AUTOMOTIVE

MECHANICS

Principles and Practices

JOSEPH HEITNER

Department of Automotive Mechanics

High School of Science New York City

and

Lecturer Queens College New York City

CBS

CBS PUBLISHERS amp DISTRIBUTORS PVT LTD

New Delhi bull Bengaluru bull Chennai bull Kochi bull Mumbai bull Pune

ISBN 81-239-0891-1

First [ndian Edition 1987 Reprint 200 I 2002 2004

Original English language edition published by Linan Educational Publishing Inc now owned by Wadsworth Publishing Company a division of Wadsworth Inc 10 Davis Drive Belmont California - 94002 USA

Copyrightcopy 1967 by Litton Educational Publishing Inc now owned by Wadsworth Publishing Company a division of Wadsworth Inc 10 Davis Drive Belmont California - 94002 USA

All rights reserved No part of thb book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means- electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher

Sales Area India only

Published by Salish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers amp Distributors Pvt Ltd 4819XI Prahl ad Street 24 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 delhicbspdcom cbspubsairtelmailin bull wwwcbspdcom Ph 23289259 23266861 23266867 bull Fax 011-23243014

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bull Kochi 36 14 Kalluvilakam Lissie Hospital Road Kochi - 682018Ph +9-484-4059061-65 bull Fax +91-484-4059065E-mail cochincbspdcomMumbai 83-C Dr E Moses Road Worli Mumbai - 400018Ph +91-9833017933 022-249023404 I bull E-mail mumbaicbspdcom

bull Pune Bhuruk Prestige Sr No 52 122+ I+ 32Narhe Haveli (Near Katraj-Dehu Road Bypass) Pune - 411041Ph +91-20-6470405859 32342277 bull E-mail punecbspdcom

Representatives bull Hyderabad 0-9885175004 Kolkata 0-983 I 437309 0-9051152362 bull Nagpur 0-9021734563 bull Patna 0-9334159340bull Vijayawada 0-9000660880

Printed at Nazia Printers Delhi

ISBN 81-239-0891-1

First [ndian Edition 1987 Reprint 200 I 2002 2004

Original English language edition published by Linan Educational Publishing Inc now owned by Wadsworth Publishing Company a division of Wadsworth Inc 10 Davis Drive Belmont California - 94002 USA

Copyrightcopy 1967 by Litton Educational Publishing Inc now owned by Wadsworth Publishing Company a division of Wadsworth Inc 10 Davis Drive Belmont California - 94002 USA

All rights reserved No part of thb book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means- electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher

Sales Area India only

Published by Salish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers amp Distributors Pvt Ltd 4819XI Prahl ad Street 24 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 delhicbspdcom cbspubsairtelmailin bull wwwcbspdcom Ph 23289259 23266861 23266867 bull Fax 011-23243014

Corporate Officemiddot 204 FIE lndustrial Area Patparganj Delhi - 110 092Ph49344934bull Fax011-49344935 E-mail publishingcbspdcom bull publicitycbspdcom

Branchesbull Bengaluru 2975 17th Cross KR Road Bansankari 2nd Stage Bcngaluru-70

Ph +9-80-2677167879 bull Fax +91-80-26771680E-mail cbsbnggmailcom bangalorecbspdcomChennai No 7 Subbaraya Street Shenoy Nagar Chinnai - 600030Ph +91-44-26681266 26680620 bull Fax-+ 91-44-42032 I 15 E-mail chcnnaicbspdcom

bull Kochi 36 14 Kalluvilakam Lissie Hospital Road Kochi - 682018Ph +9-484-4059061-65 bull Fax +91-484-4059065E-mail cochincbspdcomMumbai 83-C Dr E Moses Road Worli Mumbai - 400018Ph +91-9833017933 022-249023404 I bull E-mail mumbaicbspdcom

bull Pune Bhuruk Prestige Sr No 52 122+ I+ 32Narhe Haveli (Near Katraj-Dehu Road Bypass) Pune - 411041Ph +91-20-6470405859 32342277 bull E-mail punecbspdcom

Representatives bull Hyderabad 0-9885175004 Kolkata 0-983 I 437309 0-9051152362 bull Nagpur 0-9021734563 bull Patna 0-9334159340bull Vijayawada 0-9000660880

