AVIATION METEOROLOGY›абораторні роботи/weather... · Approved by the National...
Transcript of AVIATION METEOROLOGY›абораторні роботи/weather... · Approved by the National...
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY
Yu. A. Averyanova, V. P. Kharchenko,
F.J. Yanovsky
AVIATION METEOROLOGY
AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS
METHOD GUIDE
KYIV 2007
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UDC 656.7.052:551.501.3(076.5)
ББК 0571.7 я 7
A 95
Reviewed by: V. Kolotusha, Ph.D., associated professor, Ukrainian State
Enterprise “Ukraeroruh”; S. Ishchenko, Ph.D., professor, Chef of the
Department of Aerodynamics
Consultant in English A. Akmaldinova, Ph.D., professor
Approved by the National Aviation University Editorial Board on March,
1, 2007.
Averyanova Yu.A., Kharchenko V.P., Yanovsky F.Y.
А95 Aviation meteorology. Aviation weather reports: Method guide/–
K.: NAU,2007.- 80 p.
The method guide includes information that helps students to master some
principles of weather service of flight. Such as reading and understanding
meteorological information in the formats METAR, TAF, GAMET, AIRMET,
SIGMET and other.
The guide meets the requirements of the curricula for students of
specialties 6.100118 “Systems of Aeronavigation Service”, 6. 100109 “Air
Traffic Service” within the English Language Project implemented at NAU.
Авер’янова Ю.А., Харченко В.П., Яновський Ф.Й.
Авіаційна метеорологія. Авіаційні метеорологічні коди:
Навчально-методичний посібник (англійською мовою) .- К.:НАУ, 2007. -
80 с.
Вміщує інформацію, що допомагає студентам оволодіти деякими
принципами метеорологічного забезпечення міжнародної аеронавігації, а
саме навчитися читати та розуміти метеорологічну інформацію у кодових
формах METAR, TAF, GAMET, AIRMET, SIGMET та ін.
Для студентів спеціальностей 6.100118 «Системи аеронавігаційного
обслуговування», 6. 100109 «Обслуговування повітряного руху».
UDC 656.7.052:551.501.3(076.5)
ББК 0571.7 я 7
© Yu.A. Averyanova, V.P. Kharchenko, F.Y. Yanovsky, 2007
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CONTENT
PREFACE ……………………………………………………… 4
1. Meteorological Aviation Routine Weather Report ……………6
1.1 Aviation Selected Special Weather Report……………..……27
2. Terminal Aerodrome Forecast…………………………….…28
2.1 Landing forecast……………….………………………….48
2.2 Forecast for take-off……………………………………....48
2.3 General aviation forecast ………………………………..49
2.4 Airmen‘s meteorological information …..………………….53
2.5 Significant meteorological information …………………….58
Literatura ………………………………………………………64
APPENDIX 1…………………………………………….…….65
APPENDIX 2………………………………………………….68
APPENDIX 3………………………………………………….71
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PREFACE
The successful flight operation depends on a range of factors
among which one of the most important is the state of the atmosphere.
There are a lot of weather phenomena that influence significantly
aeronavigation and air traffic service. Moreover, the presence of one or
another weather phenomenon plays an important role in making
decision on the possibility or impossibility to provide flight safety. The
state of atmosphere also influences the aircraft aerodynamic
performance as well as navigation and radio equipment operation.
Airmen, airtraffic controllers, flight dispetchers should know
weather conditons well and be good at using weather information
properly in oder to increase the possibility of right decision making.
The efficient and timely movement of meteorological
information is a fundamental requirement of modern meteorology.
Observers record information about the environment and provide it to
data processing centers so that forecast guidance products may be
produced. Countries exchange information to enhance their forecasts
and to produce global forecast models. The facility to move information
quickly between centres, without regard to language, and in a format
that may be processed by automated means is embodied in
meteorological codes. In the case of aviation codes the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), headquartered in Montreal, Canada, is
responsible for defining and encouraging the provision of services
which civil aviation requires. World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) is responsible for providing the technical methods and practices
recommended for use in accordance with required meteorological
services.
WMO Meteorological codes are defined by the World
Meteorological Organization in WMO Manual No. 306. The codes are
composed of a set of values defined in tables with reference to specific
position within strings of information. Different code forms are used to
represent different types of observations or products. In messages, these
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groups of letters are transcribed into symbols indicating the value of
state of the elements described.
This method guide explains how the groups of letters and
figures are transcribed into meteorological information. It does not
cover all ICAO standards and recommendations concerning weather
codes, their composition, dissemination and exchange (they can be
found in International Civil Aviation Convention Annex 3 –
Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation) and does not
include all the meteorological codes used. The given material is
intended to help students to read and understand information that is
“hidden” under the coded form of weather reports and forecasts.
The method guide includes also a large number of examples and
represents one of the possible variants indicating weather information at
the terminal of air traffic controllers (fig.1 and fig.3). Therefore,
students can not only familiarize themselves with formats and content of
codes but also train in reading coded weather information.
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1. Meteorological Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
The METAR is a coded weather bulletin of the observed weather at a
specific location or airdrome and has the following basic format (the
interpretation of groups are given in Tabl.1):
The international Format of the Metar code
SAEE31 LKPR GoGoGGgg(Z)
(0) (1)
CCCC (METAR GGggZ) dddff(Gfmfm) (dndndnVdxdxdx)
(2) (3)
VVVVDv VxVxVxVxDv RDRDR/(м)
(p) VRVRVRVRi
(4) (5)
(RDRDR/VMVMVMVMVVPVPVPVPi) W’W’
(5) (6)
NSNSNShShShS(CC) or (VVhShShS)
(7)
(CAVOK) (M)TT/(M)TdTd QPHPHPHPH (REW’W’)
(8) (9) (10) (11)
(WS TKOF RWYDRDR WS LDG RWYDRDR)
(12)
TTTTT (TTGGgg) dddff(Gfmfm) VVVV W’W’
NSNSNShShShS(CC) или VVhShShS
TREND (13)
RMK (XXYCKKBB)
14 15
Table 1
Content and interpreting groups constituting the METAR code
# CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
1 CCCC Location or place
Four letter ICAO ID‘s designators are
used
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Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
2 GoGoGGgg(Z)
Date and time of compilation
(observation)
DD – day
HH – Hour
Mm – Minutes
Z – Time Zone, Z is for Zulu or GMT,
UTC
AUTO
Is used when observation is done by an
automatic weather station
3 dddff(Gfmfm)
(dndndnVdxdxdx) Surface Wind
ddd Averaged wind direction is coded in
tenth of degrees with three figures.
The direction from which the wind is
blowing (meteo) is given with reference
to true north.
Directions less than 100 degrees should
be preceded with a “0”.
The averaging of the direction is made
over 2 minute interval.
If it is converted into magnetic degrees,
the word magnetic is added.
VRB instead of ddd means that wind
direction varies and averaged wind speed
is less than 3 knots (2 mps or 6KMH). In
case of strong wind, VRB is used when
averaged wind direction is impossible to
determine. After VRB the wind speed is
reported.
Ff Averaged wind speed is coded in two
(three) digits immediately following the
wind direction.
Averaging period is 2 minutes for take-
off and landing airdrome reports.
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Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
If dddff is reported as 00000, it means
that there is no motion of air that is Calm.
The wind group always ends with units of
measurements, that are knots (KT),
meters per second (MPS) or kilometers
per hour (KMH).
Gfmfm Wind gusts are coded in two (three)
figures just following the wind speed.
Fmfm is the maximum instantaneous wind
speed over the 10 minute period.
According to WMO standard, it is
reported when maximum wind speed
exceeds the “mean speed” by 5 mps
(10KT or 20 KPH) during the 10 minute
interval.
DndndnVdxdxdx Variation in wind direction group is
reported if wind direction varies by 60
degrees or more during the 10 minute
interval and with averaged wind speed 3
KT (6KPH, 2mps).
The direction variation is coded in a
clockwise direction.
V is the group designator.
VVVVDv
VxVxVxVxDv
Horizontal visibility near the Earth
surface measured in meters.
VVVV is the minimal visibility.
Visibility below 500 m is approximated
to the nearest 50 m; Visibility between
500 and 5000 m is approximated to the
nearest 100 m; Visibility between 5000 m
and 9999 m is approximated to the
nearest 1000 m.
Visibility greater than 10 km is coded as
9999.
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Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
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When the horizontal visibility is not the
same in all directions (difference is
greater than 50 %), it is followed by the
direction Dv.
The group VxVxVxVxDv is included in
the report when minimal visibility less
than 1 500 m and visibility in some other
direction exeeds 5000 m.
Codes for Dv are: N for North, NE for
Northeast, E for East, SE for Southeast, S
for South, SW for Southwest, W for
West, NW for Northwest direction.
5 RDRDR/(м)
(p)
VRVRVRVRi
(RDRDR/VMVMVMVM
VVPVPVPVPi)
Runway Visual Range. According to
ICAO standard RVR is reported in meters
when horizontal visibility is less than
1500 metres.
R Group indicator
DRDR/ Runway number. An additional DR may
be used for runway approach directions,
such as R for right, L for left, C for
centre.
A slash “/” separates the runway number
from the constant reportable value.
VRVRVRVR Visibility in metres.
If RVR is less than its lowest measurable
value, the group shall be preceded by M.
If RVR is greater than its highest
measurable value, the group shall be
preceded by P.
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Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
i Tendency for the visibility to change, if
during the 10 minute interval preceeding
the observation the RVR showed the
tendency to increase or decrease. In case
of no change, it can be omitted. “U” is
used for increasing (upward), “D” is used
for decreasing (downward), “N” is for no
change.
RDRDR/VMVMVMVM
VVPVPVPVPi
The format for varying RVR.
This group is reported instead of
RDRDR/(м)
(p) VRVRVRVRi , if the value of
RVR during the last 1 minute of 10
minute interval of observation changes by
50 metres or 20 % of the mean visibility.
VMVMVMVM is the lowest (minimal)
reportable value and VPVPVPV is the
highest (peak) reportable value. “V”
separates these lowest and highest RVR
values.
6 W’W’ Present weather group.
Table 1 shows the standards for various
elements and descriptors for this group.
The definitions of present weather
elements are given in appendix 1.
Separate groups are used for each type of
present weather. Each group should be
separated from the other by a space.
METAR(SPECI) contains no more than
three present weather groups.
The weather group is constructed in the
following sequence: intensity, followed
by description, followed by weather
phenomenon.
