Autism Hazel

8/13/2019 Autism Hazel

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Autismis adisorder of neuraldevelopmentcharacterized by impairedsocialinteractionandcommunication,and by restricted andrepetitive behavior. The diagnostic criteria require that

symptoms become apparent before a child is three years

old.Autism affects information processing in thebrainbyaltering how nerve cells and theirsynapsesconnect andorganize; how this occurs is not well understood.It is one ofthree recognized disorders in theautismspectrum(ASDs), the other two beingAspergersyndrome, which lacks delays in cognitive development

and language, andpervasive developmental disorder,not otherwise specified(commonly abbreviated as PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for

autism or Asperger syndrome are not met.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD-NOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD-NOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD-NOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD-NOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder


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It has long been presumed that

there is a common cause at thegenetic, cognitive, and neural

levelsfor autism's characteristic

triad of symptoms.However, there isincreasing suspicion that autism is

instead a complex disorderwhose

core aspects have distinct causes

that often co-occur


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Autismis a complex developmental disorder that

has the following three defining core features:

1. Problems with social interactions

2. Impaired verbal and nonverbalcommunication

3. A pattern of repetitive behavior withnarrow, restricted interests


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Behavioral assessments. Various guidelines and questionnaires are used to help a doctor determine the

specific type of developmental delay a child has. These include

Medical history. During the medical history interview, a doctor asks general questions about a child's

development, such as whether a child shows parents things by pointing to objects. Young children with autism

often point to items they want, but do not point to show parents an item and then check to see if parents are

looking at the item being pointed out.

Diagnostic guidelines for autism. The American Association of Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP)

has established guidelines fordiagnosing autism.The criteria are designed so a doctor can assess a child'sbehavior relating to core symptoms of autism.

Otherbehavioral questionnaires. Additional diagnostic tests focus on children younger than age 3.Clinical observations. A doctor may want to observe the developmentally delayed child in different situations. The

parents may be asked to interpret whether certain behaviors are usual for the child in those circumstances.

Developmental and intelligence tests. The AACAP also recommends that tests be given to evaluate whether a

child's developmental delays affect his or her ability to think and make decisions.

Physical assessments and laboratory tests.Other tests may be used to determine whether a physical problemmay be causing symptoms. These tests include:

Physical exam, including head circumference,weight,and height measurements, to determine whether the childhas a normal growth pattern.

Hearing tests, to determine whether hearing problems may be causing developmental delays, especially those

related to social skills and language use.

Testing for lead poisoning, especially if a condition calledpica(in which a person craves substances that arenot food, such as dirt or flecks of old paint) is present. Children with developmental delays usually continue putting

items in their mouth after this stage has passed in normally developing children. This practice can result in lead

poisoning, which should be identified and treated as soon as possible.
http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/medical-history-for-autismhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/autism-exams-and-testshttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/behavioral-questionnaires-to-help-diagnose-autismhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/physical-examination-for-autismhttp://www.webmd.com/diet/tc/healthy-weight-what-is-a-healthy-weighthttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-testshttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/developmental-delayshttp://children.webmd.com/lead-testhttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/picahttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/picahttp://children.webmd.com/lead-testhttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/developmental-delayshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-testshttp://www.webmd.com/diet/tc/healthy-weight-what-is-a-healthy-weighthttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/physical-examination-for-autismhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/behavioral-questionnaires-to-help-diagnose-autismhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/autism-exams-and-testshttp://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/medical-history-for-autism


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There is no cure forautism; however, with appropriate treatmentand education, many children with the disorder can learn and

develop. Ealy intervention often can reduce challenges

associated with the disorder, lessen disruptive behavior, and

provide some degree of independence.