Printed at Nazia Printers Delhi

Preface

AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS-Principles and Practices is designed to fill sevshyeral needs As a textbook it aims to provide in the automotive field with a thorough of the construction and operating principles of the modem automoiile By stressing the fundamentals of automotive theshyory the book provides the student with the necessary background for intellishygent diagnosis and repair Practices are after a sound basis in principles has been laid

Since it also aims to train the reader in up-to-date methods of maintenance and the text can serve as a means of upgrading the skills of those al-

employed in the automotive field and as an encyclopedia of automotive information for those who wish to understand maintain and repair their own vehicles

While the basic organization and the fundamental principles of construc-tion and in the previous editiigtn have been this second edition has up to date the inclusion of new develop-ments which the author deems in the automotive field Where appropriate new illustrations have added and text discussions amplified

The book is into eight units each of which deals with a division of the automobile Because of this feature each unit can be covered with little or no reference to other thus imparting unmiddot usual flexibility to the book The units can covered in any order in ac-cordance with the needs or interests of the group Although basic material is given major emphasis each unit includes optional topicbull for enrichment The book can therefore be used in all types of automotive training courses varying in or the level of the students

author has ideas in a ner A simplified of each topic is given at chapter and then as the readers comprehension grows until an en-tire mechanism is treated in clear 1111ustrat1or1s have been selected drawings are used wherever sible to illustrate the simplified portions of the text In Chapters 18 and 19 which deal with automatic transmissions care was exercised in select-

m

iv PREFACE

ing illustrations which would aid the student in understanding the complex mechanisms described in the text

At the end of most chapters or chapter divisions there are text discussions and specially prepared Trouble-Shooting Charts indicating possible troubles that may occur their probable causes and brief descriptions of common remedies Thus after a grounding in basic principles the student is led dishyrectly from construction and theory toward actual practice in maintenancmiddot

and repair The Trouhle-Shooting Charts are valuable not orily for diagnosis and repair but also for testing student comprehension of theuro principles inshyvolved The questions at the end of each chapter serve as a review as a seUshytesting device for the student or asmiddot a means of stressing especially important facts or principles

While service procedures are based on wide experience the student is advised to consult factory repair and service manuals for exact specincations before making repairs Design changes are too frequent and too detailed to make the inclusion of all such material practical

Automatic transmissions which constitute the greatest single change in the automobile in recentyears are thoroughly treated in Unit Seven Because of the complexity and the variety of individual designs they are described in a particular order to avoid repetition Chapter 18 is devoted to a complete consideration of the three Hydra-Matic transmissions Since many of the Hydra-Matic features are used in identical or slightly modified form in the units allied with or in the parts of the torque-converter type of transmissions such extensive treatment is warranted before beginning the study of the torque-converter types in Chapter 19

The index is designed not only as a guide to the contents of this book but as a ready source of information for solving pressing automotive problems

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to his sons Kenneth and Howard and to his wife Helen for their untiring devotion and assistance in the preparation of the book

September 1967 JH

Contents

ONE The Motor Vehicle

1 History md Operation 2

TWO The Power Unit

2 Principles of Engine Operation 12

3 Engine Parts and Their Functions

4 Multiple-Cylinder Engines 43

5 Engine Troubles and Repairs

THREE Bearings and Lubricatwn

6 Bearings and Lubrication 78

FOUR The Fuel System

57

7 Combustion and Engine Fuels 116

8 The Carburetor 127

22

9 Fuel-Feed Intake and Exhaust Systems 162

FIVE The Cooling System

10 The Cooling System 188

SIX The Electrical Sybulltem

11 Fundamentals of Magnetism and Electricity 208

12 Battery Starting and Generating Systems 234

l J ignition Lighting and Electrical Tniu1ments 282

ri

SEVEN

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

The Power Train

The Clutch 324

Fundamentals of Gear Operation 336

CONTENTS

Yf anually Operated Selective Transmissions 348

Overdrive Fluid Drive Chrysler Semi-Automatic Transmissions 370

Hydra-Matic Transmissions 393

Torque-Converter Transmissions 460

Propeller Shafts Final Drives and Differentials 505

EIGHT The Running System

21 Brakes Wheels and Tires 528

22 Frame Suspension and Steering Systems 560

Index 595

Trouble-Shooting Charts

The Carburetor 158 The Fuel Pump and Combination Fuel

and Vacuum Pump 173 The Electric Gage 175 Overheating 202

Starting Motor 254 Commutator-Type Generating System 276

The Alternator-Type Generating System 278 The Ignition System 305 The Clutch 333

377

Shifting Mechanism in the

368

Semi-Automatic Transmission 390 - of Conditions 422 Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide 436 Three-Speed Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide Torque-Converter Transmissions Diagnosis 502 Brakes The Steering System 590 ( Trouble shooting in the engine is discussed in Chapter 5)

vii

uN1r oNE The Motor Vehicle

1 HISTORY AND OPERATION

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

Unive

rsal

Joi

nts

FlywhH

I

1 bull 1

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rom

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he

els

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od

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car

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n

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

iv PREFACE

ing illustrations which would aid the student in understanding the complex mechanisms described in the text

