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Door Sensors for Automatic Light Switching System

S. S. S. Ranjit, A. F. Tuani Ibrahim, S. I MD Salim, and Y. C. Wong

Faculty of Electronics Engineering and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)

Durian Tunggal, Malaysiaemail: ranjit.singh@utem.esu.my, fayeez@utem.edu.my, sani@utem.edu.my and ycwong@utem.edu.my

Abstract Door sensor for automatic lighting control iswidely being developed for energy saving and security

purposes. An infrared door sensor based on electrical and

electronics combinational circuit technology is used to

develop the automatic light switching system. The automatic

light switching system will lead to energy saving and efficient

energy usage which could benefit every single individual.

Furthermore, the system is developed with safety

enviroment when switching ON or OFF the light during

the room occupancy or unoccupancy. Apart from safety

enviroment, it also comprises manual switching in case userneeds to have light during the day. Basically, this system is

designed to be installed in the restroom.

Keywords- Door sensor lighting control; Light control

switching; Energy saving system; Manual switching

I. INTRODUCTIONConservation of energy such as lighting is considered

a serious concern at national and worldwide level. Lightsare usually controlled by ON and OFF switches whichare connected to 240 Volt Alternate Current (VAC).Continuous lighting in empty rooms without any occupantcost unnecessary waste of energy. In particular, the powerconsumption lighting in a typical house is a factor whichcant be ignored. A typical home user needs different typeof light intensities at each location. Sometimes the lightintensity from outside source is considered sufficient andthe users do not need to turn on the light source. But thereare situations where sometimes users turn on the light andleaves without turning off the light. These factors areconsidered one of the reasons that cause unnecessaryenergy wasting. Thus, indirectly causes increment in theutility cost. Therefore some alternatives are needed tocontrol the energy conservation in a location in order tosave energy and reduce the utility cost.

Due to the rising energy costs, negative energy usageand unawareness of optimization of energy usage, there iscontinuous effort to develop energy saving systems.Based on these facts, there are numbers of lightingmanagement system that have been developed to reducethe energy conservation.

II. RELATED AND CURRENT TECHNIQUESLights which are connected to a specific device

remotely controlled by Personal Computer (PC) are one

of the light management system that has been developed

[1-4]. However, this system is said to be energy

consuming because requires a computer 24-hours a day as

controlling mechanism [1-4]. Furthermore, this system

will cost extra expenditure to users as they have to purchase a computer and special installation is required

such as hardware and software integration to control the

lights. Bai Ying Wen and Ku Yi Te developed the Home

Light Control Module (HLCM) using the pyroelectric

infrared (PIR) sensor circuit, light sensor circuit,

microprocessor and Radio Frequency (RF) module [5].This system detects human presence in a location to turn

ON or OFF the controlled lights. Additionally, HLCM

system controls the light intensity during daylight.

In San Francisco, an electronically controlled lighting

system was demonstrated to the public for energy saving

purpose. This system applies scheduling, day-lighting,

tuning and lumen maintenance to perform energy saving

strategy. After operating for nine months, 50 percent

energy saving was achieved compared to the previous

usage [6].

Automatic light switching system deploys a light

controlling mechanism that provides energy saving and

security advantages [7]. This system is designed to reduce

the energy billing cost and indirectly increases the lamp

life span. Electronic sensors and microprocessor-based

energy controllers are used as inputs to the centralized

system to detect the human presence and for security purposes [8]. The electronic sensors will detect the

presence of humans, activity or task being performed and

contribution available from daylight. Microprocessor is

used to automatically control the lighting intensity during

the respond to daylight.

Another system that was developed involves the GLEdevice to power the lighting circuit based on the push

button mounted at each floor [9]. The lighting will be

turned OFF after a period of adjusted delay time given

to the lighting circuit. When the lighting circuit is powered, built in relay system will be activated without

having to turn ON the power switch [9]. This process isalways repeated each time the push button is pressed.

One of the most common applicable devices is

automatic light sensor switch [10]. This is a simple device

that switches ON any lighting system in the evening and

switch OFF in the morning during daylight [11]. This

system works based on direct connection to the three

electrical wires in the fluorescent light. This light sensor

2009 Third UKSim European Symposium on Computer Modeling and Simulation

978-0-7695-3886-0/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE

DOI 10.1109/EMS.2009.75

573

2009 Third UKSim European Symposium on Computer Modeling and Simulation

978-0-7695-3886-0/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE

DOI 10.1109/EMS.2009.75

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2009 Third UKSim European Symposium on Computer Modeling and Simulation

978-0-7695-3886-0/09 $26.00 2009 IEEE

DOI 10.1109/EMS.2009.75

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device is placed away from the light source to avoid the

light to fall directly on the sensor photocell device [11].Based on the study, energy saving system is important

to reduce unused energy waste and to help utilize themaximum energy used during peak demands.Furthermore, all energy saving system leads to help theconsumer to reduce the utility costing. Additionally, these

systems could indirectly help to prolong the lamps lifespan.

