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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2018; 5(1): 214-227

ISSN 2347-2677

IJFBS 2018; 5(1): 214-227

Received: 05-11-2017

Accepted: 06-12-2017

AMK Bharos

State Co-Ordinator IBCN

(BNHS), Chhattisgarh,

Gayatrinagar, Raipur,

Chhattisgarh, India

Faiz Bux

Research Scholar, Dept. of

Botany, Govt. D.B.G. P.G.

College, Kalibadi, RAIPUR,

Chhattisgarh, India

Krishnendu Basak

Nova Nature Welfare Society,

Chhoti Masjid, Byron Bazar,

Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Moiz Ahmed

Nova Nature Welfare Society,

Chhoti Masjid, Byron Bazar,

Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Akhilesh Bharos

Naturalist Singhinawa Resort,

Kanha National Park, Mandla,

Madhya Pradesh, India

Correspondence

AMK Bharos

State Co-Ordinator IBCN

(BNHS), Chhattisgarh,

Gayatrinagar, Raipur,

Chhattisgarh, India

Avian diversity and range extensions records from

Udanti-Sitanadi tiger reserve, Chhattisgarh, India

AMK Bharos, Faiz Bux, Krishnendu Basak, Moiz Ahmed and Akhilesh

Bharos

Abstract This study has been undertaken to document the avian species of the Tiger Reserve, which was formed

by clubbing of erstwhile Udanti and Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries located in Gariband and Dhamtari

districts of Chhattisgarh respectively, which is an IBA site. The location of the Udanti Sitanadi Tiger

Reserve (USTR) is in close proximity of Eastern Ghats, which affords the migration of several avian

species, extending their distribution range. The aim was to determine range extension status and diversity

of avian into USTR and adjoining forests. Study revealed presence of 246 species in forest, wetland and

other types of habitats in and around. Of which six (6) species from Eastern Ghats, three (3) species from

Western Ghats and six (6) Himalayan species were recorded extending their distribution range to USTR.

Out of 246 species, 14 IUCN species were recorded, three (3) Critically Endangered, one (1)

Endangered, and ten (10) Near Threatened. Major threats to the USTR are the future kimberlite mining

and consequent habitat destruction.

Keywords: Udanti, Sitanadi, USTR, avifauna, occurrence, range extension

Introduction

Chhattisgarh, the newly carved state from Madhya Pradesh in the year 2000, has about 44%

forest cover. It has eight forest types as per the classification laid down by Champion & Seth [14]. The overall biodiversity is very rich which attracts a good number of avian species

including from the Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and Himalayan region.

The Eastern Ghats are spread through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. They consist of

about 75,000 sq. km. with an average width of 200 km in the north and 100km in the south and

extend over a length of 1,750 km between the River Mahanadi in the north and River Vaigai in

the south, along the East Coast of India. The northern most boundary of the Eastern Ghats

consists of the Mahanadi basin and merge with the tips of the Bastar. The Eastern Ghats

supports nearly 400 species and subspecies of birds [29].

The region of study, Udanti–Sitanadi Tiger Reserve (USTR) is an Important Bird Area site,

situated 210 km, and Sitanadi Sanctuary situated 175 km South-east of Raipur. It is pre-

dominantly Sal forest intermixed with other species. The forests of USTR are connected

through the forests of Kanker, Kondagaon and Jagdalpur (Bastar) and other forests of the

Bastar region. Two major reservoirs Sondur in Gariaband district and Sikesar in Dhamtari

district exist on the periphery of the USTR and part of them are included in the study area.

The intention of this study is also to determine the distribution and range extension records of

the avifauna from Eastern and Western ghats into USTR. Studies undertaken in the past years

by Whistler & Kinnear (from 1932-1937) [45-47] and the Hyderabad State Ornithology Survey [3-7], Abdulali [1] Krishna Raju et al. [31], Price [40], Ripley et al. [42], D’Abreu [19-21] in Central

Province, Ali [8, 9] in Central India, Ali & Ripley [10], Chandra et al. [15, 16] in Madhya Pradesh

including Chhattisgarh and Bastar Plateau, Das et al. [18] Sunabeda WLS, Odisha, Daniel et al. [17] Eastern Ghat, Govindraj [25], Lahkar et al. [32] and Palei et al. [37] at Sunabeda WLS Odisha,

Srinivaslu [44] at Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary(KWS) Northern Andhra Pradesh, Selva Kumar [43]

studied the birds of Araku, Vishakhapatnam. Birds in collection of BNHS Abdulali [1] were

referred for status determination of Eastern Ghat species in USTR.

The avifauna of USTR has not been documented in the past or recent years, but only sporadic

work has been done despite its richness. The species found here includes the range extension

species from the Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and even Himalayan. The importance of this

study lies in the fact that, the Himalayan species and species from other region have been

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

recorded migrating to Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas, for

wintering. The study by Price [34] reveals that the Eastern Ghat

habitat is leading towards destruction having a serious impact

on birdlife. It is clear that there is insufficient habitat for large

numbers of some species of Palaearctic migrants to over

winter successfully. Breeding population of many forest

dwelling species are being reduced citing the example of

Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra) to near

extinction. Several range extensions to South direction

(towards Eastern Ghats) from the Simlipal Hills in Orissa

(now Odisha) are recorded. The forested area is more

important than hitherto thought as a wintering ground for

Palaearctic migrants, and in particular as a stopover for

passage migrants.

The forest connectivity exist between Simplipal Hills

(Odisha) to northern parts of Eastern ghats and westwards to

Western regions of Odisha, thence to Chhattisgarh. The

connectivity to Satpura range is through forest of Kanha

National Park, Amarkantak and Achanakmar Tiger Reserve,

and from Western Ghats through the Deccan Peninsula

including Andhra Pradesh. D’Abreu [20] has opined for the

birds of Western Ghats have a tendency to invade the Central

Provinces from this direction.

Most of the Himalayan avian species show altitudinal

movements towards the Indian Peninsula for wintering [28].

This suggests the range extension by Himalayan species into

Central India including Chhattisgarh.

This cause can be attributed to increased tendency by avian to

extend their distribution range. This status was found during

our study of USTR, where Eastern Ghat species were

recorded, owing to the remaining similar or near similar

habitat which attracted convergence of species found from

three regions mentioned above. USTR is a part of this

convergence area, this situation may probably lead to

Establishment of the individual species, further Establishment

of the species at selective Stations as opined by Hora [28] in his

‘Satpura Hypothesis’.

This study will also support future ornithological studies, as

so far no study for the region, on the matter of range

extension from Eastern Ghats and other discussed regions to

USTR were found available, hence the study attempted

becomes more pertinent. With the prevailing changes in

climate and ecological conditions this documentation was felt

essential and attains importance. The prospects of

hybridization can also not be ignored. As the species arriving

from the Himalayan zone, Eastern and Western Ghats choose

this region as remaining suitable habitat. There are prime

chances and likelihood of species hybridization and probable

speciation in time to come. Thus, the study at USTR attains

more importance and will provide a baseline data and afford

greater scope for conservation and furtherance of

ornithological studies.

General Description

The Udanti (20º 08’ 16” N, 82º 22’ 17.69” E) and Sitanadi

(20º 8’40”N, 81º 58’ 31”E) wildlife sanctuaries derive their

name from the rivers Udanti and Sitanadi which flow through

the respective sanctuaries. Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve

(USTR), overlaps the districts of Gariaband & Dhamtari,

Chhattisgarh. These are two separate sanctuaries combined

together to form one Tiger Reserve as per the gazette

notification No.F8-43/2007/10-2, Dated: 20th February, 2009.