Treatment depends on the individual needs of the patient. In

most cases, a combination of treatment methods is moreeffective.Autismusually requires lifelong treatment.Occupational therapy and physical therapy are sometimes used

to treat autism.Occupational therapyhelps improveindependent function and teaches basic skills (e.g., buttoning ashirt, bathing).Physical therapyinvolves using exercise andother physical measures (e.g., massage, heat) to help patients

control body movements.
http://www.healthcommunities.com/autism/children/overview-of-autism.shtml?lc=int_mb_1001http://www.healthcommunities.com/autism/children/overview-of-autism.shtml?lc=int_mb_1001http://www.healthcommunities.com/autism/children/overview-of-autism.shtml?lc=int_mb_1001http://www.healthcommunities.com/autism/children/overview-of-autism.shtml?lc=int_mb_1001


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T A ti Th i


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Top Autism Therapies

These fact sheets include a review of the scientific evidence supporting the use of each

particular therapy as well as a list of resources you can turn to should you choose to

implement the therapy. The twelve most popular therapies, which include

comprehensive fact sheets, are:

Speech and langu age therapy(used by 70% ofparents)Visual sc hedules(used by 43.2% ofparents)Senso ry integrat ion therapy(used by 38.2% ofparents)Appl ied behavior analysis therapy-ABA (used by 36.4% ofparents)Social story th erapy(used by 36.1% ofparents)Vitam in C(used by 30.8% ofparents)Vitamin B6 and magnesium(used by approximately 30% ofparents)Essential fatty acid s(used by 28.7% ofparents)Pic ture exchange communicat ion system-PECS(used by 27.6% of children)Casein-free d iet(used by 26.8% ofparents)Gluten -free diet(used by 23.1% ofparents)

Vitam in A(used by 22.0% of

parents)
http://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/speech-therapyhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/visual-scheduleshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/sensory-integrationhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-abahttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-abahttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/social-storieshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/vitamin-c-ascorbic-acidhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/vitamin-b6-and-magnesiumhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/essential-fatty-acids-efahttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/picture-exchange-communication-system-pecshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/picture-exchange-communication-system-pecshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/casein-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/gluten-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/vitamin-retinoic-acidhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/vitamin-retinoic-acidhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/gluten-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/gluten-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/gluten-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/casein-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/casein-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/casein-free-diethttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/picture-exchange-communication-system-pecshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/picture-exchange-communication-system-pecshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/essential-fatty-acids-efahttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/vitamin-b6-and-magnesiumhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/vitamin-c-ascorbic-acidhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/social-storieshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-abahttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/applied-behavior-analysis-abahttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/sensory-integrationhttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/visual-scheduleshttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/parenthttp://autism.healingthresholds.com/therapy/speech-therapy


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Otitis media(Latin) isinflammationof themiddle ear,or a middle ear infection.

It occurs in the area between thetympanicmembraneand theinner ear, including a duct knownas theeustachian tube. It is one of the two mostcommon causes of an earache - the other beingotitisexterna. Diseases other than ear infections can also

cause earpain, including cancers of any structure thatshares nerve supply with the ear andshingleswhichcan lead toherpes zoster oticus. Though painful, otitismedia is not threatening and usually heals on its own

within 26 weeks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_earhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_earhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_externahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_externahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_zoster_oticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_zoster_oticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_externahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_externahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_earhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_earhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin


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Otitis mediais most commonly caused by infection

with viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens. The most

common bacterial pathogen isStreptococcuspneumoniae.[2]Others includePseudomonasaeruginosa, nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae,andMoraxella catarrhalis. Among older adolescentsand young adults, the most common cause of earinfections isHaemophilus influenzae. Viruses suchasrespiratory syncytial virus(RSV) and those thatcause thecommon coldmay also result in otitismedia by damaging the normal defenses of the

epithelial cells in theupper respiratory tract.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae


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When themiddle earbecomes acutelyinfected,pressurebuilds up behindtheeardrum(tympanic membrane), frequently causingintense pain.It may result inbullous myringitis(myringmeans "eardrum"), which means that the tympanic

membrane is blistered andinflamed.[1]In severe or untreated cases, the tympanic membranemayrupture, allowing thepusin the middle ear space to draininto theear canal. If there is enough of it, this drainage may beobvious. Even though the rupture of the tympanic membrane

suggests a highly painful and traumatic process, it is almost

always associated with the dramatic relief of pressure and

pain. In a simple case of acute otitis media in an otherwise

healthy person, the body's defenses are likely to resolve

theinfectionand the ear drum nearly always heals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_earhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membrane_perforationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membrane_perforationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear


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Middle ear infectionsare usually diagnosed using a health history, aphysical exam,and anear exam.With a middleearinfection, the eardrum, when seen through apneumatic otoscope, isred or yellow and bulging. In the case of fluid buildup without infection (otitis

mediawith effusion), the eardrum can look like it's bulging or sucking in. In bothcases, the eardrum doesn't move freely when the pneumatic otoscope pushes air into

the ear.

