Translated version of Carloline_Fukushima_sim.pdfTaxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus AviculariaLamarck 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae).*Page 1* *Page 1*Caroline Sayuri Fukushima Caroline Sayuri Fukushima*Reviso taxonmica e anlise cladstica do gnero* *Taxonomic revisionand cladistic analysis of the genus*/*Avicularia*/ Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, /*Avicularia*/ Lamarck 1818 (Araneae,*Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae).* *Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae).**Taxonomical revision and cladistic analysis of* *Taxonomical revisionand cladistic analysis of*/*Avicularia*/ Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, /*Avicularia*/Lamarck 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae,*Aviculariinae).* *Aviculariinae).*Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Thesis submitted to the Institute ofBiocincias da Universidade de So Biosciences, University of SoPaulo, para a obteno de Ttulo de Paul, to obtain the titleDoutor em Cincias, na rea de Doctor of Science in AreaZoologia. Zoology.Orientador(a): Paulo Nogueira-Neto Adviser (a): Paulo Nogueira-NetoVerso corrigida Corrected versionSo Paulo Sao Paulo2011 2011(a verso original encontra-se disponvel no Instituto de Biocincias daUSP) (The original version is available at the Institute of Biosciencesof USP)------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 2* *Page 2*Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Caroline SayuriReviso taxonmica e anlise cladstica Taxonomic revision and cladisticanalysisdo gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 the genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818(Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). (Araneae, Theraphosidae,Aviculariinae).230 pginas 230 pagesTese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Thesis (Ph.D.) - Institute ofBiocincias da Universidade de So Paulo. Biosciences, University of SoPaulo.Departamento de Zoologia. Department of Zoology.1. /Avicularia/ 2. 1. /Avicularia/ 2. Theraphosidae 3. Theraphosidae 3.Araneae I. Araneae I. Universidade de So Paulo. University of So Paulo.Instituto de Biocincias. Institute of Biosciences. Departamento deDepartmentZoologia. Zoology.Comisso Julgadora: Jury:________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a)._________________________ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).Prof(a). Pr (a). Dr(a). Dr (a).Orientador(a) Adviser (a)------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 3* *Page 3**RESUMO* *ABSTRACT*O gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contm a espcie mais antiga dearanha The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contains the oldest speciesof spidermigalomorfa descrita. mygalomorph described. Esse gnero, de histrico etaxonomia extremamente complexos, This genre, historical and extremelycomplex taxonomy isaqui revisado, e uma anlise cladstica, utilizando 70 caracteres e 43txons terminais foi reviewed here, and a cladistic analysis using 70characters and 43 terminal taxa wasefetuada. performed. O cladograma preferido, obtido com o programaPee-Wee e concavidade 6, The preferred cladogram obtained with thePee-Wee program and concavity 6,apresentou a subfamlia Aviculariinae como grupo monofiltico contendoos seguintes presented Aviculariinae subfamily as monophyletic groupcontaining the followinggneros: /Stromatopelma/ , /Heteroscodra/ , /Psalmopoeus/ ,/Tapinauchenius/ , /Ephebopus/ , genres: /Stromatopelma, Heteroscodra,Psalmopoeus, Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus,//Pachistopelma/ , /Iridopelma/ , /Avicularia/ e Gnero 1, alm de 4novos gneros, todos /Pachistopelma, Iridopelma, Avicularia/ and Gender1, plus 4 new genera, alltambm monofilticos. also monophyletic.O gnero /Avicularia/ apresenta como sinapomorfia presena deprotuberncia The /Avicularia/ genus presents as presence ofsynapomorphy bulgedesenvolvida no tegulum e constitudo por 14 espcies: /A./ developedin tegulum and consists of 14 species /A./ /avicularia/ (espcie-tipo),/A./ /avicularia/ (type species), /A.//juruensis/ , /A./ /juruensis, A./ /purpurea/ , /A./ /purpurea, A.//taunayi/ , /A./ /taunayi, A./ /variegata/ status novo, /A./ /variegata/new status, /A./ /velutina/ , /A./ /velutina, A./ /rufa/ , /A./ /rufa, A.//aymara/ , /Avicularia/ sp. /Aymara, Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 1,/Avicularia/ sp. 1 /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 2, /Avicularia/ sp. 2/Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 3, /Avicularia/ sp. 3 /Avicularia/ sp.nov. November 4, /Avicularia/ sp. 4 /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 5 e/Avicularia/ sp. 5 and /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 6. 6. As espciesse distribuem do Caribe The species are distributed in the Caribbeanao Peru, Equador, Colmbia, Venezuela, Guiana, Guiana Francesa, Surinamee Brasil. Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana,Suriname and Brazil.So propostos 4 novos gneros: Gnero novo 1, composto por 3 espcies:Gnero 4 new genera are proposed: new Genre 1 comprised 3 species: Genusnovo 1 /hirschii/ comb. /hirschii/ 1 new comb. nov. November(espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 1 /minatrix/ comb. (Type species), New Genus1 /minatrix/ comb. nov. November e Gnero and Gendernovo 1 sp. 1 new sp. nov. November 1. 1. Gnero novo 2 e Gnero novo 3,monotpicos: Gnero novo 2 New genus and two new Genus 3, monotypic: NewGenre 2/versicolor/ comb. /versicolor/ comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 3/laeta/ comb. New and Genre 3 /laeta/ comb. nov. November Gnero novo 4 composto 3 New genus comprises 3 4espcies: Gnero novo 4 /sooretama/ comb. species: 4 Genre /Sooretama/new comb. nov. November (espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 4 /diversipes/ (Typespecies), New Genus 4 /diversipes/comb. comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 4 /gamba/ comb. Genre 4 and/gamba/ new comb. nov. NovemberSo propostas as seguintes alteraes taxonmicas: /Catumiri parvum/(Keyserling The following taxonomic changes are proposed: /Catumiriparvum/ (Keyserling1878) comb. 1878) comb. nov., /Grammostola anthracina/ (CL Koch 1842)comb. November, /anthracina Grammostola/ (CL Koch 1842) comb. nov.,/Euathlus/ November, /Euathlus//affinis/ (Nicolet 1849) comb. /affinis/ (Nicolet 1849) comb. nov.November As seguintes espcies so consideradas nomina dubia: Thefollowing species are considered nomina dubia:/Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomen dubium, /Ischnocolusalticeps/ Keyserling /Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomendubium, /Ischnocolus alticeps/ Keyserling1878 nomen dubium, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomen dubium,/Mygale/ Nomen dubium 1878, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomendubium, /Mygale//detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/ (Ausserer1871) nomen /detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/(Ausserer 1871) nomendubium, /A./ dubium, /A./ /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomen dubium,/Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890 /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomendubium, /Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium, /Mygaleochraceae/ nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomendubium, /Mygale ochraceae/------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 4* *Page 4*(Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium,/Avicularia/ (Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875nomen dubium, /Avicularia//ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, /Mygale walckenaeri/ Perty 1833nomen /ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, nomen /Mygale walckenaeri/Perty 1833dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium /, Aviculariafasciculata/ Strand 1907 dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen/dubium, Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907nomem dubium, /Avicularia fasciculata clara/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium,/Avicularia/ nomem dubium, /clear Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907nomen dubium, /Avicularia//soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /Avicularia subvulpina/ Strand 1906nomen dubium, /soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /subvulpinaAvicularia/ Strand 1906 nomen dubium,/Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. /Aviculariasurinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. As seguintes espcies so Thefollowing species areconsideradas species inquirendae: /Avicuscodra arabica/ Strand 1908species inquirenda /,/ considered inquirendae species: /arabica/ Strand/Avicuscodra/ 1908 inquirenda /species,//Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923 species inquirenda,/Avicularia cuminami/ /Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923inquirenda species, /Avicularia cuminami/Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda, /Avicularia glauca/ Simon 1891species inquirenda, Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda /glauca//Avicularia/ species inquirenda Simon 1891,/Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) species inquirenda, /Mygaleleporina/ Koch 1842 /Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) inquirendaspecies, /Mygale leporina/ Koch 1842species inquirenda, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940 speciesinquirenda, inquirenda species, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito1940 inquirenda species,/Mygale plantaris/ Koch 1842 species inquirenda. /Mygale plantaris/ Koch1842 inquirenda species.