AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 3 : LANGUAGE

(1) This separate schedule is an auxiliary to the enumerated classes 2/9, A/Z. The concepts in it are available only to qualify those classes, and their classmarks are not to be used on their own.

(2) These classmarks may be added to any class where the instruction appears to add letters from Schedule 3; e.g. in Class J Education, JV is special categories of educands, and at JVG Language groups, Non-English (or favoured language) speaking appears the instruction: Add to JVG letters C/Z from Schedule 3; so Education of Bantus would be JVG HN. Or, in Schedule 2, BQ is Linguistic group areas, and BQH N would be Bantu-speaking areas.

(3) A prominent use of the Schedule will be to specify translations, version, etc., of particular works in classes like Literature, Religion and Philosophy; e.g. PM6 Versions of the New Testament, has the instruction Add to PM6 letters C/Z from Schedule 3; so PM6 RF is Greek versions.

(4) Where no such special provision is made, the language of a document can be specified by adding Schedule 3 notation to 2X from Schedule 1, e.g. Encyclopaedia of economics, in French T3A 2XV.

(5) If a library wishes to give a preferred position with a short classmark to a particular language (e.g. that of the place where the library is situated) the letter F or Z may be used.

(6) Any language may be qualified by the preceding arrays C/E by direct retroactive synthesis; e.g.Commercial African languages, HCS.

(7) The order of classes is the same as in the Language and literature classes, X/Y, but the notationis different in order to allow addition of letters from this schedule to a single letter.

(8) This schedule consists of a substantial selection from the very detailed schedules of Class X/Y. Further details may be obtained from W/Y should the need arise.

SUMMARY OUTLINE

C Language varieties: by use, by speaker, by period, mixtures, dialectsE Artificial languages

G American aboriginal languagesGB North and Central American languagesGBK Meso American, Central American languages (alone)GQ South American languages

H African languagesHAM Hamitic languages

* Alternative (preferred) to collocating with Semitic languages at MRHAV Cushitic languagesHAW Chad languagesHCY Meroitic languages

HD Nilo-Saharan languagesHF Niger-Kordofanian languagesHN BantuHV Khoisan languages

J Australian languagesJGB Non-Malayo-Polynesian languages of OceaniaJGT Oriental, Asiatic languagesJGX Malayo-Polynesian languages, Austronesian languagesJK Austro-Asiatic languages: Mon-Khmer, Munda …JP Dravidian languages: Tamil, Telegu …JTB Sino-Tibetan languages: Chinese, Japanese …LP Ural-Altaic languages: Tungus, Mongolian, Turkic … MO Caucasian languagesMQ Hamito-Semitic languagesMR Hamitic languages

* Alternative to collocating with African languages at HAMPB Indo-European languagesPJ Hindustani languagesPT Iranian languagesPW Balto-Slavonic languages: Russian, Serbo-Croat, Polish, Czech …QW Celtic languagesRB Classical Greek and LatinSR Romance languages: Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, FrenchWB Germanic languagesWG Scandinavian languagesX German, Dutch, English

FULL SCHEDULE OF LANGUAGE AUXILIARY

C Language varieties (By medium)

CD Spoken languageCE Written language

(By special use)CG Literary languageCH Ceremonial languageCJ Formal, polite languageCK Informal languageCL Colloquial, vernacularCM Intimate languageCN SlangCP Informative languageCQ Jargon

* In its broadest sense, this term also covers mixed languages but that use of

it is declining* See also Mixed languages DT

CR Of special subjectsCS Commercial languageCT Technical languageCV Others

(By speakers)DB Men, womenDC ChildrenDD Other agesDE By race, culture

Add to DE letters A/Z from Schedule 3ADF By religion

Add to DF letters G/W following P in PG/PW(By social groups)

DH ClassDJ School, universityDK Urban languageDL Rural languageDM Nation

DN (By linguistic features)Add to DN letters A/G following W in WA/WG - e.g. Tone languages DNB NN