Other tests can include:

Tympanometry,which tests the movement of the eardrum. The tip of a handheld toolis placed just inside the ear. It changes the air pressure inside the ear. Then, the tool

measures how the eardrum responds.

Hearing tests.A hearing test is recommended for children who have had fluid in one

or both ears (otitis media with effusion) for a total of 3 months.Hearing testsmay bedone sooner ifhearing lossis suspected.Tympanocentesis.When fluid stays behind the eardrum (chronic otitis media with

effusion) or infection continues even withantibiotics, tympanocentesis can remove the

fluid. The doctor uses a needle to pierce the eardrum and suck out the fluid. A sample

is usually tested forculture and sensitivity. These tests reveal what kind of bacteria iscausing the infection and which medicine is best for treatment.

Bloodtests, which are done if there are signs of immune problems.
http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/ear-infection-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/annual-physical-examinationshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ear-examinationhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-earhttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/pneumatic-otoscopehttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/Tympanometry-in-ear-infections-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/Tympanometry-in-ear-infections-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/tympanometry-in-ear-infections-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-testshttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/otitis-media-with-effusionhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-testshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-loss-causes-symptoms-treatmenthttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/tympanocentesis-for-ear-infectionshttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/antibioticshttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/culture-and-sensitivityhttp://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-bloodhttp://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-bloodhttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/culture-and-sensitivityhttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/antibioticshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/tympanocentesis-for-ear-infectionshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-loss-causes-symptoms-treatmenthttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-testshttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/otitis-media-with-effusionhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-testshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/tympanometry-in-ear-infections-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/Tympanometry-in-ear-infections-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/Tympanometry-in-ear-infections-otitis-mediahttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/pneumatic-otoscopehttp://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-earhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ear-examinationhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/annual-physical-examinationshttp://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/ear-infection-otitis-media


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Gastroschisisrepresents a congenitaldefect characterized by a defect in theanterior abdominal wall through which

the abdominal contents freely protrude.

There is no overlying sac and the size ofthe defect is usually less than 4cm. Theabdominal wall defect is located at the

junction of the umbilicus and normal skin,and is almost always to the right of the

umbilicus.


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Gastroschisisis a type of hernia. Herniameans "rupture.Babies with this condition

have a hole in the abdominal wall. The child'sintestines usually stick out (protrude) throughthe hole.

The condition looks similar to anomphalocele.An omphalocele, however, is a birth defect inwhich the infant's intestine or other abdominal

organs stick out of the belly button area andare covered with a membrane.

Other related birth defects are rare in patients

with gastroschisis.
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/omphalocele/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/omphalocele/overview.html


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Lump in the abdomen

Intestine sticksthrough theabdominal wall near the umbilical cord


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Physical examinationof the infant isenough for the health care provider to

diagnose gastroschisis. The baby will haveproblems with movement and absorptionin the gut, because the unprotected

intestine is exposed to irritating amnioticfluid.

The mother may have shown signs of toomuch amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios). Aprenatal ultrasound often identifies the

gastroschisis.
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/symptoms/polyhydramnios/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/symptoms/polyhydramnios/overview.html


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If gastroschisis is found before birth, the mother will needspecial monitoring to make sure her unborn baby remains healthy.

Plans should be made for careful delivery and immediatemanagement of the problem after birth.

Treatment for gastroschisis issurgery to repair the defect. Asurgeon will put the bowel back into the abdomen and close the

defect, if possible. If the abdominal cavity is too small, a mesh sackis stitched around the borders of the defect and the edges of thedefect are pulled up. Over time, the herniated intestine falls backinto the abdominal cavity, and the defect can be closed.

Other treatments for the baby include nutrients by IV andantibiotics to prevent infection. The baby's temperature must becarefully controlled, because the exposed intestine allows a lot ofbody heat to escape.
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/surgery/gastroschisis-repair/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/surgery/gastroschisis-repair/overview.html


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Autism Hazel

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