administration

MDGs : Millennium Development Goals

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DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS USED

According to Child development policy (1996) the term child development refers to

provision and strengthening of material and child care, immunization and preventive health,

implementation of water projects, environmental sanitation campaigns, establishment and

strengthening of feeding posts and day care centers, establishment of pre-schools,

establishment and care of playgrounds and provision of primary education for all. Hence

briefly child development mean provision of comprehensive service to child for her social

wellbeing which may include education, social protection to the child, health and care,

shelter, economic strengthening and psychological support.

Policy Public policy is the action taken by government to address a particular public issue.

Local, state, federal, and international government organizations all craft and implement

public policy to protect and benefit their populations. (Kettl, Donald and Fessler, J. 2009)

Public policy is the action taken by government to address a particular public issue. Local,

state, federal, and international government organizations all craft and implement public

policy to protect and benefit their populations (Casey, 2004)

Policy actors is an entity that enacts a certain policy action (Casey, 2004)

Private sectors the part of the national economy that is not under direct state control.

(Oxford Dictionary)

Legal Advocacy refers to representation by legally qualified advocates, usually barristers or

solicitors. (Oxford Dictionary)

Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) refers to a process through which

stakeholders at various levels engage in monitoring or evaluating a particular project,

program or policy, share control over the content, the process and the results of the M&E

activity and engage in taking or identifying corrective actions it focuses on the active

engagement of primary stakeholders. (World Bank, 2013)

Civic education means all the processes that affect people's beliefs, commitments,

capabilities, and actions as members or prospective members of communities. (Malpas, J.

2013)

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On job training and development refers to a method of preparing an employee to perform a

task by providing them with information about the task, a demonstration of its performance,

an opportunity for the employee to imitate the demonstration and subsequent feedback.

(Oxford Dictionary)

Non Governmental Organization normally refers to organizations that are neither a part of

a government nor conventional for-profit businesses (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Child development refers to the various stages of physical, social, and psychologic growth

that occur from birth through young adulthood (Oxford Dictionary)

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ABSTRACT

This study focused on the NGO‟s roles as private actors in implementation of child

development policy Tanzania, the case of study was conducted in Karagwe district. In a

mainly qualitative investigation, empirical data from vulnerable children village committees,

managers of registered NGOs, department of social welfare and police officers were

interviewed. The total samples of 57 respondents were involved in this study. The rationale

behind the use of this identified group is to enhance the quality of research and get relevant

information in Karagwe district, was collected by means of individual interviews a n d

questionnaires. Theoretical research also formed part of the literature review, thus

theories: Behavioral Theory on Child Development, Public Administration Theory, and

Social Learning Theory is the bases by which the researcher deduced the problem. This was

be done to shed light on the role of the NGO‟s in the implementation of child development

policy. Perceptions of NGO leaders and child development committee in the selected regions

regarding the child development policy implementation were collected by means of a survey.

Fifty seven questionnaires are expected to be completed by employees from selected NGO‟s

and committees, and interviews were conducted with either the project leader or a member of

the senior management team of each NGO. The qualitative data was analyzed in accordance

with accepted procedures for qualitative data processing and that of quantitative were

analyzed statistically. Findings of the study were presented in tables and graphs with more

illustrations on the findings presented. The findings enabled the researcher to make

conclusions and recommendations to come up with a solution that could prevent the

prevailing problems. The study revealed that NGOs, through community education, can

awaken latent local champions that would act as representatives of a community, take over

the leadership role and push through the partnership, the study established that monitoring by

NGO help to ensure smooth policy implementation progress as well which enhances the

quality of expected results. The study concludes that; awareness creation by national NGOs,

monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child development policies done by national

NGOs and surveys by national NGOs all have a positive influence on the implementation of

child development policy. The study recommends that study recommends that the

nongovernmental organizations needs to continue with their efforts towards awareness

creation to all stakeholders, frequent reviews and evaluations on policy implementation

process need to be done periodically in order to ascertain whether any significant steps are at

all being realized, nongovernmental organizations need to thoroughly invest in survey

research and development and that nongovernmental organizations need to closely work with

the other stake holders; there is also need to ensure that roles to be played by each stake

holders are clearly defined and stipulated.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter comprises background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study,

objectives of the study, research questions, and justification of the study, scope, assumptions

and finally limitation of the study.

1.2 Background of the study

Tanzania like other countries in Africa is at the moment of its greatest development

challenges. A majority of children in Tanzania report experiencing violence and abuse

without a clear point of contact for support. The 2011 Violence against Children in Tanzania

report presents violence against children as a serious problem in Tanzania with nearly 3 in 10

girls and approximately 1 in 7 boys in Tanzania having experienced sexual violence prior to

the age of 18. Almost three-quarters of both girls and boys have experienced physical

violence prior to the age of 18. Despite these alarming rates and national efforts to address

the problem, necessary services for affected children have been fragmented and

uncoordinated with no clear primary point of contact for services provided across different

ministries, departments and national agencies. The lack of response from families,

community leaders, police, and state departments has meant that many cases never get

reported, let alone reach the health and/or judicial services. (Save the Children Report, 2012)

Optimal development requires the harnessing of country assets, its capital, human and natural

resources to meet demand from its population as comprehensively as possible. The public

and private sectors, by themselves, are imperfect. They cannot or are unwilling to meet all

demands. Many scholars argue that the voluntary sector may be better placed to articulate the

needs of the poor people, to provide services and development in remote areas, to encourage

the changes in attitudes and practices necessary to curtail discrimination, to identify and

redress threats to the environment, and to nurture the productive capacity of the most

vulnerable groups such as the disabled or the landless populations. (Samuel, 2005)

2

Moser, (1998) explains how UNICEF and UNAIDS convened the first global forum for

spelling out the strategies; principles and programming guidance to enable countries meet the

global goals regarding OVC based on the UNGASS declaration and contribution towards the

achievement of Millennium Development Goals. In 2003 October, the framework for

protection, care, and support for orphans and vulnerable children living in the world with

HIV/AIDS was endorsed. The framework also promoted the best interest of a child as stated

in the convention on the rights of the child, including rights to survival, wellbeing and

development (Moser, 1998).

However, like many of the government's policy, this has not improved social protection of

the OVC households in practice. Smart, (2003) argues that “disconnect between policies,

principles, and frameworks on the one hand and practice and action on the other is the major

impediment to effective responses for OVC and needs to be acknowledged and affirmatively

addressed” (Smart 2003). So the researcher will be set out to find out why there was

persistent vulnerability amidst NGOs efforts by analyzing the strategies.

The major reason to carry out this research was to get an answer as to why there is persistent

vulnerability in OVC households irrespective of NGOs Active participation and support. The

researcher is inspired by scholars like (Lombe and Ochumbo, 2008; Cheney, 2010) to

analyze NGOs strategies for enhancing child-wellbeing in OVC households. These reasons

motivated this study to find answer to the issue at hand and the public policy implementation

to address the problem.

Some scholars define it as a system of "courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and

funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its

representatives. Public policy is commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and

judicial decisions." (Robert and Denhardt, 2009).

In the United States, this concept refers not only to the result of policies, but more broadly to

the decision-making and analysis of governmental decisions. As an academic discipline,

public policy is studied by professors and students at public policy schools of major

universities throughout the country. The U.S. professional association of public policy

3

practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students is the Association for Public Policy Analysis

and Management (Robert and Denhardt, 2009).

Public policy making can be characterized as a dynamic, complex, and interactive system

through which public problems are identified and countered by creating new public policy or

by reforming existing public policy. Public problems can originate in endless ways and

require different policy responses (such as regulations, subsidies, quotas, and laws) on the

local, on the national level, or on the international level, (Robert and Denhardt, 2009).

A recent study by Jennifer H. and Reza, H. (2014) on NGOs tries to describe that NGOs vary

in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists, while others primarily conduct programs

and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with poverty alleviation,

might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to find food and clean drinking

water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through investigation and documentation of

human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses.

Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide specialized technical

products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other

organizations.

