Auto Upkeep Homeschool Curriculum
Transcript of Auto Upkeep Homeschool Curriculum
Homeschool Curriculum Kit
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AUTO UPKEEP
Sample UnitChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work
Copyright © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing
“...When I first thought about this course, I envisioned this being more of a father son project, but I ended up being the one who participated in these labs. They were great! I am not a “technical” person at all and that’s just the point. This course is for everyone. In fact, I think it was created with people like me in mind especially. The text is so easy to follow and learn from, that a person who feels quite out of their element in a mechani-cal situation can now be more at ease! The CD also has Power Point slides, study ques-tions and answer keys, texts and exams as well as suggested grading. I was also happy to see in the Extras something called Career Exploration. This is something that is woven through the whole curriculum...”
Review* from Amy Christy The Old Schoolhouse® Magazine, LLC
* Based on the 2nd Edition of Auto Upkeep
Read Amy’s complete review and additionalreviews from Homeschool parents at:
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Practical Elective for Homeschools!
Homeschool Curriculum KitTextbook ▪ Workbook ▪ Resource CD
32 Step-by-Step Illustrated Hands-On and Internet-Based Activities
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q Diagnose Common Problems
q Talk Effectively with Technicians
q Handle Roadside Emergencies
q Perform Basic Maintenance
Discover
How to...
Co-op PacksAvailable Too!
AUTO UPKEEP
“Have your teens been askingfor a fun and practical elective?This kit has the resources youneed to homeschool your teens on basic car care, maintenance, repair, and ownership.”Authors -
800-918-7323
Introduction and How Cars Work Buying an Automobile Automotive Expenses Repair Facilities Safety Around the Automobile Basic Tools Auto Care and Cleaning Fluid Level Check Electrical System Lubrication System Fuel System Cooling System and Climate Control Ignition System Suspension, Steering, and Tires Braking System Drivetrain Exhaust and Emission System Alternative Fuels and Designs Automotive Accessories Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Sample Course SyllabusAuto Upkeep:
Basic Car Care, Maintenance, and Repair
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Copyright © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing
Page 1
This course is intended to provide you with the knowledge to make economical decisions and take preventative measures to enhance the overall satisfaction of being an automotive consumer. The class discussions and lab activities provide the fundamental knowledge and experience in owning and maintaining an automobile.
This course is designed to provide you with the necessary environment and interactions to advance your knowledge and understanding in owning, maintaining, and repairing the automobile.
Please see the Excel spreadsheet titled on the Auto Upkeep Resource CD.
This course includes in-class activities and lab/shop activities. In-class activities include lectures, discussions, student presentations, and research. Lab/shop activities include completing designated procedures that involve inspection, replacement, and identification of automotive components. During lab/shop activities you will apply knowledge obtained from in-class discussions and readings to further advance your understanding of the automobile.
Course Syllabus for Auto Upkeep
Course Description:
Course Goal:
Intended Competencies/Skills:
Content Delivery Method:
Auto Upkeep Competency Profile
Page 2
You will be evaluated on the achievement of the tasks/skills as listed on the competency profile, study questions, lab activity participation, daily reflection logs, and exams.
20% Competency Profile20% Study Questions20% Lab Activities
20% Daily Reflection Logs20% Exams (Written and Practical)
Assessments and assignments will be recorded in the grade book on a 4 point scale and averaged together within the main categories (competency profile, study questions, lab activities, daily reflection logs, and exams) to establish a final grade.4.0 = A 2.7 = B- 1.3 = D+3.7 = A- 2.3 = C+ 1.0 = D3.3 = B+ 2.0 = C 0.7 = D-3.0 = B 1.7 = C- 0 = F
Gray, M.E., & Gray, L.E. (2013). (3rd
Edition) Ozark, MO: Rolling Hills Publishing.
ISBN: 978-1-62702-005-3 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Kit (Paperback Text/Paperback Workbook/Resource CD)
ISBN: 978-1-62702-008-4 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Kit (Hardcover Text/Paperback Workbook/Resource CD)
ISBN: 978-1-62702-015-2 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Co-op Package (10 Paperback Texts/10 Paperback Workbooks/1 Paperback Homeschool Kit)
ISBN: 978-1-62702-018-3 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Co-op Package (10 Hardcover Texts/10 Paperback Workbooks/1 Hardcover Homeschool Kit)
Available at www.Homeschool.AutoUpkeep.com
It is essential that each student follow all safety guidelines, rules, and procedures as discussed in class and demonstrated in the lab/shop. Safety glasses are required for all lab activities.
Course Evaluation:
Grades:
Homeschool Curriculum:
Safety:
Grade Distribution/Weight
Auto Upkeep: Basic Car Care, Maintenance, and Repair.
