ED 200 688

AUTHOR Molina, Carmen Eneida, Ed.: And Others4,

TITLE Ideas, Creencia4 Attitudes. Primer MOdulo deSerie pare Maestros de Escuela.Elemental,.(Ideas,Beliefs, Attitudes. First Ppdule of a Series forEle4entary Teachers ). .

.

INSTITUTION Comision para. el Meloremiento de los Derechos deMujer, Santurce, Puerto Rico. k.

PONS AGENCY Women' Educational Equity, Act ogram (ED) ,-A. . . -_,

A WaMhington, D.C.PUB DATE 'BO

NOTE 71p ::For related documents see UD 021 345, D 0 1

347, UD 021 349, and'QD 021 351.LANGUAWE Spanish: English

EDES PRICE EF0I/PC03 Plus Postage.1,

DESCRIPTORS Bias; *Alack Ste'reotyRes: EthniCBias:-*Et1inicStereotypes; Learning$Modules: *.Racial Bias; Role

- 'Perception; *Sex Bias; Sex Role: eSsx Stereotypes:.So6ialization: *Stereotypes

ABSTRACTThis guide for teachers, in English and Spanishy.

examines the role of stereotypes within the context of contemporarybelief's, ideas, and attitudes. A pre-test and post-test are included'is measure the user's, awareness of stereotypes. Object lessons_oower.the following topics: (1) definition of stereotypes: (2) racial andethnic stereotypes; (3) prejudice; (4) racism: (5) discrimination:(6) socialization of sex roles: (7) sexual stereotypes; and (B)

gender-identification. A glossary of terms and a set of cards thidentify common stereotypes are included in the guide. (AP1)

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********************************* *** *1_**Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best th

from the original dOcument.

**** *************can be made *

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I US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EOLICATiON A WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-,DUCE° E AA(' TLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OFdiEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARiCY REPRE-SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY -

A

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ESTERE OTIPOS ESTEREOTIPOS ESTEREOTIPOS ESTEREOTIPOSESTERESITIPOS ESTEREMPOS ESTEREOTIPOS ES,TEREOTIPOSA continuacian encontraras varias tarjetas que describen

seres hurnantik Escoge entre ellas las que scanESTERIOTIPOS.

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OS TIENEN LOS 040S'OB

ES SON G LADES COMER

NOS SON NTIPATIc0 S.Y SENDS

LOS HAITIANOS SON MUD' ISO

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2

PRIMER MODULO DE UNA SERIE PARA MAESTROS DE-ESCUELA ELEMENTAL

...IDcRENICALTITUDES

LA COMI5iON PARR EL MEJORAMIENTO DE LOS DERE II OSETE LA Mkj ER

Woinen's Educational Equity AcU.S. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Shirley M. Huf edler, Secretary

Steven A. Minter, Under SecretaryE James Rutherford, AssiStanrSecretary for

Educational Research and Improvement

Program

Editora y Redactora/Cannen Eneida Molina Investiga toras del -_Material/Nora Marrero, Lydia Pelegrin Martin;Catherine 'Torres, Sonia Vergne Personal Tecnico y.Secretarial/Awilda Santiago, Iris Mann Consultoras/Maria

IJipez- Garriga, Rose Santiago de Marazzi, Eneida Sierra de De Jesus, Ivelis6e Rodriguez Oquendo DiseiloeLlustYaciones/Taller Creativo, Inc. Juan Luis Martitlez. Directora del Proyecto/Isabel Pico de Hernandez.

Discrimination Prohibited: No person in the United States shall, on the grounds ofrace, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, he denied the bene-fits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receivingFederal financial assistance, or be so treated on the basis of sex under most educationprograms or activities receiving Federal assistance.

Produced by la CornisiOn para el Mejoramiento de los Derechos de la Mujer undera grant from the U.S. Education Department, under the auspices of the Women'sEducational Equity Act. Opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect theposition or policy of the Department, and no official endorsement should he inferred.

Printed_ d distributed by Education Development Center, 1980, 55 Chapel Street,aNewton ssachusetts 02160.