A global environmental crisis has also stimulated greater private initiative. The continuing

poverty of developing countries has led the poor to degrade their immediate surroundings in

order to survive. Citizens have grown increasingly frustrated with government and eager to

organize their own initiatives. Finally, a fourth crisis, Solomon is referring to that of

socialism - has also contributed to the rise of the third sector. It caused a search for new ways

to satisfy unmet social and economic needs. While this search helped lead to the formation of

market-oriented cooperative enterprises, it also stimulated extensive experimentation with a

host of nongovernmental organizations offering services and vehicles for self-expression

outside the reaches of an increasingly discredited state. (Samuel, 2005),

Since 1986, there has been a rapid proliferation of both indigenous and international NGOs

in Tanzania, (Kwesiga and Ratter, 1993). By 1995, more than 1200 NGOs had been

registered with the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Barton and Bizimana, 1995). “NGOs in

4

different areas grew constantly starting from the end of the World War II however, the

largest leap was observed during 80s and 90s. The number of NGOs has increased from

nearly 13,000 in 1981 to more than 47,000 by 2001 according to the Union of International

Organizations” (Sydorenko 2010). “NGOs are playing an important role in every sphere of

our live today.

NGOs have consequently increased in coverage and scope of their services in rural areas,

reaching the very poor at community and household levels (Robinson 1992). However,

irrespective of the increase in the number of NGOs and efforts, Child well-being among

OVC households has not been enhanced and vulnerability has continued to increase in these

households. It‟s against this background that I decided to find out why NGOs strategies are

not improving OVC households to address vulnerability.

Tanzania National OVC Quality Standards, (2005) stipulates that if OVC programs are to be

sustainable, household‟s projects should be integrated into the local government operations

and local resource persons should be trained on skills for continuous assessment of the needs

of OVC and their households. Ensure there is provision of support for short, medium and

long term mechanisms. NGOs should build capacity of OVC households for self-sufficiency

and complementary items of OVC households should make a minimum contribution of

locally available materials (Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, (2005) and

Tanzania National OVC service Quality Standards, (2005)). Since this is not happening,

there was a need for a study to find out the extent to which NGOs have adhered to the OVC

set guidelines to enhance child-wellbeing in OVC households through their strategies.

According to REPOA Report, (2010) on Childhood Poverty in Tanzania, children of between

0-14 years are living below the basic needs poverty line of 6 million, children 0-14 years

living below the food poverty line about 3 million and children suffering two or more severe

deprivations of basic human needs about 70.8%. Tanzania has made significant progress

towards achieving global and national targets in key areas of child wellbeing, particularly

child survival and primary schooling. Yet a full decade of economic growth has only led to

negligible declines in poverty rates.

5

Byekwaso, (2006) illustrated that despite Tanzania‟s strongly egalitarian policy thrust since

independence, vast disparities persist most vulnerable groups including children and aged

people in Tanzania in health outcomes and access to health services among households of

different means, as well as across regions and districts. Similar disparities are present in

regard to education, water and sanitation, and protection from abuse, neglect and

exploitation. The persistence of such disparities hampers Tanzania‟s efforts to build a solid

basis for sustained growth and achieve progress towards the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs).

According to UNU-WIDER, Working paper (2012), due to the fact that Tanzania national

budget depends highly on donor‟s assistance. Tanzania is said to be the second-largest aid

recipient in sub-Saharan Africa, after Ethiopia, and received about $26.85 billion in

assistance between 1990 and 2010. Hence limited budgets for fulfilling child rights,

translating policy intentions into programmes and services that deliver results for children

requires resources – human, technical as well as financial . Children cannot study without

schools. Students cannot learn if schools have no teachers. Teachers will not be able to

impart their knowledge if they lack incentives, are poorly paid or trained, or if there are

insufficient classrooms or textbooks. Nor can children learn on an empty stomach or if they

miss school as a result of sickness, or if their parents cannot afford the cost of educating

them. Removing the barriers that prevent children from accessing core services depends on

the availability of resources, whether raised through domestic revenues, borrowing or

development partners‟ contributions (Daniel, 2012).

Nongovernmental organization in Karagwe like in other parts of Tanzania, have agreed to

establish a joint platform for effective engagement in government aid management process,

in particular towards implementation of joint assistance strategy (including child

development policy) for Tanzania. As this initiative is very important provided that it is

effectively and efficiency implemented. The roles of NGOs in the JAST are well stipulated

as they include mobilizing and enhancing community participation, and resources

contribution in development activities. Also, they act as partners of the government and

development partners in delivering community services and they participate in local

6

government planning and in reviewing development strategies, (CSOs Joint Initiative Report,

2010)

1.2 Problem Statement

Karagwe is one of eight districts in Kagera region with a number of national non-

governmental organizations compared to other districts in Kagera region, in Tanzania.

According to Ministry of Community Development Gender and Children, Karagwe district

has more than 20 national NGOs operating in Karagwe district. These organizations most of

them have been involved in implementation of different projects aim at supporting vulnerable

children, HIV/AIDS projects and other related project on child development in supporting

national effort in insuring quality improvement in OVC Program.

According to National Guidelines for Quality Improvement in OVC Program (2009) there

are several challenges in the implementation of child development policy and projects. As

since policy aim at to ensure that a child receives comprehensive care by the government

working in partnership with national and local governmental organizations and ensure

participation of other stakeholder‟s.

This means that NGO‟s roles are of great importance in the implementation of child

development policy, and this has led to the strengthening of Public Private Partnership (PPP).

Scholte (2005), argue that civil society associations can bring greater public control to global

governance. They are usually established to advocate and oversee democratic accountability

in global regulatory arrangements and to promote new norms and ideas on the international

agenda in different policy areas: human rights, environmental movements, labor standards

and health and development groups. They promote and increase accountability in global

governance through policy monitoring and review, participation: democratic legitimacy of

global governance arrangements and their mechanisms of influence can be: networks,

relationships with ruling authorities (lobby), mass media (newspapers, magazines, websites),

campaigns, demonstrations, consultancy (information, insights to policy process, political

viability, research). Through advocacy, public policy analysis and development, the NGOs

have gained an important place in international public policy making.

7

Moreover, Nongovernmental organization roles can be seen on in terms of helps to reach

places where sometime government services cannot be accessed easily using mobilized

resources for the projects that aim at child protection and development like HIV/AID

projects, in planning, execution of project and monitoring and evaluation of projects and

programs that aim at child development. (Muzinda M., 2012)

Despite the huge amount of resources and number of national NGOs in Karagwe to

implement child development policy and projects related to child development and despite

the fact that these private actors play big role in supplement government efforts in the

community it is not clear how effective the monitoring and evaluation, amount of resources

invested by these NGOs in implementation of child development policy.

Based on the above problem stated the researcher wants to conduct research in Karagwe

district is to find out the NGO‟s roles that play in implementation of child development

policy.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

Purpose of this study was to investigate on contribution of national NGOs, as private actor on

implementation of child development policy, taking Karagwe district as a case study

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 General Objectives

To investigate the contribution of national NGOs, on the implementation of child

development policy, taking Karagwe district as a case study

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

i. To examine the extent to which awareness creation by national NGOs influences

implementation of child development policy in Karagwe

ii. To identify the influence of monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child

development projects done by national NGOs in Karagwe

iii. To examine the influence of surveys by national NGOs on national NGOs in the

implementation of child development policy in Karagwe

8

1.5 Research Questions

i. Does awareness creation by national NGOs influences implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe?

ii. How does monitoring and evaluation influence the implementation of child

development projects done by national NGOs in Karagwe?

iii. How do surveys conducted by national NGOs influence the implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe?

1.6 Justification of the Study

This study is important as it gives more information on the roles that NGOs play in ensuring

child receives a comprehensive care and support as part of implementation of child

development policy as well as child right in Tanzania where Karagwe district was chosen for

the study since according to Foundation for Civil Society directory 2913, Karagwe is one of

the district with many NGOs with more 78 NGOs, followed by Bukoba urban in Kagera

region. Karagwe district based on district council report, (2012) has more than 5000

vulnerable children. Different scholars and journalists have written on importance of NGOs

roles in social, economic, political and cultural development. For instances Casey (2004)

identified six important roles these includes development and operational of infrastructure,

supporting innovations, demonstration and pilot projects by selecting particular projects and

specify particular length of time which they were supporting the projects. Facilitating

communication through monitoring and evaluation and using interpersonal methods of

communication.

As according to Foundation for civil society journal, (2009), advocacy for and with the poor,

since NGOs become spokespersons or ombudsmen for the poor and attempt to influence

government policies and programs on their behalf done through a variety of means ranging

from demonstration and pilot projects to participation in public forums and the formulation

of government policy and plans, to publicizing research results and case studies of the poor

especially women and children.

9

1.7 Significance of the study

This study will help to state on existing gaps between theoretical and problem aspects of the

problem also the study will help researcher to add knowledge on public administration role as

well as the role of NGOs in implementation of child development policy in Karagwe district.