At the end of most chapters or chapter divisions there are text discussions and specially prepared Trouble-Shooting Charts indicating possible troubles that may occur their probable causes and brief descriptions of common remedies Thus after a grounding in basic principles the student is led dishyrectly from construction and theory toward actual practice in maintenancmiddot

and repair The Trouhle-Shooting Charts are valuable not orily for diagnosis and repair but also for testing student comprehension of theuro principles inshyvolved The questions at the end of each chapter serve as a review as a seUshytesting device for the student or asmiddot a means of stressing especially important facts or principles

While service procedures are based on wide experience the student is advised to consult factory repair and service manuals for exact specincations before making repairs Design changes are too frequent and too detailed to make the inclusion of all such material practical

Automatic transmissions which constitute the greatest single change in the automobile in recentyears are thoroughly treated in Unit Seven Because of the complexity and the variety of individual designs they are described in a particular order to avoid repetition Chapter 18 is devoted to a complete consideration of the three Hydra-Matic transmissions Since many of the Hydra-Matic features are used in identical or slightly modified form in the units allied with or in the parts of the torque-converter type of transmissions such extensive treatment is warranted before beginning the study of the torque-converter types in Chapter 19

The index is designed not only as a guide to the contents of this book but as a ready source of information for solving pressing automotive problems

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to his sons Kenneth and Howard and to his wife Helen for their untiring devotion and assistance in the preparation of the book

September 1967 JH

Contents

ONE The Motor Vehicle

1 History md Operation 2

TWO The Power Unit

2 Principles of Engine Operation 12

3 Engine Parts and Their Functions

4 Multiple-Cylinder Engines 43

5 Engine Troubles and Repairs

THREE Bearings and Lubricatwn

6 Bearings and Lubrication 78

FOUR The Fuel System

57

7 Combustion and Engine Fuels 116

8 The Carburetor 127

22

9 Fuel-Feed Intake and Exhaust Systems 162

FIVE The Cooling System

10 The Cooling System 188

SIX The Electrical Sybulltem

11 Fundamentals of Magnetism and Electricity 208

12 Battery Starting and Generating Systems 234

l J ignition Lighting and Electrical Tniu1ments 282

ri

SEVEN

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

The Power Train

The Clutch 324

Fundamentals of Gear Operation 336

CONTENTS

Yf anually Operated Selective Transmissions 348

Overdrive Fluid Drive Chrysler Semi-Automatic Transmissions 370

Hydra-Matic Transmissions 393

Torque-Converter Transmissions 460

Propeller Shafts Final Drives and Differentials 505

EIGHT The Running System

21 Brakes Wheels and Tires 528

22 Frame Suspension and Steering Systems 560

Index 595

Trouble-Shooting Charts

The Carburetor 158 The Fuel Pump and Combination Fuel

and Vacuum Pump 173 The Electric Gage 175 Overheating 202

Starting Motor 254 Commutator-Type Generating System 276

The Alternator-Type Generating System 278 The Ignition System 305 The Clutch 333

377

Shifting Mechanism in the

368

Semi-Automatic Transmission 390 - of Conditions 422 Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide 436 Three-Speed Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide Torque-Converter Transmissions Diagnosis 502 Brakes The Steering System 590 ( Trouble shooting in the engine is discussed in Chapter 5)