INDICE

INTRODUCCION 1

OBJETIVOS aPRE-FRUEBA 4

RESFUESTAS 5

PARTE I

ESTEREOTIFOS

ESTEREOTIFOS RACIALES

PREJUICIO

RACISM°DISCRIMINACION

POST-PRUEBA 13

PTE II 15

SOCIAL ZACION

ROLES

SOCIALIZACION DE ROLES SEXUALES

ESTEREOTIPOS SEXUALES

IDENTIFICACION CON EL GENERO

POST-PttUEBA 24

GLOSARIO 25

APENDICE 27

TRADUCCION EN INGLES

INTRODUCCIONLos maestros somos gente ocupada. Mientras la mayorfa de las personas terrninan sutrabajo al abandonar la planta ffsica, nosotros cargamos con libros y libretas, corregimos

pruebas, examenes, elaboramos material para ofrecer nuestras clases del pri5ximo dia y,-dedicamos noches enteras a organizar los trabajos del semestre. Quizas por eso mucha gentedice que nuestra profesien es una especie de,sacerdocio, que requiere verdadera vocaciOn.Es cierto tambien que a pdsar de las eydgeneias y. los contratiempos, disfrutamos nuestrotrabajo y derivamos de el muchas satisfacciones.No es tarea Pero, a los maestros de escuela elemental especialmerite se nos de laopportunidad de formar, rholdear la personalidad de un nifio o una niria,desde que sus curi-

osos ojitos se asoman por vez primera al plantel. jlecuerdas las veces que has escuchado conemocion la esforzada articulacion de una lectura? "MMMMI MMMMA MMA MEorgito, only bien."

Enseriar a leer, a escribir, a surnar y a restarno es nuestra rinica tarea. lose, sientateahora mismo." "Aida, devuelvele el libro aMario!' Tambien ensefiamos comportarrliento,actitudes: "Hay que ser ho_n_rados.",Y en larnedida que sea posible, desarrollarnos su sensi-bilidad. "Esta for es belle

De Codas nuestras tareas, la discipline esuna de las que rnas tier-Ivo nos consume. Sinembargo, pocas veces nos sentarnos a pensarlo importante que es ese proceso mediante elcual dotamos a los nos de unas actitudesde respeto y consideracion al prOjimo. Comoadultos responsible, desearnos que los niriosadquieran buenos habitos, buenas costumbrg;que aprendan las reglas basicas de convivencia.

Somos los maestros los que transmitimos a los ninos ideas, opiniones, sentiniientos, acti-tudes, prejuicios...Porque en la medida en que pensamos y sentimos communicamos a losestudiantes nuestro pensar y sentir. lGran responsabilidad! Un maestro religioso infunde sureligiosidad; un maestro deportista, su interes por los deportes. LY un maestro prejuiciado?Pues ocurre lo rnisrno. Un maestro con prejuicios raciales, es decir racista, consciente 0inconscientemente transmitini valores anti-humanos que perpetidan.unas creencias queofenden al ser humano e impiden su desarrollo integral. No es el racismo la unica actitudque debemos erradicar del salOn de clases Existen otros tipos de actitudes negativas que

perpettian an trato de inferioridad_ a seres humanos tan valiosos corno coda uno de los que

hay eri la tierr ?. Hagamos un nele cpnciencia. Serttelmonos a revisar nuestras actitudes '.

en abierto deseo de mejorarn y descartemos las que i_mpiden una verdadera convivencia.

En este mOdulo encontrards gunos mecanismos para empezar a hacerlo. Cada uno de los

ciclosque to componen esta preparado especialmente para ti, partiendo de ,tus necesidades,

y experiencias. Logrards unos objetivosi paso por paso, escalones que to iran llevando alentendimiento de las fuerzas .que estan detras de ideas, creencias y actitudes de nuestro

fiempo.Esta serie es un paso no hacia la adquisiciOn de-datos academicos sino hacia la toma de

conciencia de problemas que nos envuelven a todos y de los que todos Samos responsables.