The study will provide a brief recommendations and suggestions to government departments,

donors, civil society organization and NGOs and officials on NGOs roles that they play in

implementation of development policy (1996) in Tanzania.

The findings will help the policy makers and other stakeholders take a complimentary

approach and ensure child receives a comprehensive care by creating good and sustainable

systems that will help to reduce number of vulnerable children. For the future researcher

proposed study will benefit and help the future researcher as their guide and open in

development of this study.

1.8 Scope of the Study

The study took place in Karagwe district and its all twenty two wards that found in Karagwe

district in Kagera region, involving registered thirty nine (39) NGOs found in Karagwe, 44

most vulnerable committees, district social welfare officers and policemen dealing with

vulnerable children issues. It was conducted in the months of January to April 2015.

1.9 Assumptions of the Study

NGO‟s role in implementation of child development policy in Karagwe are said to be vital in

ensuring every child gets comprehensive social care on the basis of the children‟s. There are

certain formal and informal ways in which private actors particularly NGO‟s get involved

through organizing campaign meetings and workshops, provide civic education, monitoring

child care projects, strengthening and protesting which mobilize the public towards

addressing a specific issue, through public private partnership (PPP), writing global petition,

engaging skillful advocacy, civic education, training, monitoring and evaluation.

10

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter will comprise of theoretical review and empirical reviews, conceptual

framework, research gaps and ethical consideration of proposed research study.

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1 Behavioral Theory on Child Development

Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences

behavior and are based upon the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov

and Skinner, B. F. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is

considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement. This theory differs

considerably from other child development theories because it gives no consideration to

internal thoughts or feelings. Instead, it focuses purely on how experience shapes who we

are. Learn more about these behavioral theories in these articles on classical conditioning and

operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of

thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan

Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between

an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, (Cherry, 2012).

It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a

naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was

the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By

associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food),

the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how

more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic

principles of the process.

11

2.1.2. Social Child Development Theories

2.1.2.1 Attachment Theory

There is a great deal of research on the social development of children. John Bowbly

proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early

relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to

influence social relationships throughout life. Then attachment theory on child development

describes on need importance of social environment to the child development and child care

which actually starts from the parents or caregivers.

2.1.2.2 Social Learning Theory

Psychologist Albert Bandura proposed what is known as social learning theory. According to

this theory of child development, children learn new behaviors from observing other people.

Unlike behavioral theories, Bandura believed that external reinforcement was not the only

way that people learned new things. Instead, intrinsic reinforcements such as a sense of pride,

satisfaction and accomplishment could also lead to learning. By observing the actions of

others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information.

And this theory therefore also it try to describe that child learn behaviours from observing

others and interactions. Hence social environment for child development is of great

importance.

2.1.3. Public Administration Theory

Aspect of governmental activity is very old. It views Public administration as a system of

connection and organization and mainly concerned with the performance of political decision

of these goals. Public Administration is characterized with cooperative group effort in public

setting, covers three branches that is legislatives, executives and judicial where their

important role is formulation of public policy and they closely associated with numerous

private groups and individuals in providing services to the community (Raj, K. 2005).

Public Administration is the complex of governmental activities that are undertaken in public

interest at different levels such as the central, state/ provincial (in federal set up) and local

12

levels.

Government as a political authority is the major regulator of social life. With the emergence

of democracy, and the concept of welfare state, the governmental activities have increased by

leaps and bounds.

Expanding governmental activities have resulted inn expansion of the bureaucracy, creation

of different forms of public and semipublic organizational raising public expenditure, and

overall control over public life. The scope of public administration and major concerns of the

discipline it include policy sensitization, promoting publiciness, implementation capabilities,

shared understanding of social reality and Learning experience. (Raj K., 2005).

Theoretical Framework

Figure 2.1: Theoretical frame work

It is this study view that the above theories can help practitioners working to keep children

safe in residential or field settings. As concepts from social child and behaviour theories have

emerged in the social sciences, debates are now taking place about whether commentators

intend the application of these theories as hard science or the use of the theories as metaphor.

Choi (2009) in his discussions on children development theories notes that individuals must

have an understanding about any given situation, and hold this idea with sufficient

confidence to follow the course of action it suggests. If a situation is complex, individuals

seek ideas that enable them to deal with it, ending that search only when such understandings

have been obtained. In conclusion it is believe that the above theories offers tools for

Behavioral Theory on Child

Development

Public Administration Theory

Social Child Development Theories

Attachment Theory

Social Learning Theory

Child development

policy Implementation

13

understanding and analyzing many of the complex adaptive systems within which

practitioners operate in protecting children.

2.2 Empirical Literature

Child periods of development can be categorized into five (5) that is prenatal period which

occurs from conception to birth, infancy and toddlerhood which occurs at birth to 2 years,

early childhood 2-6 years old, middle childhood: 6-12 years old and finally adolescence

period which occurs at 12-19 years old. Domain of development is described in three

domains, but growth in one domain influences the other domains where every domain has its

own characteristics. Physical domain is where body size, body proportions, appearance, brain

development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health. The we have

cognitive Domain characterized with thought processes and intellectual abilities including

attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday

knowledge, met cognition, and language and lastly is social or emotional domain with self-

knowledge (self-esteem, met cognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning,

understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding

others, interpersonal skills, and friendships.

The implementation of the Tanzanian Child Development Policy will help to reduce and

even eliminate problems facing children (Mkombozi, 2007). Child Development Policy was

developed in 1996 by the Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children to

safeguard the rights of the child and encourage education of all other sectors of society in

their responsibilities. It recognizes child protection as a vital element to create “intellectually,

spiritually and morally” sound future citizens. This paper aim paper aims to discuss and

clarify: factors affecting the provision of child rights; measures to promote the rights of the

child; definition of child survival and measures to promote this; important issues concerning

child development and measures to promote this. In all sections, the responsibilities of

government, ministries, community, guardians, institutions, parents and the child are

discussed (ibid).

Extra-governmental actors are the entities and individuals not directly connected with the

14

state and who function with independence in respect to government agencies. The creation of

government corporations, quasi-non-governmental organizations (QUANGOs), and private

enterprises with a majority of government capital makes it increasingly difficult to define the

legal and political frontiers. There is constant movement of people between the two worlds:

many individuals traffic in and out of government, alternating periods as public sector

employees with those as consultants, professional lobbyists or just "names about town".

Strong corporatist relationships can confer privileged, quasi-governmental status of

legitimation, credibility and participation. The organizations that enjoy this status vary

according to the society and the policy areas in which they work, but typically include

unions, employer organizations, the church in religious societies and non-government

associations particularly important in their areas of influence.

The relations created by contracting and consultation as well as the vertical integration

between political parties and other organizations prejudice the possibility of independent

action of even the most clearly legally separate organizations. Non-government, non-profit

organizations that articulate a wide range of interests, but primarily those related to public

goods; can be part of social movements or other interest groups, formed specifically to

intervene in the policy process; but, at the same time, all NGOs can potentially participate in

lobby activities even though they have not been constituted directly for this purpose. The

decision to restrict their activities specifically to service delivery or, on the contrary, to play a

more political role depends on the internal tendencies of the organization. In some countries

there are attempts to limit the lobby activities of NGOs (Wilson, 2000), and this work is

treated in the same way as that of professional lobby groups; but in general NGOs are free to

participate in this type of activity.

2.2.1 Awareness creation by national NGOs

Livingstone Byekwaso (2006) conducted a study on the plight of older people, care and

protection in rural Tanzania. The researcher aimed at to examine the actual situation of older

people in rural setting regarding care and protection. By using the population of Karagwe,

sample size was drawn from the population of Government officials at the district, ward and

15

villages levels, NGO‟s, CBO‟s officials, prominent community members, family members,

older people and Religious leaders. A total of 161 respondents were obtained from a targeted

sample frame of 180 which is 89% of respondents interviewed, using documentary review,

interview, observation and questionnaire, and focused group discussion. The researcher

recommendation was need for civic education to community to be responsible for protecting

rights of vulnerable groups like older people and children, as well as providing social,

economic, cultural and political support to them and he also acknowledged on the role of

NGOs including SAWAKA, in protecting the rights and entitlements of older people and

vulnerable groups in Karagwe. The current researcher needs to observe and confirm on the

matter above in the current present era, here much has been changing across Tanzania region.

