AUTONOMA - Dalia Munenzon - Continental Islands: Ceuta and Gibraltar A typological research into...

5KM

CONTINENTAL ISLANDS: CEUTA AND GIBRALTAR A typological research into transactional and partially autonomous territories

AUTONOMAAthens, Greece 2016

Dalia MunenzonMIT, SMArchS Urbanism

This paper explores the way geopolitics, geographical notions, territory and economic flows synthesize into spatial form.

Hypothesis

Remote Exclaves:Spaces of cultural and economic cross boundary flows with a component

of militarization are an urban typology of Operational Landscapes - Continental Islands.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a future scenario that will suggest a CI potential fulfillment and to identify an urban morphology

for Continental Islands.

Chapters:

1. Introduction

2. What are Continental Islands Definition. How is it operational? What makes it a unique spatial typology?

3. Study of Ceuta and Gibraltar as CIs Why Ceuta and Gibraltar are Continental Islands?

How did it shaped their urban form? What is the status of their autonomy?

4. New geographic imaginaries and a future Scenario What is the mainland for the CI?

5. Ceuta - Urban morphology 6. Conclusion

Introduction1

“CONTINENTAL ISLANDS are accidental, derived islands. They are separated from a continent, born of

disarticulation, erosion, fracture;they survive the absorption of what once contained them.”

(Deleuze, 2004 – Desert Islands p.9)

2_Continantal islands

ContinentalIslands (CIs)

2

THE CI TYPOLOGY

GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS:

DISCONNECTION AND REMOTENESS

CULTURALBORDERLESS HYBRID

ECONOMICTRANSPORTATION AND TRANSITION

ECONOMIC REGULATIONSSHORTER PROCESS

MILITARY STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE


Territory and Space


CI asOperational Landscape

The planetary urbanization theory frames all existing landscape as urbanized and divided to Clusters of

agglomeration without territorial boundaries and The boundaryless infrastructural and operational field

that serves the agglomeration’s capitalist growth .

“Just as importantly, the urban age concept fails to illuminate the wide ranging operations and impacts of urbanization processes beyond the

large centers of agglomeration, including in zones of resource extraction, agro-industrial enclosure,

logistics and communications infrastructure, tourism and waste disposal, which often traverse

peripheral, remote and apparently “rural” or “natural” locations. “

(Brenner, 2014 - implosions / explosions p.20)

Ceuta and Gibraltar

3

CEUTA - Spanish since 1669 |Morocco – Protectorate abolished 1956

Size 18.5km2

Population 85,000Population growth 0.6% | Spain -0.2%GDP Growth -1.2% annual change(Spain

2013)

GIBRALTAR - UK last battalion left 1991

Size 7km2Population 30,000

Population growth 0.3%GDP Growth 7.8% annual change(2012)

GDP sector: Agriculture 0%, Industry 0%,Services 100% (2008 est.)

Density 4,328/km2

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar

Ceuta and Gibraltar both have claims for their territory from neighboring nations, Limited connections to the mainland and internal discussions of sovereignty.The civic marginality is a result of this partial autonomy and the possible association to a greater geopolitical power - the EU.

Both are not spaces of agglomeration and consumption Their main economies based on transport of goods, capital and people, they are infrastructures for transactions and serve greater “consumers

CEUTA view west from Monte Hacho GIBRALTAR view west from the Moorish castle


Strategic location and extensive military infrastructure

GIBRALTAR - UK last battalion left 1991

Size 7km2Population 30,000

Population growth 0.3%

GDP Growth 7.8% annual change(2012)GDP sector: Agriculture 0%, Industry 0%,

Services 100% (2008 est.)

25% of GDP - Online gaming industry

Density 4,328/km2


”.


Gibraltar - The Spanish opposed the attempt for independence and claimed it was against the Treaty, this resulted with a referendum in 1967 in which the Gibraltarian voted to stay in the UK. As a result Spain closed the land border with Gibraltar and disconnected the communication lines, a siege that continued for fifteen years.

Source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/71144572@N00/437334679/


Gibraltar - Its condition of partial autonomy debated in 2002 by Spain and the UK on the sovereignty of the territory.

GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar: British or Spanish?Book by Peter Gold, 2005

1921-2016

1704Utrect Treaty

British Rule

1941- 1951WW2 evacuation

1969-1985Referendum

Closed border

1985Land

reclaminationby

Foreigninvestment

1921

1988-1992New Lucrativedevelopment

1985

OldTown

2000Reuse of

WW2 tunnels or Data Center

2006Establishingconstitution

3_ Gibraltar Urban Analysis Gibraltar Urban Analysis

Gibraltar, View to La Línea de la Concepción


Gibraltar - The local economy take advantage of the geopolitical situation, on the one hand easy access to European and British markets and on the other hand short and easy bureaucratic processes resulting the size and governmental structure.

CEUTA - Spanish since 1669 |Morocco – Protectoral abolished 1956

Size 18.5km2

Population 84,963Population growth 0.6% | Spain -0.2%GDP Growth -1.2% annual change(Spain

2013)


Urban Analysis Ceuta

Source: Moritz Siebert https://www.flickr.com/photos/su_mo/145614915/in/album-72057594134561901/


Ceuta - In 1995 in order to prevent migrants from crossing into the city and the EU, the government erected six-meter high double fences.

CEUTA IS

0.14%OF SPANISH GDP

2014

SPAIN UNEMPLOYMENT20.9% (2015-2016)

4.58% construction2% industry

POPULATION

84,963

41.05%UNDER 30

21.02%UNDER 15

0.3% 3,7484.43%

5.94%

Heighest % of unemploymentin whole of spain

30.43%UNEMPLOYMENT

2015

67.71%MAN OF

UNEMPLOYED

LOCAL GDP

90.06%SERVICES

50.34%PUBLIC

SERVICES

SPAIN PUBLIC SERVICE17.13%

5.03% Industry

4.73% Construction

0.18% Primary

REGISTEREDCOMPANIES

88%SERVICES

52.49%NO EMPLOYEES

40.01%UNDER 5

EMPLOYEES

41%HOUSEHOLD WORK

EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC STAFF

20% TRADE, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS,

TRANSPORT,STORAGE COMPANIES

CEUTA:

ECONOMIC DATA


Ceuta is a governmental and military post that serves itself and have not utilize the cross boundary position as part of its ‘official’ economy.It fails to fulfill its CI and operational landscape potential.

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Ceuta Urban Analysis

Public housing construction resumed

2,011

Spain canceled mandatory m

ilitary service 2,001

Autonomic city status

1,995 Construction of Schengen borders

1,99115,000 M

oroccan obtained Spanish nationality 1,986

Spanish constitution - public housing 1,978

Population of 50,000 residents 1,930


Moroccans allowed to reside in the city

1,868 Cam

ps outside the walls 1,860

Ceded to Spain 1,668

End of Muslim

rule 1,415

Islamic conquest of Iberia

711 Ceuta first settled

-500BC

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Ceuta Urban Analysis

Public housing construction resumed

2,011

Spain canceled mandatory m

ilitary service 2,001

Autonomic city status

1,995 Construction of Schengen borders

1,99115,000 M

oroccan obtained Spanish nationality 1,986

Spanish constitution - public housing 1,978



Moroccans allowed to reside in the city

1,868 Cam

ps outside the walls 1,860

Ceded to Spain 1,668

End of Muslim

rule 1,415

Islamic conquest of Iberia

711 Ceuta first settled

-500BC

MILITARY

DENSE URBAN BLOCKS19-18TH CENTURY100MX50M

UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTSEXTREME TOPOGRAPHY LOW RISE

DEVELOPMENT PROJECTDISCONNECTED20TH CENTURY PUBLIC HOUSING

COMPOUNDONE UNIT 15MX12M4 STORIES HIGH

SMALL URBAN BLOCKS20TH CENTURY50MX25M

75m

150m

50m

35m

65m

85m

100m

60m

24m

52m

40m

20m

154m74m

280m

45m25m

60m

20m

20m

20m

20m

16m16m

UNCONTROLLEDCOMPOUND

AM CB D

3_Ceuta and GibraltarCeuta Urban AnalysisThe morphology of the city is mostly forms of encampments: The permanent military infrastructure and public housing vs. the temporary encampments Of the vernacular neighborhoods.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

MILITARY VERNACULAROLD CITY GRIDPUBLIC HOUSING COMPLEX VERNACULAR GRID

DENSE URBAN BLOCKS19-18TH CENTURY100MX50M

UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTSEXTREME TOPOGRAPHY LOW RISE