Page 3
1 1Introduction to the ClassCourse SyllabusTour of Area
Daily Reflection Log
1 2Chapter 1Introduction and How Cars Work
Pages 8-11
Daily Reflection Log
1 3Chapter 1Introduction and How Cars Work
Pages 12-15
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
1 4Chapter 1Introduction and How Cars Work
Car Identification ActivityDaily Reflection Log
1 5Chapter 1Introduction and How Cars Work
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
2 6Chapter 2Buying an Automobile
Pages 16-18
Daily Reflection Log
2 7Chapter 2Buying an Automobile
Pages 19-21
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
2 8Chapter 2Buying an Automobile
Buying a New Automobile ActivityBuying a Used Automobile ActivityDaily Reflection Log
2 9Chapter 2Buying an Automobile
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
2 10Chapter 3Automotive Expenses
Pages 22-25
Daily Reflection Log
3 11Chapter 3Automotive Expenses
Pages 26-27
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
3 12Chapter 3Automotive Expenses
Automotive Expenses ActivityDaily Reflection Log
3 13Chapter 3Automotive Expenses
ReviewChapter TestDaily Reflection Log
3 14Chapter 4Repair Facilities
Pages 28-30 Daily Reflection Log
3 15Chapter 4Repair Facilities
Pages 31-33
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
4 16Chapter 4Repair Facilities
Repair Facilities ActivityDaily Reflection Log
4 17Chapter 4Repair Facilities
ReviewChapter TestDaily Reflection Log
4 18Chapter 5Safety Around the Automobile
Pages 34-38
Daily Reflection Log
4 19Chapter 5Safety Around the Automobile
Pages 39-43
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
Course Schedule:18 Weeks
Week Day Topic Read/Discuss
Assignment/Lab/LogTest
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4 20Chapter 5Safety Around the Automobile
Automotive Safety ActivityDaily Reflection Log
5 21Chapter 5Safety Around the Automobile
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
5 22Chapter 6Basic Tools
Pages 44-51
Daily Reflection Log
5 23Chapter 6Basic Tools
Pages 52-57
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
5 24Chapter 6Basic Tools
Basic Tools ActivityDaily Reflection Log
5 25Chapter 6Basic Tools
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
6 26Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning
Pages 58-62
Daily Reflection Log
6 27Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning
Pages 63-65
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
6 28Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning
Interior Cleaning ActivityExterior Cleaning ActivityDaily Reflection Log
6 29Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning
Waxing ActivityDaily Reflection Log
6 30 Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
7 31Chapter 8Fluid Level Check
Pages 66-69
Daily Reflection Log
7 32Chapter 8Fluid Level Check
Pages 70-73
Study QuestionsExplore Web Links
7 33Chapter 8Fluid Level Check
Fluid Level Check ActivityDaily Reflection Log
7 34Chapter 8Fluid Level Check
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
7 35Chapter 9Electrical System
Pages 74-79
Daily Reflection Log
8 36Chapter 9Electrical System
Pages 80-83
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
8 37Chapter 9Electrical System
Battery ActivityDaily Reflection Log
8 38Chapter 9Electrical System
Charging ActivityStarting ActivityDaily Reflection Log
8 39Chapter 9Electrical System
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
Page 5
8 40Chapter 10Lubrication System
Pages 84-87
Daily Reflection Log
9 41Chapter 10Lubrication System
Pages 88-89
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
9 42Chapter 10Lubrication System
Oil and Filter Change ActivityDaily Reflection Log
9 43Chapter 10Lubrication System
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
9 44Careers Paths Chapters 1-10Review Chapters 1-10 for Mid-Term Exam
Discuss Career PathsReview for Mid-Term ExamDaily Reflection Log
9 45 Mid-Term ExamMid-Term ExamDaily Reflection Log
10 46Chapter 11Fuel System
Pages 90-95
Daily Reflection Log
10 47Chapter 11Fuel System
Pages 96-99
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
10 48Chapter 11Fuel System
Fuel System ActivityDaily Reflection Log
10 49Chapter 11Fuel System
ReviewChapter TestDaily Reflection Log
10 50Chapter 12Cooling System and Climate Control
Pages 100-105
Daily Reflection Log
11 51Chapter 12Cooling System and Climate Control
Pages 106-109
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
11 52Chapter 12Cooling System and Climate Control
Air Conditioning ActivityCabin Air Filter ActivityDaily Reflection Log
11 53Chapter 12Cooling System and Climate Control
Cooling System ActivityDaily Reflection Log
11 54Chapter 12Cooling System and Climate Control
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
11 55Chapter 13Ignition System
Pages 110-113
Daily Reflection Log
12 56Chapter 13Ignition System
Pages 114-115
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
12 57Chapter 13Ignition System
Ignition System ActivityDaily Reflection Log
12 58Chapter 13Ignition System
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
12 59Chapter 14Suspension, Steering, and Tires
Pages 116-119
Daily Reflection Log
12 60Chapter 14Suspension, Steering, and Tires
Pages 120-125
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
Page 6
13 61Chapter 14Suspension, Steering, and Tires
Suspension and Steering ActivityDaily Reflection Log
13 62Chapter 14Suspension, Steering, and Tires
Tire Inspection and Rotation ActivityDaily Reflection Log
13 63Chapter 14Suspension, Steering, and Tires
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
13 64Chapter 15 Braking System
Pages 126-129
Daily Reflection Log
13 65Chapter 15Braking System
Pages 130-131
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
14 66Chapter 15Braking System
Brake Inspection ActivityDaily Reflection Log
14 67Chapter 15Braking System
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
14 68Chapter 16Drivetrain
Pages 132-135
Daily Reflection Log
14 69Chapter 16Drivetrain
Pages 136-137
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
14 70Chapter 16Drivetrain
Drivetrain ActivityDaily Reflection Log
15 71Chapter 16Drivetrain
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
15 72Chapter 17Exhaust and Emission System
Pages 138-141
Daily Reflection Log
15 73Chapter 17Exhaust and Emission System
Pages 142-145
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
15 74Chapter 17 Exhaust and Emission System
Exhaust and Emission ActivityDaily Reflection Log
15 75Chapter 17Exhaust and Emission System
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
16 76Chapter 18Alternative Fuels and Designs
Pages 146-151
Daily Reflection Log
16 77Chapter 18Alternative Fuels and Designs
Pages 152-159
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
16 78Chapter 18Alternative Fuels and Designs
Payback Period ActivityDaily Reflection Log
16 79Chapter 18Alternative Fuels and Designs
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
16 80Chapter 19Automotive Accessories
Pages 160-165
Daily Reflection Log
17 81Chapter 19Automotive Accessories
Pages 166-171
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
17 82Chapter 19Automotive Accessories
Automotive Accessories ActivityDaily Reflection Log
Page 7
17 83Chapter 19Automotive Accessories
ReviewChapter TestDaily Reflection Log
17 84Chapter 20Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies
Pages 172-179
Daily Reflection Log
17 85Chapter 20Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies
Pages 180-185
Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log
18 86Chapter 20Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies
Changing a Flat Tire ActivityReplacing Wipers ActivityDaily Reflection Log
18 87Chapter 20Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies
Jump-Starting ActivityLighting ActivityOn-Board Diagnostics ActivityDaily Reflection Log
18 88Chapter 20Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies
Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log
18 89Careers Paths Chapters 11-20Review for Final Exam
Discuss Career PathsReview for Final ExamDaily Reflection Log
18 90 Final ExamFinal ExamDaily Reflection Log
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Chapter
1resourCes
IntroductIon and How cars work
• How do cars work?• Howarevehiclesclassified?• Why is it a good idea to know the size of your vehicle’s engine?