Moreover, Wolfram Schulz (2008) did a study on questionnaire construct validation in the

International Civic and Citizenship Education to measure context and outcomes of civic and

citizenship education and it was explicitly linked through common questions to the IEA

Civic Education Study (CIVED) which was undertaken in 1999 and 2000 Torney-Purta, L.,

(2004). The study surveyed 13-to-14-year old students in 38 countries in the years 2008 and

2009 and report on student achievement and perceptions related to civic and citizenship

education. Outcome data was to be obtained from representative samples of students in their

eighth year of schooling and context data from the students, their schools and teachers as

well as through national centers. The study builds on the previous IEA study of civic

education (CIVED) undertaken in 1999.

It was recognized that there was substantial diversity in the field of civic and citizenship

education within and across countries. Consequently, maximizing the involvement of

researchers from participating countries in this international comparative study was of

particular importance for the success of this study in the process of developing an assessment

framework and instruments. Input from national research centers has been sought throughout

the study and strategies have been developed to maximize country contributions from early

piloting activities until the selection of final main survey instruments in June 2009. And the

researcher also suggested on further studies on significant impact of civic education on

16

policy implementation.

2.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

Greenblot, (2008) on behalf of the Working Group on Social Protection for the IATT on

children and HIV and AIDS did a study. The general objective of the paper was to find the

essential support services and policies that required attention for the monitoring and

evaluation of the child development policies. Target was a population of Africa, Asia and

Latin America and using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was done with the

help of SPSS, and then he found that NGO‟s played important roles through participatory

monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) towards the implementation of child development policy.

Then he concluded by saying that all public administration in public policy implementation

have the necessity of NGO‟s innervations.

And he further, emphases on more research to be conducted in that area, though the paper

taken a different approach by looking on understanding the risk factors and vulnerabilities

affecting children, need for social protection, need to move towards a more integrated

vision, essential support service and policies required attention, guiding principles for

promoting social protection for vulnerable children and finally current opportunities and

issues to address which include institutional capacity and good governance.

2.2.3 Surveys by national NGOs

Nae, G., Grigore, C. & Grigore, G. (2008), conducted a study aim at to approach the role of

the private actors in general and NGOs in particular in international public policy making and

when and how these actors should be given access to the process of policy making.

Therefore, where in the first part of the paper briefly set to the context of international public

policy and the actors performing in global governance. In the second part, the researcher

focused on the role that NGOs and business groups play in policy making. In the third

section presented some guidelines that we were considered important related to the access

that should be given to these actors and in the last section researcher drew some concluding

remarks on NGO‟s Engagement in International Public Policy Making. In giving findings

and recommendations, the researcher recommended on civil society associations and NGOs

17

do make important contributions to greater democratic accountability in global governance.

Already these activities have reached a notable scale, and considerable opportunities exist to

broaden them further on how trainings and other NGOs activities contributes to the

achievement of policy implementation.

Scripen, T. and Gill W. (2008), conducted a study on the role of state and non state actors in

the policy process. The researcher aimed at to assess the contribution of policy networks to

the scale up of antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. He used population of Thailand employing

qualitative approaches, including in depth interviews, document review and direct

observation to examine the process by which universal ART policy developed between 2001

and 2007, with the focus on the connections between actors who shared common interests- so

called policy networks. Research findings illustrated the crucial contributions of non-state

networks in the policy process. The supportive role of public-civic networks could be

observed at every policy stage, and at different levels of health sector. The role of non state

actors including NGOs contribution was not simply at agenda setting stage for example

lobbing government but in the actual development and implementation of health policy. The

researcher has seen potential areas and opportunity to do research study on this area

extensively by future researchers.

2.4 Conceptual Framework

Independent variables Dependent variable

Awareness Creation

-Parents and caregivers training

-Mass media programmes

-Rural information dissemination

-Documentation of research done Child Development Policy

Implementation

Children abuse

Access to education

Enough food provision

Adequate clothing

Monitoring and Evaluation

-Frequent research

-Vulnerable areas identification

-Monitoring Duration

Surveys by National NGOs

-Conducting case studies

-Conducting surveys

18

Figure 2. 2. Conceptual Framework

Source: Researcher (2015)

NGOs play major roles like legal framework, strengthening governance systems through

legal advocacy and lobbying; interventions that support establishment of more significance

on the children‟s development and protection policy implementation through different ways

for instance writing of reports that are used as fact sheets and evidences. Technical

monitoring and evaluation is another role for NGOs towards the child development and

protection policy implementation. This involves activities like; being watchdogs and

observers by through feedback on what the child protection policy implementation is really

like at the ground.

NGOs also conduct on job training and development to impart skills to the stakeholders of

child protection policy implementation to ensure effectiveness during this policy

implementation. Effectiveness is also derived from the NGOs role of being Civic educators

to impart knowledge that increases the awareness and stakeholder understanding on the

importance of child protection policy implementation. Thus, the current study has adopted

the “Role of NGOs as Independent Variable” and the “Child Development policy

Implementation as a dependent variable”; as the researcher seeks to address proper child

development policy implementation.

2.5 Research Ethics Considerations

In carrying out this study the researcher will take into consideration research ethical issues

and make sure he acknowledge materials that will be used by making reference of the

sources used, avoiding plagiarism by using citation, abide ethical confidentiality of the

respondent and ensure privacy by following informed consent rule, and use of APA ethical

code. Bryman, (2004), states that it is the responsibility of the researcher to carefully assess

the possibility of harm to research participants and the extent that it is possible; the

possibility of harm should be minimized. He further says that the researcher must take all

reasonable precautions to ensure that the respondents are in no way directly harmed or

adversely affected as a result of their participation in the current research.

19

Permission to conduct the study will be sought and granted by the author from the District

offices and other relevant local authorities. High level of data privacy and confidentiality will

be maintained and the findings only used for academic purpose. The author will present a

letter of request to the relevant offices to be allowed to perform the study.

2.6 Research gaps

Previous Research on children development is occurring worldwide (Fredrick, 2010). Abuse

damages the physical, emotional, sexual and social wellbeing of children. Child abuse is

happening locally and daily despite the concern and efforts of a wide range of adults

including, parents, police, NGOs, welfare workers, politicians and educators (Webster,

2011). Many adults who are involved with children have reported the effects of poor children

development and articulate an urgent need to prevent and stop abuse. The joint call from

researchers for increased children development remains a compelling reason to look for

strategies to enhance child development and protection and more specifically in the

developing countries.

Specific barriers to efficient child protection by organisations have been recurrently

identified as a lack of transparency, poor monitoring and insufficient co-ordination among

those involved in in policy implementation (Save the Children, 2010). Conversely, similarly

unequivocal measures to maximize resources to meet children‟s rights include: (early)

investment in children; child impact assessments; rights-based budget monitoring and

analysis; legislating a dedicated proportion of public expenditure; and broader interpretation

of „available resources‟ (UN, 2007).

Despite overall recognition of the value of early intervention and the investment of resources

in children development by NGOs, few studies have been carried in the developing countries

and no known study has been done in Tanzania on the contribution of national NGOs,

implementation of child development policy at Karagwe district. This study therefore seeks

to fill this research gap.

20

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter covers the details about the research methodology of the study, type and design,

sampling procedures and techniques, research instruments, procedures of data gathering, and

statistical treatment of that was used for accurate data analysis and interpretation.

3.1 Research Design

The researcher chose research design that is descriptive. It used both qualitative and

quantitative approach (Kothari, 2004). Quantitative research refers to the systematic

empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or

computational techniques, where qualitative method Qualitative researchers aims to gather an

in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The

qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where,

when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples.

3.2 Target Population of the study

The target area was Karagwe district, Tanzania which has 48 registered NGOs to be involved

in this study, 22 wards to be reached, department of social welfare officers, representatives

from ward and village government officer, 20 representatives of most vulnerable children

committees and 10 households from Karagwe districts were involved in the current research

study.

Table 3. 1: The table below shows the total population of study

S/N POPULATION OF STUDY TOTAL POPULATION

1 48 registered NGO‟s in Karagwe district 10

2 76 villages (community committees) 20

3 Department of social Welfare in Karagwe District 2

4 Ward executive officers (WEO) 5

4 Village government leaders (VEO) 10

5 Households 10

TOTAL POPULATION 57

21

Source: Author (2015)

3.3 Sampling procedures and sampling Techniques

Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that

the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected (Kothari, 2004).