vii

uN1r oNE The Motor Vehicle

1 HISTORY AND OPERATION

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

Unive

rsal

Joi

nts

FlywhH

I

1 bull 1

fl

ow o

f p

ow

er f

rom

to

rea

r w

he

els

in

a m

od

ern

pa

sseng

er

car

eQ

u1i

pe

d w

ith

a m

an

ua

lly o

per

ate

d t

rans

mis

sio

n

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

Contents

ONE The Motor Vehicle

1 History md Operation 2

TWO The Power Unit

2 Principles of Engine Operation 12

3 Engine Parts and Their Functions

4 Multiple-Cylinder Engines 43

5 Engine Troubles and Repairs

THREE Bearings and Lubricatwn

6 Bearings and Lubrication 78

FOUR The Fuel System

57

7 Combustion and Engine Fuels 116

8 The Carburetor 127

22

9 Fuel-Feed Intake and Exhaust Systems 162

FIVE The Cooling System

10 The Cooling System 188

SIX The Electrical Sybulltem

11 Fundamentals of Magnetism and Electricity 208

12 Battery Starting and Generating Systems 234

l J ignition Lighting and Electrical Tniu1ments 282

ri

SEVEN

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

The Power Train

The Clutch 324

Fundamentals of Gear Operation 336

CONTENTS

Yf anually Operated Selective Transmissions 348

Overdrive Fluid Drive Chrysler Semi-Automatic Transmissions 370

Hydra-Matic Transmissions 393

Torque-Converter Transmissions 460

Propeller Shafts Final Drives and Differentials 505

EIGHT The Running System

21 Brakes Wheels and Tires 528

22 Frame Suspension and Steering Systems 560

Index 595

Trouble-Shooting Charts

The Carburetor 158 The Fuel Pump and Combination Fuel

and Vacuum Pump 173 The Electric Gage 175 Overheating 202

Starting Motor 254 Commutator-Type Generating System 276

The Alternator-Type Generating System 278 The Ignition System 305 The Clutch 333

377

Shifting Mechanism in the

368

Semi-Automatic Transmission 390 - of Conditions 422 Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide 436 Three-Speed Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide Torque-Converter Transmissions Diagnosis 502 Brakes The Steering System 590 ( Trouble shooting in the engine is discussed in Chapter 5)

vii

uN1r oNE The Motor Vehicle

1 HISTORY AND OPERATION

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

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6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

ri

SEVEN

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

The Power Train

The Clutch 324

Fundamentals of Gear Operation 336

CONTENTS

Yf anually Operated Selective Transmissions 348

Overdrive Fluid Drive Chrysler Semi-Automatic Transmissions 370

Hydra-Matic Transmissions 393

Torque-Converter Transmissions 460

Propeller Shafts Final Drives and Differentials 505

EIGHT The Running System

21 Brakes Wheels and Tires 528

22 Frame Suspension and Steering Systems 560

Index 595

Trouble-Shooting Charts

The Carburetor 158 The Fuel Pump and Combination Fuel

and Vacuum Pump 173 The Electric Gage 175 Overheating 202

Starting Motor 254 Commutator-Type Generating System 276

The Alternator-Type Generating System 278 The Ignition System 305 The Clutch 333

377

Shifting Mechanism in the

368

Semi-Automatic Transmission 390 - of Conditions 422 Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide 436 Three-Speed Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide Torque-Converter Transmissions Diagnosis 502 Brakes The Steering System 590 ( Trouble shooting in the engine is discussed in Chapter 5)

vii

uN1r oNE The Motor Vehicle

1 HISTORY AND OPERATION

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

Unive

rsal

Joi

nts

FlywhH

I

1 bull 1

fl

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f p

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er f

rom

to

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r w

he

els

in

a m

od

ern

pa

sseng

er

car

eQ

u1i

pe

d w

ith

a m

an

ua

lly o

per

ate

d t

rans

mis

sio

n

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

Trouble-Shooting Charts

The Carburetor 158 The Fuel Pump and Combination Fuel

and Vacuum Pump 173 The Electric Gage 175 Overheating 202

Starting Motor 254 Commutator-Type Generating System 276

The Alternator-Type Generating System 278 The Ignition System 305 The Clutch 333

377

Shifting Mechanism in the

368

Semi-Automatic Transmission 390 - of Conditions 422 Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide 436 Three-Speed Hydra-Matic Transmission

Diagnosis Guide Torque-Converter Transmissions Diagnosis 502 Brakes The Steering System 590 ( Trouble shooting in the engine is discussed in Chapter 5)

vii

uN1r oNE The Motor Vehicle

1 HISTORY AND OPERATION

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

Unive

rsal

Joi

nts

FlywhH

I

1 bull 1

fl

ow o

f p

ow

er f

rom

to

rea

r w

he

els

in

a m

od

ern

pa

sseng

er

car

eQ

u1i

pe

d w

ith

a m

an

ua

lly o

per

ate

d t

rans

mis

sio

n

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

uN1r oNE The Motor Vehicle

1 HISTORY AND OPERATION

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

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6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