------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 5* *Page 5*/*ABSTRACT*/ /*ABSTRACT*/The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contains the oldest mygalomorphspecies The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 contains the oldest speciesmygalomorphdescribed. described. Its taxonomical history is very complex and forthe first time it has been Its taxonomical history is very complex andis the first team it has beenrevised. revised. A cladistic analysis with 70 characters and 43 taxawere done. The cladistic analysis with 70 characters and 43 rate weredone. The preferred The preferredcladogram was obtained using the computer program Pee Wee and concavity6. cladogram was Obtained using the computer program Pee Wee andconcavity 6. The Thesubfamily Aviculariinae contains the genus /Stromatopelma/ ,/Heteroscodra/ , /Psalmopoeus/ , Aviculariinae subfamily contains thegenus /Stromatopelma, Heteroscodra, Psalmopoeus,//Tapinauchenius/ , /Ephebopus/ , /Pachistopelma/ , /Iridopelma/ ,/Avicularia/ , Genus 1 and Gen. /Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus,Pachistopelma, Iridopelma, Avicularia,/ Genus 1 and Gen.nov. November 1, Gen. nov. 1, Gen. November 2, Gen. nov. 2, Gen.November 3 and Gen. nov. And Gen. 3 November 4. 4. Aviculariinae ismonophyletic, sharing Aviculariinae is monophyletic, sharingthe presence of spatulated scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, juvenileswith a central the presence of spatulated scopulae on tarsi andmetatarsi, juveniles with a centrallongitudinal stripe connected with lateral stripes on dorsal abdomen andarboreal habit. longitudinal stripe connected with lateral stripes ondorsal abdomen and arboreal habit.The synapomorphy of /Avicularia/ is the presence of a moderatelydeveloped The synapomorphy of /Avicularia/ is the presence of amoderately developedprotuberance on tegulum. protuberance on tegulum. The genus isconstituted by 14 species: /A./ The genus is constituted by 14 species:/A./ /avicularia/ (type /avicularia/ (typespecies), /A./ species), /A./ /juruensis/ , /A./ /juruensis, A.//purpurea/ , /A./ /purpurea, A./ /taunayi/ , /A./ /taunayi, A.//variegata/ status nov., /A./ status nov /variegata., A./ /velutina/ ,/A./ /velutina, A.//rufa/ , /A./ /rufa, A./ /aymara/ , /Avicularia/ sp. /Aymara,Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 1, /Avicularia/ sp. 1 /Avicularia/ sp.nov. November 2, /Avicularia/ sp. 2 /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 3, 3/Avicularia/ sp. /Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 4, /Avicularia/ sp. 4/Avicularia/ sp. nov. November 5 e /Avicularia/ sp. 5 and /Avicularia/sp. nov. November 6. 6. They are found from They are found fromCaribbean island through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,French Guiana, Caribbean island through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia,Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana,Suriname and Brazil. Suriname and Brazil.Four new genera are proposed: Gen. nov. Four new genera are proposed:Gen. November 1, with 3 species: Gen. nov. 1, with 3 species: Gen.November 1 /hirschii/ 1 /hirschii/comb. comb. nov. November (type species), Gen. nov. (Type species), Gen.November 1 /minatrix/ comb. 1 /minatrix/ comb. nov. November e Gen. nov.and Gen. November 1 sp. 1 sp. nov. November 1. 1. Gen. Gen.nov. November 2 and Gen. nov. And Gen. 2 November 3 are monotypics: Gen.nov. 3 are monotypics: Gen. November 2 /versicolor/ comb. 2 /versicolor/comb. nov. November and Gen. nov. and Gen. November3 /laeta/ comb. 3 /laeta/ comb. nov. November Gen. nov. Gen. November 4has 3 species, Gen. nov. 4 has 3 species, Gen. November 4 /sooretama/comb. 4 /Sooretama/ comb. nov. November (type (Typespecies), Gen. nov. species), Gen. November 4 /diversipes/ comb. 4/diversipes/ comb. nov. November and Gen. nov. and Gen. November 4/gamba/ comb. 4 /gamba/ comb. nov. NovemberOther taxonomical changes are proposed: /Catumiri parvum/ (Keyserling1878) Other taxonomical changes are proposed: /Catumiri parvum/(Keyserling 1878)comb. comb. nov., /Grammostola anthracina/ (CL Koch 1842) comb.November, /anthracina Grammostola/ (CL Koch 1842) comb. nov., /Euathlusaffinis/ November, /Euathlus affinis/(Nicolet 1849) comb. (Nicolet 1849) comb. nov. November The followingspecies are considered as nomina dubia: The Following species areConsidered the nomina dubia:/Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomen dubium, /Ischnocolusalticeps/ Keyserling /Ischnocolus hirsutum/ (Ausserer 1875) nomendubium, /Ischnocolus alticeps/ Keyserling1878 nomen dubium, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomen dubium,/Mygale/ Nomen dubium 1878, /Pterinopelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903 nomendubium, /Mygale//detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/ (Ausserer1871) nomen /detrita/ Koch 1842 nomen dubium, /Ischnocolus doleschalli/(Ausserer 1871) nomendubium, /A./ dubium, /A./ /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomen dubium,/Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890 /geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 nomendubium, /Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 6* *Page 6*nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium, /Mygaleochraceae/ nomen dubium, /Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875 nomendubium, /Mygale ochraceae/(Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875 nomen dubium,/Avicularia/ (Perty 1833) nomen dubium, /Eurypelma rapax/ Ausserer 1875nomen dubium, /Avicularia//ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, /Mygale walckenaeri/ Perty 1833nomen /ulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996 nomen dubium, nomen /Mygale walckenaeri/Perty 1833dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium /, Aviculariafasciculata/ Strand 1907 dubium, /Avicularia exilis/ Strand 1907 nomen/dubium, Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907nomem dubium, /Avicularia fasciculata clara/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium,/Avicularia/ nomem dubium, /clear Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907nomen dubium, /Avicularia//soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /Avicularia subvulpina/ Strand 1906nomen dubium, /soratae/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium, /subvulpinaAvicularia/ Strand 1906 nomen dubium,/Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. /Aviculariasurinamensis/ Strand 1907 nomen dubium. The folowing species were Thefolowing species wereconsidered as species inquirendae: /Avicuscodra arabica/ Strand 1908species inquirenda /,/ Considered the inquirendae species: /arabica/Strand /Avicuscodra/ 1908 inquirenda /species,//Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923 species inquirenda,/Avicularia cuminami/ /Avicularia ancylochyra/ Mello-Leito 1923inquirenda species, /Avicularia cuminami/Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda, /Avicularia glauca/ Simon 1891species inquirenda, Mello-Leito 1930 species inquirenda /glauca//Avicularia/ species inquirenda Simon 1891,/Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) species inquirenda, /Mygaleleporina/ Koch 1842 /Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891) inquirendaspecies, /Mygale leporina/ Koch 1842species inquirenda, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940 speciesinquirenda, inquirenda species, /Avicularia nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito1940 inquirenda species,/Mygale plantaris/ Koch 1842 species inquirenda. /Mygale plantaris/ Koch1842 inquirenda species.------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 7* *Page 7**INTRODUO* *INTRODUCTION*As aranhas surgiram provavelmente no perodo Devoniano, h cerca de 400The spiders probably arose in the Devonian period, about 400milhes de anos atrs (Selden /et al/ ., 1991) e hoje esto distribudaspor todo planeta, million years ago (Selden /et al.,/ 1991) and are nowdistributed all over the planet,conquistando praticamente todos os ambientes, com exceo do mar aberto(Foelix, conquering virtually all environments except the open sea (Foelix,1996). 