DP (By stage, period) Add to DP letters A/Z from Schedule 4

DPE Ancient, classical form of the languageDPG Intermediate (e.g. Mediaeval) formDPK Modern languageDQ Extinct, dead languagesDR DialectsDS PatoisDT Mixed, hybrid languages, contact vernacularsDV Lingua francasDW Pidgins and creoles

E Artificial languages, international languages, constructed languages, conlangsEK VolapukEL Basic English

* Alternative to locating at YEM IdoEN InterglossEP NovialEQ OccidentalER RoET TutonishEV EsperantoEX Others, A/Z

F Preferred language* This position I reserved for libraries wishing to assign a special classmark to a particular language

G American languages * The classification of North and Central American languages is based on C. F. and F. M.

Voegelin’s Map of North American Indian languages, Washington, 1966. The classification of South American languages is based on that of J. Greenberg in Encyclopedia Britannica (1973), supplemented by McQuown’s “Indigenous languages of Latin America”, American anthropological journal, June 1955.

* Use intercalator ‘A’ when adding letters C/E; e.g. American Indian commercial languages GAC S

G American indigenous languages

GB North and Central American languages* Use as the general class for North American languages alone

GBK Central American (Meso-American) languages alone

GBN American Arctic PalaeosiberianGBP Eskimo-AleutGBV Chukchi-Kamchatlan

* Alternative to LNGC NaDeneGCK AthapaskanGCM ChipewyanGCQ ApacheanGCS NavahoGCX TlingitGCY HaidaGD Macro-AlgonquianGDB AlgonquianGDC DelawareGDL OjibwayGDO CreeGDX YurokGDY WiyotGE MuskogeanGEJ ChoctawGEN CreekGEP NatchezGEQ AtakapaGER ChitimachaGES TunicaGET TonkawaGF Macro-SiouanGFJ SiouanGFW CatawbaGG IroquoianGGP CherokeeGGQ CaddoanGGY YuchiGH Hokan

GHJ YumanGHK SeriGHL PomoGHM PalaihnihanGHN ShastanGHP YananGHQ ChimarikoGHR WashoGHS SalinanGHT KarokGHV ChumashanGHW ComecrudanGHX CoahuiltecanGHY EsselenGJ Meso-American languagesGK PenutianGKJ YokutsanGKK Maiduan GKL WintunGKM Miwok-CostanoanGKN Klamath-MadocGKO SahaptianGKQ CayuseGKR MolaleGKS CoosGKT YakonanGKU TakelmaGKV KalapuyaGKW ChinookanGKX TsimshianGKY ZuniGL Meso-American branchesGLD M MixeGLN MayaGLU Q QuicheGM Aztec-TanoanGMB Kiowa TanoanGMT Uto-AztecanGN Macro-Oto-MangueanGNJ Oto-MangueanGNL PopolocanGNQ MangueanGNR MixtecanGNS MixtecoGNT ChinatecoGNV ZapotecanGNW ZapotecoGNY Tarascan

GP Unclassified languagesGPJ Keresan

GPL YukianGPM BeothukGPN KutenaiGPP KarankawaGPQ ChimakuanGPS SalishGPW WakashanGPW N NootkaGPY Timucua

GQ South American languages

GR Macro-ChibchanGRJ MisumalpanGRK MiskitoanGRM SumoanGRV MatagalpanGS ChibchanGSB Pacific ChibchanGSG TalamancaGSJ Interandean-BarbacoanGSN Eastern ChibchanGSR Y Yunca-PuruhanGSS YuncanGST AtalanGSU JirjaranGSU N XaguanGSW ChiriananGSW N GuaharibanGSY Muran

GT Ge-Pano-CaribGTB Macro-CaribGTB K CaribanGTH Pebol YaguanGTK M Macro-GeGTK N GeGTN CaiganganGTP CamacanianGTP Q MachacalianGTQ PurianGTR P ChiquitoGTS BorotuqueGTS J BoroanGTS M OtuqueanGTS R CarajanGTS S CarajaGTT Macro-PanoanGTT K PanoanGTV TacananGTW Macro-Guaycuruan

