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Aviation and the Environment
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Aviation and the Environment Aviation and the Environment Presented by Martin Otzik Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Institute of Technology Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation April 28th, 2009 Orlando, Florida, USA
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Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Institute of Technology Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation. Aviation and the Environment. Presented by Martin Otzik. April 28th, 2009 Orlando, Florida, USA. Giovanni Bisignani IATA Director General and CEO IATA Annual General Meeting 2007 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Aviation and the Environment
Aviation and the EnvironmentAviation and the Environment
Presented by Martin Otzik
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation
April 28th, 2009Orlando, Florida, USA
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 2
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 3
“Air transport must aim to become an industry that does not pollute —
zero emissions! “
Giovanni BisignaniIATA Director General and CEO
IATA Annual General Meeting 2007Vancouver
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 4
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 5
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 6
Aviation Growth
Sources: Airbus 2007, Global Market Forecast 2007 – 2026; IATA, ICAO
0
2
4
6
8
10
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
[Trillion RPK]
Air traffic has doubled
every 15 years Air traffic will double
in the next 15 years
0
2
4
6
8
10
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
[Trillion RPK]
Air traffic has doubled
every 15 years Air traffic will double
in the next 15 years
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 7
Goals of GHG Emission Reduction
Kyoto Protocol: (compared to 1990 level)
– 8% European Union by 2012– 7% USA by 2012 (not ratified)
Obama Administration’ Agenda:– 80% reduction of GHG emissions by 2050
IATA:– Aviation Zero Emission by 2050
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 8
Carbon Footprint - No Problem?
Percentage of anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Aviation2%
Other Transportation Sources
13%Other Sources
85%
Source: IPCC, “Aviation and the Global Atmosphere”
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 9
Yes, there‘s a problem.
• Continuing growth of global aviation
Emissions will outgrowth efficiency gain
• Radiative Forcing Index– Includes other emissions: Ozone, methane,
contrails, soot, etc.– Cirrus cloud effects not fully understood
Total radiative forcing index: 2.2 – 3.7
Aviation’s carbon footprint increases!
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 10
Air Traffic and Carbon Dioxide
100
150
200
250
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
[%]
Air Traffic (RPK)
CO2 Emission
2 % SFC gain per year
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 11
The Industry has understood!
Signed by: ACI, CANSO, IATA, ICCAIA, Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, Embraer, CFM, GE, Pratt & Whitney. Rolls-Royce, ATAG
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 12
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 13
ACARE Goals for 2020
Environmental Goals
• 50% less fuel and CO2
• 50% less noise
• 80% less NOX
• Reduction of environmental impact
Air Transport SystemEfficiency Goals• Three times more
movements• 99% on schedule
performance in all weather conditions
ACARE (Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe) = Expert group from all aviation system stakeholders
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 15
Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative
• - 10 to 20 % fuel burn• - 5 to 10 dB noise • Reduction of drag• New aircraft config.
• Aircraft energy concepts
• Green trajectories • Improved ground ops• New ops management
• Contra fan• Open rotor• Alternative fuels
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 16
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 18
Still Room For Engine Improvement
Source: Development of the BPR and SFC (Martens 2007)
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 19
Innovative Engines – Near future
Geared Turbofan (GTF)
SFC: -6 to -10% (compared to 2000 Status)Noise: -15 to -20 EPNdB Mass: +8 to +10%
Entry into Service: 2013 as P&W PurePower PW1000G Mitsubishi Regional Jet and Bombardier CSeries
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 20
Innovative Engines – Far Future
SFC: -16 to -20% (compared to 2000 status)
Noise: -18 to -22 EPNdB (compared to Chapter 4)
NOX: -50% CAEP/6
Higher Mass
To be realized not before 2035
Engines with Intercooler and Heat Exchanger
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 21
Alternative Fuel Options
Drop In – Synth. Fuels Non „Drop In“ - Cryogenic
CTL Approved 04/08 LNG • Low energy content per unit volume
• Availability• Infrastructure
GTL Test flight 02/08
BTL 4 test flights 02/08 to 01/09
LH2
Ethanol 35% lower energy content
Fos
sil
Ren
ewab
le
IATA Goal: 10% alternative fuels by 2017
Source: Airbus
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 22
ATC/ATM – Current Initiatives
Single European Sky ATM Research
(2005 – 2020)
Next Generation Air Trans-portation System
(2005 – 2025)
Elimination of Fragmentation
Security
Goals: More Capacity, Increased Safety,Higher Efficiency, Less Delays
System Wide Information Management
Trajectory Based Operation
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 23
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 24
Airport Emission Charges
• Emission charges at 15 European airports• Yet no implementation outside Europe
Airports (selection) Effective Fees*
A320 B777
Switzerland Zürich 1997 0 USD 265 USD
Sweden Stockholm 1997 85 USD 507 USD
Germany Frankfurt 2008 48 USD 286 USD
UK Heathrow 2004 39 USD 233 USD
France Euroairport 2003 58 USD (bonus) 451 USD
* Approximate fees (emissions only) per landing; A320-200 with CFM-56 engines, B777-300 with GE-90 engines
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 25
Emission Trading Scheme - ETS
• Aviation will be included in the European ETS from 2012
• All Airlines flying from/to and within EU• Legal problems of including non EU Airlines
(ATA: “European Aviation ETS illegal”)
• 5.3 billion EUR annual cost for European airlines (AEA estimates)
• EU: Demand growth drop from 142% (business as usual) to 135% (ETS) in 2020
Increase per flight in 2012 Short haul Medium haul Long haul
Aircraft Operating Cost (USD) 35 – 105 70 – 210 340 – 1025
Ticket Price (USD) 0.30 – 1.05 0.60 – 2.25 1.50 – 4.35Source: CE Delft, „Giving wings to emission trading”; July 2005
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 26
Average Fuel Consumption of the World Passenger Fleet
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
RPK and Total FuelConsumption WithoutTechnology Improvements
A 380B 787
B 747-8
A 350
A 320B 737succ.