DEVELOPMENT PROJECTDISCONNECTED20TH CENTURY PUBLIC HOUSING

COMPOUNDONE UNIT 15MX12M4 STORIES HIGH

SMALL URBAN BLOCKS20TH CENTURY50MX25M

75m

150m

50m

35m

65m

85m

100m

60m

24m

52m

40m

20m

154m74m

280m

45m25m

60m

20m

20m

20m

20m

16m16m

UNCONTROLLEDCOMPOUND

AM CB D

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

3_Ceuta and GibraltarCeuta Urban AnalysisThe morphology of the city is mostly forms of encampments: The permanent military infrastructure and public housing vs. the temporary encampments Of the vernacular neighborhoods.

El Principe neigborhood

Source: Bernardo Perezhttp://elpais.com/elpais/2014/10/30/inenglish/1414682950_772016.html


Ceuta - Occasionally Morocco raises sovereignty claims and the Ceuties who have the veto pow-er for any governance change - are not likely to vote against Spain. Since the end of the Spanish protectorate, these nations still have interdependent relations on various levels of service, infrastructure and military assistance.

CEUTA

King and Queen of Spain visit Ceuta and Melilla 2007 (El Pais Magazine)

Europe or Africa? : A Contemporary Study of the Spanish North African Enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Book By Peter Gold, 2001


Ceuta and Gibraltar as margins of the EU.


Contemporary geopolitical controversies of opportunism and sovereignty

GIBRALTAR

Self Determination for Gibraltar Group warns against Brexit

http://www.gibraltarolivepress.com/2016/04/self-determination-for-gibral-tar-group-warns-against-brexit/

CEUTA

The Russian submarine ‘Novorossiysk’ - port of Ceuta in August 2015

Ceuta: an unofficial Russian naval ‘base’ in the Strait of Gibraltar? (El Pais Magazine)

http://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/28/inenglish/1459157481_130448.html

New geographic imaginaries and a Future Scenario

4

4_Future Scenario

Baudrillard defines the “Hyperreal” as the replication of the territory without its context, a new reality that endures while the ephemeral present fades into thin air.

Blue Marble. 1972By NASA

Source: http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/wallpaper/photography/photos/mile-stones-space-photography/earth-full-view/

4_Future Scenario

Europe form a policy for relations with neighboring nations. Euro- Mediterranean partnership

4_Future Scenario

EU’s relation to it’s margines can be charecterized as “cohesion and fracture”.*

Revisiting Al-Idrissi: The Eu and the (Euro)Mediterranean Archipelago FrontierXavier Ferrer-Gallardo and Olivier Thomas Kramsch

FRACTURE AND COHESION

BORDER FRONTIER

4_Future Scenario

The Mediterranean as a frontier.

Revisiting Al-Idrissi: The Eu and the (Euro)Mediterranean Archipelago FrontierXavier Ferrer-Gallardo and Olivier Thomas Kramsch

Tabula Rogerina, 1154 By Al-Idrisi

Source: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Idrissi#/media/File:TabulaRogeriana.jpg

N

MEDITERRANEAN

4_Future Scenario

This alternative map as an imaginary tool blurs the territory of the sea as a clear border-line and emphasizes the connected nods of collective overlap.

Fadaiat, 2004 By HAckitectura and Indymedia Estrecho.

Source: http://www.hackitectura.net/osfavelados/txts/2009_08_cartography/ima-genes/06_2004_cartografia_caraa.jpg

4_Future Scenario

Civil, social and artistic projects are creating new imaginaries for the borderscape of the Mediterranean. *

Addressing Euro-Mediterranean Border Imaginations from a Project-Based PerspectiveAlice Buoli

Solid sea - ghost shipMultiplicity , Armin Linke 2003

Source: http://territorialagency.com/projects/anthropocene-observatory/

4_Future Scenario

The projects described address frontier territories and as testing grounds for new and complex “Eu-ro-Mediterranean spaces”. These projects have the potential to evolve into operational initiatives. In addition to the potential of reimagining the border space through documentation, representation and civic actions, this frontier approach can lead to development of a new geopolitical scenario.

