AUTHORITARIAN• A system of government in

which the leaders take political power and authority.

• The people submit to this authority.

• Authoritarian governments argue that the security and economic interest of people are less important than those of the government.

DEMOCRACY• Rule by people• A form of government

characterized by majority rule, citizen participation, accountability, minority rights and acceptance of opposition.

Two Types of Political Systems

IN AUTHORITARIAN SYSTEMS

• All public decisions are made by the ruling elite regardless of public opinion.

• The rights and freedoms of individuals or groups within society are not respected.

• The individual serves the government.• There is no room for freedom of speech or

assembly. (seen as a threat)• There is no political competition.

IN A DEMOCRACY

IN A dictatorship

CHARACTERISTICS OFDICTATORSHIPS

PROPAGANDA

• All forms of media are controlled by the government.

• News of the outside world and news of national concern is censored, altered, and presented in a manner that best serves the government.

• Propaganda is one-sided , heavily biased information.

INDOCTRINATION

• Usually aimed at the youth of a nation.

• The use of distorted information designed to strengthen support of the government.

• Schools serve the interests of the state.

• Success is not measured in creativity, but rather in conformity.

SCAPEGOATING

• Directing grievances/problems towards other groups.

• Blaming others for your countries problems.

FORCE AND TERROR

• Terror and violence are effective ways to subdue and maintain control over a population.

• Secret police are often given the power to imprison, torture or liquidate those that are seen as being disloyal or a threat.

• The disappearance of these people serve to intimidate any potential opposition.

CONTROLLED PARTICIPATION

• People who are allowed to participate and contribute to something are more likely to support it.

• Dictatorships often stage rallies and elections into displays of support for the government.

• Creation of youth groups force the youth to take an active role in their country.

WHICH TECHNIQUE IS BEING USED?

• “The men gave no reason for taking the journalist away. They didn’t say who they were, They just took him.”

• “Since I was a child, I knew I supported the government. Everything I have read and studied since has confirmed the correctness of this position.”

• “You never knew if you were being watched.”

• “If we didn’t let in so many immigrants in our country we wouldn’t have so much crime.”

• “the government held their meetings in the evening in the center of a huge square. The area was filled with flags and men in uniform. Thousands of people would come out to witness the drama and cheer as they played the national anthem.”

TYPES OF DICTATORSHIPS

“What good fortune for those in power that people do not think.”

- Adolf Hitler

“Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't allow our enemies to have guns, why should we allow them to have ideas?”

- Joseph Stalin

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

• It is where one individual has absolute control given to him by God.

• The leader has the ability to pass power on to his heirs.

• It is usually a feature of a traditional society.

• Example would be Saudi Arabia.

King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz

MILITARY DICTATORSHIP

• Leader is in control of armed forces

• The military ensures that the laws, courts and police carry out the will of the leader.

• It has an appearance of a parliamentary type of government, but citizens have no say in government.

• Examples include Columbia, Myanmar, former Afghanistan, Chile and Iraq.

PINOCHETRuler of Chile(1973-1990)

Augusto Pinochet

• Became president of the Council of Chile– A junta of military officers

Junta:a small ruling group immediately after a coup.

– Imposed harsh military rule• 130,000 people arrested/tortured/kidnapped.

• Proclaimed President of Chile in 1974– Free market policies at first reduced inflation and created short lived

economic boom.– 1982 Chile fell into an economic collapse and lost popularity.– 1990 resigned presidency but remained Commander in Chief of the

Army.

NATIONALIST ONE PARTY STATE(AUTHORITARIAN)

• Also known as a Fascist government.

• It is a single mass party under one leader.

• Extremely nationalistic, racist, imperialistic and militaristic.

• It appears in advanced and industrial countries.

• Has no concrete theory to justifying its position.

• Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy are common examples.

IDEOLOGICAL ONE PARTY STATE(TOTALITARIAN)

• Also known as a Communist State.

• One small political group holds power.

• Government policy is based on a an ideology. (equality of all)

• It appears in underdeveloped or backwards countries that wish to industrialize.

• The former Soviet Union and China are examples.

The Italians Emerged As Victors After WWI.

Then Why Fascism?

1.Divided along economic lines

North : rich

South: poor

2. Frustration & Humiliation over lost power in North Africa

• desire for imperialist superiority shattered

3. Economically & psychologically drained by the cost of the war.

• $15 billion spent

• 700,000 lives

4. Resentment from not acquiring land promised to them for fighting on the side of the allies. (blamed Premier Orlando)

5. Domestic problems

•Inflation

•Strikes

•High unemployment

•Inadequate food supply

•Political instability

6. Fear of…

Socialism

&

Communism

BENITO MUSSOLINI“IL DUCE”

• Ruled from 1922 –1943.

• Felt that democracy did not have the strength to survive in a violent world.

• To endure and conquer, required directed activity and disciplined effort.

• He believed men were at their best while engaged in war.

• Mussolini is the father of Fascism.

• While in power he systematically reduced the functions of government.

• He used force and violence as a means to maintain power.

• His policies glorified the nation and its leader.

• His skills as a public speaker and his ability to touch the heart of his fellow countrymen gave many a sense of self-worth and purpose.

Fasces

Benito Mussolini

• Born July 29, 1883• Believed he was a young Julius

Ceasar and a young Hitler idolized him.

• Father was a socialist and instilled strong socialist beliefs in Benito.

• Was sent to a catholic boarding school.– Was a bully– Expelled for stabbing a

student.– 1901 received his elementary

teaching certificate.

Benito Mussolini

• 1902 left for Switzerland but was soon arrested for agitation and deported.– Labor union involvement

(radical)• 1909 married daughter of his

father’s mistress– Had 5 children

• Jailed in 1911 for his opposition to Italy’s war in Libya.

• 1912 became editor of “Avanti” socialist newspaper.

Benito Mussolini

• Saw WWI as a capitalist conflict– Later changed mind and

advocated entrance on the allied side.

• As a result fired from “Avanti” and created his own newspaper.

• 1916 he was drafted into army and by 1917 was wounded in battle and discharged.

Benito Mussolini (II DUCE)• 1919 formed his own

political party (fascist).– Seen as alternate to “Red

Menace”.

– Use of “blackshirts or squadistri” to intimidate and gain support.

• Boasted he was the …

“One man alive that can bring back the glory days of the Roman Empire.”

II DUCE

• On October 28, 1922 Mussolini led his Fascist March on Rome.

• Mussolini was immediately invited to form the Italian Government by King Victor Emmanuel III.

• After the violence of the 1924 elections resulting in the death of Socialist party deputy Giacomo Mattoetti. Mussolini moved to suspend constitutional government and establish a totalitarian regime.

– He proceeded in stages to establish a dictatorship by forbidding the parliament to initiate legislation, making him responsible to the king alone.

II DUCE

• 1929 created the Lateran Treaties with the Pope.– Mussolini recognized

Roman Catholic Church as church of Italy.

– Pope recognized Mussolini as leader.

II DUCE

• 1935 invaded Ethiopia– Withdrew from League of

Nations.

• 1936 signed the Rome-Berlin axis

• 1939 sign the Pact of Steel• 1943 Mussolini was

overthrown by Allies placed in prison.

• Sept. 1943 Germany invades

Video: 20th Century: Mussolini and Fascists take over Italy 1922