Authorship, plagiarism, preventing and resolving conflicts: Ethical issues in the research arena
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Authorship, plagiarism, preventing and resolving
conflicts: Ethical issues in the research arena
Jay Heinecke9-28-2006
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Resolving Conflict
Identify Issues before they arise
Clear understanding of arrangements
Collaborative studies and establishing an independent research program
An ounce of prevention...
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Plagiarism?
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Rosalind Franklin's 1952 X-ray crystallography picture of B-DNA.
Watson was shown this picture by Wilkins in early 1953.
From the picture it was possible to calculate: 1) the distance between bases (3.4A) 2) the length of the period (34A) 3) the rise of the helix (36 degrees)
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The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of
DNA: James D. Watson
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Why are issues related to authorship, plagiarism and preventing and resolving conflicts
critical to the scientific enterprise?
MythsScience is driven by the quest for knowledge
self-lesscooperativetruth
RealitiesScience is driven by scientists
egocreditcultural relativism
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• Papers = Currency of Science– Grants– Promotions– Peer recognition
• Major Credit = First and Last Author– First = Person who did the work– Last = Person who paid for the work
• Biological Science is Becoming Big Science
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Scenario: Ethics of Resource Sharing
Transgenic mouse projectGraduate student2 years of workInteresting phenotype
Major competitor requests mouseHow long do you wait?
Until publication of initial paper?2 years?
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Scenario: Authorship Issues
Transgenic mouse project
graduate student project
initial description of model published
PI shares mouse with other investigators
PI listed as author on paper
graduate student is not acknowledged
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Scenario: Authorship Issues
ProjectComplex translational study
Requires major effort:ClinicianBasic Scientist
Exciting results with major findings
Authorship?
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Scenario: Authorship Issues
Project
Post-doc 1 begins project
Makes initial key observations
Follow-up
Post-doc 1 leaves to become faculty
Post-doc 2 spends two years finishing paper
Authorship?
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Scenario: Authorship Issues
Paper
Post-doc 1 makes significant contribution
Data included in original submission of paper
Review
Reviewer hates data of Post-doc 1
Results removed from revised paper
Authorship?
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Resolving Conflict
Identify Issues
Design Options
Cooperative Response
Manage Emotions
Willingness to Resolve
Negotiate
Mediation
Broaden Perspectives
THE CONFLICT RESOLUTION NETWORKcrnhq.org/
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Fraud?
Two different figures
Lab meeting: note wide range of data points
Results convincing
Paper: less convincing points removed from figure
Conclusion not changed
What do you do?
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Fraud?
the “Representative Micrograph”
in other words – the best result you got
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Fraud? Issues
Cultural relativism
Be prepared to defend your stand in public
When in doubt, consult a colleague
Approaches
Cut and run
Defend the truth
Consequences
Destruction of scientific careers
Maintain your perspective
Science is self correcting
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Data Manipulation
Immunoblot analysis
“Photoshop” manipulation
Enhance bands
Edit out smears
Combine lanes from different regions of gel
Combine lanes from different gels
Fraud or part of scientific process?
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Rockefeller University Journals
• Routinely check images for manipulation
• All images must be:– Originals– Non-manipulated– Dates of image acquisition must match date of
experiment
Ushma SN. Stop misbehaving!J. Clin. Invest., Jul 2006; 116: 1740 - 1741.
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Who Owns the Idea?
Laboratory
Long history of interest in DNA repair
Post-docDiscovers a new repair enzymePublishes seminal article
Post-doc becomes a junior faculty member at another institution
Who owns the project?
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Conflict of Interest?
Drug company talks
Financial interest in productdiagnostic testtherapeutic intervention
Want to crush the senior author of the paper
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Resolving Conflict
Identify Issues before they arise
Clear understanding of arrangements
Collaborative studies and establishing an independent research program
An ounce of prevention...
Maintain your perspective
Science is a marathon, not a sprint