Fuel for Thought
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IntroductionFor hundreds of years people have been compelled to find a better way to travel. It would be impossible to credit just one person for the development of the automobile. The word “automobile” literally means self-moving. People wanted a vehicle that could take them to new places. For many years people worked and lived within miles of where they were born and where they eventually died. Before the automobile, most people traveled on land from one place to another by foot, train, bicycle, or horse and carriage. Within a few years of the turn of the 20th century, the automobile would change society forever. Today, there are millions of vehicles on the roadways.
ObjectivesUpon completion of this chapter and activities, you will be able to:
• Identify people that have impacted the development of the automobile.
• Differentiate between vehicle manufactur-ers, makes, models, and types.
• Describe how cars work.
Major Automotive ContributorsOne of the earliest recorded major milestones in the development of the automobile was the Cugnot steam traction engine in 1769-1770. Even though this self-powered road vehicle was rather impractical, it was a starting point for the automo-bile. The development of the internal combustion engine in 1860 made road vehicles more promis-ing. Then in 1886 Carl Benz was credited with building theworld’sfirst practicalmotorcar.Atthe turn of the century, blacksmith shops around the country were hand-building cars. Henry Ford, who introduced the Model T in 1908, put an end to many of the small hand- building automotive shops. By 1914, Ford was able to significantly decrease production time using a conveyor (moving) assembly line. Workers could put together a Model T in just 93 minutes. Ford even selected black paint because it dried faster than any other color. By 1920, half the cars in the world were Model T Fords. In 1923 alone, Ford produced over 1.8 million Model T’s. The last Ford Model T rolled off of the assembly line in 1927. Ford produced over 15 million Model T’s (Figure 1.1), but that was not enough for it to remain the best selling car in history.
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IntroductIon and How cars work
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Figure 1.1 Model TCourtesy of Taylor Virdell, Llano, TX
Dr. Ferdinand Porsche invented the highly popular “people’s car” the Volkswagen Beetle in the 1930s, eventually selling over 23 million. The Toyota Corolla has the record for the best selling car ever, with over 37 million sold. Over the last hundred years, automobile production has grown substantially. In 1900 about 9500 motor vehicles were produced in the world. That number grew to over 50 million per year just a century later.
Automotive Museum SitesAntique Automobile Club of America Museumwww.aacamuseum.orgGilmore Car Museumwww.gilmorecarmuseum.orgHenry Ford Museumwww.thehenryford.orgManitoba Antique Auto Museumwww.mbautomuseum.comNational Automobile Museumwww.automuseum.orgPetersen Automotive Museumwww.petersen.orgSmithsonian National Museumhttp://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove
Web Links
Automotive MilestonesAutomobileshavegone througha largenumberof changes since Carl Benz’s 1886 Motorcar. Numerousmilestonesandsignificantautomotiveevents (Figure 1.2) have made vehicles more efficient,comfortable,andreliable.
Timeline of Automotive Milestones1769-1770
Nicholas Cugnot built and demonstrated the Cugnot steam traction engine.
1876 Nikolaus Otto developed the four-stroke engine.1886 Carl Benz patented the world’s first practical
motorcar.Daimler-Benz Company formed.
1892 Rudolf Diesel patented the diesel engine.1895 The word “automobile” coined.1897 Automotive insurance introduced.
Olds Motor Vehicle Company organized.1900 Steam and electric vehicles more popular than
gasoline powered vehicles.1901 Ransom Olds used an assembly line to build the
first mass-produced automobile, the Curved Dash Oldsmobile, which sold for $650.
1902 American Automobile Association (AAA) formed.Cadillac Automobile Company organized.
1903 Ford Motor Company formed.Buick Motor Company founded.Windshield wiper invented by Mary Anderson.
1908 Model T introduced and sold for $850.General Motors Company organized.
1911 Chevrolet Motor Company organized.Self starter invented.
1914 Cleveland, Ohio the first city with traffic lights.Henry Ford raised the minimum daily wage from $2.30 to $5.00.
1916 Brake lights installed.1917 The all-steel wheel developed.1937 Toyota Motor Company, Ltd. established.1938 Volkswagen Beetle produced.1939 Nash Motor Company offered air conditioning.
Hydra-matic (automatic) transmission introduced.1942-1945
U.S. automotive manufacturers supported Allied Powers by producing airplanes, tanks, etc.
1948 Honda Motor Co. formed with $3,300.1951 Power steering installed in cars.1954 Fuel injection used on Mercedes-Benz 300SL.1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act passed, the
first federal emissions standards.1973 Arab oil producers imposed U.S. export ban of oil.1997 Toyota Prius introduced and sold in Japan.1999 Honda Insight Hybrid introduced in U.S.2006 Ford Motor Company planned to cut North
American workforce by 25%.2007 Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) required.2009 General Motors and Chrysler filed for Chapter 11
bankruptcy protection.2010 Tesla Motors launched its IPO (initial public
offering) and became a publicly traded company.2011 Average age of a U.S. vehicle was 10.8 years old.2013 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) require new fuel economy and environmental label for all new cars and trucks.