J HISTORY AND OPERATION

History The dawn of automobile history dates back to 1770 when a Frenchshyman Nicholas Cugnot built what is generally agreed to have been the first road vehicle propelled by its own power

The development of the present-day automobile dates from about 1880 when German and French -poundforts to develop an internal-combustion engine began to bear fruit Gottlieb Daimler patented an internal-combustion engine in Germany in 1885-1886 and a year later had it running in a vehicle Benz in Germany built a tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine in 1885

While European development was continuing between 1890 and 1395 American designers became active Before 1895 both Charles E Duryea and Elwood J Haynes had experimental automobiles running in this countryshyand middot in that year Panhard and Levassor in France developed a car which with minor exceptions fncorporated the chief features of the automobile as we know it today Nearly 75 years ago this early Panhard had the engine placed in the front of a chassis hooked up to a sliding-gear transmission and incorporated brake pedals clutch and accelerator

It was 1900 Before design improvements awakened the public to the fact that this new form of transportation was really practical for use In the next six years production and sale of these vehicles became a business

Many of the great names around which the worlds largest manufacturing industry wa to be built in America had already begun to appear before 1906 Packard Oldsmobile Overland Fonl Cadillac Buick White Autocar-all these names were on motor vehicles before 1905 as were scores of others like Pierce-Arrow Locomobile Maxwell Franklin and Peerless which in their time were important in the technical as well as the commercial development of the motor vehicle Even then were being planted the design ideas which succeeding generations of engineers have tested refined improved or discarded as changing demands brought new opportunities for motor-vehicle use

Following this era when the designers chief objective was to make his vehicle run came the period in which the development of mass-production methods permitting lower prices played a dominant part In 1908 Ford started

2

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

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6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

HISTORY AND OPERATION 3

off his Model T with an initial run of 20000 vehicles an output unheard of at that time Ever since the correlation of with production e1J1lteuuy has inffuenced the trend of modem vehicle construction and made the use of automobiles by Americans in all income

The 1920s saw the of a of gradual change and refinement in automobile design By time it was clear that the spark-ignition engine was to be the plant of the modem motor vehicle Steam and electrical rivals were on their way out The gear transmission had established itself as predominant Water-cooled enshy

universa The poppet valve was used in almost every were all located in the front of the chassis

early twenties major improvements have been made in every but basic have occurred in only a few instances The

idea in the designers mind has been to produce a vehicle which will function at all times under all conditions and which will be increasingly com-fortable to ride in and to The life of tires has been increased many suspension has entirely replaced the rigid front axle on cars four-wheel brakes are universal and all of them are hydraulic engine-compression ratios have gone steadily upward producing more power in an engine of size availability of new mate-rials and new of old materials influenced the design of scores of individual vehicle parts-hundreds of other changes have been made

all of the in recent years runs the theme of evo-lution rather than revolution refinement rathr than reconstruction

The cars consisted of a chassis iri which an engine to furnish power for movement was A for the driver was provided as a necessary had little more than a box to sit on

improvements to make riding not merely possible but ant as well followed Chassis were designed lt1esigners schooled in the tradition made bodies which were

to the chassis as best Gradually conditions reliability came to be

normal and in passenger cars car owners demanded rid-

chmlect considerably in Yassenger-car chassis construction has

been to shape itself to bodies in more than a few instances while even in the field of body-chassis problems now simul-taneous consideration to a extent than ever before several

the conventional frame and using the body itself as a as a symbol of the idea of the modern motor

vehicle as an unit Out of this slowly shifting has grown the modem idea of the

whole motor vehicle as a single unit in which simultaneous or closely coordi-

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

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in

a m

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pa

sseng

er

car

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u1i

pe

d w

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a m

an

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lly o

per

ate

d t

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mis

sio

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6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

THE MOTOR VEHICLE

nated conception of chassis and body is axiomatic There can be little doubt that as time goes on engineering organization a well as engineering thinkshying will increasingly concern itself with the most efficient methods of carshyrying out this relatively new practice