11
Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
7 NSNSNShShShS(CC)
or (VVhShShS) Cloud group
NSNSNS Cloud amount, shown by the following
abbreviations:
FEW is used for 1-2 octas
SCT is used for 3-4 octas
BKN is used for 5-7 octas
OVC is used for 8 octas.
HShShS Cloud height. It should be multiplied by
30 to get the value of cloud height in
metres and by 100 to get the value of
cloud height in feet.
/// Means that Cloud base is lower than the
airdrome (in mountain region).
CC Type of clouds. Only CB and TCU
clouds are reported.
SKC Sky clear. It is reported instead of cloud
group in case of cloud absence.
VVhShShS
Vertical visibility. It is reported instead
of cloud group when the sky is obscured.
VV is the group designator.
HShShS is the Vertical visibility. It should
be multiplied by 30 to get the value of
cloud height in metres and by 100 to get
the value of cloud height in feet.
VV/// Vertical visibility not available.
8 CAVOK It is reported instead of horizontal
visibility, RVR, present weather, cloud
groups when simultaneous observations
are as follows:
Visibility is greater than 10 km.
There are no clouds below 500ft (1500m)
or minimum sector altitude, whichever is
the lowest and no CB.
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Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
There are no significant weather
phenomena.
9 (M)TT/(M)TdTd Temperatures in Celsius.
TT Air temperature.
TdTd Dew point temperature.
M Designator of negative temperatures.
10 QPHPHPHPH QNH Pressure.
Q Group indicator. If letter A is present
instead of Q, the pressure value is given
in mm of mercury.
PHPHPHPH Pressure value in the whole ector
Pascals, approximate to the lower value.
Supplementary Information Groups
11 REW’W’ Recent Significant weather.
Weather is only included as recent
weather if the same phenomenon of the
same or greater intensity is not reported
as present weather and is of operational
significance.
RE Group designator.
W’W’ The appropriate abbreviations contained
in table #1 if the following weather
phenomena were observed not at the time
of the observations:
- freezing precipitation;
- moderate or heavy rain or snow;
- moderate or heavy ice pellets,
hail, small hail or snow pellets;
- moderate or heavy blowing
snow;
- sandstorm or duststorm;
- thunderstorm;
- volcanic ash.
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Table 1. End # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
12 WS TKOF
RWYDRDR
and/or
WS LDG
RWYDRDR
Wind shear. Supplementary information
on the existence of wind shear along the
take-off path or approach path between
runway level and 500 metres (1600 feet).
DRDR indicates the number of runway.
13 TREND Trend forecast. It is included when
significant change is expected for one or
several of the observed elements.
TTTTT Change indicator. One of the following
change indicators can be used:
BECMG
TEMPO
NOSIG
TTGGgg Changing indicator.
TT is letter indicator that can be:
- FM (from)
- TL (till)
- AT (at).
GGgg is the time group that indicates
beginning and end of the change.
GG is for hours, gg is for minutes of
UTC.
14 RMK Remarks Section Group
15 XXYCKKBB Runway state.
It is included from the 1st of October till
the 31st of March
BECMG (Becoming) is used to describe expected changes to
meteorological conditions which reach or pass specified threshold
criteria at a regular or irregular rate.
TEMPO (Temporary) is used to describe expected temporary
fluctuations to meteorological conditions which reach or pass specified
threshold criteria and last for a period of less than one hour in each
14
instance and the aggregate cover less than half of the forecast period
during which the fluctuations are expected to occur.
NOSIG (No significant change) is used when none of the elements is
expected to change significantly or does not reach or pass specified
threshold criteria.
RUNWAY STATE
Runway state group is included into the METAR after the Trend
forecast group from the 1st of October till the 31
st of March.
As a rule runway state group consists of 8 figures. Each of the figures
has the following meaning (Table 2):
Table 2
Content and runway state interpreting group
# CODED GROUP CONTENT OF GROUP
1 XX Runway number
88 The information is given for all
Runways
99 There is no new data. Repeated
information is given.
2 Y Type of deposition
0 Dry and clear
1 Damp
2 Wet or water patches
3 Frost or rime covered
4 Dry snow
5 Wet snow
6 Slush
7 Ice
8 Compacted or rolled snow
9 Frozen ruts or ridges
/ Not reported
CLRD Clear. It is included instead of 3,4,5,6
figures.
15
Table 2. End
# CODED GROUP CONTENT OF GROUP
3 C Contamination
1 Less than 10 % of runway
2 11 – 25% of runway
5 26 – 50% of runway
9 51 – 100% of runway
/ There are no data about degree of
runway surface
4 KK Deposition depth
00 Less than 1 mm
01 1 mm
02 … 2 mm…
91 It is not used in the code
92 10 cm
93 15 cm
94… 20 cm…
90 90 mm
99 One ore more runways are out of
operation
// There are no data measured or the
quantity of deposition does not
influence the runway operation.
5 BB Friction coefficient or braking action
Friction coefficient is given as two
figures in tenth and hundredth and
should be preceded with a “0”
braking action: 91 poor
92 between poor/medium
93 medium
94 between medium /good
95 good
99 unreliable measurement
// braking efficiency is not reported;
runway is out of operation; aerodrome
is closed.
16
METAR Examples
METAR UUEE 1530Z 25004MPS 0500 R07/600U RAFG BKN015
SCT200 10/10 Q1010 TEMPO TL1700 0800 FG BECMG AT1800
2000 RA
UUEE 151900Z 22009G16MPS 9999 BKN024 05/00 Q1000 NOSIG
RMK 75000062 25000062
UUWW 151900Z 21010G14MPS 9999 BKN020 04/M00 Q1001
NOSIG RMK 24150060
UUDD 151900Z 21009G14MPS 9999 BKN023 05/M00 Q1002 NOSIG
14010070
LFPG 151900Z 22006KT 2000 –DZRA BR FEW001 BKN002 08/08
Q1009 NOSIG
UKBB 151900Z 20007MPS 7000 OVC014 03/M01 Q1012 18CLRD70
NOSIG
UKOO 151900Z 21004MPS P6000 BKN033 06/02 Q1016 16090065
NOSIG
EPKK 151900Z 24006KT 7000 FEW150 02/00 Q1003
EPWA 151900Z 24010KT 180V260 CAVOK 05/01 Q1001 NOSIG
LFSR 151900Z 23006KT 2000 –RADZ FEW003 BKN005 07/07
Q1009 TEMPO 1500 RADZ BKN003
LROP 151900Z 23003MPS 5000 BR OVC013 05/03 Q1015 NOSIG
5809//95
EBBR 151920Z 23008KT 6000 BKN004 08/07 Q1007 TEMPO 5000
EDDF 151920Z 19011KT 4500 –DZ BR FEW003 BKN005 OVC012
04/04 Q1008 TEMPO SCT005
LOWW 151920Z VRB03KT 0900 1900SE R29/1100V1500D
R16/P1500 BCFG FEW000 BKN002 04/04 Q1006 BECMG 0600 FG
BKN001
ELLX 151920Z 23007KT 210V270 3500 BKN005 04/03 Q1008
NOSIG
17
EBBR 151920Z 23008KT 6000 BKN004 08/07 Q1007 TEMPO 5000
EDDF 151920Z 19011KT 4500 –DZ BR FEW003 BKN005 OVC012
04/04 Q1008 TEMPO SCT005
METAR PHLI 271353Z 28005KT 10SM FEW090 21/19 A2987
METAR LZIB 271430Z 27013KT 250V310 9999 FEW048TCU
BKN100 22/12 Q1011 NOSIG
METAR EVRA 271420Z 09008KT 9999 SCT008 SCT024CB BKN037
18/16 Q1004 NOSIG
METAR UIBB 271400Z 19001MPS 5000 BKN033CB 04/03 Q1013
NOSIG RMK QFE716/0955 30290150
METAR USSS 271300Z 22003MPS 9999 TS BKN043CB OVC200
22/14 Q1011 TEMPO VRB15MPS TSRAGR SQ RMK QFE738
260///70 760///60
METAR LFPG 171000Z VRB05KT 4000 BR SCT008 BKN023 17/15
Q1014 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 170930Z 17002MPS CAVOK 18/04 Q1027
88CLRD70 NOSIG
METAR LFPB 171000Z 29004KT 260V340 7000 SCT013 BKN028
18/15 Q1013 NOSIG
METAR UKOO 161700Z 10003MPS P6000 SCT200 16/03 Q1025
16090070 NOSIG
METAR UUEE 171000Z 29007MPS CAVOK 15/05 Q1020 NOSIG
METAR EPWA 171000Z 10009KT 080V140 CAVOK 19/12 Q1017
NOSIG
METAR LROP 171000Z 12005MPS 100V160 9999 BKN030 23/13
Q1022 NOSIG
METAR LFSR 171000Z AUTO 31007KT 5000NDV SCT018///
OVC024/// 19/16 Q1013
METAR EDDF 170950Z 03004KT 9999 FEW017 BKN060 BKN130
21/17 Q1009 NOSIG
METAR LKPR 171000Z 14011KT 9999 FEW034 21/13 Q1011
18
NOSIG
METAR LOWW 170950Z 16010KT 120V190 9999 FEW030 21/13
Q1013 NOSIG
METAR ELLX 170950Z 33010KT 3000 HZ NSC 20/15 Q1011 NOSIG
METAR LFPG 161500Z 18008KT 9999 FEW030 SCT046 BKN100
08/06 Q1019 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 161530Z 28005MPS 9999 BKN032 03/M02 Q1018
86CLRD70 NOSIG
METAR LFPB 161530Z 18008KT 9000 SCT015 BKN020 09/06
Q1019 NOSIG