Figure 1.2 Significant Automotive Events
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Chapter 1
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How Cars WorkCurrently the most common propulsion system in an automobile is the internal combustion engine (ICE). ICEs burn fuel in a combustion chamber inside the engine. Examples include the four-stroke, two-stroke, rotary, and gas turbine engines. The four-stroke internal combustion engine (also known as the Otto cycle, named after Nikolaus Otto) is the most common type used in automobiles. In a four-stroke engine the piston makes reciprocating (back and forth or up and down) movements to convert the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy of motion (kinetic energy). Spark ignition engines are fueled by gasoline, propane, natural gas, or gaso-line/alcohol blend. Compression ignition engines are fueled by diesel. This section focuses on:
• Engine Components• Power Transfer• Four-Stroke Engines
Engine ComponentsThe basic parts in a four-stroke engine include intake valves, exhaust valves, pistons, connecting rods, engine block, cylinder head(s), crankshaft, camshaft(s), and oil pan (Figure 1.3).
IntakeValve
ExhaustValve
Camshaft
PistonEngineBlock
CombustionChamber
Crankshaft
Oil Pan
ConnectingRod
CylinderHead
Oil
Coolant
Crankcase
Figure 1.3 Dual Overhead Camshaft (DOHC) Engine
Power TransferSeveral processes have to happen in order for a vehicle to move. The following are the basic power transfer steps (Figure 1.4) in a common gasoline powered (non-hybrid) automobile.
Power Transfer Steps1 Fuel is stored as chemical energy in the gas tank.2 Fuel is transported to the engine by a fuel pump.3 Air-fuel mixture enters the engine.
4 Electrical energy is used to create a spark at the spark plug.
5Combustion occurs, converting the chemical energy to kinetic energy. The piston moves linearly, recipro-cating up and down or back and forth.
6 The reciprocating motion of the pistons is converted to rotary (circular) motion of the crankshaft.
7 The crankshaft’s rotary motion turns the transmission.
8
On front-wheel drive (FWD) vehicles, rotary motion is transferred through a transaxle (transmission and differential combined). From the transaxle, rotary power is moved through constant velocity (CV) shafts. On rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicles, rotary motion is transferred from the transmission through the drive shaft then to a differential and final drive assembly. In this situation, the differential changes the power flow 90° and allows the drive wheels to turn at differ-ent speeds when cornering. Power is transferred from the differential to axle shafts.
9 The axle shafts or CV shafts turn the wheels.
10 The rotary motion of the wheels converts to linear motion on the roadway.
Figure 1.4 How Power is Transferred
Four-Stroke EnginesThe four-strokes of the spark ignition engine (Figure 1.5) and the compression ignition engine (Figure 1.6) are intake, compression, power (combustion), and exhaust. To complete the four strokes, the crankshaft makes two revolutions. The four-strokes of the compression ignition engine are similar to the spark ignition engine, except fuel is not mixed with air in the intake system. Instead diesel is injected directly into the combustion chamber or indirectly into a swirl (precombustion) chamber. Once in the combus-tion chamber, the diesel combusts spontaneously from the high pressure and heat. Compression ignition engines do not use spark plugs. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, now becoming popular, will be explained in Chapter 11.
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IntroductIon and How cars work
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Intake StrokeIn take va lve is open. Exhaust valve is closed. P i s t o n m o v e s d o w n . Air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber.
Spark PlugAir-FuelMixture
Figure 1.5 Four-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Compression Ratio Commonly 8:1 to 12:1
Figure 1.6 Four-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine (Direct Injection Diesel)Compression Ratio Commonly 16:1 to 20:1
Compression StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. Piston moves up. Air- fuel mixture is compressed.
Power (Combustion) StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. A spark plug ignites the fuel. Piston is forced down by combus-tion. This is the stroke that provides the power.
Exhaust StrokeExhaust va lve opens. Intake valve is closed. Piston moves up, pushing exhaust gases out of the engine.
Exhaust Gases
Intake StrokeIn take va lve is open. Exhaust valve is closed. Piston moves down. Air enters the combustion chamber.
Fuel Injector
Air
Compression StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. Piston moves up. Air is compressed.
Power (Combustion) StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. Fuel is injected into the combustion cham-ber. The high pressure and heat ignite the fuel. Fuel combusts spontaneously. Piston is forced down by combustion. This is the stroke that provides the power.
Exhaust StrokeExhaust va lve opens. Intake valve is closed. Piston moves up, pushing exhaust gases out of the engine.
Exhaust Gases
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Engine IdentificationAvehicle’sengineisclassifiedbyits:
• Size/Displacement• Configuration
Size/DisplacementThe size of the engine is the combined volume of the cylinders. Engine size can be found on the vehicle emission control information sticker under the hood. Engine size is commonly listed in liters or cubic inches (Figure 1.7).Note: 1 L = 61.02 cu. in.
International System of Units (Metric System) and U.S. Customary Units (English System) Equivalent
1.8 L = 110 cu. in. 5.0 L = 305 cu. in.
2.4 L = 147 cu. in. 5.3 L = 323 cu. in.4.6 L = 281 cu. in. 6.8 L = 415 cu. in.
Figure 1.7 Common Engine Sizes
ConfigurationEngineconfiguration is thedesignof theengine block. Common engine configurations include inline, opposed, slant, or V (Figure 1.8). The configuration describes the way cylinders are arranged in the block. The number of cylinders within the engine block is also used to identify the type of engine design. Engines have 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 cylinders. The most common engine configurationsareinline4s,V6s,andV8s.