1996). So conhecidas atualmente 109 famlias, com 3802 gneros emais de 41 mil 109 families are currently known, with 3802 genera andover 41,000espcies (Platnick, 2011). species (Platnick, 2011).A ordem Araneae, a qual pertencem esses animais, composta por 2subordens The order Araneae, which these animals belong, consists of 2suborders(Platnick & Gertsch, 1976): Mesothele e Opisthothele. (Gertsch &Platnick 1976) and Mesothele Opisthothele. A primeira abriga ainfraordem The first houses the infraorderLiphistiomorphae, contendo as aranhas que retm caracteres maisprimitivos, como Liphistiomorphae containing spiders that retains moreprimitive characters, such assegmentao externa no abdmen. external segmentation in the abdomen. Asegunda se divide em duas infraordens: The second is divided into twoinfraorders:Mygalomorphae e Araneomorphae, nas quais as fiandeiras mdias anterioresesto Mygalomorphae Araneomorphae and in which the above means arespinneretsausentes e as demais se localizam mais posteriormente no abdmen do queem Mesothele absent and the others are located more posteriorly in theabdomen than in Mesothele(Platnick & Gertsch, 1976). (Gertsch & Platnick, 1976).As migalomorfas, ou aranhas-caranguejeiras, ocorrem em todos oscontinentes The mygalomorph, or spiders, tarantulas, occurring on allcontinentscom exceo da Antrtida. with the exception of Antarctica. Elas retmalgumas caractersticas plesiomrficas como a They retain some featureslike plesiomrficaspresena de quatro pulmes foliceos e ferres das quelceras em posioparaxial. presence of four book-lungs and stings of paraxial cheliceraein position.Apresentam como sinapomorfia a perda das fiandeiras medianas anterioresea reduo Feature as a synapomorphy loss of previous median spinneretsand reductiondas fiandeiras laterais anteriores. side of the preceding spinners. Almdisso, exibem uma combinao nica de Furthermore, they exhibit a uniquecombination ofcaracteres: presena de cspides nas maxilas, nmero reduzido deescleritos nos bulbos characters: presence of cusps in the jaws, reducednumber of sclerites in the bulbscopuladores dos machos, segmento basal das fiandeiras posterioressubsegmentado e copulatory males, basal segment of posterior spinneretsand subsegmentadosigilas no esterno (Raven, 1985). sigilas the sternum (Raven, 1985).A grande maioria dessas aranhas fossria ou semi-fossria (Brescovit/et al/ ., The vast majority of these spiders is fossria orsemi-fossria (Brescovit /et al./2002), j que se abrigam em cavidades naturais (Smith, 1990) ouconstroem tneis 2002), since they take shelter in natural cavities(Smith, 1990) or build tunnels(Prez-Miles /et al./ , 1993) com ou sem alapes (Brescovit /et al/ .,2002). (Prez-Miles /et al.,/ 1993) with or without trapdoors (Brescovit/et al./ 2002). H tambm There is alsoespcies que constroem teias para a captura de presas - por exemplo,espcies da famlia species build webs to catch prey - for example,species of the familyDipluridae (Coyle, 1988) - e espcies arborcolas na famliaTheraphosidae, subfamlias Dipluridae (Coyle, 1988) - and arborealspecies in the family Theraphosidae, subfamiliesAviculariinae (Stradling, 1994) e Selenocosminae (Valrio, 1979), queconstroem seus Aviculariinae (Stradling, 1994) and Selenocosminae(Valerio, 1979), who build theirrefgios em tipos diferentes de vegetao. refuges in differentvegetation types.------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 8* *Page 8*A famlia Theraphosidae The family TheraphosidaeExistem 15 famlias de migalomorfas, sendo 11 delas registradas para oBrasil There are 15 families mygalomorph, 11 of them recorded in Brazil(Platnick, 2011). (Platnick, 2011). A famlia Theraphosidae a maior dainfraordem, possuindo 933 The family Theraphosidae is the largest of theinfraorder, having 933espcies distribudas em 118 gneros (Platnick, 2011). species in 118genera (Platnick, 2011). Engloba as espcies que atingem o Includesspecies that reachmaior tamanho dentre as aranhas: /Theraphosa blondi/ (Latreille, 1804),espcie larger among spiders: /Theraphosa blondi/ (Latreille, 1804),speciesamaznica, chega a medir 26 cm (Marshall & Uetz, 1993). Amazon, measuresup to 26 cm (Marshall & Uetz, 1993). Apesar de a maioria ser Althoughmost areterrestre, vivendo em tocas no solo ou debaixo de pedras e outrascavidades naturais, h terrestrial, living in burrows in the ground orunder stones and other natural cavities, thereespcies arborcolas nas Amricas do Sul e Central, na sia e na frica(Stradling, 1994; arboreal species in Central and South America, Asiaand Africa (Stradling, 1994;Smith, 1990; Smith, 1995). Smith, 1990, Smith, 1995). Esto distribudasem todos os continentes, em todas as reas Are distributed on allcontinents, in all areastropicais e em muitas reas subtropicais (Bertani, 2001). in manytropical and subtropical areas (Bertani, 2001). Pouco se sabe sobre abiologia Little is known about the biologydesse grupo. this group. Grande parte do conhecimento nessa rea derivada de estudos Much of the knowledge in this area is derived fromstudiesprovenientes de animais em cativeiro (Yaez /et al,/ 1999; Costa &Prez-Miles, 2002). from animals in captivity (Yaez /et al,/ 1999;Costa & Prez-Miles, 2002).Das 7 subfamlias de Theraphosidae tradicionalmente aceitas (Raven,1985), apenas 3 so 7 of Theraphosidae subfamilies traditionallyaccepted (Raven, 1985), only 3 areencontradas no Brasil: Aviculariinae, Ischnocolinae e Theraphosinae.found in Brazil: Aviculariinae, Ischnocolinae and Theraphosinae.Alm de cobiados por colecionadores devido a seu grande porte ecolorido Besides coveted by collectors due to its large and colorfulatraente, os terafosdeos vm despertando o interesse de bioqumicos.attractive, the Theraphosids have attracted the interest of biochemists.Recentemente, Recently,gomesina, um peptdeo com atividade anti-microbiana, foi extrado dahemolinfa de gomesin, a peptide with antimicrobial activity, wasextracted from the hemolymph of/Acanthoscurria gomesiana/ Mello-Leito, 1923, e dever ter grandeaplicao na indstria /Gomesiana Acanthoscurria/ Mello-Leito, 1923 andshould have wide application in industryfarmacutica (Silva Junior /et al/ , 2000). pharmaceutical (Silva Junior/et al,/ 2000). As toxinas das migalomorfas tambm so alvo de Thetoxins of mygalomorph are also targetspesquisas. research. Os resultados at agora obtidos indicam que elaspodem ser usadas como The results obtained so far indicate that they canbe used asferramentas farmacolgicas e teraputicas (King, 2004). pharmacologicaland therapeutic tools (King, 2004). Atualmente, para as 14 espciesCurrently, for the 14 speciesde aranhas-caranguejeiras j estudadas, so conhecidos mais de 30 tiposdiferentes de spiders, tarantulas have studied, there are over 30different types oftoxinas, que atuam em diversas partes da clula, com grande variedade defunes toxins that act on different parts of the cell, with wide rangeof functionsbiolgicas (Escoubas & Rash, 2004). biological (Escoubas & Rash, 2004).Outra propriedade dos peptdeos provindos de Another property of thepeptides stemmed fromterafosdeos descoberta recentemente a de inibir a fibrilao atrial.Theraphosids recently discovered is to inhibit atrial fibrillation. Opeptdeo obtido do The peptide obtained fromveneno de /Grammostola rosea/ Walckenaer 1837 pode ser til no estudo demecanismos /Grammostola rosea/ poison Walckenaer 1837 may be useful inthe study of mechanismsde transduo em nvel molecular e no organismo como um todo, abrindoportas para o transduction at the molecular level and in the organism asa whole, opening doors todesenvolvimento de novas classes de drogas (Bode /et al./ , 2001).development of new classes of drugs (Bode /et al./ 2001).Em termos taxonmicos, a famlia Theraphosidae catica (Raven, 1990),no s In taxonomic terms, the family Theraphosidae is chaotic (Raven,1990) not onlypor causa de sua ampla distribuio e existncia de poucosespecialistas, mas tambm because of its wide distribution and existenceof a few specialists, but also------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 9* *Page 9*devido monotonia morfolgica do grupo (Bertani, 2001). due tomorphological monotony group (Bertani, 2001). Outro aspecto importanteque Another important aspect thatdificulta o trabalho com o txon o grande nmero de amadores quedescrevem espcies makes the work with the taxon is the large number ofamateurs that describe speciesnovas: como estas so normalmente descritas a partir de exemplareslevados new: as these are usually described from specimens takenprincipalmente a Europa e Estados Unidos de forma ilegal e que muitasvezes tm a sua particularly Europe and the United States illegally -and they often have theirprocedncia incorreta podem ocorrer erros referentes localidade doexemplar at incorrect provenance - mistakes may occur relating to thelocation of the specimen tomesmo quanto ao continente de origem, induzindo, por exemplo, o autor ainclu-la em even on the continent of origin, inducing, for example, theauthor include it inuma subfamlia errada (Bertani & Fukushima, 2004). an erroneoussubfamily (Fukushima & Bertani, 2004). A falta de material depositado emThe lack of material deposited incolees cientficas para anlise e reviso (Bertani, 2001), a descriocom poucas scientific collections for analysis and review (Bertani,2001), the description with fewinformaes sobre caracteres relevantes para a sistemtica e taxonomiapor parte dos information relevant to the systematics and taxonomycharacters by thepesquisadores do incio do sculo passado e m conservao de algunsholtipos researchers at the beginning of last century and poormaintenance of some holotypescontribuem para que a confuso taxonmica continue at os dias de hoje.contribute to the taxonomic confusion continues to this day. Mesmo Samesabendo-se da grande necessidade de revises taxonmicas nesta famlia(Raven, 1990), knowing the great need for taxonomic revisions in thisfamily (Raven, 1990),so poucos os trabalhos existentes sobre o assunto (Bertani, 2001;Fukushima /et al/ ., are few studies of the subject (Bertani 2001 jobs;.Fukushima /et al,/2005), o que dificulta a realizao de trabalhos em outras reas dabiologia, j que 2005), which hinders the performance of work in otherareas of biology, sinceimpossibilita a identificao confivel dos indivduos (Escoubas & Rash,2004). precludes reliable identification of individuals (Escoubas &Rash, 2004).O gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck, 1818 The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck, 1818O gnero /Avicularia/ foi descrito por Lamarck (1818) e acomodou aespcie The /Avicularia/ genus was described by Lamarck (1818) andsettled the speciesdescrita por Linnaeus (1758) como /Aranea avicularia/ na 10 edio deseu livro Systema described by Linnaeus (1758) as /Aranea avicularia/ atthe 10th edition of his book SystemaNaturae, a espcie mais antiga de aranha migalomorfa. Naturae, theoldest species of spider mygalomorph. O histrico do gnero complexoThe history of the genus is complexe reflete o estado do conhecimento da aracnologia desde seus primrdiosat os dias de and reflects the state of knowledge of aracnologia fromits beginnings to the days ofhoje. today.A opinio de diversos autores sobre as espcies que deveriam constar nognero The opinion of several authors about the species that should beincluded in the genusdivergiu muito ao longo dos anos. diverged greatly over the years.Devido a esse fato, muitas espcies j foram includas Due to this fact,many species have been includedem /Avicularia/ , sinonimizadas, ou transferidas. in /Avicularia,/synonymized, or transferred. Mesmo o conceito do gnero foi Even theconcept of gender wasconstantemente alterado: j foi considerado sinnimo-jnior por algunsautores, vlido constantly modified, was once considered a juniorsynonym by some authors, validpor outros; restrito a algumas espcies por uns, amplo por outros. byothers; restricted to some species by some, by others broad. Issoresultou em uma This resulted in agrande confuso taxonmica, agravada pelo fato de que muitos tipos estoperdidos ou great taxonomic confusion, compounded by the fact that manytypes are lost orforam destrudos principalmente durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. weremostly destroyed during the Second World War.------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 10* *Page 10*A descrio do gnero feita por Lamarck em 1818 um tanto vaga, o quegerou The description of the genus taken by Lamarck in 1818 is somewhatvague, which generateddiscordncias sobre as espcies que deveriam constar no gnero ao longodesses anos. disagreements about the species that should be included inthe genre over the years. O Theautor descreveu as aranhas pertencentes ao gnero como sendo de portegrande, com oito author described the spiders belonging to the genus aslarge, with eightpernas, oito olhos em forma de cruz de Santo Andr (ou seja, em forma deX) e legs, eight eyes in the form of St. Andrew's cross (ie, X-shaped) andpossuindo metatarsos com uma escova aveludada. having metatarsals with avelvet brush. Lamarck incluiu nesse gnero as Lamarck included in the genusespcies /Avicularia canceridea/ Lamarck 1818 (sinnimo jnior de/Aranea avicularia/ /Avicularia/ species /canceridea/ Lamarck 1818(junior synonym of /Aranea avicularia/Linnaeus 1758), /Avicularia blondii/ Latreille 1804 e /Aviculariafasciata/ Latreille 1804. Linnaeus 1758), /Avicularia AviculariaBlondii/ Latreille /fasciata/ Latreille 1804 and 1804.Mesmo depois de Lamarck ter descrito o gnero /Avicularia/ em 1818,muitos Even after Lamarck have described the genus /Avicularia/ in 1818,manyaracnlogos continuaram a se referir e mesmo a descrever vrias espciesde arachnologists and continued to refer even to describe severalspecies ofmigalomorfas em /Mygale/ Latreille 1802. /Mygale/ era termo nocientfico em francs mygalomorph /Mygale/ Latreille in 1802. /Mygale/was unscientific term in Frenchcunhado por Walckenaer e que designava as aranhas de modo geral (Bonnet,1957). coined by Walckenaer and designating the spiders in general(Bonnet, 1957). Mais Moretarde, esse nome foi utilizado por Latreille para designar um gnero,cuja primeira later, this name was used by Latreille to designate agenre whose firstespcie citada era /Mygale avicularia/ (Bonnet, 1957). species cited was/Mygale avicularia/ (Bonnet, 1957).Cuvier (1800) j havia descrito um gnero de mamferos com esse nome,estando, Cuvier (1800) had already described a genus of mammals of thatname, being,portanto, o nome pr-ocupado. so pre-occupied name. Mas mesmo assim,como dito anteriormente, o nome But still, as stated earlier, the nameainda era utilizado para descrever espcies de aranhas. was also used todescribe species of spiders. Prova disso que de 1837 at Proof of thisis that from 1837 until1883, sete espcies de que esto atualmente no gnero /Avicularia/ foramdescritas como 1883 seven species that are currently in the genus/Avicularia/ were described aspertencendo ao gnero /Mygale/ : /Mygale versicolor/ Walckenaer 1837,/Mygale leporina/ C. belonging to the genus /Mygale: Mygale versicolor/Walckenaer 1837 /Mygale leporina/ C.L. L. Koch 1841, /Mygale caesia/ CL Koch 1842, /Mygale detrita/ CL Koch1842, /Mygale/ Koch 1841 /Mygale caesia/ CL Koch 1842 /detrita Mygale/CL Koch 1842 /Mygale//laeta/ CL Koch 1842, /Mygale affinis/ Nicolet 1849 e /Mygalewalckenaeri/ Perty 1883. /laeta/ CL Koch 1842 /Mygale affinis/ Nicolet1849 and /Mygale walckenaeri/ Perty 1883.Aparentemente, houve uma aceitao gradual do nome /Avicularia/ , eoreconhecimento de Apparently, there was a gradual acceptance of the name/Avicularia,/ and recognition ofque o nome /Mygale/ no deveria ser mais aplicado a essas aranhas,deixando de ser /Mygale/ the name should not be applied more to thesespiders, no longerutilizado. used.A relutncia em aceitar o nome proposto por Lamarck parece ter tidorazes The reluctance to accept the name proposed by Lamarck seems tohave had rootsculturais. cultural. Segundo Smith (2000a), o nome /Avicularia/ dado aognero por Lamarck According to Smith (2000a), the name given to thegenus by /Avicularia/ Lamarck isderivado do uso que Linnaeus fez da palavra ao descrever a espcie/Araneae avicularia/ derived from the use that Linnaeus had used theword to describe the kind /Araneae avicularia/(segundo Beechhold, 1997, do latim /avicula/ , pequena ave + /aria/ ,que tem referncia ). (According Beechhold, 1997 of /avicula/ latinsmall bird + /aria,/ which has reference to).Esse nome, segundo Smith, uma referncia direta que Linnaeus fez famosa ilustrao This name, according to Smith, is a direct referenceto Linnaeus made famous illustrationde Maria Sibylla Merian (1705) em Metamorphosis InsectorumSurinamensium, obra Maria Sibylla Merian (1705) in MetamorphosisInsectorum Surinamensium, workcitada na descrio da espcie. mentioned in the description of thespecies. Nessa ilustrao, Merian desenha uma caranguejeira se In thisillustration, Merian draws a tarantula ifalimentando de uma ave (fig. 1). feeding a bird (Fig. 1). Entretanto, aexistncia de uma aranha de grande porte However, the existence of alarge spider------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 11* *Page 11*capaz de comer uma ave, dentro da nova era da cincia racionalista dosculo 19, s able to eat a bird, in the new era of rationalisticscience of the 19th century, onlypoderia ser fruto de uma mente feminina histrica, impregnada demitos, fantasias e could be the result of a "hysterical female mind",steeped in myths, fantasies andlendas, como comenta Smith (2000a). legends, as commented Smith (2000a).A idia de uma aranha comedora de aves foi The idea of a bird eatingspider wasridicularizada por muitos naturalistas, inclusive por grandes nomes comoLangsdorff ridiculed by many naturalists, including by greats likeLangsdorff(Smith 2000b). (Smith 2000b). Sendo assim, o uso do nome /Avicularia/seria um retrocesso cincia Thus, the use of the name /Avicularia/would be a setback to sciencepermeada de mitologia e lendas, inconcebvel