Of which, the Core I of the Tiger Reserve was declared as

Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary under the gazette notification

No./15/4/83/10/2, Dated: 9th March, 1984 and Core II of the

Tiger reserve, Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, Dhamtari Dist.

was declared as sanctuary under the gazette notification

No./5093-3725/X/2/74, Dated: 1st November, 1974 by the

then undivided Government of Madhya Pradesh. The

geographical area of the tiger reserve is 1842.54 sq. km. out

of which 851.09 sq. km. is Core Area and 991.45 sq. km. is

Buffer Area.

The USTR includes ranges of Tourenga, Mainpur, Indagaon

and Kulhadighat of Udanti Forest Division, parts of

Dhawalpur range of East Raipur Forest Division, Gariaband

District, and parts of Sankara range of Dhamtari Forest

Division, Dhamtari District. The eastern periphery of Udanti

Sanctuary forms an interstate boundary amidst Chhattisgarh

and Odisha. Both these sanctuaries are connected by 30 km

corridor of good forest cover and form a compact forest for

free movement of wildlife, particularly the Avifauna, hence it

is regarded as an allied IBA (Important Bird Area).

The forest types of USTR are Dry Tropical Peninsular Sal

forest and Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Mixed forest [14].

The dominant plant species is Sal (Shorea robusta) mixed

with species of Terminalia, Anogeissus, Pterocarpus, and

Bamboo. Teak (Tectona grandis) is also found in Udanti. Sal

forest covers about 34%, Miscellaneous forest occupies

61.55% and Teak covers 4.4% the latter being an introduced

species into the area [29].

Methodology

The study area covered the hilly and plain forest area, parts of

Sondur (20º 11’ 41” N, 82º 6’ 6’ E) and Sikasar (20º 28’ 45”

N, 82º 18’ 53”E) reservoirs, rivers Udanti, Sitanadi, and

Dasin and several small wetlands, along with surrounding

agricultural lands.

The study area was visited several times earlier, but serious

avian study was undertaken and documented periodically

between October 2000 to October 2017, the sites were

intermittently visited several times and avifauna was

observed, adapting to different modes like tracking for

random line-transect(varying from 100m to 1 km), vehicle

drives, surveys using Direct sighting and Calls (for data

collection) [10], Point count method (Point of fixed radius of

100m or visibility dependant, for minimum 30 minutes to 60

minutes following Look and See method [13], segmentation of

surveyed blocks for bird count, and random or local

information based Nest and Roost count, summing up to

arrive at an assessed population and segregation of the species [30] with the aid of binoculars (Olympus 8-16x40 Zoom) and

images obtained by the DSLR cameras, for identification

purpose. Difficult species were got identified by BNHS-

ENVIS. The study was carried out at different hours of the

day to obtain maximum prudent study and covering all

seasons. For elaborative studies, local community

(knowledgeable and keen observer only) was interacted to

obtain optimum information about the birdlife. They were

enquired for the local identification, sightings, migration,

population, breeding, habitat and food in different seasons for

various avifauna.

Year wise intermittent visits to USTR and recorded number of

species have been tabulated in the table.

To determine the range extension status, the avian species

observed were examined with various studies as mentioned

above, pertaining to Eastern Ghats, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh

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and available information of Chhattisgarh and Madhya

Pradesh.

The recorded birds were grouped into Resident (R), Migratory

(M), Local Migratory(LM) categories. Global conservation

status was worked out according to the IUCN Red Data Book

(Birdlife International 2014-2015) Rahmani [41], Ali and

Ripley [10] and Grimmett et al. [26, 27]. The nomenclature of the

avifauna was done following Praveen et al. [39].

Result and Discussion

This study revealed presence of 246 avian species of which

some of the species come under different categories of IUCN

Red Data Book 2015 and Wildlife (Protection) Act -1972.

During the study period commencing from year October 2000

to October 2017 of which 2010-17 were the years of intensive

study, intermittently the sites were visited several times and

avifauna were observed, adapting to different modes as

discussed above, 246 species were recorded comprising of 17

orders, 66 families.

To determine the status for each family. The number of

species as recorded in each family, with percentage (in

brackets) determined, with respect to each family-wise

species sighted, is as below:

Threskiornithidae – 1 (0.4), Anatidae – 2 (0.8),

Phalacrocoracidae – 3 (1.2), Phasianidae – 11 (4.4),

Anhingidae – 1 (0.4), Podicipedidae – 1 (0.4), Burhinidae – 1

(0.4), Columbidae – 7 (2.8), Recurvirostridae – 1 (0.4),

Caprimulgidae – 3 (1.2), Charadriidae – 3 (1.2), Apodidae –

5 (2.0), Jacanidae – 2 (0.8), Cuculidae – 11 (4.4),

Scolopacidae – 3 (1.2), Rallidae – 4 (1.6), Turnicidae – 3

(1.2), Ciconiidae – 3 (1.2), Pandionidae – 1 (0.4), Ardeidae –

9 (3.6), Accipitridae – 23 (9.2), Falconidae – 2 (0.8),

Tytonidae – 1 (0.4), Psittaculidae – 3 (1.2), Strigidae – 7

(2.8), Pittidae – 1 (0.4), Bucerotidae – 2 (0.8),

Campephagidae – 6 (2.4), Upupidae – 1 (0.4), Oriolidae – 3

(1.2), Picidae – 11 (4.4), Vangidae – 1 (0.4), Ramphastidae –

2 (0.8), Aegithinidae – 1 (0.4), Corvidae – 3 (1.2), Meropidae

– 4 (1.6), Dicruridae – 5 (2.0), Monarchidae – 2 (0.8),

Coraciidae – 1(0.4), Rhipiduridae – 1(0.4), Dicaeidae – 2

(0.8), Alcedinidae – 3 (1.2), Laniidae – 3 (1.2), Nectariniidae

– 3 (1.2), Irenidae- 2 (0.8), Ploceidae – 1 (0.4), Estrildidae –

4 (1.6), Passeridae – 2 (0.8), Motacillidae – 8 (3.2),

Emberizidae – 1 (0.4), Stenostiridae – 1 (0.4), Zosteropidae –

1 (0.4), Paridae – 2 (0.8), Leiothrichidae – 1 (0.4), Alaudidae

– 5 (2.0), Sittidae – 2 (0.8), Cisticolidae – 6 (2.4), Sturnidae –

6 (2.4), Acrocephalidae – 4 (1.6), Muscicapidae – 17 (6.8),

Hirundinidae – 6 (2.4), Turdidae – 1 (0.4), Pycnonotidae – 1

(0.4), Phylloscopidae – 6 (2.4), Sylviidae – 2 (0.8) Timaliidae

– 1 (0.4)

The most abundant species belonged to families Accipitridae

– 23 (9.2), Muscicapidae – 17 (6.8) Picidae – 11 (4.4),

Cuculidae – 11 (4.4) Motacillidae – 8 (3.2) Columbidae – 7

(2.8), in commensuration with the type of existing habitat.