Te invitamos a que busques en to conciencia y descubras cuan cerca estas de posibilitar una

ensefianz.a y educaciOn mejor a tus estiidiantes varones y hembras; cuan capacitado estas

para trliciar una serie de carnbios en tai salOn de clases que, sin Buda alguna, majorardn la

calidad de vida de tus alumnos.i ADELANTE!

.

Los teruas y el material que enontrards a continuaciOnvan encaminados a posibilitar el logro de unos objetivosdeterminados.

MIS OBJETWOS1. Dada una lista de aseveraciones identificar6 las que son

estereotipos.2. Subrayare las bases de an parrafo que sean estereotipos

raciales.3. A base de la lectura rea zada, defunrz prejuicto y racismo.4. Contando las fotograifas de personas, negras y blancas en

una revista de temas generales, identfficare discriminacian.5. Dada una listaldentificar6 roles.6. Identacare socializacion de roles sexuales a traces de los

juguetes que se le regalan a un nifio o una rdfia.7 -Mediante la agrupaciOn de las earacterfsficas atribuidas a

nifios y ninas bajo las eategorfasde pasividad y agresividad,identilicare socializaciOn de roles sexuales

8. Dada u lister -.de nueve aseveraciones, identificare es ereo-tipos se uales. ,.

9. A base de la lectura realizada, defirli 6 este eotipo sexual.

Para rnedir lo que voy aprendi tido, me sometere primer°a la siguiente prueba; una vez la aya terminado, pasare a JaprOxima pagina donde encontrare in caciones especificas sobreel terra que debo abordar de acuerdo con mis respuestas enesta pagina.

PRT-PRUEMEscribe una E al lado de la Erase que sea estereotipo:

A. Los seres humanos son mortales.B Los mexicanos son vagos.,

2. Escribe una R al .lado-de la fra§e que sea estereotipo racial:A Los negros son fuertes.B Un alto porte laje de nuestra poblaciOn es de

rata riegra.3, Esclibe una P aliPlaylo de la-frase clue sea un pr juicio:

A Todos las chinos son tbntos.B. Los:chinos son asialicos.-

4. Escrte una 1:1atlado de la fraseque UnpliquedistrirninaciOn:- ?

A En la televiiOn no apareclkn muchos artistasnegros;

B En Madrid viven rnucho latinoarnericanos.Escribe-ES arlado de la frase que sea estereotipo sexual:

A. Los varones tienen mas habilidad matematicaque las hembras.

B La Maternidad es exclusiva del sexo femenino.,6. Escribe una R al lado de la frase que define roles:

A. Los roles son las diversas tareas que un individuorealizes err una sociedad.

B. Los role4 son falsas ideas sobre la mujer.7. Escribe una S al lado de la frase que define socializaciiin:

A. Es el procesb mediante el cual un individuoaprende patrones de conducta permisible ensu soCiedad.

B Es el rechazo a `codas las normas establecidas.

4

RESPUESTAS

iota puntos pcir cada respuesta correcta.

1-B2-/A3-A

5 A6-A7 -A

, Si has loarado una purituaciOn de 14 punt s saposees un cono-

cccimiento amplio de la materia. Este modulo to ofrecera inforrna-

lan adicional qye complementira la que tienes. -

----Si has obtenido 12 puntos o men debes comenztr a leer lap_r_irnera parte de este miduio.

5

TEMAS:

.ESTEREOTIPOS8STERIOTIPOS RACIALES.---4

PREJUICIORACISMO

DISCRIMINACION

Ob eiivo 1 Dada unaaseveraciones, identificare l que

son estereofipos."Mira... muchacho, clue el cuco to va a Ilevaf-r,

Si no nos tornabamos la sopa...el cuco nod Llevaba. Si-nos subiamos al techo...el cuco nosIlevaba. Si nderamos obedientes....el cuco nos llevaba. CrecinioS amenazados por la sombra

del CUM.. Nuestros padres' no. parecen haberencontrado'una mejor forma de disciplinamdsque atemorizandoncc con esa legendaria.fig'urapuertorriqueria a- quien todos los ninon' atribuyer' los mas variados aspectos fisicos. Hoy"muchos aims despues = nuestra certeza de queaquel monstruo abominakir nos llevaria a sucueva ha desaparecido; somos adultos y las 4faladiaS quedaron atras. , ,

Nuestras ideas se .han transformado y sesguen transformando. "Uno nun: ''cleja deaprerder," decimos; pero, sin emba o, de vezen cuando nos oponemos tenazmeq e a cam-biar ,,una posicion aunqu todo indique queestamos equivocados.-'Yo soy asi y no voy acambial-1y; "Aunque este ttlal, .eso es lo quecreo." Si todos actuaramos de esa forma, pocasveces nos entenderiamos.

y, que persona tan cursi!