The automatic lighting system also serves as pre-secure system. As we know, users are often caught ofelectric shock when they try to switch ON or OFF thelight. This fact brought our attention to develop anautomatic light switching system which is necessary forsafety condition. At the same time, this system is capableof performing energy saving and efficient energy usage[12, 13].

In this paper, we propose a development for automaticlight switching system using infrared door sensors. Thissystem is designed to be placed in an individual room andhome restroom. Basically, individual room can be

referred to lecturers room. Sometimes lecturers will berushing or they unintentionally forget to switch OFFtheir rooms light. This will lead to unnecessary energywaste and increases the universitys utility cost. In themeantime, this system provides security for home usersespecially during and after using the restroom. Theautomatic light switching system will switch ON therestroom light during occupancy.

This system comprises two infrared sensors and anelectronic latch control circuit to control the automaticlight switching system. Infrared transmitter and receiversensors are placed at the door and door frame toautomatically switch the lighting system upon opening therooms door. Based on the infrared control circuit system

the desired light is maintained switched ON when therooms door is closed during occupancy. The electroniclatch control circuit can be adjusted to automaticswitching, depending on the environmental intensity ofday light.

When the door opens after occupancy, the electroniclatch control circuit sends a signal that switches OFF thelights of that room immediately when the transmitter andreceiver of infrared control sensors system are connected.

The automatic light switching system also uses theLight Dependent Resistance (LDR) to reduce the electricenergy use during sufficient daylight. This will help toreduce the utility bill during sufficient daylight.

Both control systems uses common electronic

components as this helps to simplify and reduce thecosting of developing the automatic light switching systemcontrol circuit. Statistically it is estimated that accidentthat involves electricity shock can be reduced and energyconsumption in homes and offices could be reducedcompared to usual by using manual light control.

Based on this short description any investment in aDoor Sensor for Automatic Light Switching Systemwill yield quick returns. Not only it has a secure system

which is more convenient and efficient but also couldavoid energy wastage.

III. OPERATION OF DOOR SENSOR FOR AUTOMATICLIGHT SWITCHING SYSTEM

This system uses the Light Dependent Resistance(LDR) to control the switching ON and OFF of the

lighting system during day. The LDR is directlyconnected to the 240V AC supply. Based on the LDRcharacteristic, when there is daylight falling on the LDR,it will disconnect the auto switching connection to theDoor Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System. Atthis stage, users will have to turn ON the lighting systemmanually. This condition explains there is sufficientdaylight for the room. The load at the LDR is connectedto the command point of the 240V AC relay. While thenormally close connection at the relay is connected toMiniature Circuit Breaker (MCB). The MCB is connectedto the relay at the latch circuit to control the automaticoutput switching load. Besides that, relays are used tocontrol the automatic and manual load switching. Fig. 1

describe the characteristics of the LDR which is used inthis project.

Figure 1. Light Dependent Resistance (LDR).

An LDR acts as an input transducer (Sensor), whichconverts brightness (light) to resistance. It is made fromCadmium Sulphide (CdS) and the resistance increases asthe brightness of light falling on the LDR increases.

Figure 2. Overall connection of Door Sensor for Light SwitchingSystem.

Fig. 2 flowchart shows the overall connection for theDoor Sensor for Automatic Light Switching System.Based on Fig. 2, the circuit have been divided into threeoutput; 9V DC, 12V DC and 240V AC. The 9V DC isconnected to the electronic latch control circuit, 12V DCis connected to the transmitter and receiver infraredcontrol sensors circuit and 240V AC is connectd to the

LDR

Light

240V AC

9V DC 12V DC 240V AC

START

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main control circuit which connects the whole lightingsystem.

Fig. 3 shows the flowchart for 12V DC connectionsfor the transmitter and receiver infrared sensors controlcircuit. At the transmitter circuit, the Integrated Circuit(IC) 555 is used to generate a high signal to the infraredtransmitter. The voltage supply to the IC is 12V DC.

However, the infrared receiver will receive the high signaltransmitted from the infrared transmitter and will triggerthe transistor base. The transistor here operates as aswitch to control the input signal to the IC 555 atreceiving circuit. The output voltage from the IC 555 will be directly connected to the transistor base. Here, therelay will be triggered when the transistor base istriggered. The relay connections act as electronic switchto switch ON the output load (lighting system).Basically, when the infrared transmitter and receiverdisconnected it completes the circuit connection and therelay will operates to trigger the output load (lightingsystem).

Figure 3. Transmitter and receiver infrared sensors control circuit.

Fig. 4 shows the connection for latch control circuit.9V DC supply is used to activate the latch control circuit(IC 4013BP). The latch control circuit supplies the inputvoltage to trigger the relay and hold the input value fromthe latch circuit to switch on the output load (lightingsystem).

Fig. 5 illustrates the input high (1) occurs when theconnection to the transmitter and receiver infrared sensoris not inline together (door open). This indicates thetransistor base is high voltage and will trigger the relayoutput . At this time, light will switched ON. Thesystem will hold high input as high delay time. The

system only will switched OFF when the relay istriggered high again for the second input high (2). At thiscondition the 5V DC supply to the relay is disconnectedand the relay output goes low.

