NAME : VINAYAK SURYAVANSHIBATCH : C4

ACCESSOR : Ms. SANGEETA NAIRCENTRE : BELGAUM

AVIATION

Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to thank my faculty Ms. Sangeeta Nair who made the class interesting and informative.

Her suggestions on doing this assignment was really helpful so that I was also learnt a lot.

INDEX

• History of aviation, current scenario of the aviation, future plans of aviation.

• Function and parts.• First aid procedures for the given.• Daily routine and responsibilities

of cabin on board.

AVIATION INDUSTRY

• Aviation It is the design, development,

production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Aviation is derived from avis, the Latin word for bird.

Contd..

• The airline industry provides transportation services for passengers as well as cargo through scheduled air routes. The aviation industry derives its revenues from regular ticket fees and freight charges. Other major components of the aviation sector include:

• Air traffic control

• Helicopter and private charter services

• Airport management

• Express delivery service

HISTORY

• The pioneers of the airline industry, the Wright Brothers invented the first airplane in 1903. The first modern airliner, Boeing 247, was launched in 1933. It traveled at 155 miles per hour and had a capacity of ten passengers. Boeing 747 was launched by Pan Am in 1969. This highly sophisticated aircraft had four engines and a seating capacity of 450. The airline industry initially fell under the category of a public utility service, with government agencies establishing the air routes and prices. However, with the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the industry became market driven.

Demand and Supply Drivers of the Airline Industry

• The demand drivers of the airline industry include:

• Ticket prices

• Passenger income levels

• Access to and suitability of other modes of transportation

• Frequency of services

Contd..

• Safety

• Random factors such as terror threat• The supply drivers of the aviation industry are:• Behavior of competition

• Government regulation

• Cost of resources (fuel, labor, maintenance,

technology)

Airline Industry: Major Players

• The European airline giants dominate the aviation industry. British Airways reported annual revenues of GBP8,593 million in 2008. Lufthansa reported annual revenues of Euro22.4 billion in 2007. Qantas, Australia’s largest airline, reported annual revenues of A$12.6 billion for 2007. The other major passenger airlines include Cathay Pacific, the Emirates, US Airways, Japan Airlines, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines.

Contd..• Cathay Pacific won the 2009 Airline of the Year title in the

famous World Airline Awards, replacing Singapore Airlines as the 'world's best airline.' Among the freight carriers, FedEx is the world’s largest, with total revenues of US$ 37.953 billion in 2008.

• Some of the major airports across the world include:• London’s Heathrow Airport

• Los Angeles International Airport

• Frankfurt International Airport

• Tokyo International Airport

Current scenario of Aviation Industry

• Challenges that faced airlines and the aviation industry as a whole over the last

• few years, has forced the industry to rethink how they do business on both a

• financial and operational level. Most airlines have faced up to these challenges,

• and as a result have been remarkably successful at turning around ailing

• companies, in many cases completely reinventing themselves. Although high

• fuel prices are affecting profitability, airlines are now in a much stronger position

• then 2000, due to unprecedented demand for air travel.

Contd..

• The notion of restructuring and cost cutting has been embraced wholeheartedly

• by European and Asian airlines as the only viable way to secure their long-term

• security. North American airlines have been slower to face up these challenges,

• and face major cost cutting exercises in order to reach necessary levels of• efficiency. There is no doubt that the aviation industry has come through

one of• the toughest periods in over 30 years. The industry is now in an excellent• position to face the challenges ahead• Major

Major changes in the airline industry

The air transport has gone through a period of unprecedented change, during the global slowdown. Many commentators claim the industry is almost unrecognizable to that of ten years ago. Major factors that have resulted in this ever changing landscape is:

• Many major airlines have been operating under major losses over the last

• few years, resulting in bankruptcy and the need for massive restructuring.

• • Approximately 1800 old and mid generation aircraft have been withdrawn

• from service.

Aviation Industry in India

• The aviation industry in India is one of those sectors that saw a constant pace of growth among the other industries in the world over the past many years. The open sky policy of the government has helped a lot of overseas players entering the aviation market in India. From then, it has only been growing in terms of players and the number of aircrafts. At present, private airlines account for around 75% portion of the domestic aviation market.

Contd..

• The 9th largest aviation market in the world is India. Taking the help of the statistics from the Ministry of Civil Aviation, approximately 29.8 million passengers traveled to/from India in 2008, showing a surge of 30% from 2007. The prediction stated that international passengers will touch 50 million by 2015. More opportunities in the aviation industry in India are likely to make way for about 69 foreign airlines from 49 countries.

Future of Airlines industry in India

• The challenges of the Indian aviation industry are cited below:Passenger traffic is estimated to grow at a CAGR of over 15% in the coming few years.

• The Ministry of Civil Aviation would handle around 280 million passengers by 2020.

• US$ 110 billion investment is envisaged till 2020 with US$ 80 billion solely for new aircraft and US$ 30 billion for developing the airport infrastructure.

What has India thought about future aviation

• FLYING WINGPat Keble's concept resembles Jack Northrop's famed YB-49, though it is not a true flying wing because of small control surfaces at its wingtips. The plane handles well in the computer simulation, but it does share one feature of true flying wings: It is rather poor in yaw control.

What has India thought about future aviation

• Future Prospects • As a result of the strong growth

trajectory of the industry, there is likely to be a massive need for skilled personnel to helm this growth. India is already experiencing a shortage of pilots and is likely to face similar shortages across the wide direct and indirect employment pool. Hence, it is a great time to consider playing a role in this sector, as it holds great promise for development over the coming ten years, at least.

EXTERIOR PARTS OF AIRCRAFT

CARGO (or freight) is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain, by ship, aircraft, train, van or truck. In modern times, containesare used in most intermodal long-haul cargo transport.

• CARGO is a fixed-wing aircraft designed or converted

for the carriage of goods, rather than passengers. They are usually devoid of passenger amenities, and generally feature one or more large doors for the loading and unloading of cargo. Freighters may be operated by civil passenger or cargo airlines, by private individuals or by the armed forces of individual countries. However most air freight is carried in special ULD containers in the cargo holds of passenger aircraft.

WINGS OF AIRCRAFT

• A wing is an appendage with a surface that produces lift for flight or propulsion through the atmosphere, or through another gaseous or liquid fluid. A wing is an airfoil, which has a streamlined cross-sectional shape producing a useful lift to drag ratio.

FLAPS

• Flaps are normally hinged surfaces mounted on the trailing edges of the wings of a fixed-wing aircraft to reduce the speed an aircraft can be safely flown at and to increase the angle of descent for landing without increasing air speed.

Contd..

• They shorten takeoff and landing distances as well as improving climb rate. It does this by increasing the amount of lift generated, by lowering the stall speed and increasing the drag.

• Extending flaps primarily increases the camber or curvature of the wing airfoil raising the maximum lift coefficient - or the lift a specific wing section may generate. This allows the aircraft to generate as much lift but at a lower speed, reducing the stalling speed of the aircraft, or the minimum speed at which the aircraft will maintain flight.

SLATS

• A Slat is a long, thin, flat piece of lumber or plastic

• Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge

of the wings of fixed-wing aircraft which, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack. A higher coefficient of lift is produced as a result of angle of attack and speed, so by deploying slats an aircraft can fly at slower speeds, or take off and land in shorter distances. They are usually used while landing or performing maneuvers which take the aircraft close to the stall, but are usually retracted in normal flight to minimize drag.

SPOILER

• a spoiler (sometimes called a lift dumper) is a device intended to reduce lift in an aircraft. Spoilers are plates on the top surface of a wing which can be extended upward into the airflow and spoil it.

