Availability, Operation & Energy (some preliminary thoughts)

FCC I&O Energy 1

Availability, Operation & Energy(some preliminary thoughts)

28 May 2014

Paul Collier, CERN

FCC I&O Energy 228 May 2014

Availability : ➥ Maximizing the time the machine(s) are able to take beam➥ Minimizing down time

Operation : ➥ How the machine(s) will operate – over the years➥ An operational Cycle … how we will do Physics

Energy : ➥ What kind of electrical load is it likely to represent➥ Identification of major energy consumers for optimization

Most of the talk will concentrate on the hadron machine (FCC-hh)

some additional comments concerning the specificities of FCC-ee

Discussion based on recent LHC experience

Some Preliminary Ideas for discussion on:


Beam dump

Setup(Ramp down and Preparation for

next fill)

Injection

Ramp

Squeeze

Collide

Stable beams

LHCRamp Down/Setup 45 mins

Injection 30 mins

Ramp (7 TeV) 25 mins

Squeeze 20 mins

Collide 1 mins

Stable beams 0 – 30 hours

Ene

rgy

Operational Cycle

Should take this as a basis for FCC-hh as well and see the impact


FCC-hh Impact of Operational Cycle: 2h to fill, 10h fill length

Injection• LHC can be filled theoretically in 8 min. • In practice with present injector cycles is takes 30 mins (minimum)• But for FCC, 4 times the number of bunches and a new injector!

• Transferring large beam energies between machines!!• Filling FCC in 10-30 mins has a big impact on the injector design

Ramp• FCC-hh will have a similar energy swing as LHC (~ x16)• Maximum ramp rate in LHC 10 A/s• Maintaining a similar ramp time in FCC-hh has big implications on:

• Powering Sector length – giving total inductance in the main circuits

• Magnet design if higher voltages are needed and for magnet inductance

• Both of these have implications on stored energy in the magnets and powering protection systems

• Similar considerations for ramp down and squeeze


FCC-ee – Operational Cycle

Collider ring runs in DC at the physics energy

The Accelerator ring cycles at ~0.1Hz

The short beam lifetime in collision requires “top-up” operation

Theoretically the efficiency can be 100%

The last stage in the injector is included as part of the design.

However FCC-ee will be much more to exposed to faults in the Injector complex LHC (FCC-hh) Can ride through some injector downtime by staying longer in

physics.


FCC-ee Power Consumption Estimates

Based on the 80km Machine Study – Should not be too different to a 100km version. Pre-injectors not included.

TLEP (175) MWRF System 218Cryogenics 24Cooling & Ventilation 60Magnet Systems 6General Services 15Experiments 25Total 353

It includes the infrastructure scaled to the need for TLEP and not that which would be installed to allow a future installation of a pp machine.

The Key Driver here is the RF system: Cavity characteristics and efficiency of the RF power sources (assumed 55%)

I wont s

ay more about t

his today ..


FCC-hh Power Consumption

System LHC FCC-hhPower Converters 20 80Machine Cryogenics 35 140Cooling 20 80Ventilation 14 56RF 18 72Other Machine 2.5 10Experiments 22 30?Total / MW 131.5 468

To first approximation:

Most will scale to FCC-hh very approximately according to length (ie x4)

The Experiments are likely to be more than LHC but not by a large factor

Beware: This is a ball-park figure to set a rough scale!!

Clearly the Cryogenics is a key driver But the infrastructure itself (cooling/ventilation) will also be a large consumerThe RF system itself (if >60MV is needed) is significant same R&D for ee and hh machines !!


How to Refine the FCC-hh Estimates

In the absence of some detailed design of the systems the best bet is to try and refine our estimates of scaling from LHC

The initial estimate was based purely on the length scale – ie 4xLHC

For each major system we need to refine this to look how the scaling should be done

Or, better still, make some preliminary estimates based on the actual FCC.

Some preliminary thoughts here mainly on the magnet powering… will need more input


FCC-hh Magnet Powering Main Magnet Sectorization

LHC Has 8 arcs of 2.9 km. Each one a powering sector in each there are 3 main circuits – 1MB and 2MQ.

Assuming FCC-hh has 12, 6.9km length arcs we can make 2 assumptions:a) One powering sector per arc : i.e. 2.4x the length in the LHCb) Two powering sectors per arc : i.e. 1.2x the length in the LHC

In each case assume that the magnets have the same characteristics as the LHC

The voltage required for each circuit can be split into 2 parts: • Steady state voltage to overcome the resistance in the circuit

• To first approximation this does not depend on the length of the circuit• Peak voltage required to change the field – up or down.

• To maintain the 10A/s ramp rate of the LHC this voltage must increase as the inductance in the circuit increases

• Alternatively the ramp-rate will decrease• Assume that we want to keep the present LHC ramp rate for the FCC-hh.


LHC I V Steady

V Boost

Steady Power /kW

Peak Power /kW

Number PCs

Total Steady Power /kW

Total Peak Power /kW

MB 13000 10 180 130 2470 8 1040 19760

MQ 13000 13 5 169 234 16 2704 3744

3744 23504

FCC 12/a

MB 13000 10 388 130 5178 12 1560 62135

MQ 13000 13 12 169 327 24 4056 7842

5616 69977

FCC 12/b

MB 13000 10 194 130 2654 24 3120 63695

MQ 13000 13 15 169 360 48 8112 17300

11232 80996

The FCC/b scenario is probably the most likely … because of stored energy considerations.In addition, the time constant of the dipole chain in the a) option will be over 50,000 seconds (LHC = 23,000s)


Power Converters Steady State Power ..