Figure 4. Connection of latch control circuit.

Figure 5. Timing diagram for latch control circuit.

IV. IMPLEMANTATION OF DOOR SENSOR FOR LIGHTSWITCHING SYSTEM FOR ENERGY SAVING AND SAFETY

ENVIROMENT

This Door Sensor for Automatic Light SwitchingSystem is suggested to be implement at the singlelecturers room and restrooms door in order to improveenergy saving, efficiency, security and convenience.Based on the illustration in Fig. 6, the transmitter infraredsensor is placed on the door and receiver infrared sensor

is placed on the door frame at the opening angle.The control system circuit is placed at the side of the

door frame with a small hole to let the LDR to function.

The implementation of a sample installation for one door

in one restroom is shown in Fig. 6. Altogether, two

infrared sensors are installed at the restrooms door.

YES

NO

12V DC

INFRA-RED SENSOR CIRCUIT

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER INFRA-RED

DOOR

OPEN?

LATCH CIRCUIT

LATCH CIRCUIT

DOOR

OPEN?

9V DC

LIGHT

YES

NO

1

1 1

2

2Output

Input

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Figure 6. Simple installation of door sensor light switching system.

V. METHODOLOGY TO TEST DOOR SENSORS FORAUTOMATIC LIGHT SWITCHING SYSTEM

Simple model design of a single room has beendeveloped to perform energy saving test. Fig. 7 shows asimple model developed to implement the Door Sensorfor Automatic Light Switching System. Assumption ismade that this model represents a single lecturers room.

Figure 7. Single room model design.

This model is tested based on a lecturers timetable.Basically, lecturers room light will be left switched ONduring their lecture, tutorial and laboratory hours.

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONTable I shows the hours of occupancy for a lecturer in

his room during week days. The occupied status showsthat the lecturer stays in his room and conducts his owntask for the day. While the unoccupied status shows thatthe lecturer attends lectures, tutorials and laboratorysessions.

The model developed in Fig. 7 is used to evaluate thedeveloped Door Sensor for Automatic Light Switching

System. The developed automatic light switching systemwill automatically switch ON the lights during lecturersoccupancy in his room and switch OFF the lights whenthe lecturer leaves his room.

TABLE I LECTURERS ROOM OCCUPANCY HOURS

We assume in a single lecturers room there are fourfluorescent lights. Each fluorescent light consume 40Watt (W) power consumption. Table II shows the electricenergy usage without using the automatic light switching

system.

TABLE II ELECTRICITY BILLING WITHOUT SYSTEMINSTALLATION

1 Fluorescent Light = 40 W

Let say, 1 room have 4 Fluorescent Light

40 W 4 = 160 W

Assume, Electric energy usage = 10 hours / day

10 hours 60 minutes = 600 minutes / day

Electric energy tariff = 1st 200 KiloWatt (KW)= RM 0.218= 2

nd200 KW = RM 0.334

= 3rd 500 KW = RM 0.286

160 W 600 minutes = 96 KW For 10 hours usage

Cost of Electricity = 96 KW RM 0.218 = RM 20.93

5 days usage = 10 hours 5 (working days)= 50 hours 60 minutes= 3000 minutes

5 days usage = 160 W 3000 minutes= 480 KW

Cost of Electricity = 1st 200KW RM 0.218= RM43.60

= 2nd 200KW RM 0.334= RM 66.80

= 3rd

80KW RM 0.286

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= RM 22.88

Total cost for 5 working days = RM 133.28

Total cost for one month = RM 133. 28 4 weeks= RM 533.12

Table II show the calculation for electricity used for 5days without using the automatic light switching system.The amount is calculated based on continues lighting inthe room.

Table III shows the electric energy usage when theautomatic light switching system is installed on thelecturers room. Table III presents the electricity usageduring the occupancy hours.

TABLE III ELECTRICITY BILLING WITH SYSTEMINSTALLATION

Monday = 9 hours 60 minutes = 540 minutesTuesday = 5 hours 60 minutes = 300 minutesWednesday = 4 hours 60 minutes = 240 minutesThursday = 4 hours 60 minutes = 240 minutesFriday = 6 hours 60 minutes = 360 minutes

5 days usage = 28 hours 60 minutes= 1680 minutes

5 days usage = 160 W 1680 minutes= 268.8 KW

Cost of Electricity = 1st

200KW RM 0.218= RM 43.60

= 2nd

68.8 KW RM 0.334

= RM 22.98

Total cost for 5 working days = RM 66.58

Total cost for one month = RM 66.58 4 weeks= RM 266.32

Based on the calculation in Table II and Table III, theautomatic light switching system could saveapproximately 50 percent of the user utility bill. Thisfigure is for a one single lecturers room, if there are moreroom installed with this energy saving system, moresaving can be achieved and reduce the utility cost.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank the UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for financial supportof this research.

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