Aviation SecurityAviation SecurityAviation SecurityAviation SecurityChapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1

Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Throughout the history of aviation, Throughout the history of aviation, general aviation and commercial general aviation and commercial

aircraft have been used by:aircraft have been used by:

Throughout the history of aviation, Throughout the history of aviation, general aviation and commercial general aviation and commercial

aircraft have been used by:aircraft have been used by:

Unlawful activityUnlawful activityGain geopolitical Gain geopolitical

attentionattentionSmuggle drugsSmuggle drugs

Unlawful activityUnlawful activityGain geopolitical Gain geopolitical

attentionattentionSmuggle drugsSmuggle drugs

TerroristsTerroristsTerroristsTerrorists

For:For:For:For:

CriminalsCriminalsCriminalsCriminalsSpecial interest groupsSpecial interest groupsSpecial interest groupsSpecial interest groups

Why is Aviation an essential economic Why is Aviation an essential economic viability?viability?

Why is Aviation an essential economic Why is Aviation an essential economic viability?viability?

World commerceWorld commercePassengersPassengers

CargoCargoInformation & knowledge sharingInformation & knowledge sharing

World commerceWorld commercePassengersPassengers

CargoCargoInformation & knowledge sharingInformation & knowledge sharing

What strategic and tactical systems What strategic and tactical systems are effective against criminal and are effective against criminal and

terrorist activity?terrorist activity?

What strategic and tactical systems What strategic and tactical systems are effective against criminal and are effective against criminal and

terrorist activity?terrorist activity?Managing pax needs:Managing pax needs:

ParkingParking Baggage check-inBaggage check-in

ScreeningScreening Guarding restricted Guarding restricted

areasareas Pax health concernsPax health concerns

Managing pax needs:Managing pax needs: ParkingParking

Baggage check-inBaggage check-in ScreeningScreening

Guarding restricted Guarding restricted areasareas

Pax health concernsPax health concerns

Who responsible for implementing Who responsible for implementing these systems?these systems?

Who responsible for implementing Who responsible for implementing these systems?these systems?

Security PersonnelSecurity Personnel

"Aviation is an effective and efficient mode "Aviation is an effective and efficient mode of transportation affecting worldwide social of transportation affecting worldwide social and economic stability. As such, aviation is and economic stability. As such, aviation is a target that both terrorists and criminals a target that both terrorists and criminals

highly desire."highly desire."

"Aviation is an effective and efficient mode "Aviation is an effective and efficient mode of transportation affecting worldwide social of transportation affecting worldwide social and economic stability. As such, aviation is and economic stability. As such, aviation is a target that both terrorists and criminals a target that both terrorists and criminals

highly desire."highly desire."

SpeedSpeedFace-to-face communication is preferred Face-to-face communication is preferred

What advantages does aviation have over What advantages does aviation have over competing forms of transportation:competing forms of transportation:

What other forms of transport does aviation What other forms of transport does aviation compete with?compete with?

What other forms of transport does aviation What other forms of transport does aviation compete with?compete with?

InternetInternetVideo conferencing/telecommutingVideo conferencing/telecommuting

RailRailTruckingTruckingWatercraftWatercraft

What could sustained criminal or What could sustained criminal or terrorist activity mean for aviation? terrorist activity mean for aviation?

What could sustained criminal or What could sustained criminal or terrorist activity mean for aviation? terrorist activity mean for aviation?

Pax demand shifts to alternate forms Pax demand shifts to alternate forms of interaction or travel:of interaction or travel:

Chartered aircraftChartered aircraftPrivate aircraftPrivate aircraftVideoconferencingVideoconferencing

Loss of business travelLoss of business travelSerious economic challenges for Serious economic challenges for

airlines airlines Possible restructuring of commercial Possible restructuring of commercial

aviationaviation

Pax demand shifts to alternate forms Pax demand shifts to alternate forms of interaction or travel:of interaction or travel:

Chartered aircraftChartered aircraftPrivate aircraftPrivate aircraftVideoconferencingVideoconferencing

Loss of business travelLoss of business travelSerious economic challenges for Serious economic challenges for

airlines airlines Possible restructuring of commercial Possible restructuring of commercial

aviationaviation

What makes the aviation What makes the aviation industry complex?industry complex?

What makes the aviation What makes the aviation industry complex?industry complex?