METAR UKOO 161530Z 31004MPS P6000 SCT200 05/M05 Q1021
34090060 NOSIG
METAR EPWA 161530Z 25007KT CAVOK 04/M00 Q1018 NOSIG
METAR UUEE 161500Z 21005MPS 9999 BKN017 BKN100 BKN200
M01/M04 Q1007 NOSIG RMK 75190151 25//////
METAR LROP 161530Z 22005MPS CAVOK 07/M02 Q1024 NOSIG
080///95 580///95
METAR LOWW 161520Z VRB01KT 6000 BKN300 03/00 Q1024
NOSIG
METAR ELLX 161520Z VRB03KT 0500 R24/0800V0900N FG
BKN001 04/04 Q1020 NOSIG
METAR LFPG 181700Z 25024G38KT 9999 -RA FEW012 SCT014
BKN017 14/12 Q1005 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 181700Z 20007MPS CAVOK 07/02 Q1004
18CLRD70 NOSIG
METAR LFPB 181700Z 24021G38KT 9999 BKN015 BKN021 15/12
Q1006 TEMPO 22030G55KT
METAR UKOO 181700Z 20003MPS 3000 BR BKN200 04/02 Q1013
16090060 TEMPO 0400 FG
METAR EPWA 181700Z 20022G33KT 170V230 9999 -RA SCT026
BKN050 10/08 Q0986 NOSIG
19
METAR UUEE 181700Z 21008MPS 9999 OVC013 04/02 Q0991
NOSIG RMK 20008G12MPS 75290151 25//////
METAR LROP 181700Z 24006MPS CAVOK 10/04 Q1015 NOSIG
080///95 580///95
METAR LFSR 181700Z AUTO 25026G36KT 6000NDV -RA
BKN019/// BKN029/// BKN038/// 14/12 Q1004
METAR EDDF 181720Z 22032G48KT 9999 -RA SCT025 BKN036
BKN050 14/10 Q0993 NOSIG
METAR LOWW 181720Z 22008KT 170V310 9999 FEW030 BKN080
BKN120 10/00 Q1004 NOSIG
METAR ELLX 181720Z 24028G40KT 200V270 5000 -RA SCT010
BKN014 12/10 Q0999 NOSIG
METAR LFPG 191300Z 27016KT 9999 SCT025 BKN030 14/10
Q1022 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 191300Z 27010G15MPS 9999 SCT024CB BKN030
08/02 Q0981 88190060 TEMPO 27018G23MPS
METAR LFPB 191300Z 26011KT 210V280 9999 BKN026 BKN032
15/10 Q1023 NOSIG
METAR UKOO 191300Z 28008MPS 6000 BKN100 09/07 Q0991
34290055 NOSIG
METAR EPWA 191300Z 27018G28KT 9999 SCT020CB SCT020
06/03 Q0994 TEMPO 28025G35KT SHRA BKN016CB
METAR UUEE 191300Z 17006MPS 5000 -SHRA OVC009CB 05/04
Q0968 NOSIG RMK 75290151 25//////
METAR LROP 191300Z 27012G17MPS 9999 FEW040 SCT050CB
BKN130 13/M00 Q0999 NOSIG 080///95 580///95
METAR LFSR 191300Z 26012KT 9999 BKN021 BKN045 14/11
Q1022 NOSIG
METAR EDDF 191320Z 25009KT 9999 FEW012 BKN026 11/09
Q1016 NOSIG
METAR ELLX 191320Z 26017G34KT 230V290 9999 FEW009
BKN025 12/08 Q1019 NOSIG
20
METAR LFPG 191900Z 22009KT 8000 -DZ SCT005 BKN011 13/12
Q1024 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 191900Z 30009MPS 9999 SCT024CB BKN032
04/M01 Q0991 86290055 NOSIG
METAR LFPB 191900Z AUTO 20008KT //// BKN013 BKN021 13/12
Q1024
METAR EPWA 191900Z 26018KT 9999 FEW033 SCT100 05/02
Q0999 TEMPO 28018G28KT
METAR UUEE 191900Z 19006MPS 9999 -SHRA OVC012CB 05/04
Q0967 NOSIG RMK 75290151 25//////
METAR LROP 191900Z 31002MPS CAVOK 05/M01 Q1006 NOSIG
080///95 580///95
METAR LFSR 191900Z AUTO 23009KT 9999NDV FEW018///
BKN026/// BKN033/// 13/11 Q1024
METAR EDDF 191850Z 22009KT 9999 FEW022 SCT039 11/06
Q1021 NOSIG
METAR LKPR 191900Z 29022G33KT CAVOK 09/00 Q1015 WS
RWY24 NOSIG
METAR ELLX 191850Z 25011KT 9999 SCT000 BKN014 11/09
Q1022 NOSIG
METAR LFPG 200700Z 25017KT 9999 FEW013 BKN021 13/08
Q1018 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 200700Z 30008MPS 270V330 9999 BKN032 BKN130
02/M04 Q1000 88CLRD70 NOSIG
METAR LFPG 200700Z 25017KT 9999 FEW013 BKN021 13/08
Q1018 NOSIG
METAR LFPB 200700Z 24021G36KT 9999 BKN033 14/08 Q1018
NOSIG
METAR UKOO 200700Z 30005G10MPS CAVOK 03/M00 Q1006
34090060 NOSIG
METAR EPWA 200730Z 26008KT 9999 FEW026 BKN100 03/01
Q1012 332///74 NOSIG
21
METAR UUEE 200700Z 24009MPS 4300 -SHSN DRSN OVC016CB
M01/M02 Q0978 RESHSN TEMPO 1000 SHSN RMK 75550230
25//////
METAR LFSR 200700Z AUTO 23013KT 9999NDV FEW013///
BKN020/// OVC032/// 12/11 Q1018
METAR EDDF 200720Z 22016KT 9999 -RA FEW015 BKN023 12/10
Q1016 NOSIG
METAR LKPR 200700Z 18007KT 9999 SCT015 OVC021 07/06
Q1015 NOSIG
METAR ELLX 200720Z 22015KT 190V260 3500 DZ BKN005
BKN012 10/09 Q1017 NOSIG
METAR LFPG 202130Z 25011KT CAVOK 08/04 Q1018 NOSIG
METAR UKBB 202130Z 24003MPS 9999 SCT040 M01/M06 Q1009
86CLRD70 NOSIG
METAR LFPB 202130Z AUTO 25007KT //// NSC 08/04 Q1018
METAR UKOO 202130Z VRB02MPS P6000 SCT100 M01/M04
Q1015 16090060 NOSIG
METAR EPWA 202130Z 25015KT 180V280 9999 SCT030 BKN046
12/08 Q1001 NOSIG
METAR LROP 202130Z 24002MPS CAVOK 05/M04 Q1017 NOSIG
080///95 580///95
METAR LFSR 202130Z AUTO 23007KT 9999NDV FEW018/// 08/06
Q1017
METAR EDDF 202150Z 21011KT 9999 FEW032 SCT060 BKN130
08/05 Q1014 NOSIG
METAR LKPR 202130Z 24019KT 9999 BKN033 11/06 Q1010
TEMPO 27020G40KT 7000 SHRA
METAR LOWW 202150Z 30015KT 9999 FEW044 13/06 Q1014
NOSIG
METAR ELLX 202150Z 24010KT 210V270 8000 BKN040 06/04
Q1015 NOSIG
22
EETN 202020Z 11009KT 9999 BKN027 M05/M08 Q0993 08810160
NOSIG=
EFHK 202020Z 07008KT CAVOK M08/M10 Q0994 0419//77
5419//74 1519//85 NOSIG=
EPWA 202030Z 25014KT 180V280 9999 BKN026 11/09 Q1001
NOSIG=
EVRA 202020Z 14010KT 2600 SN FEW007 SCT015 OVC023
M01/M03 Q0992 18490343 TEMPO 1500 SN=
EYVI 202020Z 16011KT 1800 SN BKN004 OVC014 M02/M02 Q0996
202/0295 TEMPO 0600 SN=
KQHT 202055Z 10002KT 4000 BR FU SKC M08/M11 A3021 RMK
SLP295 WND DATA ESTMD 56012=
KQSA 202055Z 00000KT 5000 BR SKC M13/M14 A3032 RMK
SLP394 WND DATA ESTMD ALSTG/SLP ESTMD 53003=
KQTZ 202055Z 15011KT 9999 SCT200 09/03 A2997 RMK SLP151
Q1014MB WND DATA ESTMD ALSTG/SLP ESTMD 56012=
LUKK 202030Z 25005KT CAVOK 00/M03 Q1015 08CLRD65
NOSIG=
OIII 202000Z 201955Z/00000KT CAVOK 02/M07 Q1018 A3008
883/3=
OIMM 201950Z 00000KT CAVOK 00/M05 Q1018 A3008=
UAAA 202100Z 13001MPS 1400 R23/P2000U BR FEW050 SCT100
M11/M12 Q1026 23CLRD65 NOSIG RMK QFE709/0946=
UACC 202100Z 23004MPS 200V260 9999 BKN026 M12/M14 Q1027
23
NOSIG RMK QFE739/0985 228/0060=
UAFM 202100Z 09002MPS 4000 BR NSC M08/M11 Q1022 TEMPO
1000 BR=
UAII 202100Z 16005MPS CAVOK M06/M07 Q1020 NOSIG RMK
QFE728/0970 280///65=
UAKK 202100Z 18005MPS 9999 SCT/// M15/M17 Q1027 23410555
NOSIG RMK QFE723/0964=
UARR 202100Z 20005MPS 9999 OVC010 01/00 Q1002 22210160
NOSIG RMK QFE748/0998=
UATE 202100Z 32010G15MPS 2000 BR OVC004 04/03 Q1008
TEMPO 0900 FG BKN003 RMK 300///70 QFE 754/1006=
UATG 202100Z 29002MPS 6000 NSC M01/M01 Q1007 320///70
TEMPO 0800 FZFG OVC002 RMK QFE757/1009=
UATT 202030Z 12010MPS 9999 OVC009 M02/M03 Q1008 NOSIG
RMK QFE736/0982 13990140=
UAUU 202100Z 18010MPS 9000 -SN OVC005 M04/M05 Q1016
150///60 TEMPO 2000 SNBR BKN005 RMK QBB150 QFE746/0994=
UBBB 202130Z 32016KT 9999 OVC021 07/06 Q1011 88CLRD70
NOSIG=
UBBG 202100Z 27013KT 9999 SCT083 07/M05 Q1011 30CLRD70
NOSIG=
UBBN 202100Z 00000KT 1500 BR SCT070 M12/M14 Q1015
14CLRD60 NOSIG RMK G/Z QFE686=
UDYZ 202100Z 00000MPS 1100 R09/P1500D BR SCT046 M09/M10
Q1015 NOSIG=
24
UEEE 202100Z 27001MPS CAVOK M37/M41 Q1021 NOSIG RMK
QFE757 23450142=
UELL 202100Z VRB01MPS 9999 -SHSN BKN016CB OVC200
M21/M22 Q1018 NOSIG RMK QFE689 08810540=
UERP 202100Z 22003MPS P4000 OVC200 M19/M20 Q1004 NOSIG
RMK QFE709 SC03=
UERR 202100Z 22003MPS CAVOK M24/M25 Q1018 NOSIG RMK
QFE731 SC032=
UEST 202100Z 19006G09MPS 8000 BLSN OVC130 M23/M26 Q1009
NOSIG RMK QFE756=
UHHH 202100Z 18002MPS CAVOK M18/M20 Q1026 NOSIG=
UHMM 202100Z 00000MPS 9999 SKC M34/M37 Q1007 RMK
QFE741 88490331=
UHMP 202100Z 12004MPS 9999 SKC M40/M44 Q1018 RMK MT
OBSC QFF763=
UHNN 202100Z 23001MPS 9999 SKC M21/M24 Q1019 RMK
QFE758=
UHPP 202100Z 04002MPS 9999 SCT250 OVC100 M17/M18 Q1005
NOSIG RMK QFE 750 SC 045 MT OBSC=
UHSH 202100Z 30003MPS P4000 SKC M17/M18 Q1016 RMK
QFE759=
UHSS 202100Z 00000MPS 9999 SKC M25/M28 Q1025 RMK
QFE767/1023=
UHWW 202100Z VRB02MPS 9999 SCT200 M17/M21 Q1031 NOSIG
RMK QFE772/1029 75CLRD80=
UIAA 202100Z 00000MPS 3100 BR SKC M29/M33 Q1028 NOSIG
25
RMK QFE712 29390150=
UIBB 202100Z 00000MPS 5000 SKC M12/M12 Q1028 NOSIG RMK
QFE728/0970 30450140=
UIII 202100Z 08001MPS 3500 BR FEW050 BKN100 OVC200
M16/M17 Q1031 NOSIG RMK QFE730/0974 12810550=
UIUU 202100Z 08002MPS 9999 FEW100 BKN200 M29/M30 Q1034
NOSIG RMK QFE730/0974 26450250=
UKBB 202100Z 27003MPS 9999 BKN040 00/M06 Q1009 86CLRD70
NOSIG=
UKCC 202100Z 26004MPS 9999 SCT030 M03/M03 Q1009 26290355
NOSIG=
UKCW 202100Z 27005MPS CAVOK M01/M02 Q1007 2709//70
NOSIG=
UKDD 202100Z 30005MPS 9999 SCT020 BKN100 M00/M02 Q1010
27210160 NOSIG=
UKDE 202100Z 28005MPS 9999 SCT050 00/M02 Q1012 02710367
NOSIG=
UKDR 202100Z 24002MPS CAVOK M03/M05 Q1013 3609//68
NOSIG=
UKFF 202100Z 29002MPS CAVOK 01/M03 Q1016 19190060
NOSIG=