para um cientista da poca,e, portanto, no permeated with mythology and legends, inconceivable fora scientist of the time, and therefore notdeveria ser utilizado. should be used. Somente cerca de cinqenta anosdepois, com os estudos de Only about fifty years later, with studiesAusserer (1871), que o nome voltou a ser usado. Ausserer (1871), isthat the name came to be used.Grandes nomes da aracnologia estudaram o gnero /Avicularia/ ao longo dosculo Big names in the genus /Avicularia/ aracnologia studiedthroughout the century19 e incio do sculo 20: Ausserer (1875) descreveu duas novas espcies,/Avicularia/ 19th and early 20th century: Ausserer (1875) described twonew species, /Avicularia//rutilans/ Ausserer 1875 para a Colmbia e /Avicularia metallica/Ausserer 1875, para o /rutilans/ Ausserer 1875 for Colombia and/Avicularia metallica/ Ausserer 1875, forSuriname; Thorell (1890) descreveu /Avicularia holmbergi/ Thorell 1890para a Guiana Suriname; Thorell (1890) described /Avicularia holmbergi/Thorell 1890 for GuyanaFrancesa; Simon (1889) descreveu /Avicularia velutina/ Simon 1889 para aVenezuela e French, Simon (1889) described /Avicularia velutina/ Simonin 1889 to Venezuela andlogo depois /Avicularia glauca/ Simon 1891 para o Panam (Simon, 1891);FO Pickard- soon after /glauca Avicularia/ Simon 1891 to Panama (Simon,1891); FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) descreveu /Avicularia avicularia variegata/FOP-Cambridge 1896 Cambridge (1896) described /Avicularia aviculariavariegata/ FOP-Cambridge 1896para o Brasil; Pocock (1903), outro grande aracnlogo, descreveu/Avicularia minatrix/ to Brazil; Pocock (1903), another greatarachnologist described /Avicularia minatrix/Pocock 1903 para a Venezuela; e Strand (1906, 1907a,b,c,d), no perodode dois anos, Pocock 1903 to Venezuela, and Strand (1906, 1907A, b, c,d), the two-year period,descreveu mais seis espcies /Avicularia subvulpina/ Strand 1906;/Avicularia exilis/ described six species - /subvulpina Avicularia/Strand 1906; /Avicularia exilis/Strand 1907, /Avicularia fasciculata/ Strand 1907, /Aviculariafasciculata clara/ Strand Strand 1907 Strand /Avicularia fasciculata/1907 /Avicularia fasciculata clear/ Strand1907 (todas com localidade tipo Amrica do Sul); /Avicularia soratae/Strand 1907 para 1907 (all with type locality "South America"); /sorataeAvicularia/ Strand for 1907a Bolvia e /Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand 1907 para o Suriname.Bolivia and /Avicularia surinamensis/ Strand in 1907 for Suriname.Dentre esses autores, somente FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) e Simon (1903)Among these authors, only FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) and Simon (1903)propuseram uma dignose para o gnero. proposed a dignose to the genre.FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896) diagnosticou FO Pickard-Cambridge (1896)diagnosed/Avicularia/ como tendo fila anterior de olhos fortemente procurva;primeiro par de /Avicularia/ as having "previous row of eyes stronglyprocurva; first pair ofpernas mais curto do que o quarto; quatro pares de sigilas visveis noesterno; par de legs shorter than the fourth, four pairs of visiblesigilas the sternum; pair offiandeiras posteriores mais longo do que a largura do esterno; carapaaquase reta vista Subsequent spinnerets longer than the width of thesternum; shell view nearly straightem perfil; patela e tbia IV mais longos que a carapaa; metatarsoslargos, espatuliformes; in profile, patella and tibia IV longer than thecarapace, broad metatarsals, espatuliformes;arboreal. arboreal. " J Simon (1903) fez uma diagnose diferente da deFO Pickard-Cambridge Have Simon (1903) made a different diagnosis ofFO Pickard-Cambridge(1896). (1896). Dentre as caractersticas usadas para descrever o gneroesto a presena de olhos Among the characteristics used to describe thegenus are the presence of eyeslaterais posteriores bem menores que os anteriores; fileira de olhosanteriores muito lateral posterior much smaller than the previous;previous row of eyes very------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 12* *Page 12*procurva e machos com apfise tibial oblqua, obtusa, com pequenosespinhos. procurva and males with tibial apophysis oblique, obtuse, withsmall spines. Essa Thatdescrio vem a ser quase que traduzida fielmente anos depois porMello-Leito (1923). description has to be translated faithfully almostyears later by Mello-Leito (1923).Esse aracnlogo brasileiro tambm estudou o gnero /Avicularia/ ,especialmente This Brazilian arachnologist also studied the genus/Avicularia,/ especiallyentre as dcadas de 20 e 40. between the 20s and 40s. Somente na suareviso dos "terafosideas" do Brasil, de Only in its review of"terafosideas" in Brazil,1923, Mello-Leito descreveu trs espcies: /Avicularia ancylochira/Mello-Leito 1923 /,/ 1923 Mello-Leito described three species:/ancylochira Avicularia/ Mello-Leito /1923//Avicularia bicegoi/ Mello-Leito 1923 e /Avicularia juruensis/Mello-Leito 1923. Mello-Leito /bicegoi Avicularia Aviculariajuruensis/ 1923 and Mello-Leito 1923. Em In1930, Mello-Leito descreveu uma nova espcie para o Brasil: /Aviculariacuminami/ 1930 Mello-Leito described a new species from Brazil:/Avicularia cuminami/Mello-Leito 1930. Mello-Leito 1930. Anos mais tarde, o mesmo autordescreveu mais algumas novas Years later, the same author described somemore newespcies do gnero: /Avicularia pulchra/ Mello-Leito 1933, para oBrasil; /Avicularia/ species of the genus: /pulchra Avicularia/Mello-Leito, 1933, to Brazil; /Avicularia//nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940, para a Guiana e /Aviculariapalmicola/ Mello-Leito /nigrotaeniata/ Mello-Leito 1940 for Guyana and/Avicularia palmicola/ Mello-Leito1945, novamente para o Brasil. 1945 back to Brazil. Tambm nesseperodo, as aracnlogas argentinas Also during this period, theArgentine aracnlogasSchiapelli e Gerschamn (1945) descreveram uma nova espcie para oBrasil, denominada Schiapelli and Gerschamn (1945) described a newspecies from Brazil, called/Avicularia rufa/ Schiapelli & Gerschman 1945. /Rufa Avicularia/Schiapelli & Gerschman 1945.Em 1955, Roewer contabilizava 30 espcies e mais 2 subespciesdiferentes In 1955, Roewer accounted for 30 species and 2 subspecies morepertencentes a /Avicularia/ , que eram encontradas desde as ilhas deTrinidad e Martinica, belonging to /Avicularia,/ which were found fromthe islands of Trinidad and Martinique,ao Norte da Amrica do Sul, at o Brasil. to northern South America toBrazil.Durante muitos anos, as contribuies taxonomia do gnero /Avicularia/se For many years, the contributions to the taxonomy of the genus/Avicularia/ isreferiram apenas descrio de novas espcies (Ausserer, 1875; Thorell,1890; Simon, reported only to the description of new species (Ausserer1875; Thorell, 1890; Simon,1891; FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896; Pocock, 1903; Strand, 1906 e1907a,b,c,d; Mello- 1891; FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896; Pocock, 1903;Strand, 1906 and 1907A, b, c, d;-MelloLeito, 1923, 1930, 1933 e 1945; Schiapelli & Gerschmann, 1945), abreves diagnoses do Leito, 1923, 1930, 1933 and 1945; Schiapelli &Gerschmann, 1945), the brief diagnoses ofgnero (Ausserer, 1871; Simon, 1892; FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1896;Mello-Leito, gender (Ausserer 1871, Simon, 1892; FO Pickard-Cambridge,1896; Mello-Leito,1923; Valrio, 1979) ea catlogos listando as espcies que eramconsideradas do gnero 1923; Valerius, 1979) and catalogs listing thespecies that were considered the genus(Roewer, 1955; Bonnet, 1957). (Roewer 1955, Bonnet, 1957).Uma alterao mais significativa do gnero s viria a ocorrer em 1985,quando A more significant gender change would only occur in 1985, whenRaven (1985) considerou o gnero /Eurypelma/ CL Koch 1850 sinnimojnior de Raven (1985) considered the genus /Eurypelma/ CL Koch 1850junior synonym of/Avicularia/ . /Avicularia./ Dessa forma, mais de 20 espcies foramtransferidas para /Avicularia/ : Thus, more than 20 species weretransferred to /Avicularia://Eurypelma aberrans/ Chamberlin 1917, /Eurypelma affine/ (Nicolet 1849),/Eurypelma/ /Eurypelma aberrans/ Chamberlin 1917 /Eurypelma affine/(Nicolet 1849), /Eurypelma//alticeps/ (Keyserling 1877), /Eurypelma anthracinum/ (CL Koch 1842),/Eurypelma/ /alticeps/ (Keyserling 1877), /Eurypelma Anthracinum/ (CLKoch 1842), /Eurypelma//aureoceps/ Chamberlin 1917, /Eurypelma aymarum/ Chamberlin 1916,/Eurypelma borelli/ /aureoceps/ Chamberlin 1917 /Eurypelma aymarum/Chamberlin 1916 /Eurypelma borelli/Simon 1897, /Eurypelma caniceps/ Simon 1890, /Eurypelma cyaneopubescens/Strand Simon 1897 Simon /Eurypelma caniceps/ 1890 /Eurypelmacyaneopubescens/ Strand1907, /Eurypelma diversipes/ (CL Koch 1842), /Eurypelkma doleschalli/(Ausserer 1871), 1907 /Eurypelma diversipes/ (CL Koch 1842), /Eurypelkmadoleschalli/ (Ausserer 1871)------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 13* *Page 13*/Eurypelma duplex/ Chamberlin 