The current study used stratified random sampling technique. It randomly drew 10

respondent from the 48 registered NGOs in Karagwe district and only executive directors of

NGO were selected; get respondent from the 76 villages of Karagwe district where only 10

most vulnerable committees were selected by taking 2 most vulnerable children committees

leaders who are chairperson and secretary of the committees and making total of 20

respondents , 2 government social welfare officers were involved in the study, 10 village

government officers, 5 ward government executive officers, as well as 10 households taking

care of vulnerable children in Karagwe district were used as representative sample of the

study.

3.4 Sample Size

The sample size was determined by using the Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) proposition of

10 to 30% of the target population depending on whether the population is large or small.

The researcher took 10% of the population as the sample size; this enabled the selection of

10 executive directors from 78 registered NGOs in Karagwe, 20 respondents from MVCC

committees, 2 social welfare officers, and officers from one of police stations found in

Karagwe participated in the research study. Table 3.1 summarises the sample categorisation.

Table 3.2: The Table below Shows Sample Size Of Study

S/N Population of study Total population Sample size (btn 10%-30%)

1 National NGOs 20 10

2 Most vulnerable committees members 78 20

3 Officers from DSW 2 2

4 Ward executive officers 22 5

5 Village executive officers 78 10

6 Households 100 10

Total respondents 300 57

22

Source: Researcher (2015)

3.5 Data Collection Methods

The researcher used questionnaires, and interviews methodologies to collect primary and

secondary data was collected through documentary reviews.

3.5.1 Surveys

Since surveys involve collecting information, usually from fairly large groups of people, by

means of questionnaires but other techniques such as interviews or telephoning may also be

used through use straightforward type (the “one shot survey”) which is administered to a

sample of people at a set point in time (Kothari, C.R: 2004). The current proposed research

is expecting to use several survey methodologies for better coverage.

3.5.2 Questionnaires

Large part of data collection was done by questionnaire administration. Questionnaires are a

good way to obtain information from a large number of people and or people who may not

have the time to attend an interview or take part in the research experiments. They enable

people to take their time, think about it and come back to the questionnaire later. Participants

can state their views or feelings privately without worrying about the possible reaction of the

researcher. Unfortunately, some people may still be inclined to try to give socially acceptable

answers. Respondents were encouraged to answer the questions as honestly as possible so as

to avoid the researchers drawing false conclusions from their study.

3.6. Validation and Reliability of Instruments

The research instrument used was the questionnaire and the analysis tool SPSS. Data quality

control comprised of reliability and validity of data collection instruments. Refers to the

degree to which a test measures what it is suppose to measure. Validation is also a matter of

degree: highly valid, moderately valid, or generally valid. Reliability refers to the degree to

which a test consistently measures whatever it is suppose to measure. The five general

approaches to reliability are stability, equivalence, equivalence and stability, internal

consistency, and score/rater (Kothari, 2010).

23

3.6.1 Instrument’s Validity

Validity indicates the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to

measure; the accuracy, soundness and effectiveness with which an instrument measures what

it is intended to measure (Kothari, 2010) or the degree to which results obtained from the

analysis of the data actually represent the phenomena under study (Mugenda & Mugenda,

2008). Validity of the questionnaire was established by peers and a panel of experts from the

University. The research instrument was availed to the experts and peers, who established its

content and construct validity to ensure that the items are adequately representative of the

subject area to be studied. Content validity was established through carrying out pre-testing

measures where content validity index was calculated using computation formulae as

suggested below:

C V I = Valid rated Questions / Total numbers of Questions being judged. The researcher

randomly sampled 20 questions and if the CVI is anything above 0.7 then it indicates that the

instrument is valid for use in the proposed study.

3.6.2 Instrument’s Reliability

Reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results

after repeated trials. According to Mugenda and Mugenda, (1999), in a research study, the

reliability coefficient can be computed to indicate how reliable data are. The reliability

instrument were pre-tested by using the pilot method where a set of questionnaires were

distributed to identified respondents and then data analyzed using Cornbrash‟s Alpha

(Cronbach, (1951), by the help of SPSS. The reliability coefficient (α) obtained was used to

identify the level of data reliability as shown in table 3.3 below

.

24

Table 3.3: Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient table

Cronbach's alpha Internal consistency

α ≥ 0.9 Excellent (High-Stakes testing)

0.7 ≤ α < 0.9 Good (Low-Stakes testing)

0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 Acceptable

0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Poor

α < 0.5 Unacceptable

Source: Nunnaly, (1978)

3.7 Data Analysis techniques and procedures

Data analysis is the process which starts at data collection and ends at interpretation of

processed data. The current researcher used the document analysis-recording sheets. A

margin of error of 0.075 is selected since it is logically difficult to deal with a larger sample

size (Mugenda et al., 2003).

The study incorporates the following model to determine the relationship between variables;

Y= F (X1, X2, X3, X4)

Y= F (0 + 1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3X3+ 4 X4 + E)

Where: Y = Child Protection Policy Implementation

X1 = Advocacy

X2 = Monitoring & Evaluation

X3 = Training

X4 = Civic Education

0 = Constant

E = Margin of Error

Multiple Regression was run on a SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) to establish

correlations between the different variables. The researcher organized the results around

every objective. Data was presented by the use of tables and graphs, giving rise to

descriptively detailed interpretation of the phenomenon.

25

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATIONS AND

PRESENTATIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the interpretation and presentation of the findings obtained from the

field. The chapter presents the background information of the respondents, findings of the

analysis based on the objectives of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics have been

used to discuss the findings of the study.

4.1.1 Response Rate

The study targeted a sample size of 57 respondents from which 54 filled in and returned the

questionnaires making a response rate of 94.7%. This response rate was satisfactory to make

conclusions for the study. The response rate was representative. According to Mugenda and

Mugenda (1999), a response rate of 50% is adequate for analysis and reporting; a rate of 60%

is good and a response rate of 70% and over is excellent. Based on the assertion, the response

rate was considered to be excellent.

Table 4.4: Response Rate

Questionnaires

Administered

Questionnaires

filled & Returned Percentage

Respondents 57 54 94.7%

4.1.2 Reliability Analysis

A pilot study was carried out to determine reliability of the questionnaires. The pilot study

involved the sample respondents. Reliability analysis was subsequently done using

Cronbach‟s Alpha which measured the internal consistency by establishing if certain item

within a scale measures the same construct. Gliem and Gliem (2003) established the alpha

value threshold at 0.7, thus forming the study‟s benchmark. Cronbach‟s alpha was

established for every objective which formed a scale

Table 4.5: Reliability Analysis

Variable Cronbach’s Alpha

coefficient score

No. Of

Items

Comments

Awareness creation 0.879 6 Reliable

26

Monitoring and evaluation 0.930 7 Reliable

Surveys conducted by NGOs 0.825 5 Reliable

Implementation of child

development policy

0.794 4 Reliable

The table above shows that monitoring and evaluation had the highest reliability (α= 0.930),

followed by awareness creation (α=0.879) surveys conducted by NGOs (α=0.825) and finally

the implementation of child development policy (α=0.794). This illustrates that all the

variables were reliable as their reliability values exceeded the prescribed threshold of 0.7.

4.2 Demographic Information

Table 4.6: Gender distribution

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 32 59.3

Female 22 40.7

Total 54 100

Figure 4.3: Gender distribution

The study sought to determine the gender category of the respondents, from the findings the

study established that majority of the respondents as shown by 759.3%, were males whereas

40.7% of the respondents were females, this is an indication that both genders were well

involved in this study and thus the finding of the study did not suffer from gender bias.

Table 4.7: Age Category

Age Frequency Percentage

21-29 years 10 18.5

27

30-39 years 13 24.1

40-49 years 16 29.6

50 years and above 15 27.8

Total 54 100

Figure 4.4: Age category

On respondent‟s age category, the study established that most of the respondents as shown by

29.6% were aged between 40-49 years, 27.8% of the respondents were aged 50 years and

above, 24.1% of the respondents were aged 30-39 years whereas 18.5% were aged 21-29

years. This is an indication that respondents were well distributed in terms of their age.

Table 4.8: Length of Service in the Organization

Length of Service Frequency Percentage

0-5 years 8 14.8

6-10 years 11 20.4

11-15 years 16 29.6

16-20 years 19 35.2

21 years and above 12 22.2

Total 54 100

Figure 4.5: Length of Service

28

The researcher requested the requested the respondents to indicate the period which they had

worked with the agency, from findings the study revealed that 35.2% of the respondents had

worked with the organization for a period of 16-20 years, 29.6% of the respondents had

worked with the organization for a period of 11-15 years, 22.2% of the respondents had

worked with the organization for a period of 21 years and above, 20.4% of the respondents

had worked with the organization for a period of 6-10 years whereas 14.8% of the

respondents had worked with the organization for a period of 0-5 years. This implies that

majority of the respondents had worked with the organization for a considerable period of

time and thus they were in a position to give credible information relating to this research.