• By doing so, the spoiler creates a carefully controlled stall over the portion of the wing behind it, greatly reducing the lift of that wing section. Spoilers differ from airbrakes in that airbrakes are designed to increase drag making little change to lift, while spoilers greatly reduce lift making only a moderate increase in drag.

• Spoilers are used by some older gliders to control their rate of descent and thus achieve a controlled landing at a desired spot. An increased rate of descent could also be achieved by lowering the nose of an aircraft, but this would result in an excessive landing speed. However spoilers enable the approach to be made at a safe speed for landing.

VERTICAL STABILZER

• The vertical stabilizers, vertical stabilizers, or fins, of aircraft, missiles or bombs are typically found on the aft end of the fuselage or body, and are intended to reduce aerodynamic side slip and provide direction stability.

• On aircraft, vertical stabilizers generally point upwards. These are also known as the vertical tail, and are part of an aircraft's empennage. The trailing end of the stabilizer is typically movable, and called the rudder; this allows the aircraft pilot to control yaw.

• Vertical stabilizers, or fins have also been used in automobiles, specifically in top level motor sports, with the concept making a resurgence in both Formula 1 and Le Mans Prototype racing.

HORRIZENTAL STABILIZER &

ELEVATOR

• a stabilizer provides stability when the aircraft is flying straight, and the airfoil of the horizontal stabilizer balances the forces acting on the aircraft.

• At the rear of the fuselage of most aircraft one finds a horizontal stabilizer and an elevator. The stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The horizontal stabilizer prevents up-and-down, or pitching, motion of the aircraft nose.

• The elevator is the small moving section at the rear of the stabilizer that is attached to the fixed sections by hinges. Because the elevator moves, it varies the amount of force generated by the tail surface and is used to generate and control the pitching motion of the aircraft. There is an elevator attached to each side of the fuselage. The elevators work in pairs; when the right elevator goes up, the left elevator also goes up. This slide shows what happens when the pilot deflects the elevator.

RUDDER

• On an aircraft the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw and p-factor and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft.

• In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the craft's stern, tail or after end. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag. On simple watercraft, a tiller essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics.

AILERONS

• Movable portion of the aircrafts wings found on the outer part of the wing, on the trailing edge, which move in opposite directions.

• Ailerons are hinged flight control surfaces attached to the

trailing edge of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. The ailerons are used to control the aircraft in roll, which results in a change in heading due to the tilting of the lift vector. The two ailerons are typically interconnected so that one goes down when the other goes up: the down-going aileron increases the lift on its wing while the up-going aileron reduces the lift on its wing, producing a rolling moment about the aircraft's longitudinal axis. Ailerons are usually situated near the wing tip, but may sometimes be situated nearer the wing root. The terms "outboard aileron" and "inboard aileron" are used to describe these positions respectively. The word aileron is French for "little wing".

• Extended portion of the wing, curving upwards, that helps in lift during take off & landing..

WINGLET

INTERIOR PARTS

• COCKPIT• CABIN• ZONES• CARGO COMPARTMENT• BULKHEAD• DOGHOUSE

COCKPIT

• A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft. Most modern cockpits are enclosed, except on some small aircraft, and cockpits on large airliners are also physically separated from the cabin. From the cockpit an aircraft is controlled on the ground and in the air.

COCKPIT

• Cockpit as a term for the pilot's compartment in an aircraft first appeared in 1914. From about 1935 cockpit also came to be used informally to refer to the driver's seat of a car, especially a high performance one, and this is official terminology in Formula One. The term is most likely related to the sailing term for the coxswain's station in a Royal Navy ship, and later the location of the ship's rudder controls.

• The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight instruments on an instrument panel, and the controls which enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In most airliners, a door separates the cockpit from the passenger compartment

CABIN

• An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which passengers travel. At cruising altitudes of modern commercial aircraft the surrounding atmosphere is too thin to breathe without an oxygen mask, so cabins are pressurized at a higher pressure than ambient pressure at altitude.

• In commercial air travel, particularly in airliners, cabins may be divided into several parts. These can include travel class sections in medium and large aircraft, areas for flight attendants, the galley and storage for in-flight service. Seats are mostly arranged in rows and alleys. The higher the travel class, the more space is provided. Cabins of the different travel classes are often divided by curtains, sometimes called class dividers though some airlines will not utilize a curtain between Business and First class. Passengers are not usually allowed to visit higher travel class cabins in commercial flights.

CARGO COMPARTMENT

• Usually provided on the underside of the aircraft for storage of passenger baggage and freight.

ZONES

• Segments of an aircrafts cabin, separated by bulkheads that segregate the seating in an aircraft into various classes..

LAVATORY

LAVATORY

• Lavatories on modern aircraft are very expensive, and include features that have required substantial upfront and long term investments by the world's airlines to design and develop. Airlines and aircraft manufacturers continue to investigate ways to improve lavatory design technology to increase functionality and reduce costs of production, while maintaining adequate levels of safety, hygiene and amenity.

BULKHEAD

• Partitions or walls in the fuselage to make compartments for different purposes. It is an airtight bulkhead located between the cabin and the tail of the aircraft. Its purpose is to seal the rear of the plane and thus maintain cabin pressure, and as such it is a vital part of the aircraft.

DOGHOUSE• A small cupboard, placed on the floor of

the aircraft on casters, usually behind the last row of seats in every zone of the plane.

• 'Dog House' stowage's generally fit behind the last seat row of each cabin in both wide and narrow body aircraft. They are available in various widths and can be customized to suit the airlines’ needs. Storage for carry-on luggage, safety equipment, folding wheelchair etc.

• Seat track mounted • Can be customized to suit requirement • Easy to install, load and operate

PASSENGER SERVICE UNIT

• PSU is an abbreviation in aviation for Passenger Service Unit. This aircraft component is situated above each seat row in the overhead panel above the passenger seats in the cabin of airliners. Amongst other things a PSU contains reading lights, loudspeakers, illuminated signs and automatically deployed oxygen masks and also louvers providing conditioned air.

Slide raft

• An evacuation slide is an inflatable slide used to evacuate an aircraft quickly. An escape slide is required on all commercial (passenger carrying) aircraft where the door sill height is such that, in the event of an evacuation, passengers would be unable to "step down" from the door uninjured (Federal Aviation Administration requires slides on all aircraft doors where the floor is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above the ground).

Jump seat

• A jump seat in aviation refers to an auxiliary seat for individuals other than normal passengers who are not operating the aircraft. In general, the term 'jump seat' can also refer to a seat in any type of vehicle which can fold up out of the way; vehicles include carriages, automobiles, vans, busses, fire tenders, and taxicabs. The term originated in the USA circa 1860 for a movable carriage seat.[

Medical Emergency Announcement

• “Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attention please, any medical practitioner or nurse on board kindly identify yourself to the nearest cabin crew..”

ASTHMA ATTACK

• ASTHMA is the common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

Know the Early Symptoms of Asthma

• In general, these signs are not severe enough to stop you from going about your daily activities. But by recognizing these signs, you can stop an asthma attack or prevent one from getting worse. Early warning signs include:

• Frequent cough, especially at night• Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath• Feeling very tired or weak when exercising• Wheezing or coughing after exercise• Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody• Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow

meter• Signs of a cold or allergies (sneezing, runny nose, cough, nasal

congestion, sore throat, and headache)• Trouble sleeping

How to Use Preventive Measures for Asthma

• 1 Learn relaxation techniques. Current research is learning that the use of relaxation techniques when you feel asthma symptoms coming on can lessen or sometimes eliminate an asthma attack.