Infrastructure:Infrastructure:1. Aircraft operations1. Aircraft operations

• Commercial serviceCommercial service• Private opsPrivate ops• GAGA• Military opsMilitary ops

2. Airports2. Airports• Commercial serviceCommercial service• GAGA• PrivatePrivate• MilitaryMilitary

3. Supporting agencies3. Supporting agencies

Infrastructure:Infrastructure:1. Aircraft operations1. Aircraft operations

• Commercial serviceCommercial service• Private opsPrivate ops• GAGA• Military opsMilitary ops

2. Airports2. Airports• Commercial serviceCommercial service• GAGA• PrivatePrivate• MilitaryMilitary

3. Supporting agencies3. Supporting agencies

What was the purpose for What was the purpose for the terrorist attacks in the terrorist attacks in

the U.S. on 9/11?the U.S. on 9/11?

What was the purpose for What was the purpose for the terrorist attacks in the terrorist attacks in

the U.S. on 9/11?the U.S. on 9/11?

1. Damage global security1. Damage global security2. Damage U.S. economy.....2. Damage U.S. economy.....

How is our economy reliant on aviation?How is our economy reliant on aviation?

1. Damage global security1. Damage global security2. Damage U.S. economy.....2. Damage U.S. economy.....

How is our economy reliant on aviation?How is our economy reliant on aviation?

Terrorists: a breakdownTerrorists: a breakdownTerrorists: a breakdownTerrorists: a breakdown

1. Do not have forces or resources to defeat an 1. Do not have forces or resources to defeat an enemy via traditional military conflict.enemy via traditional military conflict.

2. Asymmetrical operations as an alternative2. Asymmetrical operations as an alternative

3. Goals are to cause targeted countries/societies 3. Goals are to cause targeted countries/societies to:to:• incur loss of lifeincur loss of life• Economic damageEconomic damage• Changes in policyChanges in policy• Other effectsOther effects

4. Attacks designed to diminish ability to protect 4. Attacks designed to diminish ability to protect or sustain safety and economic viability.or sustain safety and economic viability.

1. Do not have forces or resources to defeat an 1. Do not have forces or resources to defeat an enemy via traditional military conflict.enemy via traditional military conflict.

2. Asymmetrical operations as an alternative2. Asymmetrical operations as an alternative

3. Goals are to cause targeted countries/societies 3. Goals are to cause targeted countries/societies to:to:• incur loss of lifeincur loss of life• Economic damageEconomic damage• Changes in policyChanges in policy• Other effectsOther effects

4. Attacks designed to diminish ability to protect 4. Attacks designed to diminish ability to protect or sustain safety and economic viability.or sustain safety and economic viability.

What critical strategies can be What critical strategies can be employed to ensure further employed to ensure further

deterioration to the economy or deterioration to the economy or stability of a society due to terrorist stability of a society due to terrorist

attacks is properly managed?attacks is properly managed?

What critical strategies can be What critical strategies can be employed to ensure further employed to ensure further

deterioration to the economy or deterioration to the economy or stability of a society due to terrorist stability of a society due to terrorist

attacks is properly managed?attacks is properly managed?

Moderate the response so it is appropriate Moderate the response so it is appropriate Ensure technologies remain current and viable Ensure technologies remain current and viable

for defending against new threats.for defending against new threats.modern security systemsmodern security systems

Effective management and designEffective management and designEmployee security trainingEmployee security training

Passenger profilingPassenger profilingIntelligence acquisition and sharing, Intelligence acquisition and sharing,

particularly HUMINTparticularly HUMINTPROACTIVE....not ReactivePROACTIVE....not Reactive

Moderate the response so it is appropriate Moderate the response so it is appropriate Ensure technologies remain current and viable Ensure technologies remain current and viable

for defending against new threats.for defending against new threats.modern security systemsmodern security systems

Effective management and designEffective management and designEmployee security trainingEmployee security training

Passenger profilingPassenger profilingIntelligence acquisition and sharing, Intelligence acquisition and sharing,

particularly HUMINTparticularly HUMINTPROACTIVE....not ReactivePROACTIVE....not Reactive

"We must not stop moving forward "We must not stop moving forward in implementing proactive forms in implementing proactive forms

of security - our foes are of security - our foes are committed to their cause and we committed to their cause and we must be exceedingly committed to must be exceedingly committed to

ours."ours."

"We must not stop moving forward "We must not stop moving forward in implementing proactive forms in implementing proactive forms

of security - our foes are of security - our foes are committed to their cause and we committed to their cause and we must be exceedingly committed to must be exceedingly committed to

ours."ours."

The ability of a security system to appropriately The ability of a security system to appropriately respond and quickly recover is a fundamental principle respond and quickly recover is a fundamental principle in planning and managing aviation security systems.in planning and managing aviation security systems.

The ability of a security system to appropriately The ability of a security system to appropriately respond and quickly recover is a fundamental principle respond and quickly recover is a fundamental principle in planning and managing aviation security systems.in planning and managing aviation security systems.