UKHH 202100Z 27004MPS 9999 OVC040 00/M03 Q1007 26290055
NOSIG=
UKKK 202100Z 22003MPS CAVOK 00/M05 Q1009 26150060
NOSIG=
26
UKKM 202100Z 24002MPS CAVOK M01/M05 Q1008 33710265
NOSIG=
UKLI 201900Z 21002MPS 9999 -SHRA BKN030CB BKN033 04/01
Q1010 28090070 NOSIG=
UKLL 202100Z 24004MPS 9999 -RA OVC009 06/04 Q1008 31250355
NOSIG=
UKLN 201730Z 23002MPS CAVOK 04/M00 Q1013 3309//70
NOSIG=
UKLR 201800Z 24002MPS 9999 FEW026 OVC100 00/M02 Q1009
30090070 NOSIG=
UKLU 201900Z 13003MPS 9999 -RA OVC015 06/04 Q1016
10290060 NOSIG=
UKON 201800Z 31002MPS CAVOK 01/M03 Q1014 23090075
NOSIG=
The one of the possiblevariant of METAR weather information
indication at the terminal of air traffic controllers is given in Fig.1.
Fig. 1. Indication of weather information at the terminal of air traffic controllers
(METAR) (www.softaero.ru)
27
1.1. Aviation Selected Special Weather Report (SPECI)
A SPECI is coded the same way as a METAR, but it is issued when the
following criteria are found :
1. Mean surface wind direction has changed by 60 degrees or more
as compared with that reported in the last METAR and/or after the
change being 5MPS (10 KT) or more.
2. Mean surface wind speed has changed by 5MPS (10KT) or
more as compared with that reported in the last METAR.
3. Wind gusts have increased by 5 MPS (10 KT) or more as
compared to the last one reported in METAR and wind speed afer the
change being 7 MPS (15 KT) or more.
4. Wind variations exceed values important for flight operation
and it is necessary:
a) to change runways in use;
b) to indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswind
components have changed through values representing the
main operating limits for typical aircraft operating at the
aerodrome;
5. Visibility changes to or passes
- 600, 800 or 1500 m (3000) (When RVR is given it is not required
to issue SPECI)
- 5000 when significant numbers of VFR (visual flight rules) flights
are operating.
6. RVR changes to or passes 150, 350, 800, 600, 800 m.
7. When any combination of weather in the significant weather table
(appendix 1) begins, ends or changes intensity.
8. Height of the base of the lowest cloud layer of more than 4 octs
changes to or passes:
a) 60, 150 or 300m (100, 200, 500 or 1000ft);
28
b) 450m (1500ft) when a great number of VFR flights are
operating.
9. When the amount of cloud below 450m (1500ft) changes from:
a) SKC, FEW, SCT to BKN or OVC;
b) BKN or OVC to SCT, FEW, SKC.
10. When the sky is obscured and vertical visibility changes to or
passes 30, 60, 150 or 300m (100, 200, 500 or 1000ft).
A selected special repor representing deterioration in conditions
should be disseminated immediately after the observation. A selected
special repor representing an improvement in conditions should be
disseminated only after the improvement has been maintained for 10
minutes.
2. Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
TAF is a detailed forecast of expected weather elements at an
aerodrome that affect the air traffic significantly.
A TAF has the following basic format:
(TAF) CCCC GoGoGHGHgg(Z) G1G1G2G2
(2) (3) dddff(Gfmfm) VVVV W’W’
(4) (5) (6)
NSNSNShShShS(CC) или VVhShShS CAVOK
13 (8)
(T(M)TFTF/GFGFZ) (6IChihihitL) (5BhBhBhBtL)
(9) (10) (11)
TTTTT GGGeGe и/или TTGG PROBC3C3 GGGeGe
(12)
TXnn/ttZ TNmm/ttZ
14 14
29
Content and interpreting groups constituting the TAF code is given
in Table 3.
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts are composed not less than 1 hour
in advance of their beginning. The validity period of TAF is 9 or 18
hours. The 9 hour period forecasts are issued every 3 hours. The 18 hour
period forecasts are issued every 6 hours.
Table 3
Content and interpreting groups constituting the TAF code
# CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
1 CCCC Location or place
Four letters ICAO ID‘s designators are
used.
2 GoGoGHGHgg(Z )
Date and time of Issue
DD – day
HH – Hour
Mm – Minutes
Z - Time Zone, Z is for Zulu or GMT,
UTC.
TAF AMD TAF Amendment
Designator of Terminal Aerodrome
Forecast amendment valid for the period
of previous TAF.
3 G1G1G2G2gg Validity period
G1G1 Day of month at the beginning of validity
period.
G2G2 Beginning of forecast period in UTC
hours.
gg End of forecast period in UTC hours.
4 dddff(Gfmfm) Forecast Surface Wind
ddd Averaged wind direction is coded in
tenth of degrees with three figures. The direction from which the wind is blowing
(meteo) is given with reference to true north.
30
Table 3. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
Directions less than 100 degrees should
be preceded by a “0”.
VRB instead of ddd means that expected
wind direction varies and averaged wind
speed is less than 3 knots (2 mps or
6KMH). In case of strong wind, VRB is
used when averaged wind direction is
impossible to determine. After VRB the
wind speed is reported.
ff Averaged forecast wind speed is coded
in two (three) digits immediately
following the wind direction.
If dddff is reported as 00000, it means
that no motion of air is expected that is
Calm.
The wind group always ends with units of
measurement: knots (KT), metres per
second (MPS) or kilometres per hour
(KMH).
Gfmfm Forecast wind gusts are coded in two
(three) figures just following the wind
speed.
fmfm is the maximum instantaneous wind
speed. It is reported when maximum wind
speed is expected to exceed the “mean
speed” by 5 mps (10KT or 20 KPH)
during 10 minute interval.
5 VVVV Minimal Horizontal visibility on
Runway measured in meters.
When Visibility is expected to exceed 10
km it is coded as 9999.
When the horizontal visibility is expected
to be not the same in all directions the
minimal visibility is given.
31
Table 3. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
6 W’W’ Forecast special weather conditions.
Table 1 shows the standards for various
elements and descriptors for this group.
The definitions of the present weather
elements are given in appendix 1.
The following
special weather
phenomena, their
descriptions and
intensity are
included in the TAF:
-freezing precipitation
- moderate or heavy: Rain, Snow, Ice
pellets, Hail, Small hail and/or snow
pellets
- Low drifting: Sand, Dust, Snow
- Blowing: Sand, Dust, Snow
- Sandstorm or Duststorm
- Thunderstorm (TSRA, TSSN, TSPE,
TSGR, TSGS and their combinations)
- Squall
- Funnel cloud(tornado or Waterspout)
- other weather phenomena that can lead
to significant obscuration.
NSW Is used instead of W’W’ when the end of
special weather phenomena is expected.
7 NSNSNShShShS(CC)
or (VVhShShS) Forecast Cloud group
NSNSNS Forecast Cloud amount, shown by the
following abbreviations:
FEW is used for 1-2 octas
SCT is used for 3-4 octas
BKN is used for 5-7 octas
OVC is used for 8 octas.
hShShS Forecast Cloud height. It should be
multiplied by 30 to get the value of cloud
height in meters and by 100 to get the
value of cloud height in feet.
32
Table 3. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
/// Means that Cloud base is lower than the
airdrome (in mountain region).
CC Forecast Type of clouds. Only CB
clouds are reported.
SKC Sky clear. It is reported instead of cloud
group in case of cloud absence.
VVhShShS Forecast vertical visibility. It is reported
instead of cloud group when the sky is
obscured.
VV is the group designator.
hShShS is the Vertical visibility. It should
be multiplied by 30 to get the value of
cloud height in meters and by 100 to get
the value of cloud height in feet.
VV/// Vertical visibility not available
8 CAVOK It is reported instead of horizontal
visibility, RVR, present weather, cloud
groups when simultaneous observations
are:
Visibility is greater than 10 km,
There are no clouds below 500ft (1500m)
or minimum sector altitude, whichever is
the lowest and no CB.
There are no significant weather
phenomena.
9 (T(M)TFTF/GFGFZ) Forecast Temperatures in Celsius.
T Temperature group designator
M Designator of negative temperatures
TFTF Forecast Air Temperature
GFGFZ UTC Time of Forecast Temperature
10 (6IChihihitL) Forecast Icing
6 Icing group designator.
IC The type of forecast icing. It is given in
coded numbers (table #2).