Desertmed organisation and project, 2008 - 2013

Source: http://desertmed.org/#/island/48

Mediterranean Bathymetry

Source: http://www.dev.bowdenweb.com/maps/i/ibcm-bathymetry-shaded/

4_Future Scenario

ARCHIPELAGO FRONTIER

This imagination will undermine the adoption of the Mediterranean by the EU and its contradictory pol-icies. In this frontier of transition, dissolution and transformation - the fracturing forces weaken and allow the cohesive flows to permeate from both directions in equal participation.

The combination of policy shifting civic actions and a new geographic perception can lead to a new nexus of collaboration and alliance among frontier spaces within the space of the Mediterranean. More specifically, design thinking in relation to the “Archipelago Frontier” will open the door for a geopolitical scenario for the CI potential fulfillment of Ceuta and Gibraltar.

4_Future Scenario

The process of combining transitions and transformations in a nexus of civil insoles, can operate in two levels:

1. softening of borders for the EU- ENP / EMP policies with the new reading of the sea as a collaborative frontier.

2. intertwining the cross border undisclosed operations within the CIs while using the advantage of the anomaly.

4_Future Scenario

The proposed scenario

In this reading the Strait of Gibraltar is first operates within the nexus of the Mediterranean as a north-south

connection. Under the patronage of this new network as mainland the partial autonomy of the CI will lead to

spatial and economic opportunism.

I propose a scenario in which the new Mediterranean frontier is rendered into the marginal essence of Gibraltar

and Ceuta and utilizes them as the ultimate cross boundary- frontier territory; within the framework of

continental Europe and its neighbors.

GIBRALTAR :SPACE OF COOPERATION WITH LA LINEA

CEUTA:SPACE OF COOPERATION WITH MOROCCO

The Case of Ceuta

Urban Morphological Proposal

5“Three cities are superimposed on one another, and as one wanders one unravels them, three cities of profoundly different structure, three cities born of

three invasions.”

“Without solidifying completely…” the expansion of the city “was made comfortable, but without ever

losing their ephemeral feeling.”

(“The Spirit Of Mediterranean Places”. Michel Butor. 1986 p.22)

CROSS BORDER INFLUENCES

5_Ceuta Urban proposal

The city is gradient of influences and flows.It is porous and also bounded seeded with enclosed insoles.

Hospital

Lidl supermarket

Tarajal trade area

EU | Spain

Morocco

Morocco

25,000 Moroccan citizensenter daily to work

1,134,214 tons of goods is80% of annual goods from Spain to Ceuta low to Morocco - and 12% of the city’s tra�c(2005)

6 Million € cross border ow of goods a day (2013)

7,164 Refuges annual crossing(Ceuta and Mellila 2015)

FLOWS


The transactional flows cross the city on the western periphery,It is an informal flow due to the tax and customs laws.The border in Ceuta allows the entrance of Moroccan residents from the Tetouan region into the territory of the city, due to historic territorial relations.


The historical development of the city is also expresses In the socio economic data of the population.

2013 a study by Sociopolis

High Foreignresidents percentage

High percentageof people in situation of poverty

Home ownershippercentage

12% 14%

9.5%

10%

52%69%

33%

65%

48%

The risk of poverty for households Moroccan origin 60% -65%

European-Spanish 13.5% - 14.5%

Members per householdin Ceuta 3.58in Spain 2.86

85%54%

SOCIO ECONOMIC DATE -FOREIGNER RESIDENTS AND POVERTY

EL PRINCIPE AND THE NEW PUBLIC HOUSING

90% unemployment

Population 12,000 registered (20,000-15,000)

No public infrastructure2014-2020 Governmental regeneration plan


The Case of Ceuta - urban analysis

FIELD_PUBLIC SPACES SEQUENCE


In the framework of camp typology -The infill of the gaps between the archipelago is the dynamic fieldStructured around the permanent elements (public spaces).


Basic community and residential programmatic elementsCombined with CI program according to location.

N

SOUTHERN AREA NORTHERN AREA


The Case of Ceuta - urban proposal

Render

TOP COURTYARD CONNECTED TO THE PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECT


By proposing to make use of the proximity and common ground with Morocco, in the Archipelago fron-tier scenario the created condition empowers Ceuta’s Moroccan community as a mediator between the south and north. The vision of Ceuta as CI, is a multi-cultural community capable of capitalizing its unique territorial properties – at the junction between north and south.