IUCN STATUS (Rahmani, 2013)

CR- Critically Endangered -3 Species

White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Indian Long

Billed Vulture (Gyps indicus), Red-

headed Vulture (Sarcogyps calvus). Earlier the population of

these species was abundant, but due to impact of Diclofenac,

the population declined drastically and since year 2005 no

vultures were recorded. There was no information about

occurrence of these species of vulture from the USTR for

about a decade. Since 2015, there is information about an

occasional occurrence of (Gyps bengalensis) from the

periphery of Dhawalpur area of protected area.

EN –Endangered- 1 Species

Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) existed in good

numbers during the start of survey but subsequently its

population declined. This species also probably suffered the

impact of Diclofenac and disappeared, but since last two years

(2015) 4 birds are being seen irregularly in Kulhadighat

range, latest sighting was in April 2017.

NT –Near Threatened- 10 Species

Under this category following species have been recorded

time to time

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-headed Ibis

(Threskiornis melanocephalus), Oriental Darter (Anhinga

melanogaster), Indian Spotted Eagle (Clanga hastata), Pallid

Harrier (Circus macrourus), Grey-headed Fish Eagle

(Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus,) Malabar Pied Hornbill

(Anthracoceros coronatus), Laggar Falcon (Falco jugger),

Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala),

Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria)- have been

recorded sporadically.

BIOME -28 Species

A Biome is defined as a major regional ecological community

characterised by distinctive life forms and principal plant

species. No system of global biome classification has been

found which can be adequately used as a basis for generating

bird species lists. The category applies to groups of species

which largely shared distributions of greater than 50,000 sq.

km., which occur mostly or wholly within all or part of a

particular biome and are therefore, of global importance [29].

Following 28 species were identified in this category

Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Common Quail (Coturnix

coturnix) Rain Quail (Coturnix coromandelica) Painted

Francolin (Francolinus pictus), Painted Spurfowl

(Galloperdix lunulata), Yellow-legged Green Pigeon (Treron

phoenicopteru) Indian Nightjar (Caprimulgus asiaticus)

Sirkeer Malkoha (Phaenicophaeus leschenaultia) Yellow-

wattled Lapwing (Vanellus malarbaricus) White-eyed

Buzzard (Butastur teesa) Mottled Wood Owl (Strix ocellata)

Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) Lesser Golden-

backed Woodpecker (Dinopium benghalense) White-naped

Woodpecker (Chrysocolaptes festivus), Yellow-crowned

Woodpecker (Dendrocopos mahrattensis), Brown-headed

Barbet (Megalaima zeylanica), Small Minivet (Pericrocotus

cinnamomeus), Black-winged Cuckoo shrike (Coracina

melaschistos), Common Woodshrike (Tephrodornis

pondicerianus) White-bellied Drongo (Dicrurus

caerulescens), White-browed Fantail (Rhipidura aureola)

Indian Bushlark (Mirafra erythroptera) Jungle Prinia (Prinia

sylvatica) Ashy Prinia (Prinia socialis), Jungle Babbler

(Turdoides striatus) Brahminy Starling (Sturnus pagodarum)

Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), (Islam and Rahmani,

2004)

Feeding Habit

Based on the feeding habits, avian have been classified and

found as :

Carnivorous – 59 (23.99%), Frugivorous – 5 (2.03%),

Granivorous – 9 (3.65%), Insectivorous – 105 (42.68%),

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

Insectivorous/Omnivorous – 5 (2.03%), Nectarivorous – 4

(1.63%), Omnivorous – 52 (21.14%),

Omnivorous/Grainivorous – 1 (0.40%), Omnivorous /

Insectivorous – 3 (1.22%), Omnivorous/Piscivorous -3

(1.22%). The feeding habit of the avian species correlate and

commensurate with the type of existing habitat in the study

area.

Highest number of birds were found as insectivorous and least

granivorous.

Range Extension and Eastern Ghat, Western Ghat and

Himalayan Species to USTR

Based on the studies of authors mentioned above the

occurrence status in Eastern Ghats, Vishakhapatnam district,

Simlipal hills, Araku Valley, Sunabeda WLS (Odisha), Kawal

WLS Andhra Pradesh, and Hyderabad State were examined

and following species were found to extend their distribution

range from Himalayas, Eastern and Western Ghats into

USTR. Some of the species have been mentioned to occur in

Eastern and Western Ghats both, there is possibility of their

migration or range extension from Eastern Ghats more than

the Western Ghats hence the name of the species appears in

both Eastern and Western Ghats categories below. The

probable migration route of Himalayan species is either to

Eastern and Western Ghats following different routes and

through Vindyachal–Satpura Ranges to the Peninsular India

as opined by D’Abreu [19-21], Hora [28], Islam and Rahmani [29]

and Salim Ali [2-10].

The identified species in these categories for Eastern Ghats

are Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) Blue-bearded Bee

Eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) White-bellied Woodpecker

(Dryocopus javensis) Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera

longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda )

Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys), and

Western Ghat were Heart Spotted Woodpecker (Hemicircus

canente) White-bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis)

Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra)

Himalayan species were Fulvous–breasted Woodpecker

(Dendrocopus macei) Black-winged Cuckoo Shrike

(Coracina melaschistos) Blue-capped Rock Thrush

(Monticola cinclorhynchus) Little Spider Hunter

(Arachnothera longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher

(Muscicapa ruficauda ) Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis

poliogenys)

It is evident from the above that some of the species belong to

more than one regions of Range extensions, and are recorded

in USTR.

Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis)

Regularly recorded in Eastern Ghat [40], Araku,

Vishakhapatnam [43] where it is stated to occur in good

numbers, Ali [10] mentions it as resident, widely but patchily

distributed in evergreen and moist deciduous forest, of

Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Bastar (now in Chhattisgarh).

The species has not been found in study of avian in adjacent

Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) (20º 24’ to 20º 19’ N

and 82º 20’ to 82º 44’ E ) in Naupada district of Odisha,

which shares its western borders with USTR of Chhattisgarh [37], Srinivasulu [44] has recorded the species in KWS, Andhra

Pradesh. This location is on the southern border of

Chhattisgarh and about 200 km away from KVNP, at USTR it

was first seen by us in May 1998 and subsequently

irregularly.

It is regularly seen in KVNP and Machkote range forest of

Bastar district but was not recorded northwards till year 2014,

when a bird was seen and photographed at USTR (Moiz

Ahmed), thereby the establishment in its possible northward

distribution range extension or patchy occurrence. USTR is

located about 200 km north of KVNP.

The documentation of the species at USTR suggests the

northwards extension in its distribution range.

Blue-Bearded Bee Eater (Nyctyornis athertoni)

The species has been described as resident, local and

scattered, found over most of peninsular India, including

Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. It affects

secondary evergreen and moist –deciduous forest biotope,

especially broken foothills country with overgrown ravines,

occasionally forest clearing with a few scattered trees. Breeds

overall February to August, varying locally, nests in

horizontal tunnel bored into precipitous outscoured alluvial

banks of forest ravines and streams [10]. In Eastern Ghats,

Price [40] found the species as conspicuous and noisy between

April and August. Rare in January and February when birds

probably moved to lower elevation.

The species has been recorded in the past and in subsequent

years in USTR mostly in summer months, last sighting was

on 5th June 2016, but nesting could not be ascertained.