GTX NhambicuranGTX N NhambicuranGTX T Psuedo-NhambicuaraGTY Huarpean

GV Andean-EquatorialGVB AndeanGVB R Araucanian-ChonGVG Z ZaparoanGVK M CahuapananGVKQ Quechu-MaranGVM Z II A-4 (Greenberg)GVP II B (Greenberg)GVP K JivaroanGVP T Macro-TucanoanGVP V Catuquinean-TucanoanGVV SimacuGVW PuinaveanGW EquatorialGWB ArawakanGX Tupi-GuaraniGXB TupiGXD GuaraniGXG Cuaca-TimoteGXG P CaririanGXG T ZamucoanGXL MocoaGXM SalivanGXN Guahibo-PamiguanGXR Otomaco-TaparitaGXW YuracareanGXY Cayuvava

H African languages* This classification is based on a modification by Andrew Dalby of J. Greenberg’s classification in Languages of Africa, 2nd ed. 1966, together with material from a checklist of Nigerian languages by C. Hoffman. This has been supplemented (for Bantu)

by M. Guthrie’s Comparative Bantu, 1947. * Use intercalator ‘A’ when adding letters C/E; e.g. African commercial languages HAC S

HAM Hamitic languages* Alternative to collocating with Semitic languages at MR

HAR EgyptianHAU Berber

HAV Cushitic languagesHAV H Northern Cushitic languagesHAV J Beja, BisharinHAV K Eastern Cushitic languages

HAV L SomaliHAV M SahoHAV N AfarHAV P GallaHAV Q SidamoHAV R Western Cushitic languagesHAV T Southern Cushitic languages

HAW Chad languagesHAX West Chadic languagesHB Hausa language groupHBL Sura-Gerka language groupHBQ AngasHBR Ron language groupHBS Bole-Tangle language groupHBT Northern Bauchi language groupHBU Southern Bauchi language groupHBY Bade language groupHC Central Chadic, Biu-Mandara HCH Tera language group HCJ Bura language group HCK Higi language groupHCL Bata-Gude language groupHCM Sukur language groupHCN Lamang language groupHCP Mandara language groupHCQ Matakam language groupHCR Kotoko language groupHCS Other Chadic languages

HCY Meroitic language

HD Nilo-Saharan languagesHDS Chari-Nile languages, Macro-Sudanic languages, Sudanic languagesHE Eastern Sudanic languagesHEH Nubian languagesHEJ Murle languages group (Didinga-Murle)HEK Barea languages groupHEL Nilotic languagesHEL H Western Nilotic languagesHEN Nilo-HamiticHEO Southern Nilotic languagesHEP Eastern Nilotic languagesHER Central Sudanic languagesHES KunamaHET BertaHEU Coman languages, Koman languagesHEV Fur languagesHEW Maban languagesHEX Saharan languagesHEY Songhai languages, Songhay languages

HF Niger-Kordofanian languages, Congo-Kordofanian languagesHFK Kordofanian languagesHG Niger-Congo languages, Nigritic languagesHGH Adamawa-Eastern languages, Adamawa-Ubangian languagesHGJ Adamawa languagesHH Eastern languages groupHHJ Gbaya languages, Baya languagesHHP Sango, Sangho HHQ H Zande languagesHJ Kwa languagesHJH Group a languages, Kru languages group (Greenberg)HJJ Group b languages (Greenberg)HJK EweHJL Akan languages group (Greenberg)HJM Akan, TwiHJO Group c languages (Greenberg)HJP YorubaHJQ Group d languages (Greenberg)HJR Group e languages, Edo languages group (Greenberg)HJS J BiniHJU Group f languages, Idoma languages group (Greenberg)HJV Group g languages, Ibo languages group, Igbo languages group (Greenberg)HJX Group h languages, Ijo languages group (Greenberg)HKB West Atlantic languagesHKC Southern languages groupHKD Northern languages groupHKE Serer-Sine, SererHKF Serer-NonoHKG WolofHKH Fulani, FulaHKM Mande languages, Mandingo languagesHKN Eastern languages groupHKP Western languages groupHKQ BamabaraHKR MalinkeHKT Kpelle-Mende languages groupHL Gur languages, Voltaic languagesHLH Senufo languages groupHLJ SemeHLK Lobi-Dogon languages groupHLL BwamuHLM KirmaHLN TyuramaHLO WinHLP Grusi languages groupHLQ Gurma-Moore languages groupHLT Moore-Dagbani languages groupHLV Moore, MossiHM Benue-Congo languages, Benue-Niger languages, Benue-Cross languages, Semi-