33
Table 3. Continued # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
hihihi The lowest level of icing. It should be
multiplied by 30 to get the value of the
lowest level in metres.
tL Icing layer thickness. It should be
multiplied by 300 to get the value of the
icing layer thickness in metres.
11 (5BhBhBhBtL)
Forecast Turbulence
5 Turbulence group designator.
B The type of forecast turbulence. It is
given in coded numbers (table #2).
hBhBhB The lowest level of turbulence. It should
be multiplied by 30 to get the value of the
lowest level in metres.
tL Turbulence layer thickness. It should be
multiplied by 300 to get the value of the
turbulence layer thickness in meters.
When layer thickness of icing or turbulence is greater than 2700
meters, the groups are repeated. The highest level of phenomena in the
preceding group is the lowest level of phenomena in the next group.
12 TTTTT GGGeGe
and/or TTGG
PROBC3C3
GGGeGe
Change Group and probability of
alternating phenomena appearance
TTTTT Change indicator. One of the following
change indicators can be used:
BECMG
TEMPO
PROBC3C3
PROB Code for probability of forecast.
C3C3 Probability of occurrence in percent (30%
or 40%).
34
Table 3. End # CODED GROUP
CONTENT OF GROUP
GGGeGe Time group. It indicates the period of
changing the phenomena that is indicated
in the main body of TAF.
GG UTC hours from which the change is
expected.
GeGe UTC hours till which the change is
expected.
TTGG It is used when time group forecast is
necessary to divide into 2 or more
separate groups.
TT is letter indicator that can be:
- FM (from)
- TL (till)
- AT (at).
GG is the UTC hours from when the
change is expected.
13 TXnn/ttZ Forecast max temperature
TX Indicator for maximum temperature.
nn Temperature value in Celsius.
tt Forecast hours when the maximum
temperature is expected.
Z UTC time indicator.
14 TNmm/ttZ Forecast min temperature
TN Indicator for minimum temperature.
mm Temperature value in Celsius.
tt Forecast hours when the minimum
temperature is expected.
Z UTC time indicator.
35
TAF Examples and TAF decoding
TAF EDDF 181600Z 190024 24015G30KT 9999 BKN025=
TAF decoding: EDDF Frankfurt Main, DL REPORT TIME: 18
16: 0 VALID TIME: 19 JAN AT 00Z TO 00Z NEXT DAY
INITIAL WX WINDS: 240 AT 15 GUST 30 CLOUDS: 25 BKN
COMMENTS: =
TAF Examples
TAF LFPG 161400Z 161524 19008KT 9999 SCT040 SCT100 BKN230
BECMG 1517 BKN035 TEMPO 1824 8000 -RA FEW008 SCT015
BKN030 TX09/15Z TN08/24Z=
UUEE 151545Z 151818 22009G14MPS 9000 BKN010 SCT012CB
550000 TEMPO 1818 22013G18MPS 2000 SHRA OVC007
SCT010CB
UUWW 151600Z 151818 21011G16MPS 9000 BKN010 SCT015CB
570000
TEMPO 1818 1400 SHRASN SCT004 BKN007 BKN010CB
UUDD 121610Z 121818 20004MPS 3000 BR OVC006
TEMPO 1808 0500 FZDZ FZFG OVC004 640000
LFPG 151700Z 160018 30007KT 8000 FEW006 BKN030 BKN150
BECMG 0406 3000 BR
BECMG 0709 9999 NSW
UKBB 151540Z 151818 20007G12MPS 4000 BR SCT005 BKN010
TEMPO 1518 2000 SHRA BKN007CB
LFPB 151700Z 160018 27005KT 8000 BKN010 TEMPO 0006 5000 -
DZ BKN007 BECMG 0609 9999 SCT013 BKN025 BECMG 0912
36
30012KT SCT020 BKN035
UKOO 151535Z 151818 22006MPS 2100 BR BKN007 SCT016CB
BECMG 0709 6000
EPWA 151600Z 160018 24010KT 9999 BKN020
TEMPO 0018 6000 RA SHRA BKN012CB PROB30
TEMPO 0307 BKN005 PROB40
TEMPO 1118 3000 SHSN
LROP 151600Z 160018 24003MPS 7000 OVC006
TEMPO 0206 3000 BR
BECMG 0810 BKN015 BKN100
LFSR 251124 RRA 251221 27010KT 9999 SCT010 BKN040 BECMG
1214 SCT040 TEMPO 1219 26010G20KT 6000 SHRA BKN025
EBBR 151600Z 160018 26008KT 5000 BR SCT007 BKN020 PROB30
TEMPO 0004 3000 SHRA RA BKN007 BECMG 0810 9999 NSW
TEMPO 1218 29015G25KT 4000 SHRA SCT007 SCT012CB BKN015
LOWW 151600Z 160018 VRB02KT 3000 BR BKN008 PROB40
TEMPO 0007 0600 BCFG OVC003
BECMG 1012 9999 SCT050 SCT100
BECMG 1315 28008KT BKN025
TEMPO 1518 4000 RA
ELLX 151600Z 160018 26005KT 3000 BR BKN005
TEMPO 0206 0300 FG OVC001
BECMG 1012 27012KT 9999 BKN020
TEMPO 1218 -SHRA
37
EDDF 151600Z 160018 24008KT 9000 FEW015 BKN025 PROB40
TEMPO 0003 4000 -RA BKN014
TAF LZIB 271000Z 271818 28007KT 9999 FEW040 SCT080 PROB40
TEMPO 1821 32013KT 7000 SHRA SCT040CB BKN070 PROB40
TEMPO 1018 29010KT -SHRA SCT040TCU BKN080 BECMG 1215
9999 BKN035 BKN080=
TAF PHLI 271124Z 271212 25008KT P6SM SCT030
TEMPO 1316 5SM BR
FM2100 14008KT P6SM SCT025 BKN050
FM0900 25008KT P6SM SCT030=
TAF EVRA 271400Z 271524 18006KT 8000 SCT020CB BKN025
TEMPO 1518 3000 SHRA BR SCT006 BKN015CB TEMPO 2124
1500 BCFG BR BKN003=
TAF UIBB 271148Z 271301 20005G10MPS 5000 -SHRASN SCT005
BKN010CB
OVC100 640000
TEMPO 1319 1200 SHSNRA VV004
TEMPO 1901 VRB02MPS 0300 FG VV001=
TAF USSS 271135Z 271322 21004MPS 9999 BKN020CB 530003
TEMPO 1317 VRB12MP S TSRA
BECMG 1719 1600 BR NSC
TEMPO 1922 0300 FG=
UKВВ 220140Z 220312 23005MPS 3000 BR SCT007 SCT010CB
BKN030
TEMPO 0306 0300 -SHRA FG BKN001 BKN007CB TEMPO 0612
1000 BR SCT004 BKN010CB=
38
UKFF 220138Z 220312 30005MPS CAVOK=
UKLL 220141Z 220312 22005MPS 8000 ЦRA OVC025 TEMPO 0310
BKN008
TEMPO 1012 26007G12MPS=
UKDD 220137Z 220312 24007G12MPS 9999 SCT015 BKN020
TEMPO 0306
4000 -RA OVC010 BECMG 0608 28010G15MPS =
UKHH 220140Z 220312 23007G12MPS 7000 -RA OVC010 TEMPO
0610 3000
-SHRA BKN007 BKN010CB=
UKOO 220139Z 220312 26005MPS 9999 SCT015 BKN030 BECMG
0507
25010G15MPS=
EPWA 220138Z 220312 23004MPS CAVOK TEMPO 0405 4000 BR
BECMG 0608
20005MPS 9999 BKN030 TEMPO 0912 5000 -RA OVC015 =
LKPR 220142Z 220312 24007MPS 9999 -RA BKN030 TEMPO 0612
6000 ЦRA
BKN017 PROB30 TEMPO 1012 24010G15MPS=
EDDL 220300Z 220413 28005MPS 9999 SCT040 BKN060 BECMG
0507
21005MPS TEMPO 0713 9000 -RA FEW020 BKN030 =
LHBP 220300Z 220413 28005MPS CAVOK BECMG 0608
17005MPS=
TAF LFPG 170800Z 170918 27005KT 2000 BR SCT006 BKN020
BECMG 0911 27012KT 8000 BKN020
BECMG 1214 9999 BKN030
BECMG 1618 27005KT SCT030 TX22/15Z TN17/09Z=
39
TAF UKBB 170735Z 170918 16003MPS CAVOK=
TAF UKOO NIL=
TAF LFPB 170800Z 170918 30005KT 4000 BR SCT010 BKN020
BECMG 1113 7000 NSW
BECMG 1315 9999 SCT025
BECMG 1518 CAVOK=
TAF EPWA 171000Z 171818 13007KT CAVOK BECMG 0911
12010KT=
TAF UUEE 170720Z 170918 29007G12MPS CAVOK=
TAF LROP 170800Z 170918 07005MPS 9999 BKN025 BKN100=
TAF EDDF 170900Z 171019 34005KT 9999 SCT045
TEMPO 1319 TSRA SCT015CB BKN020=
TAF LKPR 170800Z 170918 12010KT CAVOK
BECMG 0910 12016KT
TEMPO 1018 9999 SCT045 PROB30 1218 13022KT=
TAF LOWW 171000Z 171818 14004KT 9999 FEW020 BKN040
TEMPO 1822 -SHRA BECMG 2224 12008KT 7000 -RA FEW012
BKN020 PROB30 TEMPO 0008 2000 RADZ BKN012 BECMG 0911
9999 NSW SCT018 BKN030 TEMPO 1318 5000 SHRA SCT030TCU
BKN040 BECMG 1618 16005KT=
TAF ELLX 170800Z 170918 32006KT 4000 BKN010 SCT015
BKN050 TEMPO 0918 -RA=
40
TAF UKBB 161335Z 161524 27006G11MPS 6000 BKN015
SCT020CB TX04/15Z
TN02/24Z=
TAF LFPB 161400Z 161524 20012KT 9999 SCT035 PROB30
TEMPO 1624 RA OVC018=
TAF UKOO 161335Z 161524 28005MPS 3100 BR SCT011
SCT020CB TX07/15Z TN02/24Z=
TAF EPWA 161300Z 161524 24010KT CAVOK TEMPO 1524
BKN023 PROB40 TEMPO 1517 27013KT=
UUEE 161320Z 161524 21007MPS 6000 BKN012 SCT020CB 650120
TEMPO 1524 0900 SHSNRA FG VV003 SCT010CB PROB40
TEMPO 1524 FZDZ=
TAF LROP 161200Z 161818 25003MPS CAVOK=
TAF ELLX 161400Z 161524 18004KT 0400 FG VV/// BECMG 1618
1500 BR BKN001 BECMG 2123 20010KT 3000 SCT002 BKN005=
