Available BusyBox CommandsCurrently defined functions include:

basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp, cut, date, dc, dd, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dumpkmap, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, ls, lsmod, makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mkswap, more, mount, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, poweroff, ps, pwd, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes, zcat, [

basenameUsage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]

Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes any trailing SUFFIX.

Example:

$ basename /usr/local/bin/foofoo$ basename /usr/local/bin/bin$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txtbar

catUsage: cat [FILE]...

Concatenate FILE(s) and prints them to the standard output.

Example:

$ cat /proc/uptime110716.72 17.67

chgrpUsage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...

Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.

Options:

-R Change files and directories recursively

Example:

$ ls -l /tmp/foo-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo$ chgrp root /tmp/foo$ ls -l /tmp/foo-r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo

chmodUsage: chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

Change file access permissions for the specified FILE(s) (or directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for FILE(s) (or directories).

WHO may be chosen from

u User who owns the fileg Users in the file's Groupo Other users not in the file's groupa All users

OPERATOR may be chosen from

+ Add a permission- Remove a permission

= Assign a permission

PERMISSION may be chosen from

r Readw Writex Execute (or access for directories)s Set user (or group) ID bitt Sticky bit (for directories prevents

removing files by non-owners)

Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as

4 Read2 Write1 Execute

An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify

4 Set user ID2 Set group ID1 Sticky bit

Options:

-R Change files and directories recursively.

Example:

$ ls -l /tmp/foo-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo$ ls -l /tmp/foo-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo*$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo$ ls -l /tmp/foo-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo

chownUsage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...

Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.

Options:

-R Change files and directories recursively

Example:

$ ls -l /tmp/foo-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo$ chown root /tmp/foo$ ls -l /tmp/foo-r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo$ chown root.root /tmp/fools -l /tmp/foo-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr

12 18:25 /tmp/foo

chrootUsage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]

Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.

Example:

$ ls -l /bin/lslrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13

00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox$ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix$ chroot /mnt$ ls -l /bin/ls-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb

5 07:45 /bin/ls*

chvt

Usage: chvt N

Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

chvtUsage: chvt N

Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

cpUsage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

Options:

-a Same as -dpR-d Preserve links-p Preserve file attributes if possible-R Copy directories recursively

cutUsage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.

Options:

-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST-c LIST Output only characters from LIST-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the

field delimiter-s Output only the lines containing

delimiter-f N Print only these fields-n Ignored

Example:

$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' 'Hello$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' 'world

dateUsage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

Options:

-R Output RFC-822 compliant date string-s Set time described by STRING-u Print or set Coordinated Universal Time

Example:

$ dateWed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000

dcUsage: dc [EXPRESSION]

This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If no arguments are given, dc will process input from stdin.

The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-) from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.

Example:

$ dc 2 2 +4

$ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /16$ dc 0 1 and0$ dc 0 1 or1$ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc64

ddUsage: dd [OPTION]...

Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options.

Options:

if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdinof=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdoutbs=N Read and write N bytes at a timecount=N Copy only N input blocksskip=N Skip N input blocksseek=N Skip N output blocks

Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2).

Example:

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=44+0 records in4+0 records out

dfUsage: df [FILE]...

Print the filesystem space used and space available.

Example:

$ dfFilesystem 1k-blocks Used

Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540

137324 98% //dev/sda1 64216 36364

27852 57% /boot$ df /dev/sda3Filesystem 1k-blocks Used

Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540

137324 98% /

dirnameUsage: dirname NAME

Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.

Example:

$ dirname /tmp/foo/tmp$ dirname /tmp/foo//tmp

dirnameUsage: dirname NAME

Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.

Example:

$ dirname /tmp/foo/tmp$ dirname /tmp/foo//tmp

dirnameUsage: dirname NAME

Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.

Example:

$ dirname /tmp/foo/tmp$ dirname /tmp/foo//tmp

dumpkmapUsage: dumpkmap

Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.

Example:

$ dumpkmap < keymap

echoUsage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...