4 Cylinder Inline
4 Cylinder Opposed
6 Cylinder Slant
V8
Figure 1.8 Engine Configurations
Vehicle IdentificationVehiclescanbeidentifiedbythe:
• VIN• Manufacturer• Make
• Model• Year• Type
VINTheVehicle IdentificationNumber (VIN) is animportant number on a vehicle. This 17-character number can be seen on the left side of the dash from outside the vehicle through the windshield. Left and right sides are determined by sitting inside the vehicle facing forward. This number also appears on the vehicle certification label on the inside of the driver’s doorjamb (Figure 1.9) and also on the vehicle’s title card. The VIN contains information including codes that identify the engine type, body type, model year (MY), assembly plant, production sequence number, and other information specific to that vehicle. In the followingfigure, the tenth character “D”identifies themodel year as 2013, even thoughthe manufacture date was February 2012. For additional resources on decoding a VIN visit www.3rd.AutoUpkeep.com/resources/ch1. Keep the VIN handy, automotive parts stores may need ittofindthecorrectreplacementparts.
Figure 1.9 Doorjamb VIN
ManufacturerAn automotivemanufacturer (Figure 1.10) is a company that produces vehicles. Through the years some manufacturers have taken over others, joined forces, or completely gone out of business.
Figure 1.10 Automotive Manufacturer Logos
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MakeAutomotivemanufacturers (Figure 1.11) iden-tify the various vehicles they produce by their “make”.
Manufacturer MakeGM Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMCChrysler Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and RamDaimler Maybach, Mercedes-Benz, and smartFord Ford and LincolnToyota Lexus, Scion, and ToyotaVolkswagen Audi, Bently, Bugatti, Lamborghini, and
VolkswagenHonda Acura and HondaHyundai Hyundai and KiaNissan Infiniti and NissanFiat Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Fiat, and MaseratiMitsubishi MitsubishiGeely Geely and VolvoTata Jaguar, Land Rover, and TataBMW BMW, MINI, and Rolls-RoyceMazda Mazda
Figure 1.11 Examples of Makes
ModelThe model (Figure 1.12) of a vehicle refers to thespecificnameofeachvehiclewithinamake.Model names often change over time.
Make ModelChevrolet Camaro, Colorado, Corvette, Cruze, Equinox,
Impala, Malibu, Silverado, Spark, Suburban, and Volt
Figure 1.12 Examples of Models
YearThe model year of a vehicle is not necessarily theyear inwhichitwasbuilt.Avehiclebuilt inOctober 2012 most likely would be considered a 2013 model year vehicle. To find the actual model year of the vehicle look at the vehicle emission control information (VECI) sticker under the hood. This sticker indicates the year of pollution standards conformance, which is also the model year (MY). The date of manufacture is listed inside the driver’s door on the vehicle certification label.This is the actualmonth andyear that the vehicle rolled off the assembly line.
TypeAutomotivemanufacturersdesignmanydifferenttypes (Figure 1.13) of vehicles to meet consumer demands.
Type ModelMicrocar GEM e2, Nano, and smart fortwoSubcompact Car Accent, Fiesta, Fit, Spark, Versa, and
YarisCompact Car Civic, Corolla, Focus, Golf, and SentraMid-size Car Accord, Camry, Fusion, and MalibuFull-size Car Avalon, Charger, Impala, and MaximaSports Car Challenger, Corvette, Mustang, and
Porsche 911Compact SUV Escape, RAV4, Wrangler, and XterraMid-size SUV Durango, Explorer, Grand Cherokee,
Highlander, and PathfinderCrossover SUV Edge, Flex, Murano, Outback, and
Tiguan Full-size SUV Escalade, Expedition, Suburban, and
TahoeSUT Avalanche, Escalade EXT, and
RidgelineCompact Pickup Colorado, Frontier, Ranger, and
TacomaFull-size Pickup F-Series, Ram, Sierra, Silverado,
Titan, and TundraMinivan Caravan, Odyssey, Quest, Sedona,
and SiennaVan E-Series, Express, and Savana
Figure 1.13 Examples of Types and Models
Identifying Vehicle PartsTo purchase the correct maintenance items (e.g., filters) or replacement parts (e.g., alternators and starters), it is important to know a vehicle’s VIN, make, model, engine size/configuration, production date, and model year. Note: The date of manufacture and the model year of a vehicle may differ. Manufacturers produce millions of vehicles each year by continuous manufacturing. Showroom floors often include vehicles from next year’s model lineup six to nine months before that calendar year.
Tech Tip
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Common Fuels and DesignsMost of the 255 million vehicles registered in the United States today burn either gasoline or diesel in an internal combustion engine. This section focuses on:
• Gasoline Powered Vehicles• Diesel Powered Vehicles
Gasoline Powered VehiclesPassenger cars and light trucks powered solely by burning gasoline in an internal combustion engine are the most popular. Gasoline engines use spark plugs to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. There are several reasons for the popularity of gasoline powered vehicles. They are currently affordable (this depends on the price of gas (Figure 1.14)), easy to refuel (gas stations in just about every town), they meet performance expectations (range, acceleration, and speed), and we are most familiar with the technology. One of the major disadvantages of gasoline is that once the fuel is burned, it is gone forever. In addition, gasoline engines emit hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). HC and NOX contribute to smog formation. Carbon monoxide can enter the bloodstream, reducing the flow of oxygen throughout the body. Carbon dioxide is consid-ered a greenhouse gas which impacts global climate change (global warming).
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Gasoline Prices
Figure 1.14 U.S. Gasoline Price History
Diesel Powered VehiclesDiesel engines are compression ignition engines; they do not have spark plugs. When thinking of diesel,amediumorheavy-dutytruckmightfirstcome to mind. Diesel powered specialty vehicles (e.g., garbage trucks, school buses, and fire engines) and semi trucks pulling trailers are very common. Diesel engines have also become popu-lar in light trucks. Recently in the United States there has been a resurgence of diesel powered cars. In Europe, diesel powered cars are fairly common, making up about one-half of new cars. Diesel fuel (Figure 1.15) has more energy per gallon as compared to gasoline, making it more efficientforeverygallonoffuelburned.Diesels emit NOX, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM), in addition to greenhouse gas pollutants. Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain. Particulate matter can be microscopic particles like dust, soot, or smoke that are able to penetrate into the lungs and cause a variety of health problems. Ultra-low sulfur diesel and newer engine designs with particulate traps have greatly decreased the amount of PM emissions.
