AUTOCLAVE TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FOR A REGIONAL HEALTHCARE WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IN KWAZULU NATAL...
Transcript of AUTOCLAVE TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FOR A REGIONAL HEALTHCARE WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IN KWAZULU NATAL...
AUTOCLAVE TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FOR A REGIONAL
HEALTHCARE WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IN
KWAZULU NATAL
Healthcare Waste Management in Africa Today
Ray Lombard
Lombard & Associates
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LOMBARD & ASSOCIATES
Town & Regional Planning Commission Report
EIA & Public Participation Legislative framework General Technical Assessment Bondtech Autoclave
A NEW HEALTH CARE RISK WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM
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Town & Regional Planning Commission Report
The Town & Regional Planning Commission Report on the Need for Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities - completed in September 2000
Need for Health Care Risk Waste treatment facilities in KwaZulu Natal formed part of that investigation
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Town & Regional Planning Commission Report Findings – HCR Waste Generation
11 9941 68210 312Total
1 117611 056Empangeni
75918741Newcastle
4 8351 1443 691Durban
347347Jozini
86385778Ulundi
44630416Ladysmith
2 8913202 571Pietermaritzburg
73624712Port Shepstone
TOTAL DAILY GENERATION RATE
STATE-AIDED & PRIVATE FACILITIES
GOVT. FACILITIES
KWAZULU NATAL HEALTH REGION
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Town & Regional Planning Commission Report Findings – HCR Waste Management
The data reported are conservative – no data for veterinary practices and little for private practices
Almost half of the waste is unaccounted for
The waste is either being burned in environmentally unacceptable ovens or illegally dumped
The data reported are conservative – no data for veterinary practices and little for private practices
Almost half of the waste is unaccounted for
The waste is either being burned in environmentally unacceptable ovens or illegally dumped
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EIA process
informs Interested & Affected Parties (I&APs) of proposed development
provides opportunities for I&APs to raise issues, concerns and suggestions
promotes transparency and understanding of the project and its consequences
promotes liaison and communication with I&APs
serves as a data gathering mechanism for the Scoping Study
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Public Participation Process
Facilitated by Icando with Compass Waste Services interacting with I&APs that included:
Depts of Water Affairs & Forestry and Environmental Affairs & Tourism at the national level
Depts of Agriculture & Environmental Affairs and Health in KwaZulu Natal Province
Local government including eThekwini Metro, Pietermaritzburg/ Msunduzi, uThukela, Ugu and Ilembe District Municipalities
Competitors (Sanumed (Pty) Ltd, Waste Services (Pty) Ltd, Clinx)
Client health care institutions (Afrox, Netcare & Provincial hospitals)
Organised labour in health care (Hospersa)
Pharmaceutical Society, NGOs (groundWork, EJNF and WESSA) and interested members of the public
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Legislative Framework
Policy and guidelines
Relevant South African legislation and regulations
International guidelines and codes of practice
Informed by an extensive and comprehensive public participation process involving a wide spectrum of interested and affected parties – including all levels of government, environmental NGOs, user groups, potential competitors and concerned citizens
Policy and guidelines
Relevant South African legislation and regulations
International guidelines and codes of practice
Informed by an extensive and comprehensive public participation process involving a wide spectrum of interested and affected parties – including all levels of government, environmental NGOs, user groups, potential competitors and concerned citizens
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Policy & Regulatory Guidelines
Integrated Pollution and Waste Management
National Waste Management Strategy
Best Practical Environmental Option
Constitution (1996) NEMA (1998) ECA (1989) Health Act (1977) OHSA (1993) A mass of old Statutes Scheduled Trade Permit
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Health Care Risk Waste Treatment
Historically, in the USA incineration was an effective way to deal with HCRW
EPA rulings have greatly increased the cost of incineration
Flue gas scrubbings generate other hazardous wastes apart from dioxins, dibenzofurans and organohalides
Hospitals have begun to close existing incinerators
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General Technical Assessment
WHO Basel Convention SWANA ISWA CIWM in UK Vogel International Health Care without Harm Shristi
Interested & Affected Parties roles
Public Participation Processes
Work Sessions
Decision making Tables designed by stakeholders in the process
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Alternative Technology Selection
Incineration
E-beam
Microwave
Dry heat
Wet Heat
Chemical sterilisation
Autoclaving
Landfill or burial
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Matrix used to eliminate Inappropriate Technology
LANDFILL
CHEMICAL STERILISATION
INCINERATION
ELECTRON BEAM
PLASMA ARC
AUTOCLAVE
MICROWAVE
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS
HEALTH RISKS
PROVEN TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY
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Overall Assessment Matrix
0-10-111LANDFILL
-111-1-1-1TOXIC 400
-4-10-1-1-1MACROburn
-41-2-1-1-1Gencor
-210-1-1-1RD700
-41-2-1-1-1RD500
3TINCINERATOR
3110012500DI
4120011500DI
Rotoclave
1100-11S2000
2110-11S1000
STI ChemclaveAUTOCLAVE
-21-10-1-1HG-A250S
SanitecMICROWAVE
OverallRegulatory Compliance
Economic Implications
Environmental & Social Impact
Occupational Risk
MaintenanceMachineTechnology
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Toxic 400 Dual Chambered Pyrolysis Incinerator
Capacity
Air emissions
Disposal of ash
Growing public pressure
Logistics
Maintenance
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Emission Data
2.642.47Total Metals mg/m3
18210652163120TSP mg/m3
2263413.52825SOx mg/m3
931458.6118NOx mg/m3
0.71.757.326730Cl- mg/m3
120747339CO vpm3
9.59.911.0 -11.51111Oxygen%
4.83.710.0 -14.0 10Stack Exit Velocity m/s
1 139951860779 - 842Stack Temp 0C
Jan 2001March 2000May 1999April 1998GUIDELINEDETERMINAND
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Autoclaves
Objectives:-
To render health care risk waste sterile
To produce unrecognisable sterile waste material
Internationally acceptable specifications
Environmentally acceptable
Cost effective health care risk waste treatment in South Africa
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Features of Autoclave Option
Rugged design built for commercial use
Low maintenance Hydraulic door closure Liquid ring vacuum
pump or steam ejector for high vacuum operation
Programmable Logic Control system
Recorders for pressure & temperature
Packaged and modularised for easy installation
Removal of moisture for less weight at time of disposal
Built under ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div1
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How does the autoclave work?