Print ARGs to stdout.

Options:

-n Suppress trailing newline-e Enable interpretation of escaped

characters-E Disable interpretation of escaped

characters

Example:

$ echo "Erik is cool"Erik is cool$ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"Erikiscool$ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"

Erik\nis\ncool

exprUsage: expr EXPRESSION

Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.

EXPRESSION may be:

ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2

ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0

ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to

ARG2ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to

ARG2ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1

and ARG2ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and

ARG2ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1

divided by ARG2ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1

divided by ARG2STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern

match of REGEXP in STRINGmatch STRING REGEXP same as STRING :

REGEXPsubstr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING,

POS counted from 1index STRING CHARS index in STRING

where any CHARS is found, or 0length STRING length of STRINGquote TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a

string, even if it is akeyword like

`match' or an operator like `/'( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION

Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical.

Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.

falseUsage: false

Return an exit code of FALSE (1).

Example:

$ false$ echo $?1

fbsetUsage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]

Show and modify frame buffer device settings.

Options:

-hDisplay option summary

-fb DEVICEOperate on DEVICE

-db FILE Use FILE for mode database

-g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH Set all geometry parameters

-t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLENSet all timing parameters

-xres RES Set visible horizontal resolution

-yres RES Set visible vertical resolution

Example:

$ fbsetmode "1024x768-76"

# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz

geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4accel falsergba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0

endmode

fdflushUsage: fdflush DEVICE

Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.

findUsage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]

Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'.

EXPRESSION may consist of:

-follow Dereference symbolic links-name PATTERN File name (leading directories

removed) matches PATTERN-type X Filetype matches X (where X is

one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)-perm PERMS Permissions match any of (+NNN);

all of (-NNN); or exactly (NNN)-mtime TIME Modified time is greater than

(+N); less than (-N); or exactly (N) days

Example:

$ find / -name /etc/passwd/etc/passwd

freeUsage: free

Displays the amount of free and used system memory.

Example:

$ freetotal used free shared

buffers Mem: 257628 248724 8904

59644 93124 Swap: 128516 8404 120112Total: 386144 257128 129016

freeramdiskUsage: freeramdisk DEVICE

Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.

Example:

$ freeramdisk /dev/ram2

grepUsage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...

Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.

Options:

-h Suppress the prefixing filename on output-i Ignore case distinctions-n Print line number with output lines-q Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found,

1 otherwise-v Select non-matching lines

This version of grep matches full regular expressions.

Example:

$ grep root /etc/passwdroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwdroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

gunzipUsage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE

Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').

Options:

-c Write output to standard output-t Test compressed file integrity

Example:

$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr

11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr

14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar

gzipUsage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE

Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').

Options:

-c Write output to standard output-d decompress

Example:

$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*

-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar

$ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr

14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz

haltUsage: halt

Halt the system.

headUsage: head [OPTION] FILE...

Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Options:

-n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10

Example:

$ head -n 2 /etc/passwdroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bashdaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

hostnameUsage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]

Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the host name will be set.

Options:

-s Short-i Addresses for the hostname-d DNS domain name-F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to

specify the hostname

Example:

$ hostnameslag

idUsage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]

Print information for USERNAME or the current user.

Options:

-g Print only the group ID-u Print only the user ID-n print a name instead of a number (with

for -ug)-r Print the real user ID instead of the

effective ID (with -ug)

Example:

$ iduid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)

initUsage: init

Init is the parent of all processes.

This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.

BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use sysvinit.

BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:

::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS::askfirst:/bin/sh

If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also run:

tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh

If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as follows:

<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>

id

WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init! The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console. Also note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null will be run. BusyBox init does nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.

runlevels

The runlevels field is completely ignored.

action

Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, once, and ctrlaltdel.

The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified process exits.

Run only-once actions:

'sysinit' is the first item run on boot. init waits until all sysinit actions are completed before continuing. Following the completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run. 'wait' actions, like 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until the specified task completes. 'once' actions are asyncronous, therefore, init does not wait for them to complete. 'ctrlaltdel' actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot (unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good idea).