Heart Spotted Woodpecker (Hemicircus canente)

The species has been described as resident, sparsely

distributed, but locally uncommon, found in Western Ghats,

forested hills of Satpura in Madhya Pradesh, through Chanda

( Now Chandrapur in Maharashtra) and Bastar district (now in

Chhattisgarh), Odisha and further to North Eastern states.

Species affects moist deciduous and secondary evergreen

forest, partial to teak and bamboo jungle. Keeps singly or in

pairs commonly with Pigmy woodpeckers, hunts on thin

terminal branches rather than on trunks in woodpeckers

characteristic manner [10]. It has also been recorded from

Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) (20º 24’ to 20º 19’ N

and 82º 20’ to 82º 44’ E ) in Naupada district of Odisha,

which shares its western borders with USTR of Chhattisgarh

and from Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) North Andhra

Pradesh [44].

The species has been seen by us, at a location near Deojhar

Amli tank of Udanti segment, in pairs on 1st May 1999, 12th

May 2007 and in subsequent years. In fact every time their

calls first attracted attention, later the birds were seen. It is

also commonly seen in Kanger Valley National Park (KVNP)

and adjacent Machkote Range of Bastar Forest Division of

Bastar district and very recently in August 2017, at Bailladilla

hills of Dantewada district (Ravi Naidu Pers comm.) situated

about 200 Km west of KVNP.

The species distribution in Bastar has been mentioned by Ali

and Ripley [10] but no mention in further north about 300 km

away, where it has been recorded in USTR several times,

these sightings suggest its northward distribution range

extension, beyond which it has not been recorded so far.

White-Bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis)

In India this species is resident, found in Western Ghat to

Kerala, south Gujarat (Surat Dangs), a specimen was procured

in Bastar district (JBNHS 49;787), eastern Madhya Pradesh,

therefore species possibly extending right across the central

peninsula along the Satpura mountain. The distribution is not

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

uncommon but very local, thinly distributed rare or sporadic

in it’s range, inhabits plains, foothills, affects climax and

secondary forest in evergreen and moist deciduous biotope.

Species is very sensitive to deforestation and other

anthropological activities [10]. In bordering Kawal WLS of

Andhra Pradesh the species is rare and probably a resident

breeder [44].

The species was first sighted in Udanti segment of the USTR,

in May, 1987 [12] thereby confirming its occurrence here and

completing the distribution arc forming the localities of Surat

Dangs – Satpura – Vishakhapatnam (Jyotimamidi

Vishakhapatnam hills) where it was recorded by Ripley and

Beeher (JBNHS 84;558). Subsequently the species has been

recorded by us several times in the years 1997, 1998, 2001,

2004, 2005, 2016, 2017 in both the segments i.e. Udanti and

Sitanadi WLS, which were clubbed to form a Tiger Reserve.

Since, it has been sighted in all the seasons, it leads to

conclusion that species breed here and defines range

extension.

Fulvous –Breasted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus macei)

This species has been recorded in Sunabeda Wildlife

Sanctuary (SWS) in Naupada district of Odisha [32]. Its

occurrence has been mentioned as resident in Himalaya –

West Bengal, Odisha up to 18 0 N in Andhra Pradesh, and it

affects all types of open forests and wooded country and hills [10, 26, 27]. Whistler and Kinnear [45-47] in North Eastern Ghat.

Price [40] recorded its occurrence and found uncommon but

regularly seen on 5th July when a juvenile was being fed by a

female. The species has been recorded at USTR on 26th

December, 1994 and several other times including 6th

February 1997 and also at KVNP which suggest its range

extension from Eastern Ghats.

Black-Winged Cuckoo Shrike (Coracina melaschistos)

Price [34] found this species as an uncommon winter visitor,

occasionally recorded in December and March in Eastern

Ghats. Ali [10] mentions occurrence in Himalayan East to

Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim, Bangladesh, does not breed in lower

foothills, wintering in Terai Duars adjacent plains and

straggling in the peninsula through Odisha, Madhya Pradesh

and Andhra Pradesh south to Mysore, affects open forest

abandoned land and groove.

The species has been recorded in USTR in 2005. Suggesting

its marginal westwards distribution range extension.

Blue-Capped Rock Thrush (Monticola cinclorhynchus)

Occurrence status as common, summer visitor (breeding) in

Himalayas to North eastern states, Winters mostly in Western

Ghats, Tapti river to Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala,

Tamilnadu. Also recorded in cold weather in Madhya Pradesh [10, 18]. Price [40] recorded it from October to March in Eastern

Ghats where it extends the winter range from south east

Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattisgarh).

This species has been recorded in Eastern Ghats [40, 45-47],

Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS), North Andhra Pradesh [44],

Kanha National Park (KNP) Madhya Pradesh D’Cunha [22]

also by Newton et al. [35] and Barnawapara Wildlife

Sanctuary, Balodabazar-Bhatapara district of Chhattisgarh

(Bharos unpublished).

The species was seen in December, 2014 and photographed at

Udanti Segment and identification confirmed by BNHS-

ENVIS (Tambe).The sightings at USTR and Barnawapara

confirm that the species extends distribution range, spends

winter and is found Patchily in Chhattisgarh.

Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra)

Salim Ali (1989) mentions, that in India the species is

distributed in Western Ghats. Eastern Ghats at Lamasingi in

Vishkhapatnam district [31]. In North Eastern states and affects

moist –deciduous and evergreen biotope; dense forest as well

as glades and margins, secondary growth, heavy jungle along

rivers. In north Andhra Pradesh occurrence of Little Spider

hunter in the northern parts of the Eastern ghats is of

zoogeographical interest since these species are considered as

Himalayan / South-east Asian relicts [42].At Kawal Wildlife

Sanctuary (KWS) species is probably resident, uncommon,

and breeds. Flocks of three to eight birds regularly seen in

mixed feeding flocks with Sunbirds, Oriental White Eye and

Flycatchers [44]. Price [40] mentions collection of specimen In

Eastern Ghats in March 1971 and March 1972 and presence

noted in September, mostly along water courses in April and

January. Whistler et al. [47] mentions occurrence in south

Eastern Ghat, further quotes about collection of a specimen

from Eastern Ghats, which suggested its distribution range

extension from the North Andhra Pradesh [31]. Srinivaslu [44]

describes it as uncommon, probably a resident breeder in

KWS where flocks of 3 to 8 individuals regularly seen in

mixed feeding flocks with Sunbirds, Oriental White Eyes and

Flycatchers near Ali Nagar wetland, along the core area

boundary.

Our sighting of a solitary bird close to small river Sitanadi in

Sitanadi segment on 15th May 1996, along with Purple

Sunbirds is the only known occurrence record from

Chhattisgarh and suggests that the species has extended its

distribution range, North and westwards from North Andhra

Pradesh and Eastern Ghats respectively to USTR, located at

more than 400 Km aerial distance.

Rusty Tailed Flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda )

Whistler and Kinnear [45-[47] recorded its occurrence in Eastern

Ghats. A summer breeder in Himalaya and wintering recorded

at Nagpur, along the Western Ghats and as spring passage in

April recorded at Raipur [10]. Price [40] mentions about a single

passerby recorded on 4th April in Eastern Ghats. and inhabits

edges of forest [10]. The species was recorded at location

Sitanadi, Forest Rest House on 14th May 2007 and also at

Mandhar, Raipur on dated 9th January 2015, thereby

confirming occurrence of this Himalayan species, though

uncommonly This sighting suggests its range extension to

further 200 Km to south-east of Raipur, at USTR.