TAF LOWW 161400Z 161524 VRB02KT 8000 NSC TX05/15Z
TN01/23Z PROB40
TEMPO 1516 4000 BR
BECMG 2022 4000 BR PROB30
TEMPO 2224 1200 BCFG FEW003=
TAF LFPG 181700Z 181803 26030G40KT 9999 BKN020
TEMPO 1823 7000 -RA BECMG 2301 26020KT TEMPO 2303
26020G30KT 7000 -RA TX14/18Z TN12/03Z=
TAF LFPB 181700Z 190024 26018G35KT 9999 BKN018 BKN025
TEMPO 0006 RA
BECMG 1215 24015KT=
41
TAF LROP 181200Z 181818 27007MPS CAVOK=
TAF UKOO 181635Z 181803 20006MPS 3100 BR SCT003
BKN011 SCT020CB TEMPO 1824 0300 FG TEMPO 0003
23008G14MPS -SHRA TX04/18Z TN02/20Z=
TAF EPWA 181600Z 190024 21020G34KT 9999 BKN025
PROB40 TEMPO 0012 26024G46KT 4000 RA SHRA BKN007
BKN013CB BECMG 1214 27018G36KT PROB30 TEMPO 1218
6000 SHRA BKN013CB BECMG 2224 30016KT=
TAF UUEE 181545Z 181818 19006G11MPS 3000 BR OVC006
TEMPO 1818 1000 -SHRA BR BKN005 SCT010CB 550050=
TAF LOWW 181700Z 181803 22012KT 9999 FEW035 BKN080
BKN100 TX12/01Z
TN08/18Z PROB30
TEMPO 1824 26020G40KT -SHRA BKN040
BECMG 0001 30025G45KT
TEMPO 0103 30035G60KT 3000 SHRAGS BKN040
SCT045TCU=
TAF ELLX 181700Z 181803 23028G55KT 5000 -RA RA BKN010
BECMG 2023 27020G35KT 9999 NSW SCT010 BKN015=
TAF LFPG 191100Z 191221 26012KT 9999 BKN025 PROB30
TEMPO 1215 6000 -RA SCT008 BKN012 TX15/15Z TN14/21Z=
TAF UKBB 191035Z 191221 27013G18MPS 9999 BKN015
SCT020CB
TEMPO 1221 29020G25MPS 2000 SHRA SCT005 BKN010CB=
42
TAF LFPB 191100Z 191221 24015KT 9999 SCT020 BKN035=
TAF UKOO 190940Z 191818 27010G15MPS 6000 -SHRA BKN011
SCT020CB TEMPO 2103 3100 -SHRA BR=
TAF EPWA 191300Z 191524 27016G26KT 9999 BKN025 BECMG
1921 26015KT TEMPO 1524 8000 SHRA SCT012 BKN016CB
PROB40 TEMPO 1518 28018G30KT=
TAF UUEE 190945Z 191212 17008G13MPS 5000 -RA OVC008
SCT015CB TEMPO 1218 1500 SHRA BKN006 SCT010CB TEMPO
1812 1000 SHSNRA BKN004 SCT012CB BECMG 1618
28013G18MPS=
TAF LROP 191200Z 191818 26009G14MPS CAVOK
BECMG 0305 29005MPS
BECMG 1517 BKN035 BKN090=
TAF EDDF 191200Z 191322 26012KT 9999 SCT020 BKN035
PROB30
TEMPO 1316 27015G25KT=
TAF LOWW 191100Z 191221 25010KT 9999 SCT035 BKN060
TX07/12Z
TN06/21Z
TEMPO 1216 27015G25KT -RA BKN035 OVC050
FM1600 30020G40KT 9999 SCT045 SCT070=
TAF ELLX 191200Z 191818 24015G30KT 9999 BKN020 BECMG
2123 22015G30KT TEMPO 1818 6000 -RA BKN007 BKN012=
TAF KLAW 191746Z 191818 VRB04KT P6SM OVC200
43
FM2200 VRB05KT P6SM SCT080 OVC120 TEMPO 2303 6SM -
RAPL OVC060
FM0300 15007KT 4SM -SNPL OVC030
FM0700 VRB05KT 4SM -SNPL BR OVC015
FM1200 16006KT 3SM -SN OVC010 TEMPO 1216 1/2SM SN FG
OVC007=
TAF LFPG 191700Z 191803 24010KT 9999 BKN018 PROB40
TEMPO 1803 6000 -DZ SCT008 BKN012
BECMG 2124 24015G25KT
BECMG 0003 24020G30KT TX14/18Z TN13/03Z=
TAF UKBB 191635Z 191803 28008G13MPS 9999 BKN015
SCT020CB
TEMPO 1822 -SHRASN SCT005 BKN015CB TX03/18Z
TNM01/03Z=
TAF LFPB 191700Z NIL=
TAF EPWA 191900Z 192106 28016KT 9999 BKN025 TEMPO 2103
29018G28KT 8000 SHRA SCT012 BKN015CB TEMPO 0306
SCT015=
TAF UUEE 191545Z 191818 18007MPS 9000 OVC008 TEMPO 1824
2000 SHRA OVC007 SCT010CB BECMG 0002 27008MPS TEMPO
0006 1500 SHSN OVC007 SCT010CB BECMG 0608 30008MPS
TEMPO 0618 1200 SHSN OVC007 SCT010CB=
TAF LROP 191800Z 200024 27005MPS CAVOK
BECMG 1517 BKN035 BKN090=
TAF EDDF 191800Z 191904 21011KT 9999 BKN040=
44
TAF LKPR 191600Z 200024 29018KT 9999 SCT035 TEMPO 0024
27016G30KT TEMPO 0003 CAVOK BECMG 0406 9999 BKN035
TEMPO 0610 7000 -RA BKN023 TEMPO 1523 CAVOK=
TAF ELLX 191800Z 200024 23015KT 6000 SCT008 BKN012
TEMPO 0008 23020KT 3000 -DZ BKN005 BECMG 0810 9999
23020KT BKN012 BECMG 1820 3000 -RADZ BKN005 OVC010=
TAF LFPG 200500Z 200615 23015G25KT 9999 BKN015
BECMG 0608 23017G30KT
TEMPO 1215 6000 -RA BKN010 BKN040 TX13/12Z TN12/06Z=
TAF UKBB 200435Z 200615 280007G12MPS 9999 BKN015
TEMPO 0612 29009G14MPS 1000 SHSN BKN004 BKN007CB
TX01/12Z
TNM01/07Z=
TAF LFPG 200500Z 200615 23015G25KT 9999 BKN015 BECMG
0608 23017G30KT TEMPO 1215 6000 -RA BKN010 BKN040
TX13/12Z TN12/06Z=
TAF LFPB 200500Z 200615 23017G30KT 9999 BKN015 TEMPO
0609 SCT015 BKN025 TEMPO 1215 7000 RA BKN010=
TAF UKOO 200435Z 200615 27008G14MPS 6000 BKN011
SCT020CB TEMPO 0612 3100 -SHRA BR TX06/12Z TN03/06Z=
TAF EPWA 200700Z 200918 23010KT 9999 BKN025 BECMG 1113
19012KT 6000 RA SCT007 BKN015 TEMPO 1418 3000 RA
BKN006=
TAF UUEE 200400Z 200606 29009G14MPS 9000 OVC008
TEMPO 0618 1200 SHSN OVC007 SCT010CB=
45
TAF EDDF 200600Z 200716 22015G27KT 9999 BKN025 PROB30
TEMPO 0710 BKN014 PROB30
TEMPO 1016 23020G38KT=
TAF LKPR 200500Z 200615 22010KT 9999 BKN035
TEMPO 0615 27018G28KT PROB30 0615 27020G38KT
TEMPO 0612 7000 -RA BKN020
BECMG 1415 CAVOK=
TAF LOWW 200500Z 200615 19005KT 9999 SCT060 BKN100
TX14/13Z
TN08/06Z PROB30 0607 02007KT
TEMPO 0610 -RA SCT030 BKN060
BECMG 1012 26010KT
TEMPO 1215 28015G30KT CAVOK=
TAF ELLX 200600Z 201212 23020G30KT 9999 BKN015
BKN025 TEMPO 1217 3000 -RADZ BKN005 BKN009 BECMG
1719 5000 -RA BKN005 OVC015 BECMG 0103 25015G25KT
9999 SCT020 BKN035 TEMPO 0106 BKN014 TEMPO 0611
5000 -RA BKN005 BKN015=
TAF UKFF 200445Z 200615 27007G12MPS 9999 BKN011
BKN020CB PROB40 TEMPO 0815 2100 -SHRA BKN006
BKN020CB TX05/12Z TN02/06Z=
TAF UKLN 200445Z 200615 29010G15MPS 9999 BKN020CB
TEMPO 0612 29015G20MPS 3000 -SHRA BKN007=
TAF UKLR 200445Z 200615 29011G16MPS 9999 BKN010
BKN013CB TEMPO 0615 33015G20MPS 2000 SHSNRA
BKN007 BKN013CB TX03/12Z TN01/06Z=
46
TAF UKON 200445Z 200615 28008G13MPS 9999 SCT030
TX07/12Z TN01/06Z=
TAF AMD UKLL 200507Z 200515 30008G13MPS 9999
BKN010 TEMPO 0509 29010G15MPS 3000 -SHRASN BKN005 BKN020CB TX03/05Z TN01/09Z= TAF UKLL 200445Z 200615
29006G11MPS 9999 BKN010 TEMPO 0609 30009G14MPS 3000 -
SHRA BKN005 BKN020CB=
TAF UKCW 200440Z 200615 27007G12MPS 3100 -SHRASN BR
BKN011 BKN020CB TX04/12Z TN02/06Z=
TAF UKDR 200440Z 200615 26007G12MPS 9999 BKN011
BKN020CB TEMPO 0612 28012G17MPS 3100 -SHRASN TX05/12Z
TNM00/06Z=
TAF UKKK 200440Z 200515 29009G14MPS 9999 BKN015 TEMPO
0515 31012G17MPS 1000 SHSNRA BKN004 BKN010CB TX02/12Z
TNM00/06Z=
TAF UKCC 200445Z 200615 27008G13MPS 9999 BKN011
SCT015CB TEMPO 0608 2000 BR SCT005 TEMPO 0815
29011G16MPS 1100 SHRASN BKN003 BKN015CB TX04/11Z
TNM00/06Z=
TAF UKDD 200445Z 200615 27009G14MPS 6000 SCT006
BKN012CB TEMPO 0915 30011G16MPS 2100 -SHRASN SCT004
TX04/12Z TNM00/06Z=
TAF LFPG 202000Z 202106 24010KT 9999 SCT015 BKN040
TEMPO 2102 24015G25KT
TEMPO 0206 24015G30KT TX08/21Z TN05/05Z=
47
TAF UKBB 201935Z 202106 26005MPS 9999 BKN040
BECMG 2223 23006G11MPS 4000 -SNRA BR OVC007
TEMPO 2306 1000 SHRASN BR SCT003 BKN015CB=
TAF UKOO 202140Z 210606 21006G12MPS 4000 -SHRASN BR
BKN011 SCT015CB PROB40 TEMPO 0612 1000 SHRASN=
TAF UUEE 201935Z 202106 29008G13MPS 6000 BKN010
SCT015CB 530002
TEMPO 2106 32012G17MPS 0900 +SHSN BLSN VV003
SCT010CB=
TAF LROP 202000Z 202106 26003MPS CAVOK
BECMG 2301 BKN030 BKN080 PROB30
TEMPO 0205 3000 RA BKN010 OVC040=
TAF EDDF 202100Z 202207 22011KT 9999 SCT025 SCT040
BECMG 0406 21015G26KT=
TAF LKPR 202000Z 202106 24016KT 9999 SCT035
TEMPO 2106 26018G32KT 9999 -RA BKN027 PROB40 2301
28022G42KT
7000 SHRA FEW015CB BKN017=
TAF LOWW 202000Z 202106 28010KT CAVOK TX10/21Z
TN09/03Z TEMPO 0306 24006KT 9999 SCT060 BKN140=
TAF ELLX 202000Z 202106 25010KT 9999 SCT015 SCT050 TEMPO
2306 25015G30KT 6000 SHRA SCT008 BKN012=
48
2.1. Landing forecast
Landing forecasts are intended for those aircraft that are in an
hour flight from the airdrome and for regional users.