Run repeatedly actions:

'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions. When a process started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts it. Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from respawning out of control. The 'askfirst' actions acts just like respawn, except that before running the specified process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the specified process.

Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an error message, and then go along with its business. All actions are run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.

process

Specifies the process to be executed and its command line.

Example /etc/inittab file # This is run first except when booting in

single-user mode. # ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

# /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys # # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console

(whatever that may be) ::askfirst:-/bin/sh # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4 tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh

# /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys # tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6

# Example of how to put a getty on a serial

line (for a terminal) # #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100 #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100 # # Example how to put a getty on a modem

line. #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2

# Stuff to do before rebooting ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff

insmodUsage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...

Load MODULE into the kernel.

Options:

-f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.

-k Make module autoclean-able.-v Verbose output-x Do not export externs-L Prevent simultaneous loads of the same

module

killUsage: kill [OPTION] PID...

Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified PID(s).

Options:

-l List all signal names and numbers-SIG Send signal SIG

Example:

$ ps | grep apache252 root root S [apache]263 www-data www-data S [apache]

264 www-data www-data S [apache]265 www-data www-data S [apache]266 www-data www-data S [apache]267 www-data www-data S [apache]$ kill 252

killallUsage: killall [OPTION] NAME...

Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified NAME(s).

Options:

-l List all signal names and numbers-SIG Send signal SIG

Example:

$ killall apache

lnUsage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY

Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET. You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.

Options:

-s Make symbolic link instead of hard link-f Remove existing destination file

Example:

$ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls$ ls -l /tmp/lslrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr

12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*

loadfontUsage: loadfont

Load a console font from stdin.

Example:

$ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname

loadkmapUsage: loadkmap

Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.

Example:

$ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap

loggerUsage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]

Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin.

Options:

-s Log to stderr as well as the system log-t Log using the specified tag (defaults to

user name)-p Enter the message with the specified

priorityThis may be numerical or a

``facility.level'' pair

Example:

$ logger "hello"

lsUsage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Options:

-a Do not hide entries starting with .-c With -l: show ctime (the time of last

modification of file status information)-d List directory entries instead of

contents-e List both full date and full time-l Use a long listing format-n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of

names-p Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries-u With -l: show access time (the time of

lastaccess of the file)

-x List entries by lines instead of by columns

-A Do not list implied . and ..-C List entries by columns-F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to

entries-L list entries pointed to by symbolic links-R List subdirectories recursively

Example:

lsmodUsage: lsmod

List currently loaded kernel modules.

md5sumUsage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...

Print or check MD5 checksums.

Options:

-b Read files in binary mode-c Check MD5 sums against given list-t Read files in text mode (default)-g Read a string

The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:

-s Don't output anything, status code shows success

-w Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines

Example:

$ md5sum busybox6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox$ md5sum -c6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002 busyboxmd5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'^D

mkdirUsage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.

Options:

-m Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask

-p No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed

Example:

$ mkdir /tmp/foo$ mkdir /tmp/foo/tmp/foo: File exists$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz

mkfifoUsage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME

Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').

Options:

-m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)

mknodUsage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).

Options:

-m Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)

TYPE may be:

b Make a block (buffered) devicec or u Make a character (un-buffered) devicep Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are

ignored for named pipes

Example:

$ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0 $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p

mkswapUsage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]

Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.

Options:

-c Check for read-ability.-v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].-v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for

kernels > 2.1.117).BLOCKS Number of block to use (default is entire

partition).

moreUsage: more [FILE]...

Page through text one screenful at a time.

Example:

$ dmesg | more

mountUsage: mount [OPTION]...

or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY

Mount filesystems.