Figure 1.15 Auto Diesel Fuel Dispenser
More Alternative Fueled VehiclesQ: Why do automotive manufacturers not produce more alternative fueled vehicles?A: It is expensive to develop new technologies that meet our high performance expectations. Many customers are not willing to buy newer technologies, especially when gas and diesel fueled vehicles are meeting their expectations.
Q & A
14
IntroductIon and How cars work
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Emerging TechnologiesNear the turn of the millennium, Toyota and Honda started mass-producing hybrid (i.e., gas and electric) vehicles. In 2012, the following gas-free, 100% electric vehicles were produced by major auto manufacturers: Nissan Leaf (99 MPGe) (Figure 1.16), Ford Focus Electric (105 MPGe), and Mitsubishi i (112 MPGe). Note: Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe) is a measure used to compare energy usage in advanced technology vehicles to the miles per gallon (MPG) rating in conventional vehicles. The interest in developing energy efficient vehicles also led to the creation of new auto manufacturers(e.g.,FiskerAutomotiveandTeslaMotors).
Automotive Manufacturer SitesBMW of North America, LLCwww.bmwusa.comChrysler Group LLCwww.chrysler.comFiat Group Automobileswww.fiat.comFisker Automotivewww.fiskerautomotive.comFord Motor Companywww.ford.comGeneral Motorswww.gm.comHonda Motor Companywww.honda.comHyundai Motor Companywww.hyundai.comMitsubishi Motors North America, Inc.www.mitsubishicars.comNissan Motor Companywww.nissanusa.comTesla Motorswww.teslamotors.comToyota Motor Corporationwww.toyota.comVolkswagen of Americawww.vw.com
Web Links
Figure 1.16 100% Electric Nissan Leaf
SummaryIn a little over one hundred years, automobiles have become extremely popular. The auto-mobile has made personal land transportation easy, allowing people to work great distances from where they live. Cugnot, Benz, Ford, and Porsche, among others, changed the development of the automobile forever. With an ever-growing number of vehicles on the road and demand for oil increasing, fossil fuel prices will certainly rise. Today, manufacturers are mass-producing hybrid and100%electricvehiclestoincreaseefficiency,minimize pollution, and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. See Chapter 18 to learn more about alternative fueled vehicles.
Introduction and How Cars Work• CarIdentificationActivity• Chapter 1 Study Questions
ActivitiescanbeaccessedintheAuto Upkeep Workbook or online at www.AutoUpkeep.com.
Activities
Automotive TeacherEducation: Bachelor’s Degree and/or ASECert.Median Income: $52,000Abilities: Good communication with students in a technical hands-on environment.Find your career at www.bls.gov/ooh.
Career Paths
15
Chapter
1 Qr
resourCes
IntroductIon and How cars work
Moving and/or hot engine components can be dangerous. Shut off the engine and remove the key before opening the hood.
Think Safety
www.AutoUpkeep.com
ObjectivesAfter reading the Auto Upkeep text and complet-ing the following activities, you will be able to:
• Identify people that have impacted the development of the automobile.
• Differentiate between vehicle manufactur-ers, makes, models, and types.
• Describe how cars work.
SummaryIn a little over one hundred years, automobiles have become extremely popular. The auto-mobile has made personal land transportation easy, allowing people to work great distances from where they live. Cugnot, Benz, Ford, and Porsche, among others, changed the development of the automobile forever. With an ever-growing number of vehicles on the road and demand for oil increasing, fossil fuel prices will certainly rise. Today, manufacturers are mass-producing hybrid and100%electricvehiclestoincreaseefficiency,minimize pollution, and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
Key Terms/Internet Search WordsVisit www.google.com to investigate any of the following terms or phrases. Summarize yourfindingsinaresearchpaper.
• AutomotiveManufacturers• AutomotiveMilestones• Carl(Karl)Benz• CugnotSteamTractionEngine• DieselEngines• FerdinandPorsche• Four-StrokeEngine• GasolineEngines• HenryFord• HowCarsWork• InternalCombustionEngine• LeonardodaVinciAutomobile• ModelT• NicholasCugnot• NikolausOtto• RansomOldsFirstAssemblyLine• VehicleIdentificationNumber• VolkswagenBeetle• WhatisMPGe
Web Exploring
7
Auto upkeep Workbook
www.AutoUpkeep.com
Name Class Date / / Score
Study Questions - Introduction and How Cars Work
1. What was the earliest self-powered road vehicle?
2. Whowascreditedwiththeworld’sfirstmotorcar?
3. Howdocarswork?
4. Howarevehiclesclassified?
5. What is the difference between a manufacturer and make?
6. WhatdoestheacronymVINrepresent?
7. What two units of measurement are used to classify engine sizes?
8. Whatisanengineconfiguration?Listseveralexamples.
9. What is the difference between a gasoline and diesel engine? What are the strokes in a four-stroke internal combustion engine?
10. Why is it a good idea to know the size of your vehicle’s engine?
8
Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon and how Cars work
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Name Class Date / / Score
Car Identification Activity
ObjectiveUpon completion of this activity, you will be able to correctly identify an automobile by manufac-turer, make, model, year, and type.
NATEF ConnectionsPreparing Vehicle for Service
• Vehicle identifying information.
ToolsNone
SuppliesNone
CautionsFollow all procedures and safety guidelines specifiedbyyourinstructor.
DirectionsCheck off the boxes when completed. When you see a hand next to the task, write the information in the activity journal. If you have any questions during the duration of this activity, stop and ask the instructor for assistance.