Scaling for Steady power = 2.9 based on 12 arcs – rises to x3.1 if we split them (above).Assumptions made for the LSS have a significant effect• h-h option presently assumes 4x LHC in total length (I assume same cell length)• I Keep 2 LSS for beam cleaning – but twice as long• The dump septa is scaled by the energy and becomes enormous 8.4MW!

• Clearly a technical solution using SC septa would be lower. • Note : PC power output considered here, not mains power!Total of around 6300 power converters and 63MW!

Equip. code

Current Voltage Mains Input Power losses Qty Use Totals FCC

Ultimate

AMin

ASteady

VBoost

VPeak

VPeakkW

PeakkVA

WaterkW

AirkW

Peak

Power /kW

Steady Power /kW

Scaling ?Scaling Factor Steady

No.FCC

Steady /kW

RPTE 13000 350 10 ±180 190 2681 3540 150 50 8 Main Dipoles 21448 1040 Numer of powering sectors ( & Length) 3 24 3120

RPHE 13000 350 13 ±5 18 265 288 28 3 16 Main Quads 4240 2704 Numer of powering sectors (& Legnth) 3 48 8112

RPHF 8000 160 6 ±2 8 78 85 13 1.5 21 Final Focus 1638 1008 Number of Experiments 1 21 1008

RPHG 6000 120 6 ±2 8 59 64 10 1.2 132 Stand Alone 7788 4752 Length and number of LSS 4 528 19008

RPHH 4000 80 6 ±2 8 40 42 6.5 0.7 40 Stand Alone 1600 960 Length and number of LSS 4 160 3840

RPMB 600 Bipolar ±8 ±2 10 8.5 9 2 0.2 330 Correctors 2805 1584 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 990 4752

RPMC 600 Bipolar ±35 ±2 40 27 30 3 0.3 24 Correctors 648 504 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 72 1512

RPMB 600 0 8 2 10 8.5 9 2 0.2 70 Correctors 595 336 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 210 1008

RPMC 600 0 35 5 40 27 30 3 0.5 2 Correctors 54 42 Number of powering sectors (&Length) 3 6 126

RPLB 120 Bipolar ±8 ±2 10 1.7 108 0 0.5 290 Correctors 493 278.4 Length 4 1160 1114

RPMC 120 Bipolar ±35 ±5 40 5.5 6 0 0.1 10 Correctors 55 42 Length 4 40 168

RPLA 60 Bipolar ±2 ±6 8 0.7 0.8 0 0.2 752 Correctors 526.4 90.24 Length 4 3008 361

RPTL 650 60 160 0 160 113 141 0 25 3 Warm Magnets 339 312 Numer of Cleaning Sections + Length 2 6 624

RPTF 810 70 450 0 450 390 490 0 50 4 Warm Magnets 1560 1458 Numer of Cleaning Sections + Length 2 8 2916

RPTG 810 70 950 0 950 820 1025 0 40 4 Warm Magnets 3280 3078 Numer of Cleaning Sections + Length 2 8 6156

RPTM 1000 50 600 0 600 640 800 0 395 2 Dump (RT) 1280 1200 should scale with Energy? 7 2 8400

TOTAL 1720 48349.4 19388.64 6291 62225

0

50

100

150

200

250

Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K

FCC-hh 100 km FCC-hh 83 kmTo

tal e

lect

rical

pow

er to

refr

iger

ator

[MW

]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K Tcm = 4.5 K Tcm = 1.9 K

FCC-hh 100 km FCC-hh 83 km

Arc

equi

vale

nt re

frig

erati

on c

apac

ity [k

W @

4.5

K]

Beam screen Thermal shield Cold mass CL

Cryogenics (L. Tavian)

w/o cryo-distribution !w/o operation overhead !

LHC cryoplant

State-of-the-art cryoplant

LHC installed power

Per arc

For FCC-hh (12 arcs)

L. Tavian - 22 May 2014


Other Machine Equipment

CryogenicsEstimates made at the kick-off meeting – 140-190 MW power to refrigerators depending on temperature of the cold mass. Assume 1.9K. Gives a factor >4 compared to LHC

CoolingPresumably a function of the total power to remove – will therefore scale with the scaling of the total consumption?

VentilationI assumed only length – presumably it should more properly scale with volume.Since the tunnel section will be larger it might even be greater than x4.

RFInitial estimate 4xLHC (determined by beam stability).More refined estimate points to ~2.5-3However Lower/Higher harmonic cavities & crab cavities would increase the power needsFor the moment ignore them – but bear it in mind. Input from Machine needed.

Other MachineA factor 4 looks reasonable – but some things might scale with Energy!!


The Rest

ExperimentsSeems reasonable to assume they will consume more – but not that muchExperiments are dominated by electronics, I thinkFirst ideas from the experimental team would help a lot here.At the moment I assume ~1/3 more power

Injectors and Transfer LinesClearly nothing done here yetLikely that (part of) the transfer lines will be powered from the FCC infrastructure

General ServicesWere left off the preliminary estimate! Complicated … scale with number and size of buildings, number of shafts, total length – depending on what is being powered. Stick with x4 for the momentGeneral Services in LHC = ~20MW Therefore FCC would need ~80MW !!


New Estimate – It is not getting better!

Anything else I have forgotten?

At present PC’s are output power – need to estimate mains power.

Do we need to consider transmission losses for the power distribution?

System LHC Kick off Now Comment

Power Converters 20 80 63 Beam Dump septa ?

Machine Cryogenics 35 140

190 Assume 1.9KCooling 20 80 80 no new infoVentilation 14 56 56 no new infoRF 18 72 54 Assume 3xLHC, Other RF ignoredOther Machine 2.5 10 10 no new infoExperiments 22 30? 30 no new infoGeneral Services 20 80 forgotten last time!Total / MW 131.5 468 563

Availability, Operation & Energy (some preliminary thoughts)

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