“...they saw Gibraltar, not simply separated from Spain, but already at a considerable distance, like an island abandoned in the middle of the ocean,

transformed, poor thing, into a peak, a sugarloaf, a reef, with its thousand cannon out of action. “

Saramago, J. - The stone raft Conclusion6

Urban square

Public housingInterior square

Enclosed spaceIn historic militaryInfrastructure

PromenadeAnd out doorMarket

30m25m

45m

75m

110m

25m

60m85m

75m

Sport Fields

Enclosed public spaces

BC

AE

D

A

B

C

D

E

EXISTING PUBLIC SPACES

4_Urban design principles

Most of the public spaces are in the center and enclosed by the dense grid,In the Periphery there are sports field and rare enclosed squares in the public housing projects.


The Module - BarrackFormal definition of volume, and adaptable space.

75m

150m

Military Barracks Revellin Ceuta

1762 - 1982

MILITARY BARRACKSREVELLIN CEUTA

1762-1982


Program possibilities for the 40X9m barrack

LIVING COMMERCIAL

EDUCATION

WORKSPACES

SPACES

O�ce

Administrative, work space

30 Desks per a �oor

O�ce size - 12m2

Data Center



O�ce size - 12m2

Banking



O�ce size - 12m2

Conference center

Various meeting rooms

100 People per a �oor

Class size - 45m2

Community center

Various class rooms and spaces(library, computers etc.)


Class size - 45m2

School

Various class rooms and spaces (library, computers etc.)

4 Class rooms

Class size - 45m2

Hostel

Temporary housing


Room size 27m2

Hotel

Temporary housing


Room size 24m2

Residential

Public housing


4 Apartments per �oorUnit size 82m2

Dormitories

Temporal Housing

30 Beds per a �oor

Open space - full �oor 360m2

Collaborative space

Creative initiatives space


Open space - full �oor 360m2

Restaurants and Bars

300 People

3 business per a �oor

Per restaurant 120m2

Shops

12 Shops

Minimum size per shop 12m2

Market

12m2 shops Storage, booths and carts

Sport - yoga - pool co�e shops

Market Public Event space Sport - playground ParkingFood

40m

9m

12m

40m

30m

SOUTHERN AREA



*

Community public Space

Market

Public event space

SOUTHERN AREA



5_Future Scenario

The proposed scenario

EU | SCHENGEN ENTRANCE

CEUTA | RESTRICTED SCHENGEN ENTRANCE

SCHENGEN ENTRANCE

EU ENTRANCE

SPAIN

EU | SCHENGEN

CEUTA ATIGUA

UK

EU | SCHENGEN

GIBRALTAR OLD CITY

EU RENDERS THE MARGINAL ESSENCEOF CEUTA AND GIBRALTAR WITH THE EMP ‘S POLICIES

THE ULTIMATE CROSS BORDER TERRITORY.

GIBRALTAR :SPACE OF COOPERATION WITH LA LINEA

CEUTA:SPACE OF COOPERATION WITH MOROCCO

The CI’s Spatial Manifesto

6

Khan & Külliye BarracksRoman Camp

The Void The ModulThe Field

Timgad, Algeria Bursa, Turkey Camp Blanding, Florida

6_Spatial manifesto

Three basic concepts for intervention - based on the latent urban history of the site.

The permanent objects and attributes of the new urban typo-morphology Are inspired by Aldo Rossi “The Architecture of the City”

“Only the preexisting condition of a closed and sta-ble form permitted continuity and the production

of successive actions and forms.”

(Aldo Rossi. 1982 - The architecture of the city. p.88)

6_Spatial manifesto

Localizing the generic typo-morphology - Critical regionalism

“Public spaces are firstly the containers of collective memo-ry and desire, and secondly they are the places for geographic and social imagination to extend new relationships and sets of

possibility.”

(James Corner 2005 - Terra Fluxus. p.32)


Taxonomy of territories according to relations of Mainland - Host Nation - Territory

The most appropriate examples of the CI are the Exclave and Operational categories.