Options:

-a Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab-o One of the many filesystem options listed

below-r Mount the filesystem read-only-t TYPE Specify the filesystem type-w Mount the filesystem read-write

Options for use with the -o flag:

async/sync Writes are asynchronous / synchronous

atime/noatime Enable / disable updates to inode access times

dev/nodev Allow / disallow use of special device files

exec/noexec Allow / disallow use of executable files

loop Mount a file via loop devicesuid/nosuid Allow / disallow set-user-id-root

programsremount Remount a currently mounted

filesystemro/rw Mount filesystem read-only /

read-write

There are even more flags that are filesystem specific. You'll have to see the written documentation for those.

Example:

$ mount/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)proc on /proc type proc (rw)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop

mvUsage: mv SOURCE DEST

or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

Example:

$ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar

ncUsage: nc HOST PORT

or: nc -p PORT -l

Open a pipe to HOST:PORT or listen for a connection on PORT.

Example:

$ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000

00:03:02 -0600help214-Commands supported:214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELPquit221 foobar closing connection

nslookupUsage: nslookup [HOST]

Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST.

Example:

$ nslookup localhostServer: defaultAddress: default

Name: debianAddress: 127.0.0.1

pingUsage: ping [OPTION]... HOST

Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.

Options:

-c COUNT Send only COUNT pings-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets

(default=56)-q Quiet mode, only displays output

at start and when finished

Example:

$ ping localhostPING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255

time=20.1 ms

--- debian ping statistics ---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0%

packet lossround-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms

poweroffUsage: poweroff

Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn off power upon halting.

psUsage: ps

Report process status. This version of ps accepts no options.

Options:

Example:

$ ps PID Uid Gid State Command 1 root root S init 2 root root S [kflushd] 3 root root S [kupdate] 4 root root S [kpiod] 5 root root S [kswapd] 742 andersen andersen S [bash] 743 andersen andersen S -bash 745 root root S [getty] 2990 andersen andersen R ps

pwdUsage: pwd

Print the full filename of the current working directory.

Example:

$ pwd/root

rebootUsage: reboot

Reboot the system.

reniceUsage: renice priority pid [pid ...]

Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).

resetUsage: reset

Resets the screen

rmUsage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...

Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.

Options:

-i Always prompt before removing each destinations

-f Remove existing destinations, never prompt

-r or -R Remove the contents of directories recursively

Example:

$ rm -rf /tmp/foo

rmdirUsage: rmdir DIRECTORY...

Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.

Example:

$ rmdir /tmp/foo

rmmodUsage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...

Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.

Options:

-a Try to remove all unused kernel modules

Example:

$ rmmod tulip

sedUsage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...

Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:

ADDR [!] COMMAND

ADDR can be:

NUMBER Match specified line number$ Match last line/REGEXP/ Match specified regexp

! inverts the meaning of the match

COMMAND can be:

s/regexp/replacement/[igp]which attempt to match regexp against the

pattern spaceand if successful replaces the matched

portion with replacement.aTEXT

which appends TEXT after the pattern space

This version of sed matches full regular expressions.

Options:

-e Add the script to the commands to be executed

-n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space

Example:

$ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'bar

setkeycodesUsage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...

Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.

SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in decimal.

Example:

$ setkeycodes e030 127

shUsage: sh

lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)

This command does not yet have proper documentation.

Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.

sleepUsage: sleep N

Pause for N seconds.

Example:

$ sleep 2[2 second delay results]

sortUsage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Sort lines of text in FILE(s).

Options:

-n Compare numerically-r Reverse after sorting

Example:

$ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sorta

bcdef

swapoffUsage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]

Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.

Options:

-a Stop swapping on all swap devices

swaponUsage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]

Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.

Options:

-a Start swapping on all swap devices

syncUsage: sync

Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.

syslogdUsage: syslogd [OPTION]...

Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.

Options:

-m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)

-n Run as a foreground process-K Do not start up the klogd process-O FILE Use an alternate log file

(default=/var/log/messages)-R HOST[:PORT] Log remotely to IP or hostname on

PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)-L Log locally as well as network logging

(default is network only)

Example:

$ syslogd -R masterlog:514$ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601

tailUsage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...

Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read stdin.