Economic impact of civil aviation Economic impact of civil aviation in 2002 was: in 2002 was:

$900 billion and 11 million jobs$900 billion and 11 million jobs9% U.S. GDP9% U.S. GDP

88% is from Commercial Aviation88% is from Commercial Aviation12% from GA12% from GA

Economic impact of civil aviation Economic impact of civil aviation in 2002 was: in 2002 was:

$900 billion and 11 million jobs$900 billion and 11 million jobs9% U.S. GDP9% U.S. GDP

88% is from Commercial Aviation88% is from Commercial Aviation12% from GA12% from GA

• Impact of 9/11 on aviation:Impact of 9/11 on aviation:

Direct losses of $330 million per dayDirect losses of $330 million per dayAdditional losses to rental car, hotel, Additional losses to rental car, hotel, and tourist industries dependent on and tourist industries dependent on aviation for customersaviation for customersIncreased costs to airports and Increased costs to airports and airlines to meet government mandated airlines to meet government mandated security improvements - leeching monies security improvements - leeching monies allocated for maintenance, expansion, allocated for maintenance, expansion, and other capital improvement projectsand other capital improvement projectsImpact on NAS Impact on NAS

• Impact of 9/11 on aviation:Impact of 9/11 on aviation:

Direct losses of $330 million per dayDirect losses of $330 million per dayAdditional losses to rental car, hotel, Additional losses to rental car, hotel, and tourist industries dependent on and tourist industries dependent on aviation for customersaviation for customersIncreased costs to airports and Increased costs to airports and airlines to meet government mandated airlines to meet government mandated security improvements - leeching monies security improvements - leeching monies allocated for maintenance, expansion, allocated for maintenance, expansion, and other capital improvement projectsand other capital improvement projectsImpact on NAS Impact on NAS

In 2000, delays averaged 12 minutes per flight In 2000, delays averaged 12 minutes per flight totaling 142 million hours of pax delays and totaling 142 million hours of pax delays and nearly $10 billion in associated costs to the nearly $10 billion in associated costs to the

aviation industry.aviation industry.

In 2000, delays averaged 12 minutes per flight In 2000, delays averaged 12 minutes per flight totaling 142 million hours of pax delays and totaling 142 million hours of pax delays and nearly $10 billion in associated costs to the nearly $10 billion in associated costs to the

aviation industry.aviation industry.

Purpose of an Airline: to move pax and cargo Purpose of an Airline: to move pax and cargo from one place to another safely and securely from one place to another safely and securely

while still making a profit.while still making a profit.

Commercial vs. General Commercial vs. General

Purpose of an Airline: to move pax and cargo Purpose of an Airline: to move pax and cargo from one place to another safely and securely from one place to another safely and securely

while still making a profit.while still making a profit.

Commercial vs. General Commercial vs. General

• Aircraft typeAircraft type• For PayFor Pay• Facilitate businessFacilitate business• Privately ownedPrivately owned

*Commercial = uses aircraft to generate a profit*Commercial = uses aircraft to generate a profit 1. Scheduled service1. Scheduled service2. Public Charter2. Public Charter3. Private Charter3. Private Charter

*General = Aircraft are not directly used to generate a *General = Aircraft are not directly used to generate a profit but may enhance business opportunity as an profit but may enhance business opportunity as an efficient form of transportation.efficient form of transportation.1. Flight training1. Flight training2. Agricultural flying2. Agricultural flying3. Soaring3. Soaring4. experimental aircraft4. experimental aircraft5. Recreational Flying5. Recreational Flying6. Private Charter6. Private Charter

* Military = independent of commercial * Military = independent of commercial and general, but and general, but often uses commercial airports.often uses commercial airports.

• Aircraft typeAircraft type• For PayFor Pay• Facilitate businessFacilitate business• Privately ownedPrivately owned

*Commercial = uses aircraft to generate a profit*Commercial = uses aircraft to generate a profit 1. Scheduled service1. Scheduled service2. Public Charter2. Public Charter3. Private Charter3. Private Charter

*General = Aircraft are not directly used to generate a *General = Aircraft are not directly used to generate a profit but may enhance business opportunity as an profit but may enhance business opportunity as an efficient form of transportation.efficient form of transportation.1. Flight training1. Flight training2. Agricultural flying2. Agricultural flying3. Soaring3. Soaring4. experimental aircraft4. experimental aircraft5. Recreational Flying5. Recreational Flying6. Private Charter6. Private Charter

* Military = independent of commercial * Military = independent of commercial and general, but and general, but often uses commercial airports.often uses commercial airports.