Procedure Openthedriver’sdoorandlookforthevehiclecertificationlabel.
Vehicle Certification
Label
Identify the date of manufacture. Identify the vehicle manufacturer. LookinthefrontwindshieldandfindtheVIN.WritedowntheVIN.
VIN
Lookontheoutsideofthevehicle.Themakeandmodelareusuallyidentifiedontherear,front, or side of the vehicle.
Notethemakeandmodel. Identify the vehicle type (e.g.,Microcar,Subcompact Car, Compact Car, Mid-size Car, Full-size Car, Sports Car, Compact SUV, Mid-size SUV, Crossover SUV, Full-size SUV, SUT, Compact Pickup, Full-size Pickup, Minivan,orVan).
Openthehood.Ifunsurehowtoopenthehood,refer to the owner’s manual. A release latch should be under or near the steering column.
Oncethehoodispopped,thereisasafetylatchon the outside.
Hood Safety Latch
Locatethevehicleemissioncontrolinforma-tion(VECI)stickerunderthehood.
9
Auto upkeep Workbook
www.AutoUpkeep.com
LookontheVECIsticker todeterminethemodel year.
LookontheVECIsticker todeterminethesize(e.g.,2.4L)andtype(e.g.,gasolineordiesel)ofengineinyourvehicle.
Size of Engine Type of Engine
Model Year (MY)
Lookattheenginedesigntodeterminethecon-figuration(e.g.,inline,opposed,slant,orV).
4 Cylinder Inline
4 Cylinder Opposed
6 Cylinder Slant
V8
Look at the engine to try to determine thenumber of cylinders. Identifying the number of spark plugs may help you. Note: Most engines have one spark plug per cylinder, but some have two.
Close the hood.
Activity Journal
1. What is the date of manufacture for the vehicle?
2. What company manufactured the vehicle?
3. WhatistheVINforthevehicle?
4. What is the make and model of vehicle?
5. What is the vehicle’s type?
6. WhatisthemodelyearaccordingtoVECIsticker?
7. What is the engine size and type?
8. Whatistheengineconfiguration?
9. Howmanycylindersdoestheenginehave?
10
Sample PowerPoint SlidesChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work
WWW.HOMESCHOOL.AUTOUPKEEP.COM
Copyright © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
1
Auto Upkeep Basic Car Care, Maintenance, and Repair (3rd Edition)
Chapter 1 Introduction and How Cars Work
Online Resources
www.3rd.AutoUpkeep.com/resources/ch1
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
2
Fuel for Thought
• How do cars work? • How are vehicles classified? • Why is it a good idea to know the size of
your vehicle’s engine?
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
3
Objectives
• Upon completion of this chapter and activities, you will be able to: – Identify people that have impacted the
development of the automobile. – Differentiate between vehicle manufacturers,
makes, models, and types. – Describe how cars work.
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
4
Major Automotive Contributors
• Nicholas Cugnot • Carl Benz • Rudolf Diesel • Ransom Olds • Henry Ford • Dr. Ferdinand
Porsche • Many others…
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
5
Automotive Milestones
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
6
Power Transfer Steps
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
7
How Cars Work
• Basic Engine Components – Engine Block – Crankshaft – Pistons – Connecting Rods – Camshaft(s) – Intake and Exhaust
Valves
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
8
How Cars Work • Four-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
9
How Cars Work • Four-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
10
Engine Identification
• Size/Displacement – Two systems of measurement
• International System of Units (metric system) • U.S. customary units (English system)
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
11
Engine Identification • Configuration
– Inline – Opposed – Slant – V
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
12
Vehicle Identification
• VIN – Vehicle Identification
Number • 17 Characters • Found on driver’s
doorjamb and on the top of the dashboard
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
13
Vehicle Identification
• Manufacturers – GM – Chrysler – Ford – Toyota – VW – Honda – Many others…
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
14
Vehicle Identification
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
15
Vehicle Identification
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
16
Vehicle Identification
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
17
Common Fuels and Designs • Gasoline
Powered Vehicles – Pollutants
• hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
18
Common Fuels and Designs • Diesel Powered
Vehicles – Pollutants
• Greenhouse gases + nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
19
The Future • Currently and Near Future
– Hybrids – Electrics – Flex Fuel E85
• More Distant Future – Fuel Cell Technology – Photovoltaics???
Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com
20
Summary
• The automobile has made land transportation easy.
• Automobiles allow people to work great distances from where they live.
• Automobiles create pollution. • New technologies are emerging.
Daily Reflection LogChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work
WWW.HOMESCHOOL.AUTOUPKEEP.COM
Copyright © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing
www.AutoUpkeep.com
daIly reflecTIon logDirections - At the end of each day, write a short 3-5 sentence reflection on what you learned.
monday
tuesday
Wednesday
thursday
FrIday
Name Class Week / / Score
147appendIx d — daIly reFlectIon log
Sample TestChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work
WWW.HOMESCHOOL.AUTOUPKEEP.COM
Copyright © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing
Auto Upkeep (3rd Edition) Name __________________
Chapter 1 Test Date ____/____/____
Introduction and How Cars Work Test Score ____
Section 1: Selected Response
Directions: Place the letter that corresponds to the correct answer on the space provided.
___ 1. The ______________ was one of the earliest self-powered vehicles.
a. Hummer
b. Cugnot steam traction engine
c. Tucker
d. Taurus
___ 2. Most 4-cylinder engines are configured in this way.
a. V
b. Slant
c. X
d. Inline
___ 3. Automobiles became popular in the _____ century.
a. 14th
b. 16th
c. 18th
d. 20th
___ 4. The VIN is commonly located on the __________.
a. dashboard
b. taillight
c. headlight
d. wheel
___ 5. The Ford Model T became famous for being ___________.
a. the first car
b. mass-produced on a moving assembly line
c. hand built
d. blue in color
___ 6. Who patented the world’s first practical motorcar?
a. Carl Benz
b. Henry Ford
c. Nicholas Cugnot
d. Ferdinand Porsche
___ 7. Which of the following can enter the bloodstream, reducing the flow of oxygen throughout the
body?
a. nitrogen
b. particulate matter
c. carbon dioxide
d. carbon monoxide
Section 2: Selected Response ASE Style Questions
Directions: Place the letter that corresponds to the correct answer on the space provided.