Pensemos en las veces que hemos conocido alguien; versos nada mas y nos hemos "caidomal." Piensas: "; Uy, que persona peda_nter; e :inmediatamente la posible comunicaciOn secierra. Pasa el tiempo y la idea persiste en ti. Has prej- uzgado 'Sem, persona; es decir, hasforrnulado un juicio sobre ella antes de conocerla. Para los efectos, lo que creel es finaly absoluto. Afiadamos al casoscliue esa persona es argentine. "Los argentinos son cursis,"pensaras. Y asi, tan sencillamente, labras formulado un estereotipo.

UN ESTEREOTIPO ES UNA IDEA QUE SE EIJA Y SE PERYETUA.

La palabra "estere6fipo" surgi° en las imprentas. El estereotipo era la plancha de metaldonde se fijaban las letras (tambien conocidas como tipos) las cuales, oprimiendose sobie.papel, eras Iijadas y reproducidas infinitamente.

El termino se inco 'fporo a la ciencia de la conducta social para describir un proceso analog°.Irroginemos que aquella plancha de metal es nuc,stra mente. Fijamos en ella una idea, porejemplo: "Los esquErnales son salvajes" y la reproducimos como en las maquinas impre-soras infi_nitamente, condo "copias exactas al original" sin pensar o razonar. Hagamos.unejercicio mental. Pensemos en los mmdcanos. zQue ideas nos surgen?...zMariathis? zcheras? zLa caricatura de tin hombre en cuclillas, reclinado en una pared, con un enorme

. sombrero sobre la cara?

Eso es un estereotipo. Es la reproducciOn de una idea o imagen que extendernos,a todos.los miembros de un grupo. Significa que todos los mexicanos ester perpeuasnente reclin-ados contra una pared...dormidos? El mensaje de esa imagen serA, pies, s rnexanosson vagos:

godras identificar ahh,aa un estereotipo?Entre las siguientes frase hay varios. Identificalos con una E en el espacio correspandiente;

1. ,Los argentinos son hispanoarnericifilos,2. LOs arnericanos son listos.3. 'Los chinos son asiaticoS.4 Los negros son fuertes.5 Los blancos'son bonitos.

Estereotipos son: 2, 4 y 5. "Los chinos son asiaticos" es un dam objetivamente corn-probable. Sin embargo, eh el caso de "Los blancos n bonitos," hay una carp racista, comoen todos los estereotipos que adjudican ras d ue supuestamente describen -a todas laspersonas de una razz.

Objetwo 2: Svbrayarelas fras s deafp que semi estereotipos raciales.

EL CONJUNTO DE IDEAS ESTEREOTIPADAS CON RESPECT° A UNARATA SE LLAMAN ESTEREOTIPOS RACIALES.

Asi, las (rases: -

Los negros son fuertes.Los blancos son bonitos.

son estereotipos raciales.

Subraya las (rases del siguiente parrafo que son estereotipos raciales.iCOrno me gusta viajar! Siempre qUe tent o una oportunidad tornoun aviOn y me lanzo a la

aventura. Es curiosomuchas veces he ido a un pais pensando que sera de una maneraespecial y he encontrado que es diferente a como lo imagine. Mi Ultirno viaje fue al Oriente,a JapOn. Me irnpresion6 su belleza, su exotismo. Los japoneses nd son coin° yo pensaba.Greta que et-an timidos, callados, estrafios, un pOCO tontos y anticuados, Pero me flevselUnagran sorp' resa al visitar en Japan grandes, discotecas, con hombres y rnujeres vestidos como-yo, bails= do perfectamente ritmos modernos. Aden-s, los hombres son. mss desenvneltos yconversadores de lo que pensaba. Lo pase muy bier.