Pale-Chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys)

Ali [10] has described it as common, resident in the Eastern

Ghats from northern Odisha and north-eastern Andhra

Pradesh (Vishakhapatnam district). The species affects

secondary deciduous and evergreen forest, whereas Grimmett

et al. [26, 27] mentions it as occurring in Himalayan foothills

extending to Arunachal, also Eastern Ghats, Odisha and

Andhra Pradesh. Price [40] during his study in Eastern Ghats

saw a fledged young in 1971 and 1972, which suggests it’s

breeding there.

We saw an adult bird of this Himalayan species at Sitanadi

segment on 26th December 2004, which suggests its

occurrence and marginal range extension from Eastern Ghats

and Odisha to USTR. The bird was perched on a small tree,

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

silent and offered sufficient opportunity for observation with

aid of a binocular and identification. To this date it remains

the only sighting, possibly at other times may have been

either overlooked or misidentified.

We recorded a bird of this species at USTR on 15Th May 1996

too, which suggests its distribution range extension in spring.

Other significant and noticeable Eastern Ghats species

recorded in USTR -11 Nos

Painted Francolin (Francolinus pictus) At KWS Srinivasulu [44] as common resident breeder recorded along the scrub and

forest edge. Rudy –breasted Crake (Porzana fusca) at KWS,

Srinivasulu [44] Rare once sighted near Kadam Reservoir.

Probably a straggler or has been overlooked due to its

secretive nature. Brown Crake (Amaurornis akool), Sunabeda [37] Occurrence mentioned, Water Cock (Gallicrex cinerea) At

KWS Srinivasulu [44] found it a Common resident breeder but

recorded in small numbers near Kadam reservoir and its

adjoining area. This conspicuous species though present but

uncommonly seen, was recorded at Sondur reservoir on

16thNov 2016, Drongo Cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris),

Srinivasulu [44] recorded at KWS as rare, single record from

teak plantation in November 1998. Ali [10] describes its

Occurence in Himalaya throughout the better wooden parts of

peninsula. Status probably varies from locality to locality

between breeding nomadism and local migration effects open

secondary forest plantations, etc and sometimes dense

evergreen forest. Brown Hawk Owl(Ninox scutulata),

Whistler and Kinnear [45-47] mention occurrence in south

Eastern Ghat, whereas Selva [43] found its status as uncertain

in Araku Valley. Rufus Fronted Prinia (Prinia buchanani) at

KWS, Srinivasulu [44] found it as uncommon, probably a

resident breeder frequently met with in small groups on forest

floor. Ruby Throat (Luscinia calliope), Price [40] Wide spread

winter visitor recorded between 19th October to 2nd April.

Large-billed Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus magnirostris), Price [40] Commonly recorded on passage between 29 September

and 21 October and 6th April to 27th April. Tickle’s Leaf

Warbler (Phylloscopus affinis) Ali [10] mentions that the

species occur on the Eastern side of peninsula is not known to

occur below the Chhota Nagpur area to Raipur and Anantgiri

in between these two areas west and east there is not previous

record. Yellow Browed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus),

Price [40] wide spread winter visitor in Eastern Ghats.

Conclusion

The study revealed presence of 246 species comprising of

Resident(R), Migratory (M) and Local Migratory (LM)

species. Under IUCN Red Data List (2015), 14 species were

recorded including Critically Endangered (CE) – 03 numbers,

Endangered (E) - 01 number and Near Threatened (NT) -10

numbers. Eight species like Dryocopus javensis,

Arachnothera longirostra, Cyornis poliogenys, Ictinaetus

malayensis, Dendrocopus macei, Muscicapa ruficauda,

Nyctyornis athertoni, Coracina melaschistos, were found

extending their distribution range from Eastern Ghats and

Western Ghats to USTR.

The study further revealed presence of 6 range extension

species -- Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) Blue-bearded

Bee Eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) White-bellied Woodpecker

(Dryocopus javensis) Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera

longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher (Muscicapa ruficauda )

Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys) from Eastern

ghats; 3 range extension species-- Heart Spotted Woodpecker

(Hemicircus canente) White-bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus

javensis) Little Spider Hunter (Arachnothera longirostra from

Western Ghats; and 6 range extension species-- Fulvous–

breasted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus macei) Black-winged

Cuckoo Shrike (Coracina melaschistos) Blue-capped Rock

Thrush (Monticola cinclorhynchus) Little Spider Hunter

(Arachnothera longirostra) Rusty Tailed Flycatcher

(Muscicapa ruficauda ) Pale-chinned Flycatcher (Cyornis

poliogenys) from Himalayan region, migrating across the

Deccan peninsula. There was apprehension about range

extension from these regions to USTR, which was confirmed

now. There is possibility of increase in range extension

species in USTR in future as per ‘Satpura hypothesis’ [28].

The importance of this study lies in the fact that, the

Himalayan species and species from other region have been

recorded migrating to Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas, for

wintering. The study by Price [40] reveals that the Eastern Ghat

habitat is leading towards destruction having a serious impact

on birdlife. It is clear that there is insufficient habitat for large

numbers of some species of Palaearctic migrants to over

winter successfully. Breeding population of many forest

dwelling species are being reduced citing the example of

Little Spider hunter to near extinction. This cause can be

attributed to increased tendency by avian to extend their

distribution range. This status was found during our study of

USTR, where Eastern Ghat species were recorded, owing to

the remaining similar or near similar habitat which attracted

convergence of species found from three regions mentioned

earlier. USTR is a part of convergence area

This study will also support future ornithological studies, as

so far no study for the region, on the matter of range

extension from Eastern Ghats to USTR were found available,

hence this attempted study becomes more pertinent. With the

prevailing changes in climate and ecological conditions this

documentation was felt essential and attains importance. The

prospects of hybridization can also not be ignored. As the

species arriving from the Himalayan zone, Eastern and

Western Ghats choose this region as suitable habitat. There

are prime chances and likelihood of species hybridization and

probable speciation in time to come. Thus the study at USTR

attains more importance and will provide a baseline data and

afford greater scope for conservation and furtherance of

ornithological studies.

Threats

Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary was mainly constituted to protect

the remnant population of Wild Buffalo, this species is

struggling for survival mainly because of anthropological

causes, which are applicable to avian as well.

There are about 50 villages with more than 16000 human

population and more than 10000 cattle. The major hazard is

burning of major area every year during summer by villagers

poses a grave threat to all wild life especially the ground

nesting birds which generally breed during summer.

Another major threat is the existence of Kimberlite pipe

within the area of the Protected area. These Kimberlite are

very likely to be mined in near future and may cause large

scale harm to wild life and ecology of the protected area [29].

Poaching with use of Fire arms, traditional bows and arrows,

catapult, traps and snares and poison continue to be in used

for the purpose.