___ 8. Technician A says that gasoline engines have spark plugs to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
Technician B says that diesel engines use compression to ignite the air-fuel mixture. Who is
correct?
a. Technician A
b. Technician B
c. Both Technician A and Technician B
d. Neither Technician A nor Technician B
___ 9. Technician A says that the day the vehicle comes off the assembly line is the model year.
Technician B says that the model year can be located on the vehicle emission control
information (VECI) sticker. Who is correct?
a. Technician A
b. Technician B
c. Both Technician A and Technician B
d. Neither Technician A nor Technician B
___ 10. Technician A says that the number of cylinders within the engine block is used to identify the
engine design. Technician B says that the engine configuration is used to identify the engine
design. Who is correct?
a. Technician A
b. Technician B
c. Both Technician A and Technician B
d. Neither Technician A nor Technician B
___ 11. Technician A says that engine size can be listed in liters. Technician be says that engine size
can only be listed in cubic inches. Who is correct?
a. Technician A
b. Technician B
c. Both Technician A and Technician B
d. Neither Technician A nor Technician B
___ 12. Technician A says that rotary motion of the pistons is converted to reciprocating motion of
the crankshaft. Technician B says that rotary motion is up and down or back and forth. Who
is correct?
a. Technician A
b. Technician B
c. Both Technician A and Technician B
d. Neither Technician A nor Technician B
Section 3: Constructed Response
Directions: Use complete sentences to answer the following questions. The criteria below will be
used to assess your answers.
Outstanding
(A = 4.0)
Very Good
(B = 3.0)
Acceptable
(C = 2.0)
Attempted
(D = 1.0)
Did Not Attempt
(F = 0) Student demonstrates a
complete understanding
of the problem. Several
details and examples were
given to support the
answer. The response was
extremely well organized.
Student demonstrates a
considerable
understanding of the
problem. Some details
and examples were given
to support the answer.
The response was
presented in a thoughtful
manner.
Student demonstrates a
partial understanding of
the problem. Few details
and examples were given
to support the answer.
The response was
somewhat organized, but
did not have smooth
transitions.
Student demonstrates
little understanding of the
problem. Details and
examples were not
relevant or not given. The
response was difficult to
follow and confusing to
the reader. However, the
student made an honest
attempt at answering the
question.
No attempt was made to
answer the question.
13. How is power transferred in a gasoline powered vehicle?
14. What are the four strokes in the four-stroke spark ignition engine? What occurs during each
stroke?
What will your son or daughter learn from the Auto Upkeep Homeschool Kit?
Chapter 1Car Identification ActivityIdentify an automobile by make, model, year, and type.
Chapter 2Buying a New Automobile ActivityDifferentiate between MSRP, dealer invoice, and dealer cost.Buying a Used Automobile Activ-ityResearch prices, reliability ratings, and safety ratings on used automo-biles.
Chapter 3Automotive Expenses ActivityCalculate automotive expenses.
Chapter 4Repair Facilities ActivityChoose a quality repair facility. Interpret a repair invoice.
Chapter 5Automotive Safety ActivityIdentify the location of emergency and safety equipment.
Chapter 6Basic Tools ActivityIdentify basic tools that are used in automotive shops.
Chapter 7Interior Cleaning ActivityClean the inside of a vehicle.Exterior Cleaning ActivityClean the outside of a vehicle.Waxing ActivityWax the finish on a vehicle.
Chapter 8Fluid Level Check ActivitySafely check the fluid level in various vehicle components.
Chapter 9Battery ActivitySafely clean and test the battery.Charging ActivitySafely test the alternator and replace belt.Starting ActivitySafely test the starter.
Chapter 10Oil and Filter Change ActivitySafely change the oil and filter on a vehicle.
Chapter 11Fuel System ActivityIdentify the components of the fuel system. Change the air filter, CCV filter, PCV valve, and fuel filter.
Chapter 12Air Conditioning ActivityInspect and identify the compo-nents within the air conditioning system.Cabin Air Filter ActivityReplace the cabin air filter on a vehicle.Cooling System ActivitySafely test, inspect, and service the cooling system. Observe thermo-stat operation.
Chapter 13Ignition System ActivityInstall spark plugs. Inspect, test, and install spark plug wires. Inspect and install distributor cap and rotor on conventional or distributor systems.
Chapter 14Suspension and Steering ActivitySafely inspect and perform basic service procedures on suspension and steering components.Tire Inspection and Rotation ActivitySafely inspect tires for wear and rotate tires.
Chapter 15Brake Inspection ActivitySafely inspect disc brakes.
Chapter 16Drivetrain ActivitySafely inspect drivetrain compo-nents.
Chapter 17Exhaust and Emissions ActivitySafely inspect exhaust and emis-sion components.
Chapter 18Payback Period ActivityCalculate payback period.
Chapter 19Auto Accessories ActivityEstimate the cost of accessories for a vehicle.
Chapter 20Changing a Flat Tire ActivitySafely change a spare tire.Jump-Starting ActivitySafely jump-start a vehicle.Lighting ActivityReplace various lights on a vehicle.Replacing Wipers ActivityReplace wipers on a vehicle.On-Board Diagnostics ActivitySafely retrieve diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) from an OBD II system using a basic scan tool.
32 Step-by-Step Illustrated Hands-On and Internet Activities