Avian Circulatory System
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Avian Circulatory System
Carl G. Buscato
ZOO131: Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of Vertebrates
Mindanao State University-General Santos City
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Circulatory System
I. Cardiovascular System
A. Blood
B. Blood Vessels
C. Heart
II. Lymphatic System
A. Major Lymph OrgansB. Minor Lymph Organs
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I. Cardiovascular System
Transportation of oxygen, nutrients,
metabolic wastes and antibodies
Regulation of body temperature
Energy supply for various metabolic
demands
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A. Blood
Plasma water (~85%);
protein (~9-11%);
glucose (blood glucose levels in birds are greater
than in mammals; about 200-400 mg/dl),
Other constituents: amino acids, waste products,
hormones, antibodies, & electrolytes.
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A. Blood
Red Blood Cells elliptical, biconvex and nucleated
red blood cells are about 6x12 microns in size
2.5 to 4 million/cubic mm
lifespan of 28-45 days
contain hemoglobin
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A. Blood
oxygen affinity is generally lower in birds than in
similar-sized mammals
Hematocrit averages about 40%
Hemopoietic bone marrow
produces RBC (shaded areas)
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A. Blood
Thromobocytes
nucleated
similar function with the non-nucleated platelets of
mammalian blood)
White Blood Cells
- defense against foreign
pathogens, immune response
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A. Blood
Types of Avian WBC:
1. Lymphocyte- most numerous white blood cell.
Either T-lymphocytes or B-lymphocytes produce
antibodies; T-lymphocytes attack infected orabnormal cells.
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A. Blood
Types of Avian WBC:
2. Heterophil- second most numerous in most
birds, phagocytic, use their enzyme-containing
granules to lyse ingested materials, motile andcan leave blood vessels to engulf foreign
materials.
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A. Blood
Types of Avian WBC:
3. Monocytes- motile cells that can migrate using
ameboid movements. Monocytes are also
phagocytic.
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A. Blood
Types of Avian WBC:
4. Eosinophils- make up about 2 to 3 % of the
WBC population of healthy birds
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B. Blood Vessels
Similar pattern to mammals and reptiles
Aortic Arches - 6 in early embryo; 1, 2, & 5 drop out.
#3Carotid Arteries to head
#4Only right 4th persists as systemic arch
#6Pulmonary arteries
Large brachial and pectoral arteries which supplyblood to flight musculature
Sytemic arch branches to the right
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Arch 3
Arch 6
Arch 4
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B. Blood Vessels1. Arteries- carry blood away from the heart &
toward the body cells
2. Arterioles - 'distribute' blood (that is, directblood where needed with more going to active
tissues & organs & less to less active tissues &organs) by vasodilating & vasoconstricting
3. Capillaries - exchange of nutrients, gases, &
waste products between the blood & the bodycells
4. Veins and venules (small veins)- conduct blood
back to the heart
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B. Blood Vessels Arteries
1. Carotids-head and brain
2. Brachials-wings
3. Pectorals-flight muscles (pectoralis)
4. The systemic arch (aorta)-all areas of
the body except the lungs.
5. The pulmonary arteries-the lungs
6. The celiac (or coeliac) is the first
major branch of the descending aorta
& delivers blood to organs & tissues
in the upper abdominal area
7. Renal arteries-kidneys
8. Femorals-legs
9. Caudal artery-tail
10. The posterior mesenteric-many organs& tissues in the lower abdominal area
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B. Blood Vessels Veins
1. Jugular anastomosis allows blood to
flow from right to left side when the
birds head is turned & one of the
jugulars constricted
2. Jugular- head and neck
3. Brachial veins-wings
4. Pectoral veins- pectoral muscles and
anterior thorax
5. Superior vena cavae (or precavae)-
the anterior regions of the body
6. Inferior vena cava (or postcava)- the
posterior portion of the body
7. Hepatic vein- liver
8. Hepatic portal vein-digestive system.
9. Coccygeo mesenteric vein- posteriordigestive system & empties in the
hepatic portal vein
10. Femoral veins- legs
11. Sciatic veins drain- hip or thigh
regions.12. Renal & renal portal veins- kidneys
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C. Heart
4-chambered Heart, complete double circulation
1.5-2 X larger than in comparable mammals
Maintain higher metabolism
Smaller birds have relatively larger hearts than
larger birds
Heart size increases with latitude, altitude for
same species
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C. Heart
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C. Heart
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C. Heart
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C. Heart
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II. Lymphatic System Remove and destroy toxic substances
Transportation of digested fat from the intestine to thebloodstream
Poorly developed compared to mammals
Valves are present in lymph vessels to preventbackflow. Lymph is moved by skeletal muscle
contraction
Lymph Hearts are present in all bird embryos usuallydisappear in adults, but persist in a few species -Ostrich, Cassowaries, Gulls, Storks, some Passerines
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A. Major Lymph Organs
1. Bursa of Fabricius
predominate in young birds
situated adjacent to the cloaca
source of antigen-producing B-lymphocytes in
embryonic stage.
as birds grow older, the bursa of Fabricus
becomes smaller and at about the time of thebird's sexual maturity, it has atrophied and no
longer function
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A. Major Lymph Organs
2. Thymus Gland
located in the neck along the jugular vein
functions at peak levels in the young
produces hormones that program certain lymphocytes
against certain antigens (t-lymphocytes)
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B. Secondary Lymph Organs
1. Spleen divided into red and white pulp
white pulp is where the T-lymphocytes reside
spleen filters and cleans the blood of debris anddestroys worn out red blood cells
2. Bone marrow
produces lymphocytes and macrophages
3. Capillaries transport lymph fluid throughout the body
4. Lymph
nodes filter lymph
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