1925, /Eurypelma embrithes/ Chamberlin &Ivie 1936, /Eurypelma duplex/ Chamberlin 1925 Chamberlin & Ivie/Eurypelma embrithes/ 1936/Eurypelma emilia/ (White 1856), /Eurypelma epicureanum/ Chamberlin1925, /Eurypelma/ /Eurypelma emilia/ (White 1856), /Eurypelmaepicureanum/ Chamberlin 1925 /Eurypelma//geotoma/ Chamberling 1937, /Eurypelma gracile/ (Keyserling 1891),/Eurypelma guyanum/ /geotoma/ Chamberling 1937 /Eurypelma gracilis/(Keyserling 1891), /Eurypelma guyanum/(Simon 1892), /Eurypelma hageni/ (Strand 1906), /Eurypelma sericeum/(Ausserer 1875), (Simon 1892), /Eurypelma hageni/ (Strand 1906),/Eurypelma sericeum/ (Ausserer 1875),/Eurypelma serratum/ Simon 1890, /Eurypelma smithi/ F. /Eurypelmaserratum/ Simon 1890 /Eurypelma/ F. /smithi/ Cambridge 1897, /Eurypelma/Cambridge 1897 /Eurypelma//spinicrus/ (Latreille 1819), /Eurypelma stoicum/ Chamberlin Pocok 1903,/Eurypelma/ /spinicrus/ (Latreille 1819), /Eurypelma stoicum/ ChamberlinPocok 1903 /Eurypelma//tamaulipecum/ Chamberlin 1937, /Eurypelma tigrinum/ Pocock 1903,/Eurypelma/ /tamaulipecum/ Chamberlin 1937 /Eurypelma tigrinum/ Pocock1903 /Eurypelma//truncatum/ F. /truncatum/ F. Cambridge 1897. Cambridge 1897. Com estasinonmia aumentou-se consideravelmente o With this synonymy wasincreased considerablynmero de espcies do gnero /Avicularia/ . number of species of thegenus /Avicularia./Na poca, Raven no analisou espcie por espcie de /Eurypelma/ . At thetime, Raven has not examined species by species of /Eurypelma./ Porm,However,principalmente depois dos trabalhos de Schmidt (1993) e Smith (1995),verificou-se que especially after work Schmidt (1993) and Smith (1995),it was found thatmuitas delas pertenciam a outros gneros, especialmente /Aphonopelma/Pocock, 1901, many of them belong to other genres, especially/Aphonopelma/ Pocock, 1901sendo ento transferidas. then being transferred. Ainda assim, restaram16 espcies em /Avicularia/ : /Avicularia/ Still remaining 16 species/Avicularia: Avicularia//alticeps/ (Keyserling 1878), /Avicularia anthracina/ (CL Koch 1842),/Avicularia aymara/ /alticeps/ (Keyserling 1878), /anthracinaAvicularia/ (CL Koch 1842), /Aymara Avicularia/(Chamberlin 1916), /Avicularia borelli/ (Simon 1897), /Aviculariadiversipes/ (CL Koch (Chamberlin 1916), /Avicularia borelli/ (Simon1897), /Avicularia diversipes/ (CL Koch1842), /Avicularia doleschalli/ (Ausserer 1871), /Avicularia gracilis/(Keyserling 1891), 1842), /Avicularia doleschalli/ (Ausserer 1871),/Avicularia gracilis/ (Keyserling 1891),/Avicularia guyana/ (Simon 1892), /Avicularia hirsuta/ (Ausserer 1875),/Avicularia obscura/ /Guyana Avicularia/ (Simon 1892), /Aviculariahirsuta/ (Ausserer 1875), /obscure Avicularia/(Ausserer 1875), /Avicularia ochracea/ (Perty 1833), /Aviculariapanamensis/ (Simon (Ausserer 1875), /Avicularia ochracea/ (Perty 1833)/Avicularia panamensis/ (Simon1891), /Avicularia parva/ (Keyserling 1878), /Avicularia plantaris/ (CLKoch 1842), 1891), /Silly Avicularia/ (Keyserling 1878), /plantarisAvicularia/ (CL Koch 1842),/Avicularia rapax/ (Ausserer 1875) e /Avicularia tigrina/ (Pocock 1903)./Avicularia rapax/ (Ausserer 1875) and /Avicularia tigrina/ (Pocock 1903).Logo, como /Eurypelma/ j acomodava uma srie de espciesmorfologicamente So how /Eurypelma/ already settled a number of speciesmorphologicallymuito diferentes entre si, essa confuso taxonmica foi transferida para/Avicularia/ com a very different, this taxonomic confusion wastransferred to /Avicularia/ withsinonmia proposta por Raven. synonymy proposed by Raven.Tambm em 1985, Raven sinonimizou o gnero /Ancylochirus/ , com suanica Also in 1985, Raven sinonimizou /Ancylochirus/ the genre with itsuniqueespcie /Ancylochirus taunayi/ Mello-Leito, 1920, com o gnero/Avicularia/ , resultando species /Ancylochirus taunayi/ Mello-Leito,1920 with the /Avicularia/ genus, resultingna nova combinao /Avicularia taunayi/ (Mello-Leito 1920). the newcombination /Avicularia taunayi/ (Mello-Leito 1920).Somente nos anos 90 que uma nova espcie de /Avicularia/ foi descrita:Only in the 90s is that a new species of /Avicularia/ was described:/Avicularia purpurea/ Kirk 1990, para o Equador (Kirk, 1990)./Avicularia purpurea/ Kirk 1990 for Ecuador (Kirk, 1990). A partir deento, muitas Since then, manynovas espcies foram sendo acrescentadas ao gnero, quase todasdescritas por amadores: new species were being added to the genus,described by almost all amateurs:/Avicularia urticans/ Schmidt 1994, /Avicularia aurantiaca/ Bauer 1996 e/Avicularia/ /Urticans Avicularia/ Schmidt 1994 /aurantiaca AviculariaAvicularia/ Bauer 1996 and/azuraklaasi/ Tesmoingt 1996, todas para o Peru (Schmidt, 1994; Bauer,1996; Tesmoingt, /azuraklaasi/ Tesmoingt 1996 all for Peru (Schmidt,1994; Bauer, 1996; Tesmoingt,------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 14* *Page 14*1996a); /Avicularia recifensis/ Struchen & Brndle 1996 e /Aviculariaulrichea/ Tesmoingt 1996a); /recifensis/ Struchen /AviculariaAvicularia/ & Brndle 1996 and /ulrichea/ Tesmoingt1996, ambas para o Brasil (Struchen & Brndle, 1996; Tesmoingt, 1996b);/Avicularia/ 1996 both for Brazil (Struchen & Brndle, 1996; Tesmoingt,1996b); /Avicularia//huriana/ Tesmoingt 1996, para o Equador (Tesmoingt, 1996c); /Aviculariabraunshauseni/ /huriana/ Tesmoingt 1996 for Ecuador (Tesmoingt, 1996c);/braunshauseni Avicularia/Tesmoingt 1999 e /Avicularia geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999, tambm para oBrasil (Tesmoingt, Tesmoingt /Avicularia geroldi/ Tesmoingt 1999 and1999 also for Brazil (Tesmoingt,1999a,b). 1999a, b). Tambm nesse perodo, Lucas, Silva & Bertani (1992)transferiram /Ephebopus/ Also in that period, Lucas, Silva & Bertani(1992) transferred /Ephebopus//violacea/ Mello-Leito 1930 para o gnero /Avicularia/ , criando a novacombinao /violacea/ Mello-Leito 1930 for the genus /Avicularia,/creating the new combination/Avicularia violacea/ (Mello-Leito 1930) /Avicularia violacea/(Mello-Leito 1930)J no sculo XXI, foram feitas mais algumas descries e alteraestaxonmicas. You XXI century some more descriptions and taxonomicchanges were made.Em 2006, foi descrita /Avicularia hirschii/ Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz &Schmidt 2006, para o In 2006 it was described /Avicularia hirschii/Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, forEquador (Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006); em 2008, /Aviculariaviolacea/ Mello- Ecuador (Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006), in2008 /violacea Avicularia/ Mello-Leito 1930 foi transferida para o gnero /Tapinauchenius/ Ausserer 1871(subfamlia Leito 1930 he was transferred to the genus /Tapinauchenius/Ausserer 1871 (subfamilyAviculariinae) por West e colaboradores (West /et al/ . /,/ 2008), /A./Aviculariinae) by West and colleagues (West /et al.,/ 2008), /A.//obscura/ (Ausserer 1875) /obscure/ (Ausserer 1875)foi transferida pra o novo gnero /Ami/ Prez-Miles 2008 (Prez-Miles/et al./ , 2008) e was transferred to the new genus /Ami/ Prez-Miles2008 (Prez-Miles /et al.,/ 2008) andGallon (2008) considerou /Avicuscodra/ Strand 1908 (Strand, 1908)sinnimo jnior de Gallon (2008) considered /Avicuscodra/ Strand 1908(Strand, 1908) a junior synonym of/Avicularia/ , criando assim a nova combinao /Avicularia arabica/(Strand 1908). /Avicularia,/ thereby creating the new combination/Avicularia arabica/ (Strand 1908). Em In2009, /Avicularia borelli/ Simon 1897 foi transferida para o gnero/Grammostola/ Simon 2009 /Avicularia borelli/ Simon in 1897 wastransferred to the genus /Grammostola/ Simon1892 (subfamlia Theraphosinae) (Gabriel, 2009a), /Avicularia guyana/(Simon 1892) foi 1892 (subfamily Theraphosinae) (Gabriel, 2009a),/Guyana Avicularia/ (Simon 1892) wastransferida para /Eupalaestrus/ (Gabriel, 2009b) e /Aviculariapanamenis/ transferida para transferred to /Eupalaestrus/ (Gabriel,2009b) and transferred to /Avicularia panamenis//Sericopelma/ (Gabriel, 2009b) e duas novas espcies foram descritas:/Avicularia/ /Sericopelma/ (Gabriel, 2009b) and two new species aredescribed: /Avicularia//sooretama/ Bertani & Fukushima 2009 e /Avicularia gamba/ Bertani &Fukushima 2009, /Sooretama/ Fukushima Bertani & Bertani 2009 and/Avicularia gamba/ & Fukushima 2009ambas para o Brasil (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009). both for Brazil(Bertani & Fukushima, 2009).A mais recente dignose do gnero foi publicada nesse perodo, propostapor The latest dignose the genus was published in this period, proposed byGallon (2008). Gallon (2008). O autor caracterizou /Avicularia/ como umgnero diferente dos outros The author characterized as a differentgenus /Avicularia/ the otherterafosdeos, exceto de /Pachistopelma/ e de /Iridopelma/ (gneros que,junto com Theraphosids, except /Pachistopelma/ and /Iridopelma/ (genres,along with/Avicularia/ , comporiam a subfamlia Aviculariinae segundo o autor)devido presena de /Avicularia,/ compose the subfamily Aviculariinaeaccording to the author) due to the presence ofcerdas urticantes do tipo II no dorso do abdmen. stinging