Bantu languages

HMH Plateau languages groupHMK Jukunoid languages groupHMO Cross-River languages group HMS EfikHMV Bantoid languages groupHMW Non-Bantu languagesHMX Tiv (Munshi)HN Bantu languagesHNJ Zone A languages (Guthrie) HNR Zone B languages (Guthrie) HOB Zone C languages (Guthrie)HOL Zone D languages (Guthrie)HPB Zone E languages (Guthrie)HPL Zone F languages (Guthrie)HPQ Zone G languages (Guthrie)HPU SwahiliHQB Zone H languages (Guthrie)HQG Zone K languages (Guthrie)HQM Zone L languages (Guthrie)HQT Zone M languages (Guthrie)HRB Zone N languages (Guthrie)HRG Zone P languages (Guthrie)HRL Zone R languages (Guthrie)HRQ Zone S languages (Guthrie)HRV Xhosa, KosaHRW ZuluHS North Western Sub-Bantu languages

HV Khoisan languages. Unclassified click languagesHVH Hadzapi, Hadzabe, Hadza (no longer recognised as a Khoisan language) HVJ SandaweHVK Hottentot, Khoekhoe (preferred term)HVR Bushman

J Australian languages

JF (Prefixing languages)JFF Multiple classifying languages (e.g. Janjula)JFG Dual classifying languages (e.g. Djerag)JFH Non-classifying languages (e.g. Jiwadja)JFJ (Suffixing languages)JFK Barkly Tableland languages group (e.g. Wagaja)JFL Wulamba languages groupJFM Western desert languages group (e.g. Andagaringa)JFN South West Peripheral languages group (e.g. Inggada)JFP Aranda languages group (e.g. Iliaura)JFQ Victorian languages group (e.g. Jaralde)JFR Mixed languagesJFS South Central languages (e.g. Pangkala)JFT North Central languagesJFU New South Wales languages (e.g. Kamilaroi)

JFV Cape York and North East Arnhem Land languages (e.g. Wik)

JGB Non-Malayo-Polynesian languages of Oceania and Australasia

JGB G Tasmanian languages, Palawa languagesJGB J Negrito languagesJGL Halmahera languagesJGM Alor-Pantar languagesJGM R Alor langugesJGM T Pantar languagesJGN Timor languagesJGP New Guinea languagesJGQ Papuan languages

JGT Asiatic, Oriental languages in general

JGV Austric languages* Postulated family comprising the Malayo-Polynesian languages and the

Austroasiatic languages JGX Malayo-Polynesian languages, Austronesian languagesJHB Malayan languagesJHD MalayJHE IndonesianJHF BalineseJHG JavaneseJHJ MaduranJHK Philippine languages JHK G BisayaJHK K CebuanoJHK N TagalogJHL SamoanJHM Chamorra (Guam)JHN Palau IslandsJHP AchineseJHQ MinangkabauJHR BatakJHS SundaneseJHT MalagasyJHV Cham languages (South Vietnam)

* Alternative to locating with Mon-Khmer languages at JMKJHX FormosanJJB Melanesian languagesJJJ Polynesian languagesJJQ Micronesian languagesJJX Maori

JK Austroasiatic languagesJL Mon-Khmer languagesJLM MonJM Khmer, Cambodian

See also Annamese JWX

JMK Cham languages* Alternative to locating under Malayan languages at JHV

JML Other Mon-Khmer languagesJN Annam-MuongJO Munda languagesJOH Northern Munda languages group, KherwariJOJ Southern Munda languages groupJOK Western Munda languages group