Total Fuel Consumption WithTechnology Improvements
ACARE
Sustainable Aviation
ETS?
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 27
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 28
Innovative Noise Abatement Procedures
• e.g. Segmented Continuous Descent Approach procedure
• precise timing required for configuration changes• precise vertical guidance required (APPR)• upcoming systems needed (Auto Slat/Flap System)
SCDA-Procedure A330
MISC. DATE AIRPORT APPROACH GROSSWEIGHT GW - CG ZFW ZFW - CG ELEV.
RWY08L TEMP
WEATHER / VISIBILITY
WIND QNH
Leiser Verkehr EA1637C Simulator ZFB-Berlin
17. 02. 2004 MUC ILS RWY 08 L (IMNE) 164000 kg 28.3 % MAC 151000 kg 29 % MAC 1467 ft MSL
ISA CAVOK / NIGHT /
Visibility unrestricted 0/0 1013
FUEL FREEZE: ON SIM-REPOS: via CTS-Script-File on Terminal
START OF PROCEDURE POINT OF DESCENT DECELERATION POINT STEEP SEGMENT
Lat: 48° 17` 16.59`` Long: 10° 51` 3.73``
Radial: 262° DME: 38.0 NM of DMN
Lat: 48° 18` 21.67`` Long: 11° 4` 20.43``
Radial: 262° DME: 29.1 of DMN
Lat: 48° 19` 18.71`` Long: 11° 15` 58.89`
Radial: 262° DME: 21.3 NM of DMN
Lat: 48° 20` 28.17`` Long: 11° 30` 9.87``
Radial: 261° DME: 11.8 NM of DMN
NO. GATE ACTION-ITEM
0 @ 38 NM to DMN 250 kts, 9000 ft, ALT, AP1, A/THR, FD, LS 1 @ 29,1 NM to DMN FPA –2,6°, 2700 ft, VTGT = 135 kts 2 @ 7000‘ FPA –1,0° 3 @ + 10 kts = 215 kts FLAPS 1 4 @ VFENEXT - 10 kts = 195 kts FLAPS 2 5 @ FLAPS 2 GEAR DOWN 6 @ GEAR DOWN FPA –5,5°, FLAPS 3 7 @ FLAPS 3 FLAPS 4 8 @ FLAPS 4 APPR 9 Stabilize Descent before reaching 2500‘ 5000 ft (GA-Alt), manual flight
10 Landing
LOM
FPA -2,6°
FPA -5,5°
9000‘ (7500‘) FLAPS 1
FLAPS 2
Deceleration Height 7000‘ (5500‘)
GEAR DOWN FLAPS 3
FAP MAGAT
GP -3,0°
3500‘ (2000‘)
2500‘ (1000‘)
5000‘ (3500‘)
Distance to Threshold [NM]
Altitude [ft MSL]
FLAPS 4
FPA –1,0°
POD = 29.1 NM of DMN- DME
2700‘
Deceleration = 21.3 NM of DMN-DME @ 7000‘
Steep Descent = 11.8 NM of DMN-DME @ 5930‘
FLAPS 2
GP INTERCEPT
FPA - Change FLAPS 1
FLAPS 3 GEAR DOWN
Start of Procedure
FLAPS 4
Source: DLR-FT (Braunschweig)
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 29
Conclusion For Future Green Operations
• more complex procedures require more system knowledge and understanding
• additional systems needed such as enhanced HMI and ASFS (Auto Slat/Flap System)
• all together higher automation levels
more specialized training needed
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität BerlinBerlin Institute of Technology
April 28April 28thth, 2009, 2009Orlando, Florida, USAOrlando, Florida, USA 30
Aviation and the Environment
Martin Otzik Technische Universität [email protected] Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation
Flying Green is Possible!
