Autonomous/Automated Automobiles vs. Self-driving Cars/Vehicles vs. Driverless Shuttles/Pods/Podcars

CIVITAS FORUM 2016

Sep 28th 2016

Gdynia, Poland

Piotr Marek SMOLNICKI – Gdansk University of Technology

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Autonomous/Automated Automobiles

vs.

Self-driving Cars/Vehicles

vs.

Driverless Shuttles/Podcars

Understanding different impacts of each

automated mobility solution on metropolitan

(urban and suburban) spatial structures

CIVITAS Forum 2016 • Sep 28th 2016 • Gdynia • Piotr Marek SMOLNICKI

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AA vs. SV/SC vs. DS/DP – different impacts

Gdynia nowphoto: Author 2014

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Personal Rapid Transit in Gdynia?artist vision: Author 2014

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But does Gdynia need PRT?

Do other cities need it?

It depends:

• NO – if we consider new expensive infrastructure

• YES – if we consider use of existing infrastructure

• but transport automation brings new opportunities


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What are the conditions right now?

Car-centric development:

• which is justified by promising improvement of personal transport conditions

• but in reality the conditions are getting worse since the car invention


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What paradoxes & non-intuitive laws are related to this problem? Examples:

1. Jevons’ Efficiency Paradox— in relation to transport is e.g.: electric vehicles

users drive more, thus create bigger environmental impacts (Jevons WS

1866)

2. Braess’ Paradox— bigger or smaller congestion when, accordingly: adding

new or removing existing part of the road infrastructure (Braess D 1968)

3. Induced Traffic Demand— the more roads — the bigger traffic (Leeming JJ

1969)

4. Risk Compensation/Peltzman’s Effect— the more safe you feel — the

bigger risk emerge (Leeming JJ 1969; Peltzman S 1975)


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5. Downs-Thomson Paradox— investing in individual transport creates

additional traffic by reducing mass transit use (Thomson JM 1972; Downs A

1992)

6. Narrow lane safety— the narrower lane — the safer road, even without

reducing the capacity (Schwartz S 1988)

7. Lewis-Mogridge Position— traffic is growing to fulfil road capacity (Lewis D;

Mogridge MJH 1990)

8. Marchetti’s Constant— the average time travelled is constant for any mode

of transport, due to the different distances passed and scopes operated

(Marchetti C 1994)


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Examples of “traditional” car-centric viewpoints on automation:

• pushing for the creation of dedicated traffic lanes for autonomous

automobiles throughout the 225 km stretch of highway between Seattle and

Vancouver

• ideas of ultra-efficient (scary) automated V2V (vehicle to vehicle) & V2X

(vehicles to infrastructure) crossroads – green light for everybody at once

• free autonomous D2D rides (door to door) to shopping malls outside of the

city centre


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This is why we should distinguish technical & organizational solutions

of automated mobility such as AA-s, SV-s & DS-s


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I. What I understand by Autonomous/Automated Automobiles?

1. It is just an evolution of traditional 1,5 century old model of automobile

2. It still needs the driver (in the meaning of the owner) and steering wheel

3. It does not make any difference between other cars since newer cars have

already safety- and other kind of automation

4. Thus it is just marketing


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Examples for autonomous/automated automobiles:

• Tesla Model S (autopilot software update of an electric but traditional car)

• Mercedes F 015 (AA concept that is still focused on self-ownership or long-

term rent)

• Yanfeng AA (premiere 2017 – user interface presented 2016 in Frankfurt)

• Volvo, Ford, Chrysler, Nissan etc. are preparing their own AAs for the next

2-5 years (all major automotive producers will present AA until around 2020)


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II. What I understand by Self-driving Vehicles/Cars?

1. It is a revolution after 100 years of the same car model

2. It does not need the driver (no driving license needed) nor steering wheel

3. Thus the owner does not need to keep its belonging car with him/her

4. Actually the traveler does not need to own the car – he/she can use it as

todays taxi, ridesharing or car sharing services


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Examples for self-driving vehicles/cars:

• Google has been testing its self-driving car for example in Kirkland,

Washington

• Uber opened the first self-driving fleet in Pittsburgh, USA

• nuTonomy announced a partnership with South East Asia's largest ride-

hailing service, Grab, in order to further expand the reach of fleet of self-

driving vehicles


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III. What I understand by Driverless Shuttles/Pods/Podcars?

1. It fills the on-demand (OD) gap between taxi service and public transit

2. It allows to cover the first/last mile problem

3. It competes with walking and biking

4. But it complement public transit making it cheaper to maintain (no drivers)


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Examples for driverless shuttles/podcars:

• BestMile signs its first commercial project with CarPostal, the company

leading the sector of public transportation in Switzerland. This collaboration

between the EPFL spin-off and the subsidiary of the Swiss Post will allow to

operate driverless shuttles in urban areas

• Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (LAVTA) introduced two

innovations: partnering with transportation network companies (TNCs),

such as Uber and Lyft, to reach commuters in neighbourhoods big buses

cannot serve, and exploring driverless shuttles to solve first and last mile

issues to connect people to stations


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What future transportation problems do cities have to solve?


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We have stakeholders:

• Chaotic

• Monopolizing


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We need stakeholders:

• Cooperating

• Complementing


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How to solve the problem?

We need to implement Mobility as a Service (MaaS) paradigm

Why?

Because automation is a disruptive innovation that may have significant

negative side effects on functional, physical & socio-economic spatial structures,

as much as on transportation, including personal, group and mass public transit.


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What ways do cities can follow? – example of (automated) car-sharing

Source: Author 2016. Car-sharing: The Impact on Metropolitan Spatial Structures

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Examples of shared on-

demand rides on the city

theoretical model:

• Rideshare picks-up 2 or

more passengers on way

• Rideshare prolong it’s

route if its <1,4 length

• Rideshare is

complementing public

transit

Source: Author 2016

Thank you!

Piotr Marek Smolnicki

Contact Details

Gdansk University of Technology

Narutowicza 11/12 Street

80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

[email protected]

http://www.civitas.eu

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Author’s chosen references

• Smolnicki PM 2016 “Mobility Oriented Development (MOD): Public-Private

Partnership in Urban Parking & Traffic Management with the Use of

Autonomous Automobiles, Car-sharing, Ridesharing Modes of Transport &

Mobility as a Service (MaaS)”. Springer: Happy City: eds Brdulak H, Brdulak A

• Smolnicki PM, Sołtys J 2016 “Car-sharing: The impact on metropolitan spatial

structures”

• Smolnicki PM, Sołtys J 2016 “Driverless Mobility: The Impact on Metropolitan

Spatial Structures”. Elsevier

• Netsch S, Junussova M, Kamrowska-Załuska D, Kiełbińska K, Roszkowska K,

Smolnicki PM 2014 “Rethinking the Water-City Interface: Gdynia and

Waterfront”


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Autonomous/Automated Automobiles vs. Self-driving Cars/Vehicles vs. Driverless Shuttles/Pods/Podcars

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