What is the process?
How long does it take for one cycle?
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Cost effective medical waste treatment
75 units operating in USA
Meets US Standards
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Bin Loading
The carts are then rolled on to the lift table. The table lifts the cart up and it is then rolled into the machine
The waste is brought to the machine and loaded into the stainless steel carts
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Bin Loading
Once all of the carts are loaded the door is shut and the hydraulic lock is engaged
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Treatment
After the Autoclave door is closed the following steps are performed by the pre-programmed controller:
Pre-vacuum evacuates air from vessel and expedites steam penetration into infectious waste
Steam is injected and soaks the waste under pressure at temperatures from 141°C to 152°C for 40 minutes
A post vacuum process is used to dry the load and to reduce the associated treatment smell
Pre- and post vacuum air is filtered and all vapour is condensed and discharged to sewer
A green light indicates that the cycle is complete
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Unloading
Bins are unloaded by forklift which empties each cart into a shredder. The autoclave is ready for the next cycle
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Shredder Specifications
Direct Drive
Hex Shaft Design
Automatic Reversing
Low Speed, High Torque
Anti-Jamming Device
Low Noise
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Shredded Waste
After sterilizationAfter sterilization
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GTA factors favouring autoclave option
Lower health impacts on humans and environment than existing incineration methods
Unregulated liquid, solid or gaseous emissions are not produced
Unrecognisable final product a mixture of sterile solid and fibrous matter that is safe to landfill
Treated residue does not require hazardous waste disposal site specification
Kills all human pathogens in health care risk waste
Reduces volume of health care risk waste by 85% when shredded or compacted
Lower health impacts on humans and environment than existing incineration methods
Unregulated liquid, solid or gaseous emissions are not produced
Unrecognisable final product a mixture of sterile solid and fibrous matter that is safe to landfill
Treated residue does not require hazardous waste disposal site specification
Kills all human pathogens in health care risk waste
Reduces volume of health care risk waste by 85% when shredded or compacted
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Recommended mitigation measures
Health care risk waste collection, transportation and associated activities – standard industry controls
Off-loading and associated activities
Processing of streamed HCRW through the autoclave process – as specified controlled by PLC
Validation tests (Bacillus stearothermophilus & B subtilis) as in WHO & Basel Convention Guidelines
Disposal of sterile processed waste material at Class G Landfill (accepted by DWA&F in RSA)
Radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes are proscribed
Health care risk waste collection, transportation and associated activities – standard industry controls
Off-loading and associated activities
Processing of streamed HCRW through the autoclave process – as specified controlled by PLC
Validation tests (Bacillus stearothermophilus & B subtilis) as in WHO & Basel Convention Guidelines
Disposal of sterile processed waste material at Class G Landfill (accepted by DWA&F in RSA)
Radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes are proscribed
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Benefits of autoclave option
No combustion products or ash formed
No dioxins and furans from the combustion of chlorinated aromatics and other chlorine containing materials because operating temperatures do not exceed 160oC (problems at 277oC to 427oC)
No HCl (hydrogen chloride), SOx (sulphur oxides), NOx (nitrogen oxides), CO nor CO2 formed
No combustion products or ash formed
No dioxins and furans from the combustion of chlorinated aromatics and other chlorine containing materials because operating temperatures do not exceed 160oC (problems at 277oC to 427oC)
No HCl (hydrogen chloride), SOx (sulphur oxides), NOx (nitrogen oxides), CO nor CO2 formed
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Other impacts
Air pollutionAir pollution
Noise pollutionNoise pollution
Light pollutionLight pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Air pollutionAir pollution
Noise pollutionNoise pollution
Light pollutionLight pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
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Conclusions
Negative social impacts were related to issues of public health and safety
Effective and transparent communication from the start ensured that representatives from the surrounding industries and residents were well informed
Fears based on misinformation or disinformation eliminated
Based on the information available to the consultants and the outcome of the public participation process, an authorization to implement the project was granted by the authorities
Negative social impacts were related to issues of public health and safety
Effective and transparent communication from the start ensured that representatives from the surrounding industries and residents were well informed
Fears based on misinformation or disinformation eliminated
Based on the information available to the consultants and the outcome of the public participation process, an authorization to implement the project was granted by the authorities