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

Mitigation

1. Habitat conservation 2. Avoidance of mining and other development activities

3. Control on poaching and breaking the trade-links 4. Awareness education and involvement of community in

conservation

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

S. No. Order Family Shelduck Scientific Name Status IUCN Feeding Habits Location

1 Anseriformes Anatidae Lesser Whistling

Duck Dendrocygna

javanica R, C LC Omnivorous

2 Anseriformes Anatidae Cotton Teal Nettapus

coromandelianus R, C LC Omnivorous

3 Galliformes Phasianidae Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous

4 Galliformes Phasianidae Common Quail Coturnix coturnix R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous

5 Galliformes Phasianidae Rain Quail Coturnix

coromandelica R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous

6 Galliformes Phasianidae Blue-breasted Quail Synoicus chinensis R, O LC Omnivorous

7 Galliformes Phasianidae Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica R, C LC Omnivorous

8 Galliformes Phasianidae Painted Bush Quail Perdicula

erythrorhyncha R, C LC Omnivorous

9 Galliformes Phasianidae Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus Stray LC, Biome Omnivorous

10 Galliformes Phasianidae Grey Francolin Francolinus

pondicerianus R, C LC Omnivorous

11 Galliformes Phasianidae Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus R, C LC Omnivorous

12 Galliformes Phasianidae Red Spurfowl Galloperdix

spadicea R, C LC Omnivorous

13 Galliformes Phasianidae Painted Spurfowl Galloperdix lunulata R, O LC, Biome Omnivorous

14 Phoenicopteriformes Podicipedidae Little Grebe Tachybaptus

ruficollis R, C LC Omnivorous

Kulhadighat,

South Udanti

15 Columbiformes Columbidae Rock Pigeon Columba livia R, C LC Granivorous

16 Columbiformes Columbidae Oriental Turtle

Dove Streptopelia

orientalis R, C LC Granivorous

17 Columbiformes Columbidae Eurasian Collared

Dove

Streptopelia

decaocto R, C LC Granivorous

18 Columbiformes Columbidae Red Collared Dove Streptopelia

tranquebarica R, C LC Granivorous

19 Columbiformes Columbidae Spotted Dove Streptopelia

chinensis R, C LC Granivorous

20 Columbiformes Columbidae Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis

R, C LC Granivorous

21 Columbiformes Columbidae Yellow-legged

Green Pigeon

Treron

phoenicopterus R, C LC, Biome Granivorous

22 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus R, C LC Insectivorous

23 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus

asiaticus R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

24 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis R, C LC Insectivorous

25 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne

coronata R, C LC Insectivorous

26 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae White-rumped

Spinetail Zoonavena sylvatica R, C LC Insectivorous

27 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis

R, C LC Insectivorous

28 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba M, O LC Insectivorous sondur

29 Caprimulgiformes Apodidae Common Swift Apus apus R, C LC Insectivorous

30 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R, C LC Carnivorous

31 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Sirkeer Malkoha Taccocua

leschenaultii R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous

32 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus M, C LC Omnivorous

33 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Asian Koel Eudynamys

scolopaceus R, C LC Omnivorous

34 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii

R, C LC Omnivorous

35 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis

merulinus R, C LC Omnivorous

36 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Grey-bellied

Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus

R, C LC Omnivorous

37 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R, O LC Omnivorous Kulhi Ghat

Banjari Bhata

38 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Common Hawk

Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius R, C LC Omnivorous

39 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus R, O LC Omnivorous

40 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus R, C LC Omnivorous

41 Gruiformes Rallidae White-breasted

Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus

R, C LC Omnivorous

42 Gruiformes Rallidae Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio R, C LC Omnivorous

43 Gruiformes Rallidae Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus R, C LC Omnivorous

44 Gruiformes Rallidae Common Coot Fulica atra R, M, C LC Omnivorous

45 Pelecaniformes Ciconiidae Painted Stork Mycteria

leucocephala R, UC NT

Omnivorous/ Piscivorous

46 Pelecaniformes Ciconiidae Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans R, C LC Omnivorous/

Piscivorous

47 Pelecaniformes Ciconiidae Woolly-necked

Stork Ciconia episcopus R, UC VU

Omnivorous/ Piscivorous

48 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Black-crowned Nycticorax R, C LC Carnivorous

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

Night Heron nycticorax

49 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R, C LC Carnivorous

50 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Red naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R, C LC Carnivorous

51 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R, C LC Carnivorous

52 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Grey Heron Ardea cinerea R, C LC Carnivorous

53 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Purple Heron Ardea purpurea R, C LC Carnivorous

54 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Great Egret Ardea alba R, C LC Carnivorous

55 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia R, C LC Carnivorous

56 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Little Egret Egretta garzetta R, C LC Carnivorous

57 Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis

melanocephalus R, UC NT Carnivorous

58 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger R, C LC Carnivorous

59 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax

carbo R, O LC Carnivorous

60 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax

fuscicollis R, O LC Carnivorous

61 Pelecaniformes Anhingidae Oriental Darter Anhinga

melanogaster R, O NT Carnivorous

62 Charadriiformes Burhinidae Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus

oedicnemus R, C LC Carnivorous

63 Charadriiformes Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus

R, C LC Insectivorous/ Omnivorous

64 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius M, C LC Insectivorous/

Omnivorous

65 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Yellow-wattled

Lapwing Vanellus

malarbaricus R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous

66 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Red-wattled

Lapwing Vanellus indicus R, C LC Omnivorous

67 Charadriiformes Jacanidae Pheasant-tailed

Jacana Hydrophasianus

chirurgus R, C LC Omnivorous

68 Charadriiformes Jacanidae Bronze-winged

Jacana Metopidius indicus R, C LC Omnivorous

69 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii M, UC LC Insectivorous/ Omnivorous

70 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Little Stint Calidris minuta M, O LC Insectivorous/

Omnivorous

71 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos M, C LC Insectivorous/ Omnivorous

72 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus R, UC LC Omnivorous

73 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Yellow-legged

Buttonquail Turnix tanki R, UC LC Omnivorous

74 Charadriiformes Turnicidae Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator R, C LC Omnivorous

75 Accipitriformes Pandionidae Osprey Pandion haliaetus M, O LC Carnivorous Sikaser, Sondur

76 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R, C LC Carnivorous

77 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Oriental Honey

Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus M, C LC Carnivorous

78 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Egyptian Vulture Neophron

percnopterus R, UC EN Carnivorous

79 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Crested Serpent

Eagle Spilornis cheela R, C LC Carnivorous

80 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Short-toed Snake

Eagle Circaetus gallicus R, UC LC Carnivorous

81 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus R, RARE CE Carnivorous

82 Accipitriformes Accipitridae White-rumped

Vulture Gyps bengalensis R, RARE CE Carnivorous

83 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Indian Vulture Gyps indicus R, RARE CE Carnivorous

84 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Changeable Hawk

Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus R, C LC Carnivorous

85 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis R, O LC Carnivorous Kulhadighat

Chhindola

86 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Indian Spotted

Eagle Clanga hastata M, O NT Carnivorous

87 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax R, C LC Carnivorous

88 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata R, C LC Carnivorous

89 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus M, O LC Carnivorous

90 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Western Marsh

Harrier Circus aeruginosus M, C LC Carnivorous

91 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus M, O NT Carnivorous

92 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Shikra Accipiter badius R, C LC Carnivorous

93 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis M, O LC Carnivorous

94 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Grey-headed Fish

Eagle Icthyophaga ichthyaetus

R, O NT Carnivorous Sondur

95 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black Kite Milvus migrans R, C LC Carnivorous

96 Accipitriformes Accipitridae White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous

97 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Common Buzzard Buteo buteo R, O LC Carnivorous