Whatever tomorrow may bring its innovations seem certain to have some roots in the past-some link to current practice That has been true of indeshypendent wheel suspension fluid flywheels free-wheeling overdrives fourshywheel brakes automatic transmissions and a majority of other of the newer features of todays car At one time or another the principle had been tried previously somewhere long before the refined unit found its place as part of commercial design So with the most discussed future and present possibilititS Cars had engines in the rear before they had them in the front The diesel engine was invented only a few years after the spark-ignition engine Autoshymatic transmissions are new in design-not in principle

The whole history of automobile design emphasizes a knowledge of basic principles as the unifying link between the past present and future

Design trends of recent years have provided the owner with cars that are safer eaier to drive more reliable and more comfortable One result has been to turn more and more owners to professional repairmen in case of even minor mechanical difficulties The car owner of yesteryear had to know something about repairing his vehicle A large proportion of the drivers of more than 80000000 passenger cars and 11 000000 trucks in the United States today know very little about automobile maintenance and repair The greatly inshycreased standards of comfort in operation moreover make drivers far more demanding than the owner of former years The driver who once was happy to have his car run now insists that acceleration be always up to par The old-timer was glad to have an open body instead of a box to sit on Todays driver objects to squeaks or rattles in the closed body which protects him from the elements and accidents

The modPm trends have created new opportunities for the professional repairman and new requirements for the owner who still wishes to do his own repairs Too they have brought need for freh knowledge for everyone who may be called upon to understand the workings of a motor vehicle as an ocshyasional or necessary part of his business military or social life

Operation Most motor vehicles begin to perform their function when the driver turns on an ignition and starter switch which releases electrical current from a battery which sets into action an electrical starting motor which turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft See Fig 1-1

Immediately the driver steps on a pedal which controls the rate at which gasoline flows into a chamber called a carburetor There the gasoline is mixed with air to form a mixture which will bum This mixture is sucked into the engine cylinders an electrical spark sets fire to it the resulting explosions tum

Unive

rsal

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FlywhH

I

1 bull 1

fl

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f p

ow

er f

rom

to

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r w

he

els

in

a m

od

ern

pa

sseng

er

car

eQ

u1i

pe

d w

ith

a m

an

ua

lly o

per

ate

d t

rans

mis

sio

n

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

Unive

rsal

Joi

nts

FlywhH

I

1 bull 1

fl

ow o

f p

ow

er f

rom

to

rea

r w

he

els

in

a m

od

ern

pa

sseng

er

car

eQ

u1i

pe

d w

ith

a m

an

ua

lly o

per

ate

d t

rans

mis

sio

n

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

6 THE MOTOR VEmCLE the crankshaft-and the is over and over the crankshaft is turned

Through a mechanism called a middot this i s then connected at the will of the driver to a set of gears ( a transmission ) which starts the transmission of the power from the to its ultimate destination-the rear wheels By means ot a the gears of the transmission can be shifted to suit driving 1-1 On those vehicles with automatic transmissions selects the drive range in he desires to operate and the transmission gears and the clutch automcitically

As the transmission gears set into motion a to which they are connected a universal The rear peller shaft connects to another set of gears )

shaft

power from the propeller shaft is to turn the comer into the rear axles which extend at right and thence to the wheels ( A third set of gears called a differential is in the rear axle to permit one rear wheel to tum faster than the other necessary as when turning a corner )

The wheels being connected to the rear tum as the rear-axle shafts turn-and the car is in motion

As this motor vehicle rolls the it is directed a steering gear which controls the direction in which the front wheels are pointed The jolts the rider feels by the foiward movement of the car and the unevenness of the road surface are partially controlled front and rear by shock absorbers which help to out sudden recoils in these padding and springs in the car seats chassis cross which de-crease sidesway and th distribution and body weight as be-tween front and rear A is to stop the car or slow it down at the drivers will

While there is a multitude of detailed this whole process is the erally how a motor vehicle works

variations in the means by which describes briefly and gen-

Vehicle Assemblies Motor are generally considered to be made up of two a chassis and a

The chassis contains all the units necessary to the vehicle direct its motion it and allow it to run over uneven surfaces Io a unit frame and it is difficult to chassis from body

The chassis of a late passenger car is shown in 1-2 The frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the units The in detail in 1-3 ) is mounted in the r

frame and is connected to the and transmission unit to form a compact power Thtl unit is fastened to the frame rubbershycushioned motor mounts to lessen the transfer of vibration The trans-

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook

Automotive Mechanics

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123908915 Author Joseph Heitner

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10369

Get this eBook