Airline Management = organizational Airline Management = organizational structures vary depending on the size structures vary depending on the size and history of the airline, itand history of the airline, it ’’s route s route

structure (domestic or intstructure (domestic or int ’’l), and l), and type of aircraft (regional or long type of aircraft (regional or long

haul). haul).

Airline Management = organizational Airline Management = organizational structures vary depending on the size structures vary depending on the size and history of the airline, itand history of the airline, it ’’s route s route

structure (domestic or intstructure (domestic or int ’’l), and l), and type of aircraft (regional or long type of aircraft (regional or long

haul). haul).

Airline Economics = points dependent on security staffing and Airline Economics = points dependent on security staffing and security equipment deployedsecurity equipment deployed

* Airlines operate on small profit margins = 1-2%* Airlines operate on small profit margins = 1-2%* Revenues are seasonal - summer traffic* Revenues are seasonal - summer traffic* 26% (majority) revenue comes from business travelers* 26% (majority) revenue comes from business travelers* High traffic times = before 10am and after 4pm* High traffic times = before 10am and after 4pm* Passenger flow through an airport* Passenger flow through an airport* Time of day and time of year* Time of day and time of year

Most airlines are operating on loans. Cash flow is necessary Most airlines are operating on loans. Cash flow is necessary to repay debt.to repay debt.

* 1/3 of airline* 1/3 of airline’’s revenue is allocated to labor, many are s revenue is allocated to labor, many are unionizedunionized* Labor positions include: Pilots, flight Attendants, * Labor positions include: Pilots, flight Attendants, Reservation, ticket, gate and cargo agents; Security Reservation, ticket, gate and cargo agents; Security personnel; Cooks; Administrative assistants; Revenue personnel; Cooks; Administrative assistants; Revenue planners; Schedulers and dispatchers; Accountants; Lawyers; planners; Schedulers and dispatchers; Accountants; Lawyers; Human resource managers; Aircraft cleaners; Baggage handlers.Human resource managers; Aircraft cleaners; Baggage handlers.

Airline Economics = points dependent on security staffing and Airline Economics = points dependent on security staffing and security equipment deployedsecurity equipment deployed

* Airlines operate on small profit margins = 1-2%* Airlines operate on small profit margins = 1-2%* Revenues are seasonal - summer traffic* Revenues are seasonal - summer traffic* 26% (majority) revenue comes from business travelers* 26% (majority) revenue comes from business travelers* High traffic times = before 10am and after 4pm* High traffic times = before 10am and after 4pm* Passenger flow through an airport* Passenger flow through an airport* Time of day and time of year* Time of day and time of year

Most airlines are operating on loans. Cash flow is necessary Most airlines are operating on loans. Cash flow is necessary to repay debt.to repay debt.

* 1/3 of airline* 1/3 of airline’’s revenue is allocated to labor, many are s revenue is allocated to labor, many are unionizedunionized* Labor positions include: Pilots, flight Attendants, * Labor positions include: Pilots, flight Attendants, Reservation, ticket, gate and cargo agents; Security Reservation, ticket, gate and cargo agents; Security personnel; Cooks; Administrative assistants; Revenue personnel; Cooks; Administrative assistants; Revenue planners; Schedulers and dispatchers; Accountants; Lawyers; planners; Schedulers and dispatchers; Accountants; Lawyers; Human resource managers; Aircraft cleaners; Baggage handlers.Human resource managers; Aircraft cleaners; Baggage handlers.

Airline industry is very sensitive to fluctuations of Airline industry is very sensitive to fluctuations of the national economythe national economy

In relation to Aviation Security, if airlines raise In relation to Aviation Security, if airlines raise fares to cover costs associated with new security fares to cover costs associated with new security requirements, then passenger load factors may also requirements, then passenger load factors may also

decrease. Because of small profit margins, the airline decrease. Because of small profit margins, the airline industry is watchful of security practices that may industry is watchful of security practices that may

increase costs.increase costs.

Airline industry is very sensitive to fluctuations of Airline industry is very sensitive to fluctuations of the national economythe national economy

In relation to Aviation Security, if airlines raise In relation to Aviation Security, if airlines raise fares to cover costs associated with new security fares to cover costs associated with new security requirements, then passenger load factors may also requirements, then passenger load factors may also

decrease. Because of small profit margins, the airline decrease. Because of small profit margins, the airline industry is watchful of security practices that may industry is watchful of security practices that may

increase costs.increase costs.