According to the regional aeronavigation agreement, the
Landing forecast is issued as “trend” foerecast and included into the
METAR or SPECI. The validity period of Landing forecast is 2 hours
starting from the time of the report.
2.2. Forecast for take-off (FCST TAKE-OFF)
Forecast for take-off includes information about expected
weather conditions in the runways area. These include:
- surface wind speed and direction as well as variations in their
parameters:
- temperature;
- pressure (QNH);
- other weather conditions in the frame of local agreement.
The Forecast for take-off, if requested, is given to aircraft operators
and flight crew within 3 hours before the expected take-off.
FCST TAKE-OFF Examples
1200Z 24012KT PS16 Q1014
1500Z 25015KT PS18 Q1013
Or:
Take off forecast valid on: 18:00 UTC 07 Feb 2006
WIND(KT) Temp(C) Humidity(%)
FL 180 310 38 -22 15
FL 140 310 31 -11 8
FL 100 300 28 -4 15
Fl 050 300 23 -2 83
49
Landing forecast valid on: 18:00 UTC 07 Feb 2006
WIND(KT) Temp(C) Humidity(%)
FL 180 160 8 -29 66
FL 140 60 11 -19 76
FL 100 40 17 -10 66
Fl 050 20 41 -6 92
2.3. Area forecasts for low level flights (GAMET)
GAMETs cover the area from the ground to FL100 (3000 m) and up to
FL150 (4500 m) in the mountain region.
GAMETs are issued every 6 hours for each FIR (Flight Information
Region) in Ukraine. The validity period is 00-06; 06-12; 12-18; 18-24 UTC not less than 1 hour in advance.
The GAMET consists of two sections:
Secn1: Description of significant weather conditions along the route.
The detailed information is only given when predetermined criteria are
exceeded.
Section 1 of GAMET is used for AIRMET preparation. Besides, the
SIGMET information for the same region or subregion and the same
validity period is given at the end of the section.
Secn2: General weather information that is always forecast is given in
Table 4
It includes:
Table 4
General weather information
CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT
PSYS Pressure systems
Location of pressure systems and fronts with their
expected movement and development.
50
Table 4. End
CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT
WIND/T Wind/Temperature Upper winds in KPH and temperatures for 600 m
(2000 ft), 1500m (5000 ft) and 3000m (10000 ft) MSL
(in Ukraine). Prefix PS for positive, MS for negative
temperatures.
CLD Cloud
Cloud coverage, type of cloud, top and base
(from 300 to 3000 m) in ft over MSL or in FL (in
Ukraine in meters) .
FZLVL Freezing level
Altitude of freezing level in ft over MSL or in
FL(in Ukraine in meters).
Code Phenomenon and Content
MNM
QNH Minimum QNH
Lowest QNH for GAMET validity period.
Additional information can be included in Secn 2 of GAMET if there
is a regional aeronavigation agreement (Table 5).
Table 5
Significant Enroute Weather Conditions of GAMET secn1. and
AIRMET
CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT
SFC WSPD Surface wind speed
Average wind speed
widespread > 30 KT.
SFC VIS Surface visibility
Visibility widespread < 5000m
Additionally: weather phenomena
which are reducing visibility in
METAR code.
SIGWX
Significant weather thunderstorm
Isolated/occasional thunderstorm
with/without hail (ISOL,OCNL).
51
Table 5. End
CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT
MT OBSC Mountain obscuration
Altitude (ft MSL) from which mountains
are completely or partially in clouds.
SIG CLD Significant cloud
SIG CLD
Significant cloud
Cb without thunderstorm TCU.
ICE Icing
TURB Turbulence
MTW Moderate mountain waves
SIGMET
APPLICABLE SIGMET issued
Valid SIGMET for the FIR or parts thereof
Additionally: numbered issued SIGMETs or
NIL if no SIGMET was issued.
HAZARDOUS
WX NIL
None of the afore-mentioned weather
phenomena is expected to occurre; no
SIGMET issued.
Gamet examples
UKHV GAMET VALID 151200/151800 UКHH-
KHARKIV FIR
SECN I
SIG WХ: 13/18 ISОL ТS
SIG CLD: OCNL СВ 800/АВV 3000 М AGL
ТURB: МОD GND/600 М AGL
SECN II
PSYS: 12 L 1000 НРА N5130 E03130 МОV NЕ 30 KMH WKN
SFC WIND: 220/08G13 MPS
WND/T: 600 М AMSL 230/30 КМН РS19 1500 М AMSL 240/40
КМН РS10 3000 М AMSL 240/50 КМН МS01
FZLVL: 2800 M AMSL
MNM QNH SECTOR: 09, 11: 1005 HPA SECTOR 10, 12: 1007 HPA
MNM SFC T SECTOR: 09, 10, 11, 12: PS21
52
YUCC GAMET VALID 220600/221200 YUDO-
AMSWELL FIR/2 BLW FL100
SECN I
SFC WSPD: 10/12 65 KMH
SFC VIS: 06/08 3000 M BR N OF 51 DEG N
SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL TS
SIG CLD: 06/09 OVC 800/1100 FT AGL N OF N51 10/12 ISOL TCU
1200/8000 FT AGL
ICE: MOD FL050/080
TURB: MOD ABV FL090
SIGMETS APPLICABLE: 3,5
SECN II
PSYS: 06 L 1004 HPA N51.5 E10.0 MOV NE 25 KT WKN
WIND/T: 2000 FT 270/70 KMH PS03 5000 FT 250/80 KMH MS02
10000 FT 240/85 KMH MS11
CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000 FT AGL
FZLVL: 3000 FT AGL
MNM QNH: 1004 HPA SEA: T15 HGT 5M
VA: NIL
When a weather phenomenon hazardous to low-level flights has
been included in the GAMET area forecast and the phenomenon
forecast does not occur, or is no longer forecast, a GAMET AMD
(amendment) shall be issued, amending only the weather element
concerned.
GAMET AMD is also issued when forecast QNH is 1 hPa more
than actual one and/or when actual temperature is 5 ºС lower than
minimal forecast temperature at temperature -10 ºС centigrade degrees
and lower.
GAMET AMD example
UKHV GAMET AMD VALID 151400/151800 UКHH-
KHARKIV FIR
53
SECN I
SIG WХ: ISОL ТS
SIG CLD: OCNL СВ 800/АВV 3000 М AGL
ТURB: МОD GND/600 М AGL
SECN II
PSYS: 12 L 1000 НРА N5130 E03130 МОV NЕ 30 KMH WKN
SFC WIND: 220/08G13 MPS
WND/T: 600 М AMSL 230/30 КМН РS19 1500 М AMSL 240/40
КМН РS10 3000 М AMSL 240/50 КМН МS01
FZLVL: 2800 M AMSL
MNM QNH: SECTOR: 09, 11: 1004 HPA, SECTOR: 10, 12: 1005
HPA
MNM SFC T: SECTOR: 09, 10, 11, 12 PS2
2.4. Airmen‘s meteorological information (AIRMET)
AIRMETs are aviation weather warnings for low-level flights. They
cover the area from the ground to FL100 (3000 m) and up to FL150
(4500 m) in the mountain region.
AIRMETs are issued by meteorological watch office when
predetermined weather phenomena occur which are not described in
SECTION1 of the GAMET.
The AIRMET information is composed for entire FIR unless any
restriction is given.
The AIRMET information is composed with open plain language
using the accepted ICAO abbreviations. The AIRMET includes
information concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of
specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of
aircraft operations and the development of those phenomena in time and
space.
The AIRMET information is cancelled if the phenomena are no more
observed or do not occur in the given region.
It is recommended to disseminate AIRMET to meteorological watch
offices in adjacent FIR and to other meteorological offices as agreed by
the meteorological authorities concerned.
54
Table 6
Significant En-route Weather Conditions of AIRMET
CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT
SFC WSPD Surface wind speed
Mean wind speed
widespread > 30 KT (60 KPH).
SFC VIS Surface visibility
Visibility widespread < 5000m
Additionally: weather phenomena which are
reducing visibility in METAR code.
TS GR or TS Thunderstorm with or without hail
Isolated/occasional thunderstorm
with/without hail (ISOL,OCNL):
ISOL TS, ISOL TSGR, OCNL TS,
OCNL TSGR.
MT OBSC Mountain obscuration
Altitude (ft MSL) from which mountains
are completely or partially in clouds.
CLD
BKN/OVC CLD Cloud
Broken/overcast cloud
Broken and overcast clouds widespread lower
than 1000ft (300 m) with base and top above
ground level.