Table 4.9: Level of education

1. Level Of Education Frequency Percentage

Secondary 4 7.4

College diploma 13 24.1

Degree 21 38.9

Masters 16 29.6

Total 54 100

Figure 4.6: Level Of Education

The study requested the respondents to indicate their highest level of education achieved,

from the research findings; the study revealed that most of the respondents as shown by

38.9% held bachelor‟s degrees certificates, 29.6% of the respondents held master‟s degrees

whereas 24.1% of the respondents held college diploma certificates, whereas 7.4% of the

respondents held Secondary school certificate. From the findings, the study deduces that

county most of the respondents engaged in this study were well educated and therefore they

were in a position to respond to research questions with ease.

29

4.3 Awareness Creation

Table 4.10: Creation of Awareness by NGOs

Opinion Frequency Percentage

Yes 46 85.2

No 8 14.8

Total 54 100

The study sought to establish whether creation of awareness by NGOs in Tanzania influences

implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings,

majority of the respondents as shown by 85.2% agreed that creation of awareness by NGOs

in Tanzania influences implementation of child development policy in Karagwe while 14.8%

of the respondents were of the contrary opinion, this implies that creation of awareness by

NGOs in Tanzania influences implementation of child development policy in Karagwe.

Table 4.11: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation

Extent Frequency Percentage

Very great extent 12 22.2

Great extent 34 63.0

Moderate extent 8 14.8

Total 54 100

The study sought to establish the extent to which awareness creation by NGOs influence

implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings,

majority of the respondents a shown by 63% were of the opinion that awareness creation by

NGOs influence implementation of child development policy to a great extent, 22.2% of the

respondents indicated to a very great extent whereas 14.8% of the respondents indicated to a

moderate extent this implies that awareness creation by NGOs influence implementation of

child development policy in Karagwe to a great extent.

30

Table 4.12: Extent to Which Awareness Creation Influence Policy Implementation

Statements

Str

on

gly

dis

agre

e

Dis

agre

e

Neu

tral

Agre

e

Str

on

gly

Agre

e

Mea

n

Std

dev

iati

on

Coef

fici

ents

of

vari

ati

on

NGOs ensure that the goals of the major

stakeholders are mutually compatible and

understood by the sides.

2 1 3 29 19 4.15 0.23 0.055

NGOs, through community education, can

awaken latent local champions that would

act as representatives of a community, take

over the leadership role and push through

the partnership.

1 2 2 27 22 4.24 0.23 0.054

Nongovernmental organizations in

Tanzania play an increasingly important

role in implementation of child

development policy.

0 2 2 25 25 4.35 0.24 0.055

NGOs should a moral obligation to act in

the public interest 1 2 2 21 28 4.35 0.24 0.055

NGOs should be accountable for what

they say and the positions they take on

particular issues

1 1 2 26 24 4.31 0.24 0.056

NGOs should take accountability of the

values they promote 2 3 1 23 25 4.22 0.22 0.052

Mean Coefficients of variation 0.055

The study sought to establish the level at which respondents agreed with the above

statements relating to extent awareness creation and its influence on implementation of child

development policy. From the research findings, majority of the respondents agreed that;

Non-governmental organizations in Tanzania play an increasingly important role in

implementation of child development policy, NGOs should a moral obligation to act in the

public interest as shown by a mean of 4.35 in each case, NGOs should be accountable for

what they say and the positions they take on particular issues As shown by a mean of 4.31,

31

NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local champions that would act as

representatives of a community, take over the leadership role and push through the

partnership as shown by a mean of 4.24, NGOs should take accountability of the values

they promote as shown by a mean of 4.22, NGOs ensure that the goals of the major

stakeholders are mutually compatible and understood by the sides as shown by a mean of

4.15 all the cases were supported by low mean of std deviation which implies that

respondents were of similar opinion. The above findings concur with the study finding by

Torney-Purta, L., (2004). An increased social and cultural awareness should be viewed as

comprising part of the social and environmental benefits to be derived from such projects

4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation

Table 4.13: Effects of Monitoring and Evaluation on Policy Implementation

Opinion Frequency Percentage

Yes 48 88.9

No 6 11.1

Total 54 100

The research sought to investigate whether monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence the

implementation of child development policies done by NGOs in Karagwe, from the research

findings, majority of the respondents as shown by 88.9% agreed that monitoring and

evaluation by NGOs influences the implementation of child development policies

while11.1% of the respondents were of the contrary opinion. This implies that monitoring

and evaluation by NGOs influences the implementation of child development policies in

Karagwe

32

Table4.14: Extent to Which Monitoring and Evaluation Influence Policy

Implementation

Extent Frequency Percentage

Very great extent 23 42.6

Great extent 28 51.9

Moderate extent 3 5.6

Total 54 100

The study sought to establish the extent to which monitoring and evaluation by NGOs

influence implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research

findings, majority of the respondents a shown by 51.9% were of the opinion that monitoring

and evaluation by NGOs influences implementation of child development policy to a great

extent, 42.6% of the respondents indicated to a very great extent whereas 5.6% of the

respondents indicated to a moderate extent this implies that monitoring and evaluation by

NGOs influence implementation of child development policy in Karagwe to a great extent.

Table 4.15: Influence Monitoring and Evaluation on Child Development Policy

Statements

Str

on

gly

dis

agre

e

Dis

agre

e

Neu

tral

Agre

e

Str

on

gly

Agre

e

Mea

n

Std

dev

iati

on

Coef

fici

ents

of

vari

ati

on

NGOs ensure the quality of services

provided by either public or private

sector and monitor the price

1 1 2 24 26 4.35 0.24 0.055

Monitoring by NGO help to ensure

smooth policy implementation progress

as well which enhances the quality of

expected results

2 1 2 30 19 4.17 0.24 0.058

NGOs serve as enablers of the

partnership through setting cooperation

frameworks

1 2 2 27 22 4.24 0.23 0.054

NGOs may ensure transparency and that

the interests of all the major

stakeholders are reflected in project

development

1 2 3 24 24 4.26 0.22 0.052

33

NGOs are a key link in the

accountability chain, and stakeholders

expect donor representatives to ensure

that action is taken when system does

not perform well

2 0 1 29 22 4.28 0.25 0.058

NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence

to standards and accountability

mechanisms at the various stages of the

funding cycle

0 1 2 26 25 4.39 0.25 0.057

NGOs monitoring of funded projects is

another way of enhancing quality and

accountability

1 0 2 27 24 4.35 0.25 0.057

Mean Coefficients of variation 0.056

The study sought to establish the extent to which respondents agreed with the above

statements relating to monitoring and evaluation influence on implementation of child

development policy, from the research findings, majority of the respondents agreed that;

NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence to standards and accountability mechanisms at the

various stages of the funding cycle as shown by a mean of 4.39, NGOs monitoring of funded

projects is another way of enhancing quality and accountability, NGOs ensure the quality of

services provided by either public or private sector and monitor the price as shown by a mean

of 4.35 in each case, NGOs are a key link in the accountability chain, and stakeholders

expect donor representatives to ensure that action is taken when system does not perform

well as shown by a mean of 4.28, NGOs may ensure transparency and that the interests of all

the major stakeholders are reflected in project development as shown by a mean of 4.26,

NGOs serve as enablers of the partnership through setting cooperation frameworks as shown

by a mean of 4.24 and that monitoring by NGO help to ensure smooth policy

implementation progress as well which enhances the quality of expected results shown by a

mean of 4.17. the above findings conforms with the study findings by Livingstone Byekwaso

(2006) that NGOs should influence partners‟ adherence to standards and accountability

mechanisms at all stages throughout the funding cycle

34

4.5 Surveys Conducted By NGOs

Table 4.16: Effects of surveys on implementation of child development policy

Opinion Frequency Percentage

Yes 44 81.5

No 10 18.5

Total 54 100

The study sought to determine whether surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of

child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings, majority of the

respondents as shown by 81.5% agreed that surveys by NGOs influences the implementation

of child development policy in Karagwe whereas 18.5% of the respondents were of the

contrary opinion. This implies that surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe.