• 2 Remove the carpet in your bedroom and other rooms. Dust, dust mites and allergens can penetrate into carpeting and then work their way back to the surface and into the air. A smooth surfaced floor can be cleaned daily, leaving less of these asthma agitating agents.

• 3 Eliminate pets from your environment. Pet hair and pet dander are two irritants for many asthma sufferers.

TREATMENT

• If you're having an asthma attack, follow the steps in the asthma plan you worked out with your doctor. If your symptoms don't improve, seek immediate medical care. Home treatment steps to stop an asthma attack generally include taking two to six puffs of albuterol (Praxair HFA, Vento in HFA, others) or using other quick-acting medication over several minutes (don't take more than one puff at a time). Generally, less medication is needed for children and in adults with less severe symptoms.

AIR SICKNESS

• Airsickness is a sensation which is induced by air travel. It is a specific form of motion sickness, and is considered a normal response in healthy individuals. Airsickness occurs when the central nervous system receives conflicting messages from the body (including the inner ear, eyes and muscles) affecting balance and equilibrium.

Common signs and symptoms of airsickness

include:

• Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, loss of appetite, cold sweating, skin pallor, difficulty concentrating, confusion, drowsiness, headache, and increased fatigue. Severe airsickness may cause a person to become completely incapacitated.

Travelers who are susceptible to motion sickness can minimize symptoms by:

• Choosing seats with the smoothest ride in regards to pitch (the seats over the wings in an airplane).

• Sitting facing forward while focusing on distant objects rather than trying to read or look at something inside the airplane.

• Eating dry crackers, olives or suck on a lemon, to dry out the mouth, lessening nausea.

• Drinking a carbonated beverage.

• Circulatory shock, commonly known simply as shock, is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs due to inadequate substrate for aerobic cellular respiration. In the early stages this is generally an inadequate tissue level of oxygen.

• The typical signs of shock are low blood pressure, a rapid heartbeat and signs of poor end-organ perfusion or "decomposition" (such as low urine output, confusion or loss of consciousness). There are times that a person's blood pressure may remain stable, but may still be in circulatory shock, so it is not always a symptom.

Treatment of shock

• DO NOT let the casualty move unnecessarily, eat, drink, or smoke.

• • DO NOT leave the casualty

unattended. Reassure the casualty constantly.

• • Treat any cause of shock which can be

remedied (such as external bleeding). • Lay the casualty down, keeping the

head low.

FRACTURE• A fracture is the (local)

separation of an object or material into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress.

What causes a fracture?

• When outside forces are applied to bone it has the potential to fail. Fractures occur when bone cannot withstand those outside forces. Fracture, break, or crack all mean the same thing. One term is not better or worse than another. The integrity of the bone has been damaged and the bone structure fails and a fracture occurs.

• Broken bones hurt for a variety of reasons including: • The nerve endings that surround bones contain pain

fiber. These fibers may become irritated when the bone is broken or bruised.

• Broken bones bleed, and the blood and associated swelling causes pain.

STROKE• A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular

accident (CVA), is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood). As a result, the affected area of the brain cannot function, which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or an inability to see one side of the visual field.

Signs and symptoms

• Stroke symptoms typically start suddenly, over seconds to minutes, and in most cases do not progress further. The symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected. The more extensive the area of brain affected, the more functions that are likely to be lost. Some forms of stroke can cause additional symptoms. For example, in intracranial hemorrhage, the affected area may compress other structures. Most forms of stroke are not associated with headache, apart from subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral venous thrombosis and occasionally intracerebral hemorrhage.

EPILEPSY/FITS

• EPILEPSY is a common and diverse set of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures. Some definitions of epilepsy require that seizures be recurrent and unprovoked, but others require only a single seizure combined with brain alterations which increase the chance of future seizures.

Different causes of epilepsy that are common in certain age groups

• During the neonatal period and early infancy the most common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, CNS infections, trauma, congenital CNS abnormalities, and metabolic disorders.

• During late infancy and early childhood, febrile seizures are fairly common. These may be caused by many different things, some thought to be things such as CNS infections and trauma.

• During childhood, well-defined epilepsy syndromes are generally seen. During adolescence and adulthood, the causes are more likely to be secondary to any CNS lesion. Further, idiopathic epilepsy is less common. Other causes associated with these age groups are stress, trauma, CNS infections, brain tumors, illicit drug use and alcohol withdrawal.

Name of the emergency equipment

1. Smoke hood2. Oxygen bottle3. Fire axe4. Asbestos gloves5. Fire extinguisher6. Oxygen mask7. Mega phone8. ELT9. Life jacket

SMOKE HOOD

• A smoke hood is a protective device similar in concept to a gas mask. A translucent airtight bag seals around the head of the wearer while an air filter held in the mouth connects to the outside atmosphere and is used to breathe. Smoke hoods are intended to protect victims of fire from the effects of smoke inhalation.

Contd..

• High quality smoke hoods are generally constructed of heat resistant material like Kempton, and can withstand relatively high temperatures. The most important part of a smoke hood is the filter that provides protection from the toxic byproducts of combustion. Virtually all smoke hood designs utilize some form of activated charcoal filter and particulate filter to screen out corrosive fumes like ammonal and chlorine, as well as acid gases like hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide. The defining characteristic of an effective smoke hood is the ability to convert deadly carbon monoxide to relatively harmless carbon dioxide through a catalytic process.

Contd..

• Smoke hoods present on aircraft, also called Protective Breathing Equipment (or PBEs), typically generate oxygen for approximately 30 seconds. The oxygen is kept in a closed circuit, usually thanks to a tight neck seal. A scrubber system may be present to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide, and is breathable for around 20 minutes. When the oxygen supply ends, the hood must be removed to avoid suffocation.

• They are included in preparedness kits, after the September 11 attacks.

OXYGEN BOTTLE

• An oxygen bottle is a storage vessel for oxygen, which is either held under pressure in gas cylinders or as liquid oxygen in a cryogenic storage tank.

Contd..

• Oxygen tanks are used to store gas for:• industrial processes including the manufacture of steel and

monel.• oxyacetylene welding equipment and some gas cutting

torches• use as the liquid rocket propellants for rocket engines• medical breathing gas at medical facilities and at home• breathing at altitude in aviation, either in an uncontrolled

decompression emergency, or constantly (in the case of unpressurized aircraft)

• oxygen first aid kits

fire axe

• A fire axe is a type of axe which has been designed specifically for the use of firefighters, and it includes several features which make it ideally suited to emergency services in general. The primary distinguishing feature of a fire axe is the head, which features a classic axe blade on one side, and a pointed pick on the other. Companies which specialize in selling supplies to emergency services personnel often carry fire axes, and they can also be ordered directly from manufacturers.

Contd..

• A typical fire axe is mounted on a long haft which has often been treated to be fire resistant. The haft is attached to the head especially firmly, so that the head does not fly off at inopportune moments. Typically, the head of the axe is also painted in bright colors which make it easy to distinguish in conditions of low visibility, and the pick and head may be painted in different colors so that firefighters can be sure they are working with the right end.

FIRE AXE contd..

• The axe head is typically bounded by the bit (or blade) at one end, and the poll (or butt) at the other, though some designs feature two bits opposite each other. The top corner of the bit where the cutting edge begins is called the toe, and the bottom corner is known as the heel. Either side of the head is called the cheek, which is sometimes supplemented by lugs where the head meets the haft, and the hole where the haft is mounted is called the eye.

