AVIATION HISTORYAVIATION HISTORY

Lecture 3: Basic Aircraft

By: Zuliana Ismail

Types of airplane and their usesCommercial airplane Scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying both

passengers and cargo. The larger passenger-carrying types are often referred

to as airliners Some of the smaller types are also used in general

aviation

Passenger/ Cargo Aircraft Airbus A380

Types of airplane and their uses

Military Fighters and bombers (shooting, combat) Search and rescue, reconnaissance (spying),

observation transport, and tanker aircraft among others.

Fighter Aircraft

Military airplane

Black WidowWorld’s Smallest Spy

Aircraft

Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber

Refueling an airplane in mid-air

Types of airplane and their uses

General and Private General- Business jets , trainers, aerobatic

types, racers, gliders, firefighters, medical transports, and cargo transports.

Private- Light passenger, business, or recreational types.

Used for a wide range of commercial tasks, such as flight training, policing, crop spraying, and medical evacuations.

Private Aircraft

Crop Spraying

Medical Evacuations

Tiltrotor plane’s

Types of airplane and their uses

Experimental aircraft Built and used to explore some aspect of

aircraft design. The Bell X-1 rocket plane, which first broke

the sound barrier (travel more than speed of sound-supersonic) in level flight, is a famous example.

X-15

Major Parts of Airplane

WING

EMPENNAGE

ENGINE

FUSELAGE

Parts of an AirplaneFuselage: Basic structure of the airplane to which wings,

empennage and landing gear are attached. It is designed to hold passengers, crews & cargo.Empennage (tail): Consists of vertical stabilizer & horizontal

stabilizer. It provides the greatest stabilizing influence of all

the components of an airplane.

Parts of an Airplane

Engine: Provides the thrust necessary for powered flight. The types of engine depends on the mission

requirements of the airplane.Wing The wing is an airfoil attached to the fuselage and is

designed to produce lift. It may contain fuel cells, engine nacelles and landing

gear. Airplane control surfaces (aileron, flaps, slat and spoiler)

also attached on it.

Wing

High Wing: Wing on top (very stable)

Mid Wing: Wing in middle (acrobatic)

Low Wing: Wing on bottom (less drag)

Parts of an Airplane

Landing gear : The landing gear can be fixed in place or retractable. Many small airplanes have fixed landing gear which

increases drag, but keeps the airplane lightweight. Larger, faster and more complex aircraft have retractable

landing gear that can reduced weight. Most planes today use what is called a tricycle landing

gear arrangement. This system has two large main gear units located near

the middle of the plane and a single smaller nose gear unit near the nose of the aircraft.

Parts of an Airplane

Cockpit/ Flight Deck Front part of the fuselage and contains all the instruments

needed to fly the plane. The cockpits have hardened doors, securing them from

unauthorized persons during flight, takeoffs and landings. Cabin Section of the fuselage for passengers, cargo, or both. A

typical passenger cabin has galleys for food preparation; lavatories; one or more seating compartments & etc

Cargo Below the passenger deck where cargo and baggage are

carried.

Boeing 747

RudderAileronFlaps

ElevatorRudder

Primary Control Surfaces

Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wing tips. Provide roll control- Roll the aircraft to the

right or left. Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tail

Provide pitch control-Nosing the aircraft up and down.

Rudder: vertical surface located on the tail Provide yaw control- turning the aircraft to the

left or right.

Additional Control SurfacesFlaps: A movable control surface on the aircraft wing,

used to change the amount of lift generated. Flaps deflect downward during take-off & landing

to increase lift. Flaps retracted immediately after landing to

decrease lift.Slats: A movable control surface on the aircraft wing,

also used to change the amount of lift generated. Slats enable the airplane to get off the ground

quickly and to land more slowly.

Additional Control SurfacesSpoilers: Located on the upper wing which, when opened,

decreases lift and increases drag. They reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the

top of the wing. They are used during the descend prior to landing

and immediately after landing.

Spoiler

Basic Aircraft

4 Forces acted on an 4 Forces acted on an airplaneairplane

4 Forces acted on airplane

1. Thrust The force that moves the aircraft through the

air. Generate by the engine

2. Lift This force is generated by the flow of air

around the airplane especially to the wing. Amount of lift generated depends on airspeed,

angle of attack, airfoil shape, wing area.