JP Dravidian languages

JPX Southern Dravidian languages groupJQ TamilJR MalayalamJRN Nilgiri languagesJRR KodaguJRT Betta KurumbaJRV Kanarese (Kannada)JRY TuluJSB Central Dravidian languages groupJSD TeleguJSE KolamiJSF NaikiJSG ParjiJSH GadabaJSK GondiJSL Dialects (e.g. Konda)JSN Northern Dravidian languages group

JSV Andamanese (isolate language)

JTB Sino-Tibetan languages, Indo-Chinese languagesJTD Tibeto-Burman languagesJTF Tibetan languages, Tibetic languagesJTG rGyalrong-Mishmi languagesJTH Bodo-Tangsa-KachinJTJ Naga-Chin languages, Kuki-Chin-Naga languages JU Burmese-Lolo languages, Lolo-Burmese languagesJUT Karen languagesJV Tai languages, Zhuang-Tai languagesJVX Tai languageJW Central Thai, SiameseJWT Laotian language, Isan languageJWX Annamese languages, Annamese-Muong languages, Vietnamuong languages, Vietic

languagesJX Vietnamese languageJY Chinese languagesK ChineseKH MandarinKJ Kuo-yu, ‘National tongue’KK Pekingese, Beijing dialect

KL KiangsiKM HweichowKN MinKO FoochowKP AmoyKQ Kam-Chakka, HakkaKR Hsiang, HunanKS Yueh, CantoneseKT Chuang-thai groupKU T’ung-shui groupKV LiKW YiKX Miao-Yao languages, Hmong-Mien languagesKXM ManKXO MiaoKXQ Yao

KY Northeast and Northern Asian languages

L JapaneseLK Korean

* Alternative (preferred) to collocating with Mongolian at LSKLL Ainu languagesLM Palaeo-Asiatic languages, Palaeo-Siberian languagesLN Chukchean languages, Hyperborean languages LNH Chukchi language

See also American Arctic Palaeo-Siberian languages GBNLNK Kamchatkan, Kamchadal languageLNO Koryak languageLNR Yukaghir languages, Yakaghir languagesLNT Gilyak language, Guilyak language, Nivkh language

LP Ural-Altaic languages

LQ Altaic languagesLR Tungusic languages, Tungus languages , Tungus-Manchu languagesLRJ North Tungus languages, Northern Tungusic languagesLRK North Western, EvenkiLRN North Eastern, LamutLRP South Tungus languages, Southern Tungusic languagesLRQ Dzurcen (Nu-chen)LRR Manchu LRT Goldi (Nanay), Olcha and OrokLRU Udehe (Udekhe) and OrochiLS Mongolian languages, Mongolic languagesLSK Koreanic languages, Korean

* Alternative to locating with Japanese at LKLSL Literary Mongolian, East Mongolian languages LSP West Mongolian languages, KalmuckLSQ Northern Mongolian languages, BuryatLST Diaspora languages

LSU Monguor LSV TunghsiangLSW DagurLSX MogulLT Turkic languages, Turko-Tartaric languages LTJ Old Turkic LTL Orkhon and UighurLTP Middle Turkish languagesLTQ Western languages groupLTR Kuman, KipchakLTS Eastern languages groupLTT Karakhanid, Khwarezmian, ChagataiLUC Modern Turkic languagesLUD Central AsiaticLUF New UighurLUG Uzbek groupLUH ChagataiLUJ City Ozbek, UzbekLUK Qyrghyz, KirghizLUL Other Central Asiatic languagesLUT South West Turkic languagesLUX Pre-Ottoman languageLV Ottoman TurkishLVJ Crimean OttomanLVK Anatolian and Balkan dialectsLVM Gagauz Turkish (Russia) LVO Osmanli TurkishLVP AzerbaijanianLVR KashgaiLVS AinaluLVT BaharluLVU TurkmenLWB North West Turkic languagesLWN South Siberian Turkic languagesLX North East Siberian languages, YakutLY Chuvash