ASBESTOS GLOVES

• Asbestos laboratory and industrial gloves are used to protect against chemicals and high temperatures and are used in certain industries. Laboratory gloves are used to protect the skin from sharp objects and other hazardous materials.

Contd..

• Asbestos was commonly used in the production of laboratory gloves to serve as a heat-resistant fiber that would shield the hands from hot objects and caustic materials like acid. Gloves are also used in other industries that involve high temperatures such as manufacturing plants, foundries and firefighting.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• Onboard systems designed to extinguish fires which occur either in the air or on the ground.

HALON – The Fire Extinguisher

Halon

• Halons are fire extinguishing agents which are gaseous when discharged in the aircraft environment and are electrically non-conducting. Halons are in almost universal use in aircraft fire extinguishers, both portable and fixed. They exist in two forms Halon 1211, BromoChlorodiFluoromethane (CBrClF2)also sometimes known as BCF, and Halon 1301, Bromotrifluoromethane (CBrF3).

• Halon 1211 is used only in portable extinguishers and is a streaming agent

• Halon 1301 is used only in fixed extinguisher installations and is a total flooding agent.

OXYGEN MASK

• An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer breathing oxygen gas from a storage tank to the lungs. Oxygen masks may cover the nose and mouth (oral nasal mask) or the entire face (full-face mask). They may be made of plastic, silicone, or rubber.

MEGA PHONE..

• A megaphone is a portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped horn used to amplify a person’s voice or other sounds towards a targeted direction. This is accomplished by channeling the sound through the megaphone, which also serves to match the acoustic impedance of the voice cords to the air.

Mega Phone

• The term ‘megaphone’ was first associated with Thomas Edison’s instrument 200 years later. In 1878, Edison developed a device similar to the speaking trumpet in hopes of benefiting the deaf and hard of hearing. His variation included three separate funnels lined up in a row. The two outer funnels, which were six feet and eight inches long, were made of paper and connected to a tube inserted in each ear. The middle funnel was similar to Morland’s speaking trumpet, but had a larger slot to insert a user’s mouth.

< ELT

• Emergency Locator Transmitter, a type of distress beacon used in aircraft.

Contd..

• Aircraft Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) are used as an aid in locating downed aircraft. ELTs begin transmitting immediately upon impact. The Federal Aviation Administration establishes the requirements for aircraft to be equipped with Emergency Locator Transmitters. There are two basic kinds of ELTs: those that transmit on frequencies of 121.5 and 243.0 MHz, and those that transmit on a frequency of 406.0 MHz..

LIFE JACKET• A lifejacket is a type of

personal flotation device designed to keep a person's airway clear of the water whether the wearer is conscious or unconscious. They are either made from two layers of bonded polyurethane to be inflated or from foam.

The 'Fly-Safe' Aircrew Life Jacket offers features such as:

• Comfortable to wear • Unobtrusive in the cockpit • Slim-line 'yoke' style • Contained within a sturdy blue valise • Weighs only 0.8kg • Manual activated inflation • Manual 'top-up' • High strength quick fastening harness

Name of the emergency equipment

• ELT – Emergency locator transmitter

PARTS

• SWITCH GUARD • MASTER SWITCH ON-OFF-AUTO• RF LED• BATTERY LED• GPS ANTENNA• TEST/RESET SWITCH• REMOTE CONTROL JACK

PREFLIGHT CHECKS

• verify the ELT is working properly and has good batteries.

USAGE

• An Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) is an emergency beacon used in aircrafts to alert rescue authorities and to indicate the location and the identity of an aircraft in distress. Most civil aircrafts are required to carry them.

• Modern ELTs operates on 406 MHz The signal of the ELT is detected by the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite network anywhere in the world. The network passes the alert to the nearest rescue authority.

WCHR PAX

• A passenger requesting wheelchair service is a passenger who, due to disability, illness or injury, requires the aid of wheelchair for mobility.

Instructions in the WCHR PAX form

• In an effort to better facilitate the transportation of our physically challenged passengers, we require all passengers who board via the wheelchair lift to fill out this form. The information is designed to aid us in determining which bus would be appropriate for the requested transportation. A couple of items to remember prior to boarding our buses:

• Do not have items hanging from the back of the chair which will impede the maneuvering of the wheelchair.

• Have the exact fare ready prior to boarding the bus. The driver can not make change and payment is required prior to boarding.

• Please be waiting at the curb for the bus. If you miss the bus we cannot send the bus back and you will be required to pay the one-way fare before your next trip. This is our "No Show" policy.

form

• Passenger ; • Name :• Address : • City :• Phone:• Emergency contact;• Name :• Phone :• Dimensions;• Combined weight of passenger and manual/electric wheelchair or scooter:• Weight in pounds :• Actual width/length of wheelchair outside dimensions: • Width in inches :• Length in inches :• Additional information;• Are you able to transfer to a regular bus seat? Yes / No • Does an aide accompany you?

(Aides must assist passengers using wheelchairs.) Yes / No

A Day in the Life of a Flight Attendant

• A day on the job. For a flight attendant that could mean...a trip to Paris...or an emergency landing. It can be fun, an adventure, or both...but is it work?

• I’ve found that working for a major airline this past year has been one of the hardest jobs I have ever had, and yet one of the most enjoyable. The schedule and the passengers challenge me in ways I never could have imagined.

• But nothing beats hanging out in Las Vegas for 24 hours with a company-paid hotel room and expense money. The thousands of us flying encounter many different experiences during the course of a day. This is a day (well, technically a trip) in my life...

5:45 P.M. Friday

• In the airline industry, seniority rules. Mechanics, pilots, flight attendants, customer service agents--all of these employees enjoy pay rates, schedules and benefits based on their length of service with the company.

• Among flight attendants, seniority determines status as a line holder or reserve. Landholders have a flying schedule set at least one month in advance; they know when and where they will work and on what types of aircraft. The airlines use reserves to fill open flying time and to cover positions vacated by landholders calling in sick or on holiday. If you are a relatively new flight attendant, like me, you can expect to sit reserve for a couple of years.

Contd..

• Flight attendants often receive a set schedule (known as a block) after less than two years, but at some bases, flight attendants can sit reserve for more than ten years.

• As a reserve flight attendant, my "work day" begins with a call from a crew scheduler. Each airline operates differently; at mine, schedulers call reserves on-duty to ask what trips they want to fly the following day.

Contd..

• Trips are paid by the flight hour, from the time the aircraft door is shut to the time it is opened. And for every hour away from base, flight attendants are paid expense money. This particular Friday evening, when crew scheduling calls, I choose a four-day trip on the Airbus 319--one of our newer aircraft. It pays better than average and overnights in Raleigh-Durham, Washington, DC and Denver. Working what the airline labels the "C" position, I serve in the economy cabin and sit in the front, near the boarding door. With my trip set, I pack. I take a few extra pieces of my uniform and some clothes for the overnight. I go to bed early since I must check in early the next morning.

7:30 A.M. Saturday: Check-in

• This morning, I go down to the crew room below the airport concourse in Philadelphia. Each base has a crew room complete with couches, computers and supervisors’ offices. Pilots and flight attendants also have boxes or folders there for company mail.

• Before starting a trip, a crewmember must check in for it. First things first, I use the computer to sign in for the trip. If you do not sign in an hour before the trip departs, you are liable to get written up by your supervisor. Since boarding begins 30 minutes prior to departure, there’s not much time to spend in the crew room, but I have a few minutes to check my box for memos and chat with friends. I head to the plane to meet up with the rest of the crew.

Contd..