Table 4.17: Influence Surveys on the Implementation of Child Development Policy

Extent Frequency Percentage

Very great extent 20 37.0

Great extent 26 48.1

Moderate extent 8 14.8

Total 54 100

The study sought to establish the extent to which surveys by NGOs influence implementation

of child development policy in Karagwe, from the research findings, most of the respondents

a shown by 48.1% were of the opinion that surveys by NGOs influence implementation of

child development policy to a great extent, 37% of the respondents indicated to a very great

extent whereas 14.8% of the respondents indicated to a moderate extent, this implies that

surveys by NGOs influence implementation of child development policy in Karagwe to a

great extent.

35

Table 4.18: Influence of Surveys by NGOs on Child Development Policy

Statements

Str

on

gly

dis

agre

e

Dis

agre

e

Neu

tral

Agre

e

Str

on

gly

Agre

e

Mea

n

Std

dev

iati

on

Coef

fici

ents

of

vari

ati

on

Non-governmental organizations play a

vital role in the shaping and

implementation of participatory

democracy

1 2 2 24 25 4.30 0.23 0.053

The government should Encourage and

enable partnership and dialogue between

local non-governmental organizations

and local authorities in activities aimed at

implementation of child development

policy

0 1 2 27 24 4.37 0.25 0.057

Non-governmental organizations Carry

out research on issues of importance to

implementation of policy and share

findings with the Government and other

stakeholders

2 1 2 24 25 4.28 0.23 0.054

Non-governmental organizations

Participate in strengthening quality

assurance

1 0 2 29 22 4.31 0.25 0.058

Non-governmental organizations help to

Complement Government efforts in

mobilizing resources

1 2 3 25 23 4.24 0.22 0.052

Mean Coefficients of variation 0.055

The study sought to establish the extent to respondents agreed with above statements relating

to influence of NGO surveys on the implementation of child development policy, The

government should encourage and enable partnership and dialogue between local non-

governmental organizations and local authorities in activities aimed at implementation of

child development policy as shown by a mean of 4.37, non-governmental organizations

participate in strengthening quality assurance as shown by a mean of 4.31, non-governmental

organizations play a vital role in the shaping and implementation of participatory democracy

36

as shown by a mean of 4.30, non-governmental organizations carry out research on issues of

importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the government and other

stakeholders as shown by a mean of 4.28, and that non-governmental organizations help to

complement government efforts in mobilizing resources as shown by a mean of 4.24. The

above findings concurs with study findings by (Lombe and Ochumbo, 2008; Cheney, 2010)

who argue that the major reason for NGOs carry out this research was to get an answer as to

why there is persistent vulnerability in OVC households irrespective of NGOs Active

participation and support.

4.6 Implementation of Child Development Policy

Table 4.19: Statements Relating To Implementation of Child Development Policy

Statements

Str

on

gly

Dis

agre

e

Dis

agre

e

Neu

tral

Agre

e

Str

on

gly

Agre

e

Mea

n

Std

Dev

iati

on

Coef

fici

ents

Of

Vari

ati

on

NGOs acts intermediaries between actors

in the Child Development Policy, by

building bridges between communities and

governments

1 3 2 33 15 4.07 0.25 0.061

NGOs make a greats contribution towards

Implementation of Child Development

Policy by enhancing transparency to both

sides

0 2 1 25 26 4.39 0.25 0.057

NGOs provide feedback on specific

policies implementation process thereby

enhancing its success

1 2 5 32 14 4.04 0.24 0.059

NGOs involvement provides expert input

for during policymaking and

implementation as well.

2 1 1 38 12 4.06 0.29 0.071

Mean Coefficients of variation 0.062

The study sought to establish the extent to which respondents agreed with the above

statements relating to Implementation of Child Development Policy. From the research

37

findings, majority of the respondents agreed that NGOs make a greats contribution towards

Implementation of Child Development Policy by enhancing transparency to both sides As

shown by a mean of 4.37, NGOs acts intermediaries between actors in the Child

Development Policy, by building bridges between communities and governments as shown

by a mean of 4.07, NGOs involvement provide expert input for during policymaking and

implementation as well as shown by a mean of 4.06, NGOs provide feedback on specific

policies implementation process thereby enhancing its success As shown by a mean of 4.04

4.7 Regression Analysis

Table 4.20: Model summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .876 .767 .746 .223

Adjusted R squared is coefficient of determination which tells us the variation in the

dependent variable due to changes in the independent variable. From the findings in the

above table the value of adjusted R squared was 0.746 an indication that there was variation

of 74.6 percent on implementation of child development policy due to changes in awareness

creation, monitoring and evaluation and surveys conducted by NGOs at 95 percent

confidence interval. This shows that 74.6 percent changes in implementation of child

development policy could be accounted awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation and

surveys conducted by NGOs. R is the correlation coefficient which shows the relationship

between the study variables, from the findings shown in the table above is notable that there

extists strong positive relationship between the study variables as shown by 0.876.

Table 4.21: Analysis of Variance

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1

Regression 2.946 3 .982 4.837 .001b

Residual 10.15 50 .203

Total 13.096 53

Critical value = 2.58

38

From the ANOVA statics, the study established the regression model had a significance level

of 0.1% which is an indication that the data was ideal for making a conclusion on the

population parameters as the value of significance (p-value) was less than 5%. The

calculated value was greater than the critical value (4.836>2.58) an indication that awareness

creation, monitoring and evaluation, surveys conducted by NGOs all affect implementation

of child development policy. The significance value was less than 0.05 indicating that the

model was significant.

Table 4.22: Table of Coefficients

The following tables gives the coefficients which helps in establishing the regression line

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 1.451 .229 6.336 .000

Awareness creation .482 .104 .393 4.635 .001

Monitoring and evaluation .532 .115 .332 4.626 .002

Surveys conducted by NGOs .498 .114 .423 4.368 .000

The established regression equation was

Y = 1.451+0.482 X1+ 0.5322 X2+ 0.498 X3

From the regression model below, it is can be deduced that, holding awareness creation,

monitoring and evaluation and surveys conducted by NGOs to a constant zero,

implementation of child development policy would be 0.451 (45.1%), it‟s was also

established that a unit increase in awareness creation while holding other factors at constant.

would enhance implementation of child development policy by a factor of 0.482 (48.2%), a

unit increase in monitoring and evaluation, while holding other factors at constant would

enhance implementation of child development policy by a factor of 0.432, (43.2%), also a

unit increase in Surveys conducted by NGOs would cause increase in implementation of

child development policy by a factor of 0.498 (49.8%).

39

This Cleary shows that there is a positive relationship between in implementation of child

development policy and awareness creation, monitoring / evaluation and surveys conducted

by NGOs. The analysis was undertaken at 5% significance level. The criteria for comparing

whether the predictor variables were significant in the model was through comparing the

obtained probability value and α=0.05. If the probability value was less than α, then the

predictor variable was significant otherwise it wasn‟t. All the predictor variables were

significant in the model as their probability values were less than α=0.05

40

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

From the analysis and data collected, the following discussions, conclusion and

recommendations were made. The responses were based on the objectives of the study. The

sought to examine the extent to which awareness creation by national NGOs influences

implementation of child development policy in Karagwe, to identify the influence of

monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child development projects done by national

NGOs in Karagwe and to examine the influence of surveys by national NGOs on national

NGOs in the implementation of child development policy in Karagwe

5.2 Discussion of The Findings

5.2.1 Awareness Creation

The study established that awareness creation by NGOs influence implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe to a great extent, the study also reveled that Non-

governmental organizations in Tanzania play an increasingly important role in

implementation of child development policy, NGOs should a moral obligation to act in the

public interest, NGOs should be accountable for what they say and the positions they take on

particular issues, NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local champions

that would act as representatives of a community, take over the leadership role and push

through the partnership, NGOs should take accountability of the values they promote,

NGOs ensure that the goals of the major stakeholders are mutually compatible and

understood by the sides cases were supported by low mean of std deviation which implies

that respondents were of similar opinion and that an increased social and cultural awareness

should be viewed as comprising part of the social and environmental benefits to be derived

from such projects

5.2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influences implementation of

child development policy in Karagwe to a great extent. The study also established that

41

NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence to standards and accountability mechanisms at the

various stages of the funding cycle, NGOs monitoring of funded projects is another way of

enhancing quality and accountability, NGOs ensure the quality of services provided by either

public or private sector and monitor the price, NGOs are a key link in the accountability

chain, and stakeholders expect donor representatives to ensure that action is taken when

system does not perform well, NGOs ensure transparency and that the interests of all the

major stakeholders are reflected in project development, NGOs serve as enablers of the

partnership through setting cooperation frameworks and that monitoring by NGO help to

ensure smooth policy implementation progress as well which enhances the quality of

expected results. the above findings confirms with the study findings by Livingstone

Byekwaso (2006) that NGOs should influence partners‟ adherence to standards and

accountability mechanisms at all stages throughout the funding cycle

5.2.3 Surveys Conducted By NGOs

The study revealed that surveys by NGOs influence implementation of child development

policy in Karagwe to a great extent. The research further revealed that The government

should encourage and enable partnership and dialogue between local non-governmental

organizations and local authorities in activities aimed at implementation of child

development policy, non-governmental organizations participate in strengthening quality

assurance, non-governmental organizations play a vital role in the shaping and

implementation of participatory democracy, non-governmental organizations carry out

research on issues of importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the

government and other stakeholders, and that non-governmental organizations help to

complement government efforts in mobilizing resources. The above findings concurs with

study findings by (Lombe and Ochumbo, 2008; Cheney, 2010) who argue that the major

reason for NGOs carry out this research was to get an answer as to why there is persistent

vulnerability in OVC households irrespective of NGOs Active participation and support.