MB Uralic languages, Uralian languagesMC Samoyedic languagesMCJ North Samoyedic languagesMCK Yurak (Nenec)MCL Tavgy (Nganasan)MCM Yenisey-Samoyedic (Enec)MCP South Samoyedic languagesMCQ Ostyak-SamoyedicMCR SelqupMCS Sayan-Samoyedic languagesMCT KamassinicMD Finno-Ugric languagesMDJ Ugric languagesMDL Ostyak (Xanty)

MDV Vogul (Mansi)ME Hungarian (Magyar)MF Finnic languagesMFJ Permian languages, Permic languagesMFK Votyak (Udmurt)MFL Zyrian. Zyrenian (Komi)MFM Volga FinnicMFN Cheremiss (Mari)MFP Hill CheremissMFQ Meadow CheremissMFT MordvinianMFV ErzaMFW MokshaMG Baltic Sea Finnic languages, Baltic Fiinic languagesMH Livian. LivonianMJ EstonianMJL Votic. VetishMJN VepsMJP Ludic, LydiMJR IngrianMJT OlonecianMK KarelianML Suomi, FinnishMM Lappic. Sami languages

MO Caucasian languagesMOL South Caucasian languagesMON GeorgianMOP Mingrelian and Laz, LatvianMOR SvanetianMP North Caucasian languagesMPJ Eastern group. North East Caucasian languagesMPK ChechenMPL Western group. North West Caucasian languagesMPM Kiakh, Cherkess, Circassian

(Unaffiliated languages, isolate languages)MPN EtruscanMPQ BasqueMPS SumerianMPT Elamite

MQ Hamito-Semitic languages

MR Hamitic languages * Alternative to locating with African languages at HAM (which is preferred)

MS EgyptianMT Ancient EgyptianMU CopticMV Berber languagesMW Libyan

MWL TuaregMWP GuancheMX Cushite, Cushitic languages

* For details see under African languages HAVMY Chad languages

* For details see under African languages HAW

NB Semitic languagesNC Proto-SemiticND North Semitic languagesNDX North East Semitic languages. [Modern = East Semitic]NE Akkadian, Assyro-BabylonianNET EblaiteNEV Central Semitic languagesNEX North West Semitic languagesNF Canaanite languagesNFM Moabite NFP Phoenician, Punic

(Hebrew) See NT

NG UgariticNH AmoriteNJ Aramaic, Aramaic languagesNJJ East Aramaic languagesNJK SyriacNJL Talmudic AramaicNJM MandaicNJN East Neo-AramaicNJP West Aramaic languagesNJQ Judaeo-AramaicNJS SamaritanNJT Palestinian-ChristianNJU NabataeanNJV Palmyrene NJW West Neo-Aramaic

(South Semitic languages) NNNKX South West SemiticNL ArabicNM By country (as Schedule 2)NN South Semitic languages [formerly South East Semitic]NP South Arabic, South ArabianNQ Epigraphic South Arabic, HimyariticNRB SabaeanNRD MinaeanNRF Modern South Arabian dialects (e.g. Mahri)NS Ethiopic languagesNSJ North Ethiopic languagesNSL Geez, Ancient EthiopicNSN TigreNSP TigrinyaNSQ South Ethiopic languages

NSR AmharicNSS ArgobbaNST HarariNSU GurageNSY GafatNT Hebrew

NTD PE Classical Hebrew, Biblical HebrewNTD PG Mishnaic Hebrew, Rabbinic HebrewNTD PK Modern Hebrew

NTK Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciationNTM Sephardi Hebrew pronunciation

(Hebrew language in Spain) NTP Judaeo-Spanish, Ladino

* Alternative to collocating with Spanish UL (Hebrew language in Germany)

NTR Yiddish* Alternative to collocating with German XM

PB Indo-European languages

PBF Anatolian languages PBK HittitePBL Palaic languages

Luwic languages Lycian CarianLydian

PBM PhrygianPBP ArmenianPBT Tocharian languages. Turfanian languagesPBU Tocharian A, Turfanian, AgneanPBV Tocharian B, Kuchean

PC Indo-Iranian languages PD Indic languages, Indo-Aryan languagesPDY Ancient Indo-Aryan languagesPE VedicPF SanskritPFT PrakritPFX Middle Indo-Aryan languagesPG Pali