The cloud base and cloud top are given with
units of measurement.
Cb and TCU
ISOL/OCNL/FRQ Cb without thunderstorm and TCU
(Towering Cumulus)
Isolated/occasional/frequent
ISOL means sky coverage < 50%
OCNL means sky coverage from 50% to
75 %
FRQ means sky coverage > 75%.
55
Table 6. End CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT
MOD ICE
Moderate icing
Moderate icing not in convective clouds with
details of altitude layer; it is not given with valid
SIGMET on severe icing.
MOD TURB Moderate turbulence
Moderate turbulence (not in convective clouds)
with details of altitude layer; not given in valid
SIGMET on severe mountain waves.
MOD MTW Moderate mountain waves
Moderate mountaine waves with details of
altitude layer;
not given in valid SIGMET on severe mountain
waves.
General AIRMET format is given in Table 7.
Table 7
General AIRMET format
INFORMATION EXAMPLE
The first line
1. Location indicator of the air
traffic services unit serving the
FIR or control area to which
the AIRMT message refers
UKBV
2. Message identification and
consecutive day number
AIRMET 2
3. Day-Time group Code for the following period
(VALID)
Beginning the validity period UTC
(6 figures)
END of the validity period UTC (6
figures).
The preferable validity period of
AIRMET is not more than 4 - 6
hours
VALID 151410/151800
56
Table 7. Continued INFORMATION EXAMPLE
4. Issuing meteorological office
followed by a hyphen to separate
the preamble from the text
message
UKВВ-
The next line
5. The name of FIR (UIR) or
control area for which the
AIRMET is issued
KYIV FIR
6.Phenomenon description or
weather condition.
Each AIRMET includes only one
dangerous weather phenomenon or
weather condition.
EMBD TSGR
7. The information type: if
phenomenon is observed and
expected to continue abbreviation
“OBS” is used. If phenomenon is
forecast abbreviation “FCST” is
used. Relevant time of observation
is also given in UTC.
FCST
8. Phenomenon or weather
condition location.
The part of FIR or longitude and
latitude degrees or well-known
geografical features and flight
level are indicated.
9. Movement or expected
movement of phenomenon It is given with reference to one of
eight points of compass given in
KMH or KT.
MOV NE 20 KMH
10. The forecast change of
phenomena intensity:
Intensifying, weakening or no
change.
INTSF, WKN or NC
57
The list of abbreviations used when AIRMETs are composed is
given in appendix 3 of this manual.
AIRMET examples
UKBV AIRMET 2 VALID 151410/151800 UKВВ-
KYIV FIR MOD ICE FCST 1000/1800 М AGL W OF Е030 MOV NE
20 KMH NC
UKNV AIRMET 2 VALID 151410/151800 UKNN-
UKNV NATIONAL FIR MOD ICE FCST W OF E030 200/1200M
AGL MOV NE
20 KMH NC=
UKNV AIRMET 3 VALID 151600/151800 UKNN-
UKNV NATIONAL FIR CNL AIRMET 2 151410/151800
VVEE AIRMET 2 VALID 221215/221600 VVWW SHEREMETJEVO
FIR MOD TURB OBS AT120548 DEG N 10 DEG EAT FL 080 NC
WAOS41 LOWM LOVV AIRMET 4 VALID 031100/031500 LOWW-
WIEN FIR LOC MOD ICE FCST BLW 5000FT MSL. NC.=
WAOS41 LOWM LOVV AIRMET 5 VALID 031500/031900 LOWW-
WIEN FIR LOC MOD ICE FCST IN LOW STRATUS BLW 5000FT
MSL ESPECIALLY SOUTH EAST OF ALPS AND DUE TO FZDZ.
NC.=
58
2.5. Significant meteorological information (SIGMET)
SIGMETs are aviation weather warnings for subsonic, transonic and
supersonic cruising levels.
The SIGMET information is composed for entire FIR unless any
restriction is given.
The SIGMET information is issued by a meteorological watch office
concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route
weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations
and the development of those phenomena in time and space.
The SIGMET information is given in open plain language using the
accepted ICAO abbreviations. SIGMET information shall be cancelled
when the phenomena are no longer expected to occur in the area. The
general SIGMET format is given in Table 8.
In a special case of SIGMET message for volcanic ash and tropical
cyclones it is recommended to include outlook giving information for up
to 12 hours beyond the period of validity concerning the trajectory of
the volcanic ash and position of the tropical cyclone centre. This outlook
should be based on advisory information provided by meteorological
centres designated by regional air navigation agreement.
It is recommended to desseminate SIGMET to meteorological watch
offices, World Area Forecast Centres (WAFC) and Regional Area
Forecast Centres (RAFC) and to other meteorological offices in
accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
The information shall be indicated using one of the following as
appropriate:
1) at subsonic cruising levels (up to 13 km):
Thunderstorm TS
Obscured OBSC TS
Embedded EMBD TS
Frequent FRQ TS
Squall line SQL TS
Obscured with heavy hail ОBSC TSGR
Embedded with heavy hail EMBD TSGR
Frequent with heavy hail FRQ TSGR
59
Squall line with heavy hail SQL TSGR
Tropical cyclone
Tropical cyclone with 10-minute mean
surface wind speed of 63 KPH (34 KT) or
more
TC + cyclone name
Turbulence
Severe turbulence SEV TURB
Icing
Severe icing SEV ICE
Severe icing due to freezing rain SEV ICE (FZRA)
Mountain wave
Severe mountain wave SEV MTW
Duststorm
Heavy duststorm HVY DS
Sandstorm
Heavy sandstorm HVY SS
Volcanic ash VA + volcano name,
if known
2) at transonic and supersonic cruising levels:
Turbulence
Moderate turbulence MOD TURB
Severe turbulence SEV TURB
Cumulonimbus CB
Isolated CB ISOL CB
Occasional CB OCNL CB
60
Frequent CB FRQ CB
Hail GR
Volcanic ash VA + volcano name,
if known
Table 8
The general SIGMET format
INFORMATION EAMPLE
The first line
1.Location indicator of the air traffic services
unit serving the FIR (UIR) or control area to
which the SIGMET message refers.
YUDD
2.Message identification and consecutive day
number SIGMET is used for subsonic cruising levels.
SIGMET SST is used for transonic and
supersonic cruising levels.
The SIGMET number corresponds to the
number of SIGMET issued for the FIR since
0001 UTC.
SIGMET and SIGMET SST messages use
separate series of sequence numbers.
SIGMET 2
3. Day-Time group.
Code for the following period (VALID)
Beginning of the validity period UTC (6
figures)
END of the validity period UTC (6 figures).
The validity period of SIGMET is preferable
not more than 4 - 6 hours.
VALID 221215/
221600
4.Issuing meteorological office followed by a
hyphen to separate the preamble from the text
message.
UKBB-
61
Table 8. End
INFORMATION EXAMPLE
The next line
5. The name of FIR (UIR) or control area
for which the SIGMET is issued
AMSWELL FIR
6. Phenomenon description or weather
condition.
Each SIGMET includes only one dangerous
weather phenomenon or weather condition
(taken from the list above).
EMBD TSGR
7. The information type: if phenomenon is
observed and expected to continue
abbreviation “OBS” is used. If phenomenon
is forecast abbreviation “FCST” is used.
Relevant time of observation is also given in
UTC.
OBS
8. Phenomenon or weather condition
location.
The part of FIR or longitude and latitude
degrees or well-known geografical features
and flight level are indicated.
TOP FL 300 S OF
N50
9. Movement or expected movement of
phenomenon.
It is given with reference to one of eight
points of compass given in KMH or KT.
MOV NW 40 KMH
10. The forecast change in phenomena
intensity:
Intensifying, weakening or no change.
INTSF, WKN or NC
The list of abbreviations used when SIGMETs are composed is
given in appendix 3 of this manual.
The one of the possiblevariant of SIGMET weather information
indication at the terminal of air traffic controllers is given in Fig.2.
62
Fig.2. Indication of weather information at the terminal of air traffic
controllers (SIGMET) (www.softaero.ru)
The SIGMET examples
UKBV SIGMET 2 VALID 181040/181400 UKBB-
KYIV FIR FRQ TS FCST TOP FL 300 S OF N50 MOV NW 40
KMH WKN
UKBV SIGMET 3 VALID 181200/181400 UKBB-
KYIV FIR CNL SIGMET 2 181040/181400
UKNV SIGMET 2 VALID 181040/181400 UKNN-
UKNV NATIONAL FIR FRQ TS FCST S OF N50 TOP FL 300
MOV NW
40 KMH WKN=
UKBV SIGMET 1 VALID 020350/020950 UKBB -
UKBV KYIV FIR VA MT ETNA LOC N3744 E01500 VA CLD
OBS AT
0322Z S OF N50 AND W OF E031 FL300 MOV UNKNOWN =
UKBV SIGMET 1 VALID 030000/030600 UKBB-
63
UKBV KYIV FIR VA ERUPTION MT GRIMSVOTN LOC
N6416W01716
VA CLD FCST FL200/550 N OF N5130 E OF E02900 MOV SE
40KM
FCST 0600Z VA CLD APRX WHOLE FIR AREA
OTLK 1200Z VA CLD APRX E OF E03400=
WSTPAT KZOA SIGMET TANGO 30 VALID 270850/271450
PHFO- OAKLAND OCEANIC FIR. TYPHOON IOKE 920HPA
NEAR N1730 E18000 AT 270600 UTC. WITHIN 120 NM OF
THE POINT N1646 E17950 CB TOPS TO FL520. MOV WSW
13KT. NC. OTLK POSITION...TC CENTER AT 271800 UTC
N1705 E17805. REFER TO TROPICAL CYCLONE
ADVISORY ISSUED BY JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL
AGENCY.
64
Literature
1. International standards and recommended practice. Meteorological
Service for International Air Navigation. Annex 3 to International
Civil Aviation Convention.- ICAO, - Montreal: 2004. Issue 15 -
180p.
2. Правила метеорологічного забезпечення авіації. Наказ
Державної служби Украйни з нагляду за забезпеченням
безпеки авіації, Міністерства охорони навколишнього
природного середовища України, Міністерства України ід
14 листопада 2005, №851/409/661. http://ukraviatrans.gov.ua/rekomend_INT.htm
3. Наставление по кодам, том 1. Сборник №306МО (с учетом
дополнения № 4 от августа 2003) http://n.w.s.noaa.gov/tg/wmodocs.html
4. http://weather.gov/
5. http://adds.aviationweather.noaa.gov/
6. http://russian.wunderground.com/Aviation/
7. http://softaero.ru/