hairs of typeII on the back of the abdomen. Os machos de /Avicularia/ se Males are/Avicularia/distinguiriam dos de /Iridopelma/ pela ausncia de apfise tibial naperna II e as fmeas distinguish /Iridopelma/ of the absence of tibialapophysis on leg II and femalespela ausncia de lbulos nas espermatecas. lobes in the absence ofspermathecae. Alm disso, ambos os sexos de /Avicularia/ se Moreover,both sexes are /Avicularia/distinguiriam de /Iridopelma/ por possuir pernas IV mais longas que aspernas I (o /Iridopelma/ to distinguish by having legs IV longer thanthe legs I (contrrio do que ocorre em /Iridopelma/ ). Contrary to what occurs in/Iridopelma)./ De /Pachistopelma/ , ambos os sexos se /Pachistopelma/ ofboth sexes------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 15* *Page 15*diferenciariam por possuirem a fila anterior de olhos fortementeprocurva, e no quase differentiate by having the previous line ofheavily procurva eyes, and not nearlyreta. straight.Apesar do gnero possuir um grande nmero de espcies e ter enormeimportncia Although the genre has a large number of species and havehuge importancehistrica, ele nunca foi revisado. History, he was never revised. Apenastrabalhos mais restritos foram publicados, Just restricted jobs wereposted,transferindo algumas espcies de /Avicularia/ para /Aphonopelma/ ,/Brachypelma/ e transferring some species to /Aphonopelma Avicularia,Brachypelma/ and/Iridopelma/ , dentre outros gneros de terafosdeos, bem como paragneros pertencentes a /Iridopelma,/ among other genres of Theraphosidsas well as genera fromoutras famlias completamente diferentes em termos morfolgicos, comoIdiopidae, other completely different families in morphological terms asIdiopidae,Nemesiidae e at mesmo para Filistatidae (Araneomorphae) (Platnick,2011). Nemesiidae and even Filistatidae (Araneomorphae) (Platnick,2011). A presena The presencede 29 espcies como nomina dubia e trs espcies como nomina nuda(Platnick, 2011), 29 species as nomina dubia and nomina nuda as threespecies (Platnick, 2011),alm da constatao de que muitas espcies consideradas vlidas noforam Apart from the fact that many species were not considered validrazoavelmente estudadas reforam a grande necessidade de se revisar essegnero. reasonably large study reinforce the need to revise this genre.At o momento, o gnero /Avicularia/ conta com 55 espcies e registrado desde o So far, the /Avicularia/ genus has 55 species and isrecorded from theMxico e Panam, passando pelas Ilhas de Trinidad, Cuba, Porto Rico eMartinica, alm Mexico and Panama, from the islands of Trinidad, Cuba,Puerto Rico and Martinique, plusde Venezuela, Colmbia, Peru, Equador, Guiana, Guiana Francesa,Suriname, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Guyana, FrenchGuiana, Suriname, Chile,Uruguai e Brasil (Platnick, 2011). Uruguay and Brazil (Platnick, 2011).Quanto a seus aspectos ecolgicos, as aviculrias so animaisarborcolas, As for its ecological aspects, the aviculrias are arborealanimals,construindo seus refgios de seda tanto na vegetao como em habitaese outras building their shelters silk both in vegetation and in housingand otherestruturas humanas (Stradling, 1994). human structures (Stradling,1994). Estudos com a espcie que foi chamada de Studies with species wasnamed/Avicularia avicularia/ demonstraram que, apesar de ser sedentria, essaespcie possui um /Avicularia Avicularia/ demonstrated that, althoughsedentary, this species has apadro bem definido de atividades dirias: durante o dia permaneciadentro de seu well-defined pattern of daily activities: during the dayremained within itsrefgio, enquanto de noite emergiam e adotavam a postura caractersticadas pernas refuge, while in the evening emerged and adopted the posturecharacteristic of himcompletamente extendidas, que facilita a captao de estmulosvibratrios do substrato fully extended, which facilitates the uptake ofvibration stimulus substrateprovocado pelas potenciais presas (Stradling, 1994). caused by potentialprey (Stradling, 1994).Um interessante mecanismo de defesa foi observado por Bertani & MarquesAn interesting defense mechanism was observed by Bertani & Marques(1996) em uma espcie de /Avicularia/ . (1996) in a species of/Avicularia./ Os autores verificaram que as cerdas urticantes do Theauthors found that the stinging bristlestipo II presentes em seu abdmen eram transferidas por contato diretoquando as aranhas type II in his abdomen were transferred by directcontact when the spiderseram incomodadas e no ativamente lanadas, como acontece com outrostipos de cerdas were not disturbed actively released, as with othertypes of bristlepresentes em outras espcies de terafosdeos. present in other speciesof Theraphosids. Foi verificado que, quando perturbadas, as It was foundthat, when disturbed, theaviculrias moviam o abdmen em direo ao estmulo, esfregando-o eintroduzindo as aviculrias moved the abdomen toward the stimulus,rubbing it and introducing thecerdas na pele do possvel predador. bristles on the skin as possiblepredator. Em 2003, Bertani /et al./ observaram que a espcie In 2003Bertani /et al./ Noted that the species/Avicularia versicolor/ Walckenaer 1837, diferentemente de outrosavicularineos, jogava /Avicularia versicolor/ Walckenaer 1837, unlikeother avicularineos, played------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 16* *Page 16*ativamente cerdas urticantes do tipo II com as pontas dos tarsos IV,demonstrando que a actively stinging hairs of type II with the tips oftarsi IV, demonstrating thatmodificao estrutural do plo est relacionada com a variedadecomportamental dessas Structural modification of hair is related to thevariety of these behavioralaranhas. spiders.Estudos cuidadosos e mais detalhados sobre os hbitos, ciclo de vida,reproduo, Further details on the habits, life cycle, reproduction andcareful studies,aspectos comportamentais, biogeografia e conservao so praticamenteinexistentes. behavioral, biogeography and conservation aspects arevirtually nonexistent. Os Thedados que existem, principalmente sobre reproduo, no esto publicadosem revistas data exist, mainly reproduction, are not published in journalscientficas reconhecidas e so em grande parte obtidos por amadores.recognized scientific and are largely obtained by amateurs. Elesutilizam They useexemplares em cativeiro, provenientes do grande comrcio dearanhas-caranguejeiras que specimens in captivity from the greattrade-tarantula spiders thatexiste na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, no qual as espcies de/Avicularia/ esto entre as exists in Europe and the United States, inwhich the species are among the /Avicularia/favoritas. favorite.A reviso taxonmica do gnero /Avicularia/ permitir que uma boa partedo A taxonomic revision of the genus /Avicularia/ allow a good deal ofconhecimento sobre a fauna de terafosdeos neotropicais (uma vez que ognero muito knowledge of the fauna of neotropical Theraphosids (sincethe genus is veryconhecido, mas com espcies que no podem ser corretamente identificadasdevido ao known, but with species that can not be correctly identifieddue tocaos taxonmico atual) esteja organizada e atualizada, facilitandoestudos futuros nas Current taxonomic chaos) is organized and updated,facilitating future studies onreas de ecologia, sistemtica, conservao e comportamento do grupo,alm de permitir areas of ecology, systematics, conservation andbehavior of the group, besides allowinga utilizao desse gnero que contm tantas espcies em pesquisas queenvolvam tanto a the use of this genus containing many species inresearch involving bothcriao de novos frmacos como outros produtos biotecnolgicos, como vmocorrendo creation of new drugs like other biotechnological products,such as have occurredcom outras espcies de aranhas-caranguejeiras (Scoubas & Rash, 2004;Bode /et al./ , with other species of spiders spiders (Scoubas & Rash,/2004;./ Bode /et al,/2001). 2001).------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 17* *Page 17**CONCLUSES* *CONCLUSIONS*1) O gnero /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 considerado monofiltico, tendocomo 1) The genus /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 is considered monophyletic,with thesinapomorfia a presena de protuberncia desenvolvida no tegulum. thepresence of synapomorphy lump developed in tegulum.2) O gnero /Avicularia/ constitudo por 14 espcies morfologicamentemuito 2) /Avicularia/ genus includes 14 species morphologically verysemelhantes: /A./ similar: /A./ /avicularia/ (espcie-tipo), /A.//avicularia/ (type species), /A./ /juruensis/ , /A./ /juruensis, A.//purpurea/ , /A./ /purpurea, A./ /rufa, A./ /rufa, A./ /taunayi/ ,/taunayi,//A./ /A./ /variegata/ status novo, /A./ /variegata/ new status, /A.