98 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Long-legged

Buzzard Buteo rufinus R, O LC Carnivorous

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

99 Strigiformes Tytonidae Common Barn Owl Tyto alba R, C LC Carnivorous

100 Strigiformes Strigidae Jungle Owlet Glaucidium

radiatum R, C LC Carnivorous

101 Strigiformes Strigidae Spotted Owlet Athene brama R, C LC Carnivorous

102 Strigiformes Strigidae Collared Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena R, C LC Carnivorous

103 Strigiformes Strigidae Mottled Wood Owl Strix ocellata R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous

104 Strigiformes Strigidae Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica R, O LC Carnivorous Bhatigarh

105 Strigiformes Strigidae Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo R, C LC Carnivorous

106 Strigiformes Strigidae Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis R, C LC Carnivorous

107 Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Malabar Pied

Hornbill

Anthracoceros

coronatus R, O NT Omnivorous Kulhadighat

108 Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Indian Grey

Hornbill Ocyceros birostris R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous

109 Bucerotiformes Upupidae Common Hoopoe Upupa epops R, C LC Insectivorous

110 Piciformes Picidae Northern Wryneck Jynx torquilla O-LM LC Insectivorous Jugad

111 Piciformes Picidae Heart-spotted Woodpecker

Hemicircus canente R, O LC Insectivorous

112 Piciformes Picidae Lesser Golden-

backed Woodpecker

Dinopium

benghalense R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

113 Piciformes Picidae Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus

R, O LC Insectivorous

114 Piciformes Picidae Lesser Yellow-

naped Woodpecker Picus chlorolophus R, O LC Insectivorous

115 Piciformes Picidae Streak-throated

Woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus UC LC Insectivorous

116 Piciformes Picidae White-bellied

Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis R, O LC Insectivorous Kalajhar