• Communication between the cockpit and the cabin plays a vital role in maintaining a safe environment, and the crew briefings at the beginning of a trip set the tone. Once on the airplane, Becky, the lead flight attendant, briefs Mike and me on safety procedures, delegates announcement responsibilities and confirms that we have our emergency manuals. Afterward, the captain conducts his briefing, reviewing safety-related issues, flight time, weather, and what he likes to drink.

Ready, Set, Go: In flight

• About 30 minutes prior to departure, the agent working our flight comes down the jet way to begin boarding. Becky nods okay, and we finish checking our emergency equipment and catering supplies. From the forward galley, Becky and I greet the passengers and prepare drinks for first class customers. Mike hangs out in the back, monitoring the dwindling space in the overhead bins.

Contd..

• Boarding tends to provide the biggest headache, especially considering I do not get paid until that door is shut. With a nearly full flight, it is pretty much guaranteed that space in the overhead bins will go quickly. Tensions mount, but bags need to be checked.

• Though the company no longer requires passenger counts, many pilots prefer to have them. When you see the flight attendant slowly coming up the aisle silently moving his or her lips, sometimes motioning his or her hands, that flight attendant is taking a count. As easy as it may seem, it often takes more than one count to get it right.

overhead bins are shut and the passengers are seated

• Once all the overhead bins are shut and the passengers are seated, the flight is ready for departure. I verify that the passengers seated in the window exit row are willing and able to assist in an emergency if necessary. Before shutting the door, the agent hands Becky a copy of the manifest, which lists first class passengers, passengers with special needs or meals, and gate connections.

Service • Once we level-off at 10,000 ft, I head to the back

and help Mike prepare for the breakfast service. To no one’s surprise, we serve the staple of the skies: omelet's and French toast. In the back galley, we brew coffee, cook the meals in the ovens and set up the carts. Since the beverage cart comes stocked with cans of sodas and juices, we just add a few things on top such as some cream and sugar for the coffee.

• Once the meals finish cooking, we begin serving from the front of the cabin to the back. It turns out we are short a few meals and have to ask the company employees traveling on the flight to go without a breakfast. I hate doing that, but they do not seem to mind. Space is undeniably tight on the beverage cart, and accidents are bound to happen.

Contd..

• I am no exception on this leg, knocking a can of soda on a passenger as I reach for it. Not much spills, but he is still peeved. I give him a sorry form to get his pants dry-cleaned at the airline’s expense. Finishing the service, I settle in the back row with a book, assisting in the cabin as needed. Passengers occasionally bring cups and other trash back for me to dispose of as they head to the toilet, but the remainder of the long flight is a coffee break of sorts for us.

Serving first class passengers

• Service in first class is usually more involved. With 12 or fewer passengers on the smaller jets, it also tends to be more intimate. No carts are needed, and food and beverages are presented in china and glassware. Various types of people fly first class, but that cabin mostly fills up with business people and other frequent flyers. Celebrities occasionally make an appearance. A friend served Sissy Space once, and another flew with the members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Helping pregnant women

• Since no regulation explicitly excludes pregnant women from those seats and the passenger insists she is both willing and able to assist in an emergency, we decide to let her stay there. The last leg of the day is the easiest. Since the airline needs us in Raleigh-Durham, but does not need us to work from Charlotte, we deadhead on another crew’s flight.

Gas, Food, Lodging: The Layover

• We arrive in Raleigh-Durham at 8:00 P.M. I take Mike and Becky to the restaurant where I once waited tables. My old boss gives us dinner on the house, certainly a welcome treat on our first-year salary. We have an early start again the next morning and there is not a whole lot to do near the airport in Durham, so we don’t stay out late.

• On an overnight, the airline provides each crewmember with his or her own hotel room. Long layovers (at least 15 hours off) land you at a decent hotel downtown, near the beach or some sort of shopping venue. For shorter layovers, you will usually stay at or very near the airport. My crew, both the pilots and the flight attendants, stay together the entire trip--layover and all.

• Some airlines work a little differently, putting flight attendants and pilots in separate hotels. The airline also covers meals, if you count the expense money paid for the trip.

12:40 P.M. Tuesday: Check-out

• The next few days of the trip are surprisingly uneventful. The video system on the Airbus, sophisticated as it is with its automatic preprogramming, occasionally malfunctions. Threatened with having to do the safety demo the "old-fashioned way," we manage to play the video manually.

• At the end of day two, as the plane pulls off the runway at National Airport in D.C., I persuade Becky to spice up the arrival announcement. "Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our nation’s capital," she says, instead of the scripted "Welcome to Washington, DC." I cannot tell if anyone notices. By the end of the fourth day, most of the giddiness has been replaced with exhaustion.

Check Out

Safety Equipment

• Name - Oxygen Bottle

Parts

1. Removable metal cap

2. Bronze valve3. Safety fuse4. Pressed steel

Preflight checks

• The oxygen bottle shall be examined and certified by Registered Medical Practitioners/ Medical Officers holding at least MBBS degree once in six months in the case of transport type of aircraft engaged in scheduled/non-scheduledoperations as well as aerial work, and once a year in the case of other aircraft like training aircraft, private aircraft etc.

USAGE

• Oxygen tanks are used to store gas for :

• industrial processes including the manufacture of steel and monel

• oxyacetylene welding equipment and some gas cutting torches• use as the liquid rocket propellants for rocket engines• medical breathing gas at medical facilities and at home• breathing at altitude in aviation, either in an uncontrolled decompression emergency,

or constantly (in the case of unpressurized aircraft)• oxygen first aid kits

BOEING 747

• The Boeing 747 is a wide-body commercial airliner and cargo transport, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft and was the first wide-body ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years.[

Contd..

• The four-engine 747 uses a double deck configuration for part of its length. It is available in passenger, freighter and other versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first class lounge or (as is the general rule today) extra seating, and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door. Boeing did so because the company expected supersonic airliners (whose development was announced in the early 1960s) to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete, while believing that the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would be robust into the future.[ The 747 in particular was expected to become obsolete after 400 were so but it exceeded its critics' expectations with production passing the 1,000 mark in 1993. By December 2011, 1,427 aircraft had been built, wit 7 of the 747-8 variants remaining on order.

Contd..

• The 747-400, the most common passenger version in service, is among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85–0.855 (up to 570 mph, 920 km/h). It has an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles (8,350 mi or 13,450 km). The 747-400 passenger version can accommodate 416 passengers in a typical three-class layout, 524 passengers in a typical two-class layout, or 660 passengers in a high density one-class configuration. The newest version of the aircraft, the 747-8, is in production and received certification in 2011. Deliveries of the 747-8F freighter version to the launch customer Cargolux began in October 2011; the 747-8I passenger version is to follow in 2012. The 747 is to be replaced by the Boeing Y3 (part of the Boeing Yellowstone Project) in the future.

AIRBUS A380

• The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by the European corporation Airbus, a subsidiary of EADS. It is the world's largest passenger airliner. Many airports had to modify and improve their facilities to accommodate it. Designed to challenge Boeing's monopoly in the large-aircraft market, the A380 made its maiden flight on 27 April 2005 and entered initial commercial service in October 2007 with Singapore Airlines. The aircraft was known as the Airbus A3XX during much of its development, before receiving the A380 designation.

Contd..

