Automatic and Near-Real Time Monitoring for...
Transcript of Automatic and Near-Real Time Monitoring for...
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Automatic and Near-Real Time Monitoring for
CyanobacteriaGreg Boyer,
State Univ. New York- College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) in
Syracuse NY
Elizabeth Knopko (MS)Margaret Pavlac (PhD)Jeremy Sullivan (PhD)
MERHAB-LGLHarmful A lgal Bloom
Monitoring and Event Response in the Lower Great Lakes
MERHAB-LGLHarmful A lgal Bloom
Monitoring and Event Response in the Lower Great Lakes
MERHAB-LGLHarmful A lgal Bloom
Monitoring and Event Response in the Lower Great Lakes
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October 7th, 2007
Bloom first detected by our sensor on the monitoring buoy!
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Great Lakes are big!
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Ferry boxes offer a solution to this problem:
Sample continuously while ship is underway:
30-60 sec per data point 20,000-80,000 points 100m resolution
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Fluorometer List
Chlorophyll• TD AlgalWatch• HydroLab DS5• YSI 6600 sonde
• BBE FluoroProbe• Turner Designs 10-AU• Turner Designs Cyclops
Phycocyanin• TD CyanoWatch• HydroLab DS5• YSI 6600 Sonde
• BBE (Cyano-specific Chl)• Turner Designs 10-AU• Turner Designs Cyclops
– PC, PE, CDOM, CHL
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Primer on Chlorophyll fluorescence
• EPA 445.0
• Extract in acetone• Excite the chl
chromophore.• Look at the energy
given off when the chromophore relaxes.
In vitro (in glass)
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In vivo is not in vitro!
CYA
mcyBmcyDMic
Exciting an intact organism
Most energy goes through the electron transport system.Some spills out (PS II only!)Assume that spill is a constant percentage.
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Photosystems aren’t equal
Photosystem 2(higher plant)
Cyanobacteria
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Typical Results:
Data from M. Pavlac
Biphaseic CurveEukaryotic Chl
Cyanobacterial Chl
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Typical Results:
(1) Generate calibration curve
July 2007 Lake Erie Chl Station Samples
y = 1.038x + 0.7163R2 = 0.8992
-5
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
0 20 40 60 80
Extracted Chl a (ug/L)C
alcu
late
d C
hl a
(ug/
L)
(2) Use the calibration curve used to back calibrate instrument
(3) Use that information to generate a chl (or PC) distribution map.
Data from M. Pavlac
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Start to differentiate between blooms:
Chlorophyll-a rich blooms occurred in several areas lacking PC; these were are likely due to diatoms or green algae
Some high chlorophyll events were associated with cyanobacterial PC
M. Pavlac et al
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Very high resolution studiesGenesee River (Rochester NY)
Specific Conductance Chlorophyll
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Multi-channel sensors provide even more information:
– Green Algae– Dinoflagellates and diatoms– Blue-green algae
• Phycocyanin - containing• Phycoerythrin - containing
– Others including crytophytes– Yellow substance correction
Excite at 5 differentWavelengths
Single emission
PhycocyaninPhycoerythrinCHL-b
Carotene
Chl -a
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Lake Ontario sta15
Surface Cyanobacteria bloom
Hypolimnetic Sub-Surface PE-rich bloom
Sub-Surface diatom bloomSub-Surface PE bloom
Thermocline
BBE FluoroProbe
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These can be installed in Ferry Box systems also…
Genesee RiverPhycocyanin
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Can we differentiate at the genus level?
• OPC (aka brevebuster)
• Tuned for Microcystis
Figure 3: Diagram of the Optical Phytoplankton Discriminator.
Light
IntakeFilter
Flow-cell
Waste
SpectrometerPump
Valve
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Generate a similarity index based on 4th
derivative spectrum
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Next generation of sensors needs to be specific for the toxins themselves….
MBARI Environmental Sample Processor (ESP)
Robotic Multiprobe:• Species by 16S RNA• Toxin by ELISA
Suitable for open ocean deployment
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Coupled lightwave propagates inside waveguide by total internal reflection
Sensor Functional Description
SUBSTRATE, ns
θ nfw
ncY Y Y Y Y Y
SUBSTRATE, ns
θ nf
ncY Y Y Y Y Y -1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Detector pixel Fringe Pattern
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Phas
e R
espo
nse
0 15 30 45 60 75Time (minutes)
5ng/mL10ng/mL
50ng/mL100ng/mL
But we have a long long way to go!
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Summary• QUALITATIVE autonomous detection of chlorophyll
on buoys and boats is a here.
• QUANTITATIVE detection requires knowledge of the phytoplankton population.
• New techniques allow for detection at the family FluoroProbe) and Genus (brevebuster)
• Careful of your biochemistry!