5.2.4 Implementation of Child Development Policy

The study established that NGOs make a greats contribution towards implementation of child

development policy by enhancing transparency to both sides, NGOs acts intermediaries

42

between actors in the child development policy by building bridges between communities

and governments, NGOs involvement provide expert input for during policymaking and

implementation as well, NGOs provide feedback on specific policies implementation process

thereby enhancing its success. These findings confirm with behavioral theory and discovered

by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs

through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus,

(Cherry, 2012).

5.3 Conclusions

The study revealed that NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local

champions that would act as representatives of a community, take over the leadership role

and push through the partnership. The findings concurs with the Livingstone Byekwaso

(2006) that civic education to community is important in protecting rights of vulnerable

groups like older people and children, as well as providing social, economic, cultural and

political support to them and he also acknowledged on the role of NGOs including

SAWAKA, in protecting the rights and entitlements of older people and vulnerable groups

Therefore the study concludes that awareness creation by national NGOs had a positive

influence on the implementation of child development policy in Karagwe.

The study established that Monitoring by NGO help to ensure smooth policy implementation

progress as well which enhances the quality of expected results ,the findings concurs with

the literature by Greenblot, (2008) that NGO‟s played important roles through participatory

monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) towards the implementation of child development policy,

therefore the study concludes that monitoring and evaluation on implementation of child

development policies done by national NGOs in Karagwe enhance the implementation of

child development policies.

The study revealed that Non-governmental organizations Carry out research on issues of

importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the Government and other

stakeholders, thus the study concludes that surveys by national NGOs on have a positive

influence on the implementation of child development policy in Karagwe

43

5.4 Study Recommendations

Based on the study findings, the study recommends that the nongovernmental organizations

needs to continue with their efforts towards awareness creation to all stakeholders, since

awareness creation was found to play an instrumental role in enhancing implementation of

child development policy.

The study also recommends that frequent reviews and evaluations on policy implementation

process need to be done periodically in order to ascertain whether any significant steps are at

all being realized. This should also be done in view to effect changes if at all required.

The study further recommends that nongovernmental organizations need to thoroughly invest

in survey research and development, as this was found to be a key pillar on which the process

learning and knowledge development are based.

The study further recommends that nongovernmental organizations need to closely work

with the other stake holders; there is also need to ensure that roles to be played by each stake

holders are clearly defined and stipulated.

5.5 Recommendation For Further Studies

The Study sought to assess to investigate contribution of national NGOs, implementation of

child development policy, taking Karagwe district as a case study. The study variables

(awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation and surveys conducted by NGOs) only

accounted for 74.6 % on implementation of child development policy in Karagwe. The study

recommends that other variables accounting for 25.4% need to be identified and their effects

assessed as well.

44

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48

Appendix I: Questionnaire

Section A: Demographic information

2. Gender of the respondent :

Male [ ]

Female [ ]

3. Age of the respondent

Below 20 years [ ]

21-29 years [ ]

30-39 years [ ]

40-49 years [ ]

50 years and above [ ]

4. length of service in the organization

0-5 years [ ]

6-10 years [ ]

11-15 years [ ]

16-20 years [ ]

21 years and above [ ]

5. level of education

Secondary [ ]

College diploma [ ]

Degree [ ]

Masters [ ]

Part B: Awareness Creation

6. Do creation of awareness by NGOs in Tanzania influences implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe?

Yes ( ) No ( )

(6.b)If yes (above) please explain

49

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. To what extent does awareness creation by NGOs influence implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe?

Very great extent ( )

Great extent ( )

Moderate extent ( )

Little extent ( )

No extent at all ( )

8. Kindly indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to extent

to which awareness creation by NGOs in Tanzania influence implementation of child

development policy (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-Disagree- strongly

disagree)

Statements 1 2 3 4 5

NGOs ensure that the goals of the major stakeholders are mutually

compatible and understood by the sides.

NGOs, through community education, can awaken latent local

champions that would act as representatives of a community, take

over the leadership role and push through the partnership.

Nongovernmental organizations in Tanzania play an increasingly

important role in implementation of child development policy.

NGOs should a moral obligation to act in the public interest

NGOs should be accountable for what they say and the positions

they take on particular issues

NGOs should take accountability of the values they promote:

50

9. How else does creation of awareness by NGOs in Tanzania influences implementation of

child development policy in Karagwe?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Part C: Monitoring and Evaluation

10. Do monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence the implementation of child

development policies done by NGOs in Karagwe?

Yes ( ) No ( )

11. If yes (above) please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. To what extent does monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence implementation of child

development policy in Karagwe?

Very great extent ( )

Great extent ( )

Moderate extent ( )

Little extent ( )

No extent at all ( )

13. Kidly indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to extent to

which monitoring and evaluation by NGOs influence implementation of child development

policy (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-Disagree- strongly disagree)

Statements 1 2 3 4 5

51

NGOs ensure the quality of services provided by either public or

private sector and monitor the price

Monitoring by NGO help to ensure smooth policy implementation

progress as well which enhances the quality of expected results

NGOs serve as enablers of the partnership through setting

cooperation frameworks

NGOs may ensure transparency and that the interests of all the

major stakeholders are reflected in project development

NGOs are a key link in the accountability chain, and stakeholders

expect donor representatives to ensure that action is taken when

system does not perform well

NGOs can influence partners‟ adherence to standards and

accountability mechanisms at the various stages of the funding cycle

NGOs monitoring of funded projects is another way of enhancing

quality and accountability

14. Please indicate other ways through which monitoring and evaluation by NGOs in

Tanzania influences implementation of child development policy in Karagwe?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……

Part D: Surveys Conducted By NGOs

15. Do surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of child development policy in

Karagwe?

Yes ( ) No ( )

16. If yes (above) please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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17. To what extent do surveys by NGOs influence the implementation of child development

policy in Karagwe?

Very great extent ( )

Great extent ( )

Moderate extent ( )

Little extent ( )

No extent at all ( )

18. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to extent to

which surveys by NGOs influence implementation of child development policy (5-Strongly

Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-Disagree- strongly disagree)

Statements 1 2 3 4 5

Non-governmental organizations play a vital role in the shaping and

implementation of participatory democracy

The government should Encourage and enable partnership and

dialogue between local non-governmental organizations and local

authorities in activities aimed at implementation of child

development policy

Non-governmental organizations Carry out research on issues of

importance to implementation of policy and share findings with the

Government and other stakeholders

Non-governmental organizations Participate in strengthening quality

assurance

Non-governmental organizations help to Complement Government

efforts in mobilizing resources

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19. Please indicate other ways through which surveys by NGOs in Tanzania influences

implementation of child development policy in Karagwe?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Part E: Implementation of Child Development Policy

19. Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements relating to

Implementation of Child Development Policy (5-Strongly Agree, 4-Agree, 3-Neutral, 2-

Disagree- strongly disagree)

Statements 1 2 3 4 5

NGOs acts intermediaries between actors in the Child Development

Policy, by building bridges between communities and governments

NGOs make a greats contribution towards Implementation of Child

Development Policy by enhancing transparency to both sides

NGOs provide feedback on specific policies implementation process

thereby enhancing its success

NGOs involvement provides expert input for during policymaking

and implementation as well.

Thank you for your time