Lift Equation

ρ=density, V=velocity, S = wing area, Cl=coefficient of lift (vary wit h AoA).

In designing an aircraft wing, it is better to get the higher coefficient of lift.

Coefficient of lift is vary with angle of attack. That’s why by changing the angle of attack, the

amount of generated lift can be adjusted.

Forces acted on Aircraft3. Drag Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft ‘feels’ as it

moves through the air. Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce drag. Drag important during landing in order to slow down

the aircraft.4. Weight Weight is the earth’s gravity pulls down on objects and

gives them weight. It includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the fuel.

Airplane can fly because…….Airplane can fly because…….1. Four forces acted on the plane2. Thrust generated by the engine3. Lift force produced by airflow to the Wing.

4. Drag is air resistance 5. Weight is gravitational pull

ThrustThrustLiftLiftBoeing 747

How airplane flies? There are actually four forces (thrust, lift, drag

and weight) acting on airplane. When taking off, the plane is moving at high

speed on the runway due to the thrust generated by the engine.

As engines are attached to the wing of an airplane, its thrust will be applied to the airplane.

The airflows pass over the wings generate a lift force.

To allow the airplane take-off, Lift force must greater than the plane’s weight and thrust force must greater than the drag force .

How Lift is Created As airplanes fly, air is pushed above and below

their wings. Due to the shape of the airfoil which is the top

surface more curve than the below, makes the airflow travel faster over the top of the wing and slower below the wing. Lift

Slower Airflow

Faster Airflow

How airplane flies?

According to the Bernoulli’s principles ,an increase in velocity leads to a decrease in pressure.

So that, the air pressure below the wing is higher meanwhile the air pressure above the wing is lower.

This difference in pressure pushes the wings up. And as both wings are attached on the fuselage, the

whole airplane body also goes up. If enough lift is created or lift is greater than the

plane’s weight, the plane naturally lift into the air.

Airfoil SectionAirfoil is the cross section of the wing that produces lift or

any aerodynamic effect as it passes through the air. Leading Edge: Front edge of wing Trailing Edge: Back edge of wing Camber: Center line between top and bottom of wing Chord Line: Line connecting leading edge and trailing

edge

Angle of Attack (AoA) Relative wind: direction of the airstream in

relation to airfoil.

Angle of Attack (AoA): Angle between the chord line and the relative wind

Angle of Attack (AoA)

The angle of attack (AoA) is related to the amount of lift.

AoA , Lift It changes during a flight as the pilot changes

the direction of the airplane. Too high an AoA (exceed the critical value)

can cause the airplane stalls. Stall means airplane loss of LIFT force, thus

the airplane may goes down.

Stall: Loss of lift caused by the breakdown of airflow over the wing the Angle of Attack (AoA) passes a critical point.

Airplane Stability and Control

Airplane can be controlled by their three axes, roll axis, pitch axis and yaw axis. As an airplane moves through the air, their three axes system also moves.

This movement can be described by the movement of its center of gravity.

3 Main Control Surfaces The main control surfaces for an airplane are

the ailerons (for roll), elevators(for pitch) and rudder(for yaw).

Pilot control the movement of the airplane using the control sticks/ yokes and rudder pedals inside the cockpit.

control yokes

Ailerons Ailerons are used to roll or rotate the aircraft When the pilot moves the control stick to the

right the right aileron moves up and the left aileron moves down.

This causes more lift on the left wing and less lift on the right wing.

The difference in forces causes the aircraft to roll to the right.

Ailerons

When the pilot moves the control stick to the left the left aileron moves up and the right aileron moves down.

This causes more lift on the right wing and less lift on the left wing.

The difference in forces causes the aircraft to roll to the left.

Elevator

Elevators are used to pitch the aircraft up or down causing it to climb or dive

To climb, the pilot pulls the control stick back causing the elevators to deflected up.

This in turn causes the airflow to force the tail down and the nose up.

To dive, the pilot pushes the control stick forward causing elevator to deflect down.

This in turn causes the airflow to lift the tail up and nose down.

Rudder

The rudder turns the aircraft right or left. On the vertical tail, the rudder moves from side

to side, pushing the tail in a left or right direction. To turn right, the pilot steps on the right rudder

pedals. This causes rudder tilt to the right . When rudder tilts to the right , more lift is

created on the right, which pushes the vertical stabilizer to the left.

This in turn causes the airplane nose turn right.