PGY Modern Indo-Aryan languagesPHB North West group, Dardic languagesPHD KashmiriPHF Shina

PHG Gypsy, Romany, RomaniPHL Lahnda dialects (some consider dialects of Punjabi)PHS SindhiPHT Kohistani

* Originally at PRVPHY Central group. Hindi languages, Madhya languages

Western HindiPJ HindustaniPK HindiPL Urdu (a standardized register of Hindustani)PM Panjabi Punjabi, Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi PN GujuratiPP RajasthaniPPQ BhiliPPS East Central group. Eastern HindiPPV [East Hindi]PPX Eastern Indo-Aryan languages [group]PQ BengaliPRB OriyaPRD AssamesePRF BihariPRG BhojpuriPRH MaithiliPRJ MagahiPRL Pahari groupPRM East PahariPRN Nepali, GorkhaliPRP GarwhaliPRQ KumaoniPRS Southern groupPRT Marathi

KonkaniPS Insular Indic. Sinhalese, [Ceylon], Maldivian[PRV Kohistani]

PT Iranic, Iranian languages, Irano-Aryan languages Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian

PTK Ancient Iranian languages. Old Iranian languagesPTL Old PersianPTM AvestanPTP Middle Iranian languagesPTQ Parthian. PahlaviPTR Middle PersianPTS BactrianPTT KhorezmianPTU Sogdian

Old OsseticSakan. Scythian languages. Scytho-Sarmatian languages Scythian Sarmatian

AlanianPTV Saka. Scytho-Sakanese PTV K Khotanese. KhotanPTV T Tumshuq. TumxukPTW Modern Iranian languages. New Iranian languagesPTX Western Iranian languagesPTX S Southern group languagesPTY Literary PersianPU Modern Persian. FarsPUH Lur. LuristanPUJ KhurusanPUK KermanPUL Caspian languagesPUM Mazanderani

Gilaki [currently at PUT]PUN North WesternPUP BakhtiariPUQ KurdishPUS Balochi. BaluchiPUT GilakPUV TalyshPUW ScythianPV Eastern IranianPVJ PushtuPVL Pamimr group, Galcha, Mountain TadzhikPVN ShugniPVP WakhiPVQ MunjaniPVS YaghnobiPVT Ossetic

PW Balto-Slavonic languages

PWJ Baltic languagesPWK Western BalticPWN Eastern BalticPWT LithuanianPWV Latvian

PX Slavonic languages, Slavic languagesPY East Slavic languagesQ RussianQH Old RuthenianQJ UkrainianQK Belorussian, BelarusianQKK Rusyn, Ruthene, RuthenianQL South Slavic languagesQM Slovene, SlovenianQN Serbo-CroatianQP MacedonianQQ Bulgarian

QQK Church SlavonicQR West Slavic languagesQRL Lechitic languagesQRT Polabian [from QVT]QRV Pomeranian, Kashubian [from QVV]QS PolishQST SilesianQSV Czech-SlovakQT SlovakQV Czech QVH BohemianQVM Moravian

* This is one of a number of dialects of CzechQVN Sorbian languages, Lusatian languages, Wendish languagesQVP High Sorbian. Upper Sorbian QVR Low Sorbian, Lower Sorbian QVT QVV

QW Celtic languagesQWJ Gaulish, Gallic QWX LQWK Insular Celtic languagesQWL Goedhelic, Gaelic, Erse, Goidelic languagesQWM Irish GaelicQWN Scottish GaelicQWP ManxQWR Brythonic languages, Brittonic languagesQWS Welsh, CymricQWV CornishQWX BretonQWX H Continental Celtic languagesQWX L Gaulish, GallicQWY Hispano-Celtic languagesQWY L Celtiberian, Northeastern Hispano-CelticQWY N Gallaecian, Northwestern Hispano-Celtic QWY R Ligurian QWY S Lusitanian

QXB Thraco-Illyrian [Hypothetical grouping]QXC Daco-ThracianQXD ThracianQXE DacianQXF Illyrian