Los estereotipos raciales de este parrafo son las creenCias que la persona tenia-antes.deit a JapOn y conocer .a sus habitantes. Esa persona penSaba que eran "tirnidos," "callados,""extrah-os," "conservaclores,"_"tontos" y "afiticuados." Fue necesario para esa persona "ver paracreer! La imagen generalizada y simplificada que tenia de la cultura japonesa es un este-reotipo racial.

Los estereotipos raciales estan fundados generalmente en prejuicios.

10

Ob e ivc A base de talectura 4.realizada, clefUli* prejtiicio-y racismo.

LOS PREJUICIOS SON JUICIOS FORMULADOS Il l `FEWER UNCONOCIMIENTO CABAL DE UNA PERSONA, GRUPo 0 HE HO.

Las ideas prejuiciadas como los estereotipos raciales:- no estan fundados es un entendi-miento profundo de la renlidad, sino que, por el contrario, se- basan.en un judo formuladocon anterioridad al conocimiento. Dc alai, la palabr "prejuicio." El prejuicio, al igual clue lasideas, creencias y. actitudes que tenet oS los seresmanos, es el resultado de factoressociales, sicoli5gicos, hist6ricos, politicos y econOrnicos. Existe toda una vision de mundoque se concreta en el enfreniamiento del objeto`prejuiciado y su sujeto. Cuando un individuorechaza a otro por el color de su piel es porque ve en era condlciOn unos contenidos que vanma's alla del blanco, negro o ainarillO de la piel. Esos contenidos, ese conjunto de ideas pre-juiciadas-contra una raza, racismo.

,Puedes definjr prejuicio4

El prejuicio es aquel juicio que se formula sin tener un conocimiento cabal de una personao grupw.

RA IMO ES EL CONJUNTO DEPREJUICIOS E IDEASESTEREOTIPADAS CON RESPECTO A UNA RAZA.

El racism no es privativo de blancos. Conocemos los casos de racism contra judios,fuertemente desatado en la Aiernania nazi de Hitler. Los judios fueron perseguidos, masa-crados y despoja,dos de todo lo que tenian porque los nazis fascistas estaban convencidos deque perteneciad a una raza "superior y los judios eran, para los nazis uinferiores.' Los judiosno Ilan sido los Unicos perseguidos y estigmatizados por el racismo; les ocurre tambien a los

mentalidad prejuiciada crea unos "mitosNonyespecto a la personalidad,de. su victima.Inventa unas deficiencies, unas debilidades qu6trs adscribea la otra persona. Esos

cumplen el objetivo de_perpetuar unas' reldcio-nes de dominaciOn de, un grupo sobre otro.Propagando la idea de que el grupo victirna esinferior,'el grupo racista rnantiene su poder. Anivel sicolOgico, la victima del racism interna-liza el "mita" que sobre el se ha creado. Piensarealmente qUe es inferior, que no sirve para

Y cuando toda una sociedad, corno en elcaso de los nazis, estd controlada por el gruporacista, se difunden los estereotipos raciales atraves de libros, periodicos, escuelas en fin,de todos los medios sociales disponibles. Lasacciones tomadas para perpetuar estas condi-ciones son ejemplos de discriminaciOn.

Puedes definir racismo?

El racismo es el onjunto de prejuicios c ideas estereotipadas con r pecto a una raza.

ObjetivO 4-Contando lasfotografias de personas negras y blancas

en una revista de temas generaks,ideniificare scpminaciCin.