Options:

-n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of last 10-f Output data as the file grows. This

versionof 'tail -f' supports only one file at a

time.

Example:

$ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.confnameserver 10.0.0.1

arUsage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...

MODE may be chosen from

c Createx Extractt List

Options:

f FILE Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')

O Extract to stdoutexclude FILE File to excludev List files

processed

Example:

$ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local

teeUsage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.

Options:

-a Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite

Example:

$ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/fooHello$ cat /tmp/fooHello

telnetUsage: telnet HOST [PORT]

Establish interactive communication with another computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.

expr(1)

NAME expr, test, [ - evaluate expressions

SYNOPSIS expr expression test expression [ expression ]

DESCRIPTION Expr evaluates the expression and prints the result. Test evaluates the expression without printing the result. The ``['' command is a synonym for test; when invoked under this name the last argument to expr must be a ``]'', which is deleted and not considered part of the expression.

Three data types may occur in the expression: string, integer, and boolean. The rules for conversion are as follows:

string->integer Done via atoi(3). integer->string Convert to decimal representation. string->boolean "" -> false, everything else to true. boolean->string false -> "", true -> "true". integer->boolean 0 -> false, everything else to true. boolean->integer false -> 0, true -> 1.

Any argument to expr which is not a legal operator is treated as a string operand of type string.

As a special case, if expression is omitted, the result is false.

We now list the operators. The syntax

integer op integer -> boolean (3)

means that op is a binary operator which takes operands of type integer and produces a result of type boolean. The ``(3)'' means that the priority of op is 3. Operands are automatically converted to the appropriate type. The type any is used for operator that take operands of any type.

any -o any -> any (1) Returns the value of the left hand operand if the left hand operand

would yield true if converted to type boolean, and the value of the right hand operand otherwise. The right hand operand is evaluated only if necessary. ``|'' is a synonym for ``-o''.

any -a any -> any (2) Returns the value of the left hand operand if the left hand operand would yield false if converted to type boolean, and the value of the right hand operand otherwise. The right hand operand is evaluated only if necessary. ``&'' is a synonym for ``-a''.

! boolean -> boolean (3) Returns true if the operand is false, and false if the operand is true.

string = string -> boolean (4) True if the two strings are equal.

string != string -> boolean (4) True if the two strings are not equal.

integer -eq integer -> boolean (4) True if the two operands are equal.

integer -ne integer -> boolean (4) True if the two operands are not equal.

integer -gt integer -> boolean (4) True if the first operand is greater than the second one.

integer -lt integer -> boolean (4) True if the first operand is less than the second one.

integer -ge integer -> boolean (4) True if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second one.

integer -le integer -> boolean (4) True if the first operand is less than or equal to the second one.

integer + integer -> integer (5) Add two integers.

integer - integer -> integer (5) Subtract two integers.

integer * integer -> integer (6) Multiply two integers. ``*'' is special to the shell, so you generally have to write this operator as ``\*''.

integer / integer -> integer (6) Divide two integers.

integer % integer -> integer (6) Returns the remainder when the first operand is divided by the second one.

string : string -> integer or string (7) The second operand is interpreted as a regular expression (as in the System V ed program). This operator attempts to match part (or all) of the first operand with the regular expression. The match must start at the beginning of the first operand. If the regular expression contains \( \) pairs, then the result of this operator is the string which is matched by the regular expression between these pairs, or the null string if no match occurred. Otherwise, the result is the number of characters matched by the regular expression, or zero if no no match occurred.

-n string -> integer (8) Returns the number of characters in the string.

-z string -> boolean (8) Returns true if the string contains zero characters.

-t integer -> boolean (8) Returns true if the specified file descriptor is associated with a tty.

The remaining operators all deal with files. Except as noted, they return false if the specified file does not exist. The ones dealing with permission use the effective user and group ids of the shell.

-r string -> boolean (8) True if you have read permission on the file.

-w string -> boolean (8) True if you have write permission on the file.