Airline Inter-departmental dependence = when a Airline Inter-departmental dependence = when a flight cancels or delays significantly because flight cancels or delays significantly because of a bomb threat, many other flights for that of a bomb threat, many other flights for that airline are also affected. If flights were airline are also affected. If flights were delayed or canceled each time a threat was delayed or canceled each time a threat was issued, one individual could call several issued, one individual could call several

airlines and shut down the U.S. aviation system. airlines and shut down the U.S. aviation system. For this reason bomb threats are vetted as For this reason bomb threats are vetted as thoroughly as possible before canceling or thoroughly as possible before canceling or

delaying a flight.delaying a flight.

NAS is also highly sensitive = triggers NAS is also highly sensitive = triggers cancellations of dozens and sometimes hundreds cancellations of dozens and sometimes hundreds of flights. A security breach at an airport can of flights. A security breach at an airport can also have economic impact by disrupting aviation also have economic impact by disrupting aviation

operations.operations.

Airline Inter-departmental dependence = when a Airline Inter-departmental dependence = when a flight cancels or delays significantly because flight cancels or delays significantly because of a bomb threat, many other flights for that of a bomb threat, many other flights for that airline are also affected. If flights were airline are also affected. If flights were delayed or canceled each time a threat was delayed or canceled each time a threat was issued, one individual could call several issued, one individual could call several

airlines and shut down the U.S. aviation system. airlines and shut down the U.S. aviation system. For this reason bomb threats are vetted as For this reason bomb threats are vetted as thoroughly as possible before canceling or thoroughly as possible before canceling or

delaying a flight.delaying a flight.

NAS is also highly sensitive = triggers NAS is also highly sensitive = triggers cancellations of dozens and sometimes hundreds cancellations of dozens and sometimes hundreds of flights. A security breach at an airport can of flights. A security breach at an airport can also have economic impact by disrupting aviation also have economic impact by disrupting aviation

operations.operations.

DIA = 800 departures/day ($12,600) DIA = 800 departures/day ($12,600)

Noon: Security Breach = concourse evacuation and resterilization Noon: Security Breach = concourse evacuation and resterilization begins.begins.*390 flights already affected = $4.9 million revenue at risk*390 flights already affected = $4.9 million revenue at risk

With successful resterilization, perpetrator is found or no risk is With successful resterilization, perpetrator is found or no risk is determined, flight resume with at least a 2 hour delay.determined, flight resume with at least a 2 hour delay.

If only half the original flights were canceled, the airport If only half the original flights were canceled, the airport recognizes a net loss of $2.5 millionrecognizes a net loss of $2.5 million

Across the USA, other airports are affectedAcross the USA, other airports are affected

By 5pm, 200 more flights out of Chicago are affected, and by 9pm By 5pm, 200 more flights out of Chicago are affected, and by 9pm 800 total flights across the USA are affected.800 total flights across the USA are affected.

Resterilization procedures result in long security screening lines, Resterilization procedures result in long security screening lines, upset travelers, and lost revenue. upset travelers, and lost revenue.

Airport experiences a loss in productivityAirport experiences a loss in productivity

Airline personnel are called away from primary job duties to assist Airline personnel are called away from primary job duties to assist the resterilization process.the resterilization process.

Airlines lose significant revenue when security breaches occur.Airlines lose significant revenue when security breaches occur.

DIA = 800 departures/day ($12,600) DIA = 800 departures/day ($12,600)

Noon: Security Breach = concourse evacuation and resterilization Noon: Security Breach = concourse evacuation and resterilization begins.begins.*390 flights already affected = $4.9 million revenue at risk*390 flights already affected = $4.9 million revenue at risk

With successful resterilization, perpetrator is found or no risk is With successful resterilization, perpetrator is found or no risk is determined, flight resume with at least a 2 hour delay.determined, flight resume with at least a 2 hour delay.

If only half the original flights were canceled, the airport If only half the original flights were canceled, the airport recognizes a net loss of $2.5 millionrecognizes a net loss of $2.5 million

Across the USA, other airports are affectedAcross the USA, other airports are affected

By 5pm, 200 more flights out of Chicago are affected, and by 9pm By 5pm, 200 more flights out of Chicago are affected, and by 9pm 800 total flights across the USA are affected.800 total flights across the USA are affected.

Resterilization procedures result in long security screening lines, Resterilization procedures result in long security screening lines, upset travelers, and lost revenue. upset travelers, and lost revenue.

Airport experiences a loss in productivityAirport experiences a loss in productivity

Airline personnel are called away from primary job duties to assist Airline personnel are called away from primary job duties to assist the resterilization process.the resterilization process.

Airlines lose significant revenue when security breaches occur.Airlines lose significant revenue when security breaches occur.