Panama Canal

PanamaCentral America

Panama (the Colon FTZ 1948)Atlantic entrance to the canal

FREE PORT

FREE ZONE & PORT Chinese investments

Deep sea port and warehouses

4 Million tons of cargo

City of KnowledgeS. Korean investment

$1.04 Billion initiative Research university

Labs & industrial parks

Andorra

Independentprincipality

Europe

TOURISM &FINANCES

_Tourism80% GDP

_Tax haven19% of GDP_Duty free

_Not an EU member

Monaco

MicrostateEurope

TOURISM &FINANCES

_Gambling_Personal banking

_No income tax

KaliningradDistrict

RussiaEurope

SEZ

_Manufacturing hub_Military post

_Sea port

French Guiana

Overseas region of France

South America

ENCLAVE STRAIT ECONOMYOPERATIONAL FOREIGN INVESTMENTS EXCLAVE

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

_In the EU_Dependant on France

Singapore

Strait of MalaccaAsia

MauritiusIslands

East Africa

Macao

SpecialAdministrative

Region China

Kish Island

IranAsia

LekkiLagos

NigeriaAfrica

Yachay Ecuador

South America

_SEZ since 1960’s_2nd busiest

Port in the world_Intersection of many

Underwater cables_Malaysia multimedia

Super corridor

Kish Island

IranAsia

EPZExport Processing Zone

_Luxury Tourism_Ebene CyberCity

Center forInformation technology

FREE PORT& RESORT ISLAND

_Tourism_Undisclosed activities

_O�shore �nances_Tax haven_Free port

Gambling - 40% of GDP8 Million tourists a year

FTZ& RESORT ISLAND

_Tourism_Tax exemption

_Easy access andOpportunities for

_Undisclosed activities

EXCLAVES

KALININGRAD

Russian exclave – before 1945 German Koenigsberg

Size 223 km2Population 448,548 (in the city) almost 1 million in the district

Population growth o.7%GDP Growth -10% Density 1,900/km2

Before the economic crisis the GDP growth was 10%Special Economic Zone by Russia since 1996

Will close because Russia joined WTO and the zone’s incentives do not comply with the WTO’s rules.

manufacturing hub - automotive plants Cadillac, Hummer and BMW.Military post and sea port

Unemployment around 10%


Taxonomy of territories according to relations of Mainland - Host Nation - Territory

The most appropriate examples of the CI are the Exclave and Operational categories.

Sub-Saharan Africans and North african migrants and refugees

Year Cycle

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Water

Data - Under water cable

Ferry

Birds

Air tra cInternational tra c From western Africa and Canary Islands to Western EuropeMorocco to Eururope

Internal tra cUK- GibraltarTangier and Tetouan to Casablance, Morocco

Wind

Mediterranean winds

Terrain

Mig

rati

ng A

xis

Pilla

rs o

f Her

cule

s

FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA)

Europe India Gateway (EIG)

Atlas O�shore

FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA) | 10Gbps, 27000km,

Europe India Gateway (EIG) | 3.84Tbps, 15000km

Atlas O�shore | 320Gbps, 1630km,

Ships | Boats

Atlantic blue�n TunaThe mediterranean is the eastern spawning area

Freight vessels

Gibraltar

Gibraltar

Elevation

0.0

-800m

+1,400

Sea �oor

Above sea �oor

Natural terrain

Tectonic plates

+3,500 - 10,000+10,000 - 13,000

-280m

SeaMeWe-3

Columbus-III

Columbus-III | 40Gbps, 9900km,

SeaMeWe-3 | 960Gbps, 39000km

+

+

Vendavel windW to E

strong blustery windfollows the LevanterNovember to April

Vendavel wind

Red knotStaging, moulting nd non-breeding area

Red KnotTraveling 15,000 km from its Arctic breeding grounds to South Africa

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) Travelin from south Africa to northern Europe and Asia most of movement southward is through strait of Gibraltar

Ortolan Buntingbreeding area in Sweden | May - Augustwintering area in South Sahar - west Africa | October - April

Ortolan BuntingAutumn migration from northen Europe to Mali and Guineathrough Iberian peninsula (30 day stop).Spring migration, 18 days stop in Morroco or Spain.