117 Piciformes Picidae White-naped Woodpecker

Chrysocolaptes festivus

R, O LC, Biome Insectivorous

118 Piciformes Picidae Brown-capped

Pygmy Woodpecker

Dendrocopos

moluccensis R, O LC Insectivorous

119 Piciformes Picidae Fulvous-breasted

Woodpecker Dendrocopos macei R, O LC Insectivorous LOC

120 Piciformes Picidae Yellow-crowned

Woodpecker

Dendrocopos

mahrattensis R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

121 Piciformes Ramphastidae Brown-headed

Barbet Psilopogon zeylanicus

R, C LC, Biome Frugivorous

122 Piciformes Ramphastidae Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon

haemacephalus R, C LC Frugivorous

123 Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-bearded Bee-

eater Nyctyornis athertoni R, O LC Insectivorous Sitanadi

124 Coraciiformes Meropidae Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis R, C LC Insectivorous

125 Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-tailed Bee-

eater Merops philippinus R, O LC Insectivorous

126 Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-cheeked Bee-

eater Merops persicus R, O LC Insectivorous

127 Coraciiformes Coraciidae Indian Roller Coracias

benghalensis R, C LC Insectivorous

128 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R, C LC Carnivorous

129 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R, C LC Carnivorous

130 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae White-throated

Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R, C LC Carnivorous

131 Falconiformes Falconidae Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus M, O LC Carnivorous

132 Falconiformes Falconidae Laggar Falcon Falco jugger R, O NT Carnivorous Deodhara

133 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Plum-headed

Parakeet

Psittacula

cyanocephala R, C NT Frugivorous

134 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Alexandrine

Parakeet Psittacula eupatria R, C NT Frugivorous

135 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Rose-ringed

Parakeet Psittacula krameri R, C LC Frugivorous

136 Passeriformes Pittidae Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura M, C LC Insectivorous

137 Passeriformes Campephagidae White-bellied

Minivet

Pericrocotus

erythropygius R, UC LC Insectivorous Kalajhar

138 Passeriformes Campephagidae Small Minivet Pericrocotus

cinnamomeus R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

139 Passeriformes Campephagidae Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus

flammeus R, UC LC Insectivorous

140 Passeriformes Campephagidae Large Cuckooshrike Coracina javensis R, C LC Insectivorous

141 Passeriformes Campephagidae Black-winged Cuckooshrike

Lalage melaschistos R, O LC, Biome Insectivorous LOC

142 Passeriformes Campephagidae Black-headed

Cuckooshrike Lalage melanoptera R, C LC Insectivorous

143 Passeriformes Oriolidae Black-hooded

Oriole Oriolus xanthornus R, C LC Omnivorous

144 Passeriformes Oriolidae Eurasian Golden

Oriole Oriolus oriolus R, C LC Omnivorous

145 Passeriformes Oriolidae Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis M, O LC Omnivorous Kulhadighat

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

146 Passeriformes Vangidae Common

Woodshrike

Tephrodornis

pondicerianus R, C LC, Biome Carnivorous

147 Passeriformes Aegithinidae Common Iora Aegithina tiphia R, C LC Insectivorous

148 Passeriformes Dicruridae Black Drongo Dicrurus

macrocercus R, C LC Insectivorous

149 Passeriformes Dicruridae Ashy Drongo Dicrurus

leucophaeus R, C LC Insectivorous

150 Passeriformes Dicruridae White-bellied

Drongo

Dicrurus

caerulescens R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

151 Passeriformes Dicruridae Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus

hottentottus R, UC LC Insectivorous

152 Passeriformes Dicruridae Greater Racket-

tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus R, C LC Insectivorous

153 Passeriformes Rhipiduridae White-browed

Fantail Rhipidura aureola R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

154 Passeriformes Laniidae Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus M, O LC Carnivorous

155 Passeriformes Laniidae Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus R, C LC Carnivorous

156 Passeriformes Laniidae Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R, C LC Carnivorous

157 Passeriformes Corvidae Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda

R, C LC Carnivorous

158 Passeriformes Corvidae House Crow Corvus splendens R, C LC Omnivorous

159 Passeriformes Corvidae Large-billed Crow Corvus

macrorhynchos R, C LC Omnivorous

160 Passeriformes Monarchidae Black-naped

Monarch Hypothymis azurea R, C LC Insectivorous

161 Passeriformes Monarchidae Indian Paradise-

flycatcher

Terpsiphone

paradisi LM, C LC Insectivorous

162 Passeriformes Dicaeidae Thick-billed

Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile R, C LC Nectivorous

163 Passeriformes Dicaeidae Pale-billed

Flowerpecker

Dicaeum

erythrorhynchos R, C LC Nectivorous

164 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera

longirostra LM, O LC Omnivorous Sitanadi

165 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Purple-rumped

Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica R, C LC Nectivorous

166 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus R, C LC Nectivorous

167 Passeriformes Irenidae Golden-fronted

Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons R, C LC Insectivorous

168 Passeriformes Irenidae Jerdon's Leafbird Chloropsis jerdoni R, C LC Insectivorous

169 Passeriformes Ploceidae Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus R, C LC Omnivorous

170 Passeriformes Estrildidae Red Munia Amandava

amandava R, C LC Omnivorous

171 Passeriformes Estrildidae Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica R, C LC Omnivorous/

Insectivorous

172 Passeriformes Estrildidae Scaly-breasted

Munia Lonchura punctulata R, C LC

Omnivorous/

Insectivorous

173 Passeriformes Estrildidae White-rumped

Munia Lonchura striata R, UC LC

Omnivorous/ Insectivorous

174 Passeriformes Passeridae House Sparrow Passer domesticus R, C LC Omnivorous/

Granivorous

175 Passeriformes Passeridae Yellow-throated

Sparrow Gymnoris

xanthocollis R, C LC Omnivorous

176 Passeriformes Motacillidae Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus

indicus M, O LC Insectivorous

177 Passeriformes Motacillidae Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis M, O LC Insectivorous

178 Passeriformes Motacillidae Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus R, C LC Insectivorous

179 Passeriformes Motacillidae Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea M, C LC Insectivorous

180 Passeriformes Motacillidae Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola M, UC LC Insectivorous

181 Passeriformes Motacillidae Eastern Yellow

Wagtail

Motacilla

tschutschensis M, C LC Insectivorous

182 Passeriformes Motacillidae White-browed

Wagtail Motacilla

maderaspatensis R, C LC Insectivorous

183 Passeriformes Motacillidae White Wagtail Motacilla alba M, C LC Granivorous

184 Passeriformes Emberizidae Crested Bunting Melophus lathami R, UC LC Granivorous Near Sikaser

185 Passeriformes Stenostiridae Grey-headed

Canary-flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis

M, C LC Insectivorous

186 Passeriformes Paridae Cinereous Tit Parus cinereus R, C LC Insectivorous

187 Passeriformes Paridae Yellow-cheeked Tit Machlolophus

spilonotus R, O LC Insectivorous

188 Passeriformes Alaudidae Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes

phoenicura R, C LC Insectivorous

189 Passeriformes Alaudidae Ashy-crowned

Sparrow Lark Eremopterix griseus R, C LC Insectivorous

190 Passeriformes Alaudidae Singing Bushlark Mirafra cantillans R, C LC Insectivorous

191 Passeriformes Alaudidae Indian Bushlark Mirafra erythroptera R, UC LC, Biome Insectivorous

192 Passeriformes Alaudidae Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis R, C LC Insectivorous

193 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Rufescent Prinia Prinia rufescens UC LC Insectivorous

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

194 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii R, C LC Insectivorous

195 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

196 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

197 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Plain Prinia Prinia inornata R, C LC Insectivorous

198 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R, C LC Insectivorous

199 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Booted Warbler Iduna caligata M, C LC Insectivorous

200 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Blyth's Reed

Warbler

Acrocephalus

dumetorum M, C LC Insectivorous

201 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus

agricola R, UC LC Insectivorous

202 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Clamorous Reed

Warbler

Acrocephalus

stentoreus M, C LC Insectivorous

203 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Streak-throated

Swallow

Petrochelidon

fluvicola M, C LC Insectivorous

204 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Red-rumped

Swallow Cecropis daurica M, C LC Insectivorous

205 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii M, C LC Insectivorous

206 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica M, C LC Insectivorous

207 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne

concolor R, C LC Insectivorous

Kulhadighat

Range Tarajhar

208 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Plain Martin Riparia paludicola R, O LC Insectivorous

209 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R, C LC Omnivorous

210 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Yellow-browed

Warbler Abrornis inornata M, O LC Insectivorous

211 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus

collybita M, C LC Insectivorous

212 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Sulphur-bellied

Warbler

Phylloscopus

griseolus M, O LC Insectivorous

213 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Tickell's Leaf

Warbler Phylloscopus affinis M, O LC Insectivorous

214 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Large-billed Leaf

Warbler

Seicercus

magnirostris M, O LC Insectivorous

215 Passeriformes Phylloscopidae Greenish Leaf

Warbler Seicercus

trochiloides M, C LC Insectivorous

216 Passeriformes Sylviidae Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca M, C LC Insectivorous

217 Passeriformes Timaliidae Tawny-bellied

Babbler Dumetia hyperythra R, O LC Insectivorous

218 Passeriformes Sylviidae Yellow-eyed

Babbler Chrysomma sinense R, UC LC Insectivorous

219 Passeriformes Zosteropidae Oriental White-eye Zosterops

palpebrosus R, C LC Insectivorous

220 Passeriformes Leiothrichidae Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

221 Passeriformes Sittidae Chestnut-bellied

Nuthatch Sitta castanea R, C LC Insectivorous

222 Passeriformes Sittidae Velvet-fronted

Nuthatch Sitta frontalis R, O LC Insectivorous

223 Passeriformes Sturnidae Rosy Starling Pastor roseus M, C LC Omnivorous

224 Passeriformes Sturnidae Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra R, C LC Omnivorous

225 Passeriformes Sturnidae Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum R, C LC, Biome Omnivorous

226 Passeriformes Sturnidae Chestnut-tailed

Starling Sturnia malabarica R, C LC Omnivorous

227 Passeriformes Sturnidae Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R, C LC Omnivorous

228 Passeriformes Sturnidae Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus R, O LC Omnivorous

229 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Indian Robin Saxicoloides

fulicatus R, C LC, Biome Insectivorous

230 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Oriental Magpie

Robin Copsychus saularis R, C LC Insectivorous

231 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Asian Brown

Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica M, C LC Insectivorous

232 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Rusty-tailed

Flycatcher

Muscicapa

ruficauda M, O LC Insectivorous LOC

233 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Pale-chinned Blue

Flycatcher Cyornis poliogenys L, M, O LC Insectivorous Sitanadi

234 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Tickell's Blue

Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae R, C LC Insectivorous

235 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus M, O LC Insectivorous

236 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Bluethroat Luscinia svecica M, C LC Insectivorous

237 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Malabar Whistling

Thrush

Myophonus

horsfieldii R, UC LC Insectivorous

238 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Red-breasted

Flycatcher Ficedula parva M, C LC Insectivorous

239 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Ultramarine

Flycatcher

Ficedula

superciliaris M, C LC Insectivorous

240 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Little Pied Flycatcher

Ficedula westermanni

M, UC LC Insectivorous

241 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Black Redstart Phoenicurus

ochruros M, C LC Insectivorous

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

242 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Blue-capped Rock

Thrush

Monticola

cinclorhyncha M, C LC Insectivorous Godana

243 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius M, C LC Insectivorous

244 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus M, C LC Insectivorous

245 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R, C LC Insectivorous

246 Passeriformes Turdidae Orange-headed

Thrush Geokichla citrina R, C LC Insectivorous

Status

R = 189 M = 50 LM = 05 STARY & UC = 2

Abbreviations:

L = Local M = Migratory LM = Local

Migratory O = Occassional C = Common

R =

Resident

UC -

Uncommon

Acknowledgement

Authors are sincerely thankful to Dr. Asad Rahmani Ex.

Director, Bombay Natural History Society for encouragement

and valuable guidance to undertake this study, PCCF

Wildlife, APCCF Wildlife, Other Forest Officers and Staff of

Chhattisgarh state Forest Department for their permissions

and cooperation to conduct studies. Thanks to Dr. R. P.

Mishra, Area Officer Wildlife Trust of India, for his

suggestions and technical assistance in preparation of study

paper. Thanks to Shri Ameet Mandavia for certain

photographs of range extension species and other members of

Chhattisgarh Wildlife Society Ajeet Bharos, N. D. Agrawal,

and Nova Nature Welfare Society Members especially Suraj

MAT, Avinash Mourya, Aijaz Ahmed for field co-operation

and sharing their observations.

Thanks to BNHS-ENVIS for identification of species. We

also extend our thanks to Nitin Tamboli for typing the script

and Aminuddin Raza for maps and mapping, and several

others for direct / indirect help and co-operation in study and

drafting the manuscript.

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