• The A380's upper deck extends along the entire length of the fuselage, with a width equivalent to a wide-body aircraft. This allows for an A380-800's cabin with 478 square meters (5,145.1 sq ft) of floor space; 49% more floor space than the current next-largest airliner, the Boeing 747-400 with 321 square meters (3,455.2 sq ft), and provides seating for 525 people in a typical three-class configuration or up to 853 people in all-economy class configurations. The A380-800 has a design range of 15,400 kilometers (8,300 nmi; 9,600 mi), sufficient to fly from New York to Hong Kong for example, and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85

COMPARISON

• Airbus A380 • Engines: Four Rolls-Royce

Trent 900 turbofans or four General Electric/Pratt & Whitney GP-7200 turbofans

• Typical cruising speed: Mach 0.85 (850 km/h)

• Range: 14,800 km (8,000 nm) • Max takeoff weight: 560,000

kg (1,234,600 lb) • Wingspan: 79.8m (261 ft 10 in)

• Boeing 747-8 

• Engines: Four GEnx-2B67 turbofans

• Typical cruising speed: Mach 0.855 (855 km/h)

• Range: 14,815 km (8,000 nm)• Max takeoff weight: 435,456

kg (960,000 lb)• Wingspan: 68.5 m (224 ft 9 in)

Contd..

• The 747-8 has the advantage over the A380 in cruise speed and range, but also very slightly. The 747-8 is also a lot smaller. Many airports are widening their taxiways and hangars to fit the A380. The 747-8 is basically the same size as the 747-400, except it has increased performance.

• However, the A380 can seat many more passengers than the 747-8 - the most of any commercial airliner ever created. The running costs are also expected to be lower than those of the 747-8, which may make airline ticket prices lower. Add to that the brand-new features that make the A380 seem like less of a cramped, commercial airliner and more like a luxurious cruise ship - lounges, bars, gymnasiums, duty-free stores and even a salon. The seats are also more spread-out, even for economy cla

Contd..

• The 747-8's price is also considerably lower than the A380's - but for the extra $10 million or so airliners will be able to get a lot more, and their passengers will have a much more comfortable flight.

• Add to that the A380 has about 100 more seats than the 747-8.

• Overall, passengers will prefer to fly on the A380 more than they will prefer to fly on the 747-8, even if it means spending a little longer in the aircraft.

Role play of Different

types of Emergencies on

Board

1. Oven fire drill

Group members :•Arjun •Nagesh •Harsha •Nutan •Kiran

Senior cabin crew Mr. Arjun

First person•Senior cabin crew Mr. Arjun see the fire first in the oven and immediately switch off the galley electric battens And asks another cabin crew for the help with halon..

Second person

•Another cabin crew Mr. Harsha who helping Arjun with fire asbestos gloves, halon and smock hood

•Mr.Arjun fighting with fire and Mr. Harsh helping him with safety equipments.

Third person

Mr.Nagesh who see the current situation and he inform the situation to the captain.

•Captain can you here me •I'm Nagesh .fire in the galley (oven).•Arjun fighting with fire and harsh helping him with safety equipments . • Two halon`s are used . I'm keep inform you .

Ms.Nutan & Kiran are handling passengers by giving safety instructions like.. • head down Stay down • close your mouth with your hands.

•All the passengers are following the instructions

2.Lavatory fire drill

•Vishwanath•Divya •Savitri •Kavita•Jostna

LAVATORY FIR DRILL

• Cabin crew Ms.Kavita & Savitri were serving the passengers as in the figure..

•Mr.viswanath who see the fire in lavatory first and immediately he take nearer halon and stay down start fighting with fire .•He say “halon” and ask for help.

•Mr. Viswanath fighting with fire and Miss jostna is helping him with halon..

•Senior cabin crew Miss Divya stand nearer to the bulkhead and see the situation and inform the captain.• Captain can you here me •I'm Divya .fire in the lavatory.•Vishwanath is fighting with fire and jostna helping him with safety equipments . • Two halon`s are used . .

•Miss.kavita & savitri are handling passenger by giving safety instructions like • Head down Stay down.. Head down stay down..

•All the passengers are following the instructions

3.Land evacuation

1. Deepa 2. Vinayak3. Saniya4. Brain

LAND EVACUATION

Cabin crew saying BRACE

•While land evacuation captain says brace then the Cabin crew Vinayak and saniya starts shouting BRACE BRACE.. •All passengers are in brace position as in the figure .

Cabin crews are announcing and

evacuating

Here the cabin crew, Vinayak and

saniya were opening the door

by saying “evacuate continuously.. And

also announcing that :

• Open your seat belts• Come this way • Jump and slide

• This announcement`s is still all passengers are go though door

•While pushing the scared passenger always lower back push gentle.

•Cabin crew Mr. Brain and Miss Deepa are pushing scared passenger.

Wheel chair passenger

• if any wheel chair passenger evacuate last• Mr. Brain and vinayak are lifted wheel chair passenger and slowly slide down with any one how take care him.

Mother with

infant

•Cabin crew always mother with infant •Cabin says to her that “open your seat belt”•“come this way”•“Seat and slide”•Cabin crew hold her and tried to help her

4.Decompression

•Abhishek•Anjum•Suma•Jyoti•Archana

Decompression

•Cabin crew are doing service to passengers .•Passengers are enjoying there services •Suddenly unprepared decompression with altitude of 35,000 feet.

•This is called rapid decompression

Rapid decompression

•While decompression Cabin crew are settle down •All the oxygen mask comes down automatically •Cabin crew wear each extra oxygen mask.•And say “down your oxygen mask “• and “Wear your oxygen mask”•Few passengers are not oxygen mask so they are unconscious.

•After reaching safe altitude .cabin crew get up with oxygen bottle and check all the passenger are wear mask or not .•Then help the unconscious passenger •Cabin crew are helping un conscious passenger to wear oxygen mask.

Helping unconscious passengers to Wear

oxygen mask

<

5.Ditching

1) Rajeev 2) Sagar3) Keerti4) Lalita

DITCHING

Mr. sagar and miss keerti these two are seat at jump seat Suddenly captain says “ditching”Cabin crew are give instruction to all passenger like“Head down stay down “All passengers are in brace position Then Mr. sagar take his life jacket

•Mr. sagar and keerti get up with there life jacket •“And say wear life jacket •Life jacket under your seat”•Cabin crew are showing and giving quick introduction about life jacket and how to wear it. And say “brace brace “

>

•Cabin crew Mr. Rajeev and Lolita are go near the door .•Lolita open door with saying evacuate evacuate evacuate 3 times •And both Rajeev and Lolita stand near the door and says •“Open your seat belt Come this way , inflate your life jacketAnd jump “

Cabin crew are evacuating the passengers with giving instructions like before jump inflate your life jacket .Passengers are going towards door for evacuate .

Bomb scare

•Prajwal•Tousif •Franky •Amol •Raveena

BOMB SCARE

•All the cabin crew are serving passenger •Mr. Prajwal ,Franky ,Tousif and Amol all cabin crew are busy in their work Passengers are enjoying their service

• Senior cabin crew miss Raveena got message is “ bomb is in red bag”•She call`s all the cabin crew in front•And give instruction to cabin crew that “bomb is in red bag go and check it “•All cabin crew are listening the order .

•All cabin are searching red bag in over head bins.•“Is this your bag sir/madam “•Confirming the bags

•Cabin crew Tousif find red bag.•Tousif and Amol check base of the bag .is their any attach in base with help of safety card •And slowly lift bag with both hands

•Cabin crew Amol and Tousif are going to put bag .•Usually the first door after the wing on the right hand side bag should be kept because there in no electricity .•Put plastic ,wet blankets and lots of pillows

• cabin crew are putting plastics wet blankets and lots of pillows on the bag .•Because minimize any explosion damage.