HSC "Tarifa Jet" | 777 passengers + 175 cars

HSC "Ceuta Jet" | 428 passengers + 52 cars

Tanger Express | 1000 passengers + 340 cars Ferry:Algeciras to Ceuta & Tangier

andTarifa to Tangier

about 22 rides each direction a daymax. of 50,000 passengers in one day for each direction

180 ships a day90,000-120,000 ships a year

Ferry

November - 194 ships a day99 traveling West95 traveling East34 �nal destination at the Strait’s ports - Ceuta, Gibraltar, Algeciras , Tangier

German U-boats Campaign60 items between 1941 - 1944using internal wavws of the Camarinal Sill

Fish- Migration routsAtlantic blue�n Tuna

Marine Turtlesthe loggerhead turtle breeds in the central Mediterranean, migrates to western Atlantic,numbers a few thousand individuals

The loggerhead turtle

2,0142,0132,0122,0112,0102,0092,008

7,840

6,80

0

6,40

0

8,45

0

5,00

0

6,65

0

6,50

0

People

Western Migration route - frontex dataSub-Saharan Africans and North Africa

Tourists and visitorsTourists annualGibraltar by land 9,616,781Ceuta by sea 200,000Morocco 4,000,000 Europeans

Red Knot migration along the East Atlantic flywaySix subspecies - Wadden sea to/ from Mauritania

approx. 400,000 Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 62,000 spring 2009 and 89,000 autumn 2008February - March | early Octobermost birds cross the strait during southwards migration

Ortolan Bunting Black Kite

Ortolan Bunting

Black Kite

Refugeescrossing point

Bird Migration

GibraltarAirport

TetuoanAirport

TangierAirport

Gibraltar AirportUk and Tangier

Tetuoan AirportCasablanca and Al Hoceima (internal Morocco)

Tangier Airport11 direct linedNetherlands, Spain, France, Belgium,UK, Turkey, Casablanca and Gibraltar

Air Tra¦c

Weste

rn Eu

rope

Weste

rn Af

rica

Levanter windE to W

at the western exit of the straitsthe wind can be at Gale forceMay to October62–74 km/h

Sirocco windSE to NW

Dry air from the Saharapeak in March and November

100 km/h

Levanter wind

N

Sirocco wind

Poniente windNW to SE

hot, clear and dry weatherany westerly in the areaduring winter turn to Vendavel

Poniente wind

Internal Betic fault

Internal Rif fault

External Betic RifThrust fault

Inte

rnal

faul

t

External fault Camarinal Sill

Camarinal Sill

W

E

N

S

Warm low salinityOcean water

High salinity coldMD - Water

StreamsW

E

SouthNorthern Africa

NorthSouthern Europe

4_Future Scenario

Strait of Gibraltar - space of stratefied motions

EU GateCity Center Gate

Morocco Gate

Western Periphery

Flow Vector

**

**

**

GATES


The vectors of flow are connecting between the gates alon the perimiter road..

City Gate

EU Gate

Morocco Gate

DENS

E UR

BAN

BLOC

KS19

-18TH

CEN

TURY

100M

X50M

UNPL

ANNE

D SE

TTLE

MEN

TSEX

TREM

E TO

POGR

APHY

LO

W RI

SE

DEVE

LOPM

ENT

PROJ

ECT

DISC

ONNE

CTED

20TH

CEN

TURY

PUB

LIC

HOUS

ING

COM

POUN

DON

E UN

IT 15

MX1

2M4

STOR

IES

HIGH

SMAL

L UR

BAN

BLOC

KS20

TH C

ENTU

RY50

MX2

5M

75m

150m

50m

35m 65

m

85m

100m

60m

24m

52m

40m

20m

154m

74m

280m

45m

25m

60m

20m

20m

20m

20m

16m

16m

UNCO

NTRO

LLED

COM

POUN

D

AM

CB

D

HAR

D BO

RDER

SOFT

BOR

DER

OPEN

BOR

DER

The sequence is a series of nodes connected toThe main road systems and local neighborhoods.

4_Future Scenario

Geographic Perception:from the edge of the empire to the aperture to the west.

4_Future Scenario

EXISTING BORDER CONDITION Cross border territories with overlapping policies,Different border crossing regulations for different nationalities.

View south East - Morocco

View south West - Morocco


The Case of Ceuta

SOUTHERN AREA



N

ResidentialCommunity

MarketRecreation

Tourism

*



SOUTHERN AREA

AUTONOMA - Dalia Munenzon - Continental Islands: Ceuta and Gibraltar A typological research into...

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Transcript of AUTONOMA - Dalia Munenzon - Continental Islands: Ceuta and Gibraltar A typological research into...