-x string -> boolean (8) True if you have execute permission on the file.

-f string -> boolean (8) True if the file is a regular file.

-d string -> boolean (8) True if the file is a directory.

-c string -> boolean (8) True if the file is a character special file.

-b string -> boolean (8) True if the file is a block special file.

-p string -> boolean (8) True if the file is a named pipe (i.e. a fifo).

-u string -> boolean (8) True if the file is setuid.

-g string -> boolean (8) True if the file is setgid.

-k string -> boolean (8) True if the file has the sticky bit set.

-s string -> integer or boolean (8) Returns the size of the file, or 0 if the file does not exist.

-h string -> boolean (8) True if the file is a symlink. This is the only file test operator that does not follow symlinks, all others do. So ``-d'' and ``-h'' are both true on a symlink pointing to a directory. ``-L'' is a synonym for ``-h''.

EXIT CODE 0 if the result of expression would be true if the result were converted to boolean. 1 if the result of expression would be false if the result were converted to boolean. 2 if expression is syntactically incorrect.

EXAMPLES

filesize=`expr -s file` Sets the shell variable filesize to the size of file.

if [ -s file ]; then command; fi Execute command if file exists and is not empty.

x=`expr "$x" : '.\{4\}\(.\{0,3\}\)'` Sets x to the substring of x beginning after the fourth character

of x and continuing for three characters or until the end of the string, whichever comes first.

x=`expr X"$x" : X'.\{4\}\(.\{0,3\}\)'` This example is the same as the previous one, but it uses a leading ``X'' to make things work when the value of x looks like an operator.

BUGS The relational operators of the System V expr command are not implemented.

Certain features of this version of expr are not present in System V, so care should be used when writing portable code.

COPYRIGHT Kenneth Almquist.

touchUsage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...

Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).

Options:

-c Do not create files

Example:

$ ls -l /tmp/foo/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory$ touch /tmp/foo$ ls -l /tmp/foo-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr

15 01:11 /tmp/foo

trUsage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]

Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout.

Options:

-c Take complement of STRING1-d Delete input characters coded STRING1-s Squeeze multiple output characters of

STRING2 into one character

Example:

$ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]hello world

trueUsage: true

Return an exit code of TRUE (1).

Example:

$ true$ echo $?0

ttyUsage: tty

Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.

Options:

-s Print nothing, only return an exit status

Example:

$ tty/dev/tty2

umountUsage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY

Options:

-a Unmount all file systems-r Try to remount devices as read-only if

mount is busy-f Force filesystem umount (i.e.,

unreachable NFS server)-l Do not free loop device (if a loop device

has been used)

Example:

$ umount /dev/hdc1

unameUsage: uname [OPTION]...

Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s.

Options:

-a Print all information-m Print the machine (hardware) type-n Print the machine's network node hostname-r Print the operating system release-s Print the operating system name-p Print the host processor type-v Print the operating system version

Example:

$ uname -aLinux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50

MST 2000 i686 unknown

uniq

Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).

Options:

-c prefix lines by the number of occurrences-d only print duplicate lines-u only print unique lines

Example:

$ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniqabc

updateUsage: update [OPTION]...

Periodically flush filesystem buffers.

Options:

-S Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing-s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)-f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)

uptimeUsage: uptime

Display how long the system has been running since boot.

Example:

$ uptime 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04,

0.00

wcUsage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read stdin.

Options:

-c Print the byte counts-l Print the newline counts-L Print the length of the longest line-w Print the word counts

Example:

$ wc /etc/passwd 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd

whichUsage: which [COMMAND]...

Locate COMMAND(s).

Example:

$ which login/bin/login

whoamiUsage: whoami

Print the user name associated with the current effective user id.

Example:

$ whoamiandersen

xargsUsage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]

Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.

Options:

-t Print the command just before it is run

Example:

$ ls | xargs gzip$ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm

yesUsage: yes [STRING]...

Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'.

zcatUsage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE

Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.

Options:

-t Test compressed file integrity