•Cabin crew Mr. Prajwal and Franky are handling the passengers and they move passengers to a safety place. •Passengers are asking the cabin crew that•“what is happing and all “

•Cabin crew controlling the passengers by saying..•“No problem sir, all is in our under control”.

Hijacking

• Aircraft hijacking (also known as skyjacking and sky controlling) is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. In most cases, the pilot is forced to fly according to the orders of the hijackers. Occasionally, however, the hijackers have flown the aircraft themselves, such as the September 11 attacks of 2001. In at least one case, a plane was hijacked by the official pilot.

Hijacking

Contd. .

• Unlike the typical hijackings of land vehicles or ships, skyjacking is not usually committed for robbery or theft. Most aircraft hijackers intend to use the passengers as hostages, either for monetary ransom or for some political or administrative concession by authorities. Motives vary from demanding the release of certain inmates (notably IC-814) to highlighting the grievances of a particular community (notably AF 8969). Hijackers also have used aircraft as a weapon to target particular locations (notably during the September 11, 2001 attacks).

Contd..

• Hijackings for hostages commonly produce an armed standoff during a period of negotiation between hijackers and authorities, followed by some form of settlement. Settlements do not always meet the hijackers' original demands. If the hijackers' demands are deemed too great and the perpetrators show no inclination to surrender, authorities sometimes employ armed special forces to attempt a rescue of the hostages (notably Operation Entebbe).

Dealing with hijackings

• Before the September 11, 2001 attacks, pilots and flight attendants were trained to adopt the "Common Strategy" tactic, which was approved by the FAA. It taught crew members to comply with the hijackers' demands, get the plane to land safely and then let the security forces handle the situation. Crew members advised passengers to sit quietly in order to increase their chances of survival. They were also trained not to make any 'heroic' moves that could endanger themselves or other people. The FAA realized that the longer a hijacking persisted, the more likely it would end peacefully with the hijackers reaching their goal.

• September 11 presented an unprecedented threat because it involved suicide hijackers who could fly an aircraft. The "Common Strategy" approach was not designed to handle suicide hijackings, and the hijackers were able to exploit a weakness in the civil aviation security system. Since then the "Common Strategy" policy has no longer been used.

Contd..• Since the September 11th attacks, the situation for crew members,

passengers and hijackers has changed. As in the case of United Airlines Flight 93, where an airliner crashed into a field during a fight between flight attendants, passengers and hijackers while likely heading to the White House or the United States Capitol, crew members and passengers now have to calculate the risks of passive cooperation, not only for themselves but also for those on the ground. Future hijackers most likely will encounter greater resistance from passengers and flight crews, making a successful hijacking more unlikely. An example of active passenger and crew member resistance occurred when passengers and flight attendants of American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami on December 22, 2001, helped prevent Richard Reid from igniting explosives hidden in his shoe. Flight attendants and pilots now receive extensive anti-hijacking and self-defense training designed to thwart a hijacking.

List of INDIAN aircrafts hijacked

• While going India to Pakistan

• January 30, 1971: Indian Airlines Fokker F27 on scheduled Srinagar-Jammu flight is hijacked to Lahore by two self-proclaimed Kashmir Separatists. All passengers were released by February 2 and repatriated to India, but the aircraft was blown-up—leading to an India-Pakistan air-travel ban, and suspension of over flight rights until 1976.

While going Pakistan to India

• A Pakistan Air Force T-33 trainer was hijacked on August 20, 1971 during Bangladesh Liberation War (before Indo-Pakistani war of 1971) in Karachi when a Bengali instructor pilot, Flight Lieutenant Matura Raman, knocked out the young Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas with the intention of defecting to India with the plane and national secrets to join Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh Liberation War On regaining consciousness in mid-flight, Rashid Minhas struggled for flight control as well as relayed the news of his hijack to the PAF base. In the end of the ensuing struggle he succeeded to crash his aircraft into the ground near Thatta on seeing no way to prevent the hijack and the defection. He was posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest military award Nishan-e-Haider (Sign of the Lion) for his act of bravery. For his attempt to defect from the Pakistan Air Force to join Bangladesh Liberation War, Matiur Rahman was decorated with the Bir Sreshtho award by Bangladesh which is their highest honor given.

Greeting passengers with welcome speech

announcement.

•“All passenger aboard closing door”

•“ladies and gentlemen ,on behalf of captain Mr. khan and the entire crew ,we would like to welcome you aboard 9w306 non-stop service to Delhi .we will be flying at an altitude of 35,000 feet .our flight time today /to Delhi will be of 2 hours and 10 minutes. At this time ,make sure your seat backs and tray tables are in their full upright position. Also make sure your seat belt is correctly fastened.

• thank you.

1.Boarding passengers

• Cabin crew greeting the passengers.•And also check boarding card with passenger name ,seat number and date.•Please ,may I see your boarding card, sir•Cabin crew checking boarding card.

Welcoming ,greeting seating

passengers

•All cabin crew are welcome the passengers .•“May I show you to your seat?”•“Allow me to assist you with your bag sir/ madam?”

Distribution of hot and cold towels

•Cabin crew offering the cold towel to the aisle seat passenger.

•May I offer you a cold towel

Serving drinks

•Cabin crew gives welcome drinks for passengers.•“may I offer you a drink? We have a choice of champagne lime juice and orange juice.”•And crew put coaster and then put drink on the table.

Distribution of candy and newspaper materials

•Cabin crew gives candy and gives newspaper to passengers.•“Would you like to have candy sir/ madam?”

•“Would you like to read news paper or magazine sir/ madam?”

Bid the passenger goodbye

•All Cabin crew are wish the passenger .•Thank you for flying with us. We hope to see again soon•Have nice /pleasant day•Thank you visit again…

Dressing the table

•Cabin crew dressing the table with table cloth •“May I dress your table for you sir/ madam?”

Beverage service

•Cabin crew gives menu card and take the order from the passenger.

•“Would you like to drink before your meal sir/ madam?”•Pax: lime juice•“what would you like to have main course ?”•“would you like to have chicken tika masala or pannier tika masala ?”•Pax: chicken tika masala•“would you like to have tea or coffee after your meal sir / madam?”•Pax: tea

•Thank you sir.

Serving meal

• cabin crew serving meal to the passenger.

•“This is your meal sir/ madam “

•“Enjoy the chicken tika masala sir/madam”

Serving drinks

•Cabin crew serving lime juice.

•It is your lime juice sir/madam

•Thank you

Serving breads

•Cabin crew serving breads to the passengers .•“May I offer you a selection of bread?” •“Like soft rolls, brown bread, parata & garlic bread.”•Cabin crew showing variety of breads •And putting bread on the bread plate.•“would you like more sir/madam?”•“Thank you”

Serving cup of tea

•Cabin crew serving tea •“are you order for cup of tea sir/madam?”•“how many sugar sir/madam?”•“would you like to have milk sir/madam?” •While putting black tea always ask the passenger.•“Tea is it ok sir/madam?” •Thank you.

Clearance

•Cabin crew clearing the tray table.•“Have you finished your meal sir/madam?”•“May I clear your table sir /madam?”•Take tray with one hand and fold table cloth inside the passenger side .•Make 4 fold and slide the cloth along with tray table and then take with tray and leave the place and say

•Thank you sir /madam

CASE STUDY

The 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision

• The 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision occurred on 12 November 1996 when Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763 (SVA 763), a Boeing 747-168B en route from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, collided in mid-air with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 (KZK 1907), an Ilyushin Il-76 en route from Shymkent, Kazakhstan, to New Delhi, over the village of Charkhi Dadri, Haryana, India. All 349 people on board both flights were killed, making it the deadliest mid-air collision in the history of aviation.

