Avia122 ch13
-
Upload
srikanth-laxman-vinjam -
Category
Automotive
-
view
91 -
download
2
Transcript of Avia122 ch13
![Page 1: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Aircraft Structures And Flight Controls
![Page 2: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Aircraft Structures
• Truss-type Structures
• Had struts and wire-braced wings• Occupants sat in open cockpits• Cockpits fabric-covered
• Stressed-skin Structures
• All of the structural loads are carried by the skin.
• Thin wood skin• Or aluminum-alloy sheets
![Page 3: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Aircraft Structures
• Monocoque
• Virtually no internal framework
• Semi-monocoque
• Internal arrangement of formers and stringers is used to provide additional rigidity and strength to the skin.
![Page 4: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Semi-monocoque
![Page 5: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Airframe Units:
• Fuselage
• Wings
• Stabilizers
• Flight control surfaces
• Landing gear
![Page 6: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Airframe Units:
Elevator
HorizontalStabilizer
Rudder
VerticalStabilizer
Aileron
Flap
Cowling
![Page 7: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Structural Loads/Stress
• Five Types Of Stress
• Tension• Compression
• Bending force
• Torsion• Shear force
![Page 8: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Structural Loads/Stress
![Page 10: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structural Loads/Stress
• Deformation
• Nonpermanent Deformation
– Deformation disappears when the load is removed.
• Permanent Deformation
– Wrinkles observed on top of wing and bottom of horizontal stabilizer.
– Stretch marks on the bottom of the wing or top o the stabilizer. (positive g’s)
![Page 12: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Materials For Aircraft Construction
• Wood
• Aluminum Alloys
• Honeycomb
• Magnesium
• Stainless Steel
![Page 13: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Materials For Aircraft Construction
![Page 14: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Structures
![Page 15: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Structures
• Wing Construction Truss-type
![Page 16: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structures
• Stressed-skin Wing Construction
![Page 17: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cantilever Wing
![Page 18: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Control Surface Construction
![Page 19: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Control Surface Construction
• Control Surface Flutter
• Control Surface must be mass balanced so that their center of gravity does not fall behind their hinge line.
![Page 20: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fuselage Construction
• Truss Fuselage construction
• Pratt truss• Warren truss
• Stressed-skin Structure• Monocoque• Semi - Monocoque
• Pressurized Structure
![Page 21: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Flight Controls
![Page 22: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Flight Controls
![Page 23: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pitch Control
• Elevators
• Sole function is to change the angle of attack of the airplane, which alters its speed, lift and drag.
![Page 24: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pitch Control
![Page 25: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pitch Control
• Stabilator
• All-movable tail• Anti-servo tab
• Ruddervators
• Provides both longitudinal and directional stabilization and control.
![Page 26: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Lateral Or Roll Control
• Ailerons
• Rolling action produced is the primary method of lateral control on most aircraft.
![Page 27: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Lateral Or Roll Control
![Page 28: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Directional Control
• Adverse aileron yaw
• The aileron that moves downward creates lift and induced drag.
• Induced drag pulls the nose of the airplane around in the direction opposite the way the airplane should turn.
![Page 29: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Directional Control
• Rudder
• Rotates the airplane about its vertical axis (Yawing)
• Also provides a form of roll control because the application of rudder causes yaw which will induce a roll.
![Page 30: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Directional Control
![Page 31: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Trim Controls
![Page 32: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Trim Controls
• Trim Tabs
• Balance Tab
• Anti-Servo Tab
• Servo Tab
• Spring Tab
• Adjustable Stabilizer
![Page 33: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Trim Tabs
![Page 34: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Balance Tab
![Page 35: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Anti-Servo Tab
![Page 36: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Servo Tab
• Used on large aircraft when the control forces are too great for the pilot to manually move.
• Flight control column moves the tab on the control surface and this aerodynamically moves the main control surface.
![Page 37: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Adjustable Stabilizer
![Page 38: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fixed Trim Tab
![Page 39: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Aerodynamically Balanced Control Surface
• Overhang deflects to the opposite side of the fuselage from the main rudder surface to produce an aerodynamic force that aids the pilot.
![Page 40: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Stall Strip and Vortex Generators
![Page 41: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Auxiliary Lift Devices
![Page 42: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Flaps
• Change the camber of the wing and increase both its lift and drag for and given angle of attack
• Moved by cables form an electric motor driven jackscrew.
![Page 43: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Flaps
![Page 44: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Leading Edge Devices
• Delays the the airflow separation caused by a stall to a higher angle of attack.
• Increases the energy of the air flowing over the surface.
![Page 45: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fixed Slot
![Page 46: Avia122 ch13](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022031805/55a6a2bc1a28ab27578b4879/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Movable Slat