QXH Albanian, Albanese

RB Classical philology

RD Hellenic languages. Graeco-Macedonian languages

RDG Proto-Greek language

RDH Achaean RDQRDJ Macedonian

* The ancient language; for the Slavic language see QP

RDM Minoan-MycenaeanRDN Cypriote LinearRDP Minoan, Language of Linear A scriptRDP T EteoCretan

RDQ Mycenaean Greek. Greek of Linear B script (foundation language of the Greek dialects), Achaean Greek

RDV Greek dialectsRDW Eastern group dialectsRDX IonicRE Attic, standard Greek, ‘classical’ Greek of ancient literature REG Central group dialectsREJ AeolicREK Arcado-Cypriot, Southern Achaean, Arcadian and CyprianREK K Western group dialectsREK N Northwest DoricREK N Achaean Doric GreekREL Doric Greek proper REM SicilianREN ArgolicREP LaconianREQ Corinthian

RF Koine, Hellenistic Greek, Alexandrian dialect, Common Attic GreekRG Byzantine Greek, Mediaeval Greek

RH Modern Greek, Neo-Hellenic, Romaic

RJ Demotic Greek, Standard Modern Greek, ‘official’ Greek (the spoken language) RK Katharevousa Greek, Literary Greek

* The written, official language of Greece until 1976RL Modern Greek dialectsRLM Cappodocian GreekRLP Pontic Greek RLS Italiot Greek, South ItalianRLS L Calabrian dialect, Greek-BovesianRLS R Griko, Grico, Grekanika RLT Tsakonian languageRLY Yevanic, Judaeo-Greek, Romaniyot

RM Italic languagesRN VeneticRP Osco-UmbrianRQ Umbrian

RR OscanRS Sabellian languagesRT VolscianRV Latinian dialectsRW Latin-FaliscanRY FaliscanS LatinSJ Pre-literary LatinSL Archaic LatinSN Classical LatinSP Vulgar LatinSQ Mediaeval Latin

SR Romance languages* Derivatives of Latin

SS Proto-RomanceST Raeto-RomanceSV RomanschSVK FriulianSVL Ladin (Dolomite)SW Rumanian, RomanianSX Dalmatian (Vegliote)T ItalianTJ Standard ItalianTK DialectsTL Gallo-ItalianTM VenetianTN TuscanTP CorsicanTQ Central ItalianTS South ItalianTT TicinoTV Sardinian

TY Ibero-RomanceU SpanishUH Hispano-Roman dialectsUJ AragoneseUK Literary Spanish, CastilianUL Ladino, Judaeo-Spaniolic

* Alternative to NTPUM Modern dialectsUN AndalusianUP PortugueseUQ GalicianUR Provencal and CatalanUS CatalanUV ProvencalUY Gallo-RomanceV French

VP Franco-ProvencalVR Languedoc, Provencal broadly

See also Provencal proper, UVVS Auvergnat and LimousinVT Gascon

WB Germanic languages

WC Proto-Germanic

WD East GermanicWE GothicWF Other East Germanic languagesWG North Germanic, Scandinavian languagesWH Old NorseWJ West NorseWK IcelandicWL NorwegianWM BokmaalWN Landsmaal, NynorskWO Faroese, FaerishWP East NorseWQ DanishWS SwedishWT GutnishWY West Germanic X High GermanXH East High GermanXJ LombardicXK SilesianXL ThuringianXM Yiddish

* Alternative to NTRXN West High German, Upper German, FranconianXNK Upper FranconianXNR Rhenish FranconianXNT BavarianXP AustrianXR AllemannicXRJ SwabianXRL Swiss GermanXRP AlsatianXRQ Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania DutchXRS Modern German, Standard GermanXT Low German, PlattdeutschXTK Old Saxon, Old Low GermanXTL Low SaxonXTP FrisianXTR Low FranconianXU NetherlandsXV Dutch

XVP Pennsylvania Dutch XRQXW FlemishXY AfrikaansY EnglishYK Anglo-Saxon, Old EnglishYM Middle EnglishYP Modern English