AIR CRASH AT MID NIGHT

Accident summary

1. Date2. Type3. Site4. Total fatalities5. Total survivors

1. 12 November 1996 2. Mid-air collision

caused by pilot error on Kazakhstan Airlines

3. Charkhi Dadri, Haryana, India

4. 349 (all) 5. 0 (4 initially)

First aircraft

• Type > Boeing 747-168B • Operator > Saudi Arabian Airlines • Tail number > HZ-AIH • Flight origin > Indira Gandhi International Airport

(Delhi) • Destination > Dhahran International Airport • Passengers > 289 • Crew > 23 • Survivors > 0

Second aircraft

• Type - Ilyushin Il-76 • Operator - Kazakhstan Airlines • Tail number - UN-76435 • Flight origin - Shymkent Int'l Airport • Destination - Indira Gandhi International Airport

(Delhi) • Passengers - 27 • Crew - 10 • Survivors - 0 (4 initially)

History and cause

• Flight SVA 763 departed Delhi at 6:32 PM local time. Flight KZK 1907 was, at the same time, descending to land at Delhi. Both flights were controlled by approach controller VK Dutta. The crew of flight 763 consisted of Captain Khalid Al Shubaily, First Officer Nazir Khan, and Flight Engineer Evris Arabia. On Flight KZK 1907, Gennadi Cherepanov served as the pilot and Yegor Repp served as the radio operator.

Result >

< Air Crash

Contd..

• Flight KZK 1907 was cleared to descend to 15,000 feet (4,600 m) when 74 miles (119 km) from the airport while Flight SVA 763, travelling on the same airway as Flight KZK 1907 but in the opposite direction, was cleared to climb to 14,000 feet (4,300 m). About eight minutes later, around 6:40 PM, Flight KZK 1907 reported having reached its assigned altitude of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) but it was actually lower, at 14,500 feet (4,400 m), and still descending. At this time, Dutta advised the flight, "Identified traffic 12 o'clock, reciprocal Saudi Boeing 747, 10 miles (16 km). Report in sight."

Contd..

• When the controller called Flight KZK 1907 again, he received no reply. He warned of the other flight's distance, but it was too late—the two aircraft had collided. The tail of KZK 1907 sliced through the left wing of SVA 763. Flight SVA 763 had lost its horizontal stabilizer in its left wing and as a result, went into spiral motion towards the ground with fire trailing from the wing. The aircraft disintegrated under the stress before the wreckage hit the ground at almost 1135 kilometers per hour. The fuselage of Flight KZK 1907 remained structurally intact as it went in a steady but rapid and uncontrolled descent until it crashed in a field. Rescuers discovered four critically injured passengers from the IL-76 but all died soon afterward. In the end, all 312 people on board Flight SVA 763 and all 37 people on Flight KZK 1907 perished.

Contd..

• Capt. Timothy J. Place, a pilot for the United States Air Force, was the sole eyewitness to the event. He was making an initial approach in a Lockheed C-141B Starlifter when he saw "the cloud suddenly flash into bright red".

• The wreckage of the Saudi aircraft impacted in Bhiwani District, Haryana, near Dhani. The Kazakh aircraft wreckage hit Rohtak District, Haryana, near Birohar.

Passengers and crews

• Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763

• An article in The New York Times on 14 November stated that 215 Indians who boarded the flight worked in Saudi Arabia. Many of the Indians worked or planned to work in blue collar jobs as house maids, drivers, and cooks. The article also stated that 40 Nepalis and 3 Americans boarded the Saudi flight.

• According to a 13 November 1996 New York Times article, the passenger manifest included 17 people of other nationalities, including nine Nepalis, three Pakistanis, two Americans, one Bangladeshi, one Briton, and one Saudi.

• Twelve of the crew members, including five anti-terrorism officials, were Saudi citizens.

• Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907

• A company from Kazakhstan chartered the flight, and the passenger manifest mostly included ethnic Russian Kazakh citizens planning to go shopping in India.

• Thirteen Kazakh traders boarded the flight.

Crash investigation and report

• The crash was investigated by the Lahoti Commission, headed by then-Delhi High Court judge Ramesh Chandra Lahoti. Depositions were taken from the Air Traffic Controllers Guild and the two airlines. The flight data recorders were decoded by Kazakh Airlines and Saudi under supervision of air crash investigators in Moscow and Farnborough, Hampshire, England, respectively.

Contd..• The commission determined that the accident had been the fault of the Kazakh Il-76

commander, who (according to FDR evidence) had descended from the assigned altitude of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) to 14,500 feet (4,400 m) and subsequently 14,000 feet (4,300 m) and even below that. The report ascribed the cause of this serious breach in operating procedure to the lack of English language skills on the part of the Kazakh aircraft pilots; they were relying entirely on their radio operator for communications with the ATC who in turn did not have his own flight instrumentation but had to look over the pilots' shoulders for a reading.[] Kazakh officials stated that the aircraft had descended while their pilots were fighting turbulence inside a bank of cumulus clouds. Also, a few seconds from impact, the Kazakh plane climbed slightly and the two planes collided. This was due to the fact that only then did the radio operator of Kazakh 1907 discover that they did not fly at 15000 ft. Had the Kazakh pilots not climbed slightly, it is likely that they would have passed under the Saudi plane. He asked the pilot to do so and the captain gave orders for full throttle and the plane climbed, only to hit the oncoming Saudi plane. The tail of the Kazakh plane clipped the left wing of the Saudi jet, severing both parts off their respective planes. The recorder of the Saudi plane revealed the pilots reciting the prayer that they had to, according to Islamic law, when they face death

Contd..

• The counsel for the ATC Guild denied the presence of turbulence, quoting meteorological reports, but did state that the collision occurred inside a cloud. This was substantiated by the affidavit of Capt. Place, who was the commander of the aforementioned Lockheed C-141B Starlifter which was flying into New Delhi at the time of the crash. The members of his crew would file similar affidavits. The ultimate cause was held to be the failure of Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907's pilot to follow ATC instructions, whether due to cloud turbulence or due to communication problems.

Contd..

• Indira Gandhi International Airport did not have secondary surveillance radar, which produces exact readings of aircraft altitudes by reading transponder signals; instead the airport had outdated primary radar, which only produced readings of distance. In addition, the civilian airspace around New Delhi had one corridor for departures and arrivals. Most areas separate departures and arrivals into separate corridors. The airspace had one civilian corridor because much of the airspace was taken by the Indian Air Force. Due to the crash, the air-crash investigation report recommended changes to air-traffic procedures and infrastructure in New Delhi's air-space: Separation of in-bound and out-bound aircraft through the creation of 'air corridors', installation of a secondary air-traffic control radar for aircraft altitude data, mandatory collision avoidance equipment on commercial aircraft operating in Indian airspace and reduction of the airspace over New Delhi which was formerly under exclusive control of the Indian Air Force.

Conclusion

• After investing about this crash I conclude that the accident had been the fault of the Kazakh Il-76 commander, who (according to FDR evidence) had descended from the assigned altitude of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) to 14,500 feet (4,400 m) and subsequently 14,000 feet (4,300 m) and even below that. The report ascribed the cause of this serious breach in operating procedure to the lack of English language skills on the part of the Kazakh aircraft pilots;

1. www.google.com2. wikipedia.com3. Aviation modules..

CONCLUSION

I really enjoyed and also learnt a lot by doing this assaignment So, I thank the Ms. Sangeeta who had given such a wonderful opportunity to do this project work. .