//velutina/ , /A./ /velutina, A./ /aymara/ , /Avicularia/ sp. /Aymara,Avicularia/ sp. nova 1, /Avicularia/ sp. new 1, /Avicularia/ sp.nova 2, /Avicularia/ sp. 2 new, /Avicularia/ sp. nova 3, /Avicularia/sp. 3 new, /Avicularia/ sp. nova 4, /Avicularia/ sp. 4 new, /Avicularia/sp. nova 5 e /Avicularia/ 5 new and /Avicularia/sp. sp. nova 6, que ocorrem do Caribe ao Peru, Equador, Colmbia,Venezuela, Guiana, new 6, which occur in the Caribbean to Peru, Ecuador,Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,Guiana Francesa, Suriname e Brasil. French Guiana, Suriname and Brazil.3) A subfamlia Aviculariinae se apresentou monofiltica e tem comosinapomorfias a 3) The Aviculariinae subfamily is monophyletic and haspresented as the synapomorphiespresena de escpula dos tarsos e metatarsos bem desenvolvidas, dandoaspecto escopula presence of tarsal and metatarsal well developed,giving aspectespatulado; a presena de faixa longitudinal conectada a faixas lateraisno abdmen dos spatulate; connected to the presence of sidebandslongitudinal stripe on the abdomen ofjuvenis e hbito arborcola. juvenile and arboreal habit.4) A subfamlia Aviculariinae composta pelos seguintes gneros:/Stromatopelma/ , 4) The Aviculariinae subfamily contains the followinggenera: /Stromatopelma,//Heteroscodra/ , /Psalmopoeus/ , /Tapinauchenius/ , /Ephebopus/ ,/Pachistopelma/ , /Iridopelma/ , /Heteroscodra, Psalmopoeus,Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus, Pachistopelma, Iridopelma,//Avicularia/ , Gnero 1, Gnero novo 1, Gnero novo 2, Gnero novo 3 eGnero novo 4. /Avicularia,/ Genre 1 new Genus 1 Genus 2 new, new GenusGenus 3 and 4 again.5) O Gnero novo 1 ocorre na Venezuela, Equador, Peru e Brasil, e composto por 3 5) The new Genre 1 occurs in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru andBrazil, and is composed of 3espcies: Gnero novo 1 /hirschii/ comb. species: 1 Genre /hirschii/ newcomb. nov. November (espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 1 /minatrix/ (Typespecies), New Genus 1 /minatrix/comb. comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 1 sp. New and Genre 1 sp. nova1. new 1. O Gnero novo 2 e Gnero novo 3 so The new Genus Genus 2 and3 are newcompostos por uma nica espcie, Gnero novo 2 /versicolor/ comb.composed of a single species, new 2 Genre /versicolor/ comb. nov.November (que ocorre na (Which occurs inMartinica e Cuba) e Gnero novo 3 /laeta/ comb. Martinique and Cuba) andnew 3 Genre /laeta/ comb. nov. November (que ocorre em Porto Rico, Ilhas(Which occurs in Puerto Rico, IslandsVirgens e em Cuba). Virgin and Cuba). O Gnero novo 4 composto porGnero novo 4 /sooretama/ comb. The new Genus 4 consists of 4 new Genre/Sooretama/ comb.nov. November (espcie-tipo), Gnero novo 4 /diversipes/ comb. (Typespecies), New Genus 4 /diversipes/ comb. nov. November e Gnero novo 4/gamba/ comb. Genre 4 and /gamba/ new comb.nov., e ocorre da Bahia at o sudoeste do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.November, and occurs from Bahia to the southwest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 18* *Page 18**REFERNCIAS* *REFERENCES*AUSSERER, A. Ausserer, A. 1871. 1871. Beitrge zur Kenntniss derArachniden-Familie der Territelariae Beitrge zur Kenntniss der Familieder Arachniden-TerritelariaeThorell (Mygalidae Autor). /Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-BotanischenGesellschaft,/ Thorell (Author Mygalidae). /Verhandlungen der ZoologischBotanischen-Gesellschaft,//Wien/ , 21: 117 224. /Wien,/ 21: 117 224.AUSSERER, A. Ausserer, A. 1875. 1875. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss derArachniden-Familie der Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss Arachniden derFamilie der-Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). /Verhandlungen derZoologisch-Botanischen/ Territelariae Thorell (Author Mygalidae)./Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen//Gesellschaft, Wien,/ 25: 125 206. /Gesellschaft, Wien,/ 25: 125 206.BAUER, S. BAUER, S. 1996. 1996. Eine verkannte Vogelspinne aus Nord-Peru/Avicularia aurantiaca/ Verkannte Vogelspinne eine aus Nord-Peru/Avicularia aurantiaca/spec. spec. n. n. (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)./Arachnologische Magazine/ 4(8): (Araneida: Theraphosidae:Aviculariinae) /Arachnologische magazine/ 4. (8):1 8. 1 8.BEECHHOLD, HF 1997. BEECHHOLD, HF 1997. A key to the pronunciation andmeaning of scientific names The key to the pronunciation and meaning ofscientific namesof popular species, part I. /Forum Magazine of the American TarantulaSociety,/ 6(4) of popular species, part I. /Forum Magazine of theAmerican Tarantula Society,/ 6 (4)115 118. 115 118.BERTANI, R. BERTANI, R. 2000. 2000. Male palpal bulbs and homologousfeatures in Theraphosinae Male palpal bulbs and homologous features inTheraphosinae(Araneae, Theraphosidae). /The Journal of Arachnology,/ 28: 29 42.(Araneae, Theraphosidae) /The Journal of Arachnology,/ 28:. 29 42.BERTANI, R. BERTANI, R. 2001. 2001. Revision, cladistic analysis, andzoogeography of /Vitalius/ , /Nhandu/ , Revision, cladistic analysis,and zoogeography of /Vitalius, Nhandu,/and /Proshapalopus/ ; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae,and /Proshapalopus,/ with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae,Theraphosidae). /Arquivos de Zoologia,/ 36: 265 356. 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Release of Release ofurticating hairs by /Avicularia versicolor/ (Walckenaer, 1837) (Araneae,urticating hairs by /Avicularia versicolor/ (Walckenaer, 1837) (Araneae,Theraphosidae). /Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society/ ,12(9): 395 398. Theraphosidae) /Arachnological Bulletin of the BritishSociety,/ 12 (9). 395,398.BERTANI, R. BERTANI, R. & CS FUKUSHIMA. FUKUSHIMA & CS. 2004./Polyspinosa/ Schmidt, 1999 (Araneae, 2004. /Polyspinosa/ Schmidt, 1999(Araneae,Theraphosidae, Eumenophorinae) is a synonym of /Grammostola/ Simon, 1892Theraphosidae, Eumenophorinae) is a synonym of /Grammostola/ Simon, 1892(Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). /Revista Ibrica Aracnologa,/9: 329 331. (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae) /Magazine IberianArachnology,/ 9:. 329 331.BERTANI, R. BERTANI, R. & CS FUKUSHIMA. FUKUSHIMA & CS. 2009. 2009.Description of two new species of Description of two new species of/Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 and redescription of /Avicularia diversipes/(CL Koch /Avicularia/ Lamarck 1818 and redescription of /Aviculariadiversipes/ (CL Koch1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)three possibly threatenedBrazilian 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)-three possiblythreatened Brazilianspecies. /Zootaxa,/ 2223:25 47. species. /Zootaxa,/ 2223:25 47.BERTANI, R., CS FUKUSHIMA & PI da SILVA JUNIOR 2008. BERTANI, R., CSFUKUSHIMA & PI SILVA JUNIOR 2008. Two new species Two new speciesof /Pamphobeteus/ Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae)from of /Pamphobeteus/ Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae:Theraphosidae) fromBrazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ. /Zootaxa/ , 1826: 45 58.Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ /Zootaxa/ 1826:. 45 58.BODE, F.; F. BODE, F., F. SACHS & MR FRANZ 2001. SACHS & FRANZ MR 2001.Tarantula peptide inhibits atrial fibrillation Tarantula peptideinhibits atrial fibrillation- A peptide from spider venom can prevent the heartbeat from losing itsrhythm. - A peptide from spider venom can Prevent the heartbeat fromlosing its rhythm./Nature/ , 409 (6816): 35 36. /Nature,/ 409 (6816): 35 36.BONNET, P. BONNET, P. 1955. /Bibliographie araneorum/ . 1955./Bibliographie araneorum./ Tolouse, 2(2): 919 1926. Toulouse, 2 (2): 9191926.BONNET, P. BONNET, P. 1957. /Bibliographia araneorum./ Toulouse, 2(3):1927 3026. 1957 /araneorum Bibliographia/ Toulouse, 2 /(3)../ 1927 3026.BRESCOVIT, AD, AB BONALDO, R. Brescovit, AD, AB BONALDO, R. BERTANI & CARHEIM 2002. BERTANI & CA RHEIM 2002. Araneae. Araneae./In Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda/ . /In Amazonian Arachnida andMyriapoda./ J. J. Adis (Ed.). Addis (Ed.). Pensoft, Sofia, Moscow, ppPensoft, Sofia, Moscow, pp.303 343. 303 343.BCHERL, W. Bcherl, W. 1953. 1953. Quilpodos, aranhas e escorpiesenviados ao Instituto Butantan Quilpodos, spiders and scorpions sent tothe Instituto Butantanpara determinao. /Memrias do Insituto Butantan/ 25: 109 151. todetermine /Memories Insituto Butantan/ 25:. 109 151.------------------------------------------------------------------------*Page 20* *Page 20*BCHERL, W. Bcherl, W. 1957. 1957. Estudos sobre a biologia easistemtica do gnero /Grammostola/ Studies on the biology andsystematics of the genus /Grammostola/Simon, 1892. /Monografias Instituto Butantan/ 1: 1 203. . Simon 1892/Butantan Institute Monographs/ 1: 1203.BULLMER, M., M. Bullmer, M., M. THIERER-LUTZ & GEW SCHIMIDT 2006./Avicularia hirschii/ Thierer-Lutz & SCHIMIDT GEW 2006. /Aviculariahirschii/sp. sp. n. n. (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae), eine neueVogelspinnenart aus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae), eine neueVogelspinnenart ausEkuador. /Tarantulas of the World,/ 124: 3 17. 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