I- ISCRIMINACION ES DAR TRATO DE INFERIORIDAD EN UNACOLECTIVIDAD -A dERTRS MIEMBROS DE ELLA (0 A UNA PERSONA) POR

MOTIVOS BACIALES, RELIGIOSOS,- POLITICOS, SEXUAtES...Varnos a identificar la dirscriminaciOn. Toma una revista en ingles o espariol, de temas

generates. Cuenta fotografias que haya de personas negras; cuentajtambien las fotogra-fias que haya de personas blancas. Anota los resultados en estos espacios:

Total personas blancasTotal personas negras

Habras notado que los blancos son la mayoria. La irnagen que presenta la revista queacabas de ver es que las personas blancas tienen una villa social e individual mas productiva.Apenas hay noticias de los logros de los negros; y estos, ciertamente, realizan importantes-labores en el desarrollo del pars. Flay discriminacion en esa revista come) la hay tambien en,rnuchas otras situaciones,que nos rodean.

Ahora podrias hacer otra prueba: anota lospersonajes negros que saien en las series detelevision y trata de analizar la imagen que deellos se proyecta.

Tomemos otro ejeinplo. En las series dedetectives, los personajes "malos" tratan derobar una importante fOrmula quimica almuchacho "bueno." zPor que sera que el maloocasionalmente es un oriental? Ese .orientaldespiadado, acecha tras las cortinas con unpufial curvo_esperando la "oportunidad.

Cuando no son "espias" los orientales, son"lavanderos" que llevan su "lopa" (ricliculizaciOnde la forma en que hablan) en su carrito. Cor-tesmente el chino baja y sube su cabeza comoun abanico (otra ridiculizaciOn), a la vez quearrastra sus piececitos como on infeliz.

Hay e§tereotipacion en arnboS casos. La primera: "Los chinos son_ malos"; la segunda: "Loschinos son tontos."

zQue imagen fornenta este typo de series cie television en los nifios?Estudiemos esta situacion: La familia Wong.11ego a la comunidad hace un rues. El pequefi-o`

Ting fue matriculado en la escuela elemental. Ting llego 1Ibrando una- tarde sunifio le habia dicho que el era ."tan hobo corno los chinos de la television".,.que no sabiahablar.. y que no queria ser su amigo.

Somo podria el senor Wong explicarle a su hijo que esa frase es un estereotipo?,Como aislarlo de la experiencia discriminatoria'que implica el contacto con aquel y con

otros nifios que piensan igual?Estargs ahora Inas consciente pdra evitar en el salon de clases los estereotipos? gro-

sentaraS a personas de diversaS nacionalidades y razas en rrlultiples tareas y ocupacionescomunes a todo,ser humano? groyectaras una imagen positiva de las razas?

12

Adjunto eriCoritraras un conjunto -de talie tas denominadas juaego A. Realizalo. Una vezlas hayat tenninadoregresa a esta paging.

-Anota dos pantos por cada-estereotipo que hayas identificado. Las respuestas correctas son:4. Los arabe son graxide§ comerciantes.5. Los chinos son antipaticos y segos.6,: Los haitiallos son muy romdnticos.7. Log mexicanos son vagos.

zTodas correctas? Te felicitamos. Pasa a la prOxlina pagMa.zAlguna i_ncorrecta? Puedes pasar a la prOxima paging, pero coteja antes tus con estaciones

con fas correctas e identifica el error. zPor clue no es un estereotipo la que escogiste?

i,Ninguna acertada?Resume en breies palabras lo, que es un reotipo:

Estereotipo es una idea que se fija y se perpetga con respecto a las caracteristicaS quepresuponemos propias de,una persona o un grupo.

PRTE IITEMA&

SOCIALIZACIONROLES

SOCIALIZACION DE ROLES SEX UALESESTEREOTIPOS SEXUALES

IDENTIFICACION CON EL GENERO

15

"...E1 nene hablo ... el nene hablo.."

Maravillosa 6cperiencia la de ver como se desarrolla y crece un bebe. El momen o de suprimera palabra...el rev_ tielo y emocidn que suscitan sus primeras frases...es para rnuchospadres "un milagro" del que nunca se reponen.

AM en elseno de su-hoar, el bebe va aprendiendo paso por paso un idioms, urtos patronesde conducta, unas destrezas, unas actitudes: sus padres se los transmiten. Todo este procesode aprendizaje rnediante el cual, ademas de actitudes se inculcim valores, preferencias ygustos se llama socializacion.

SOCIALIZACION ES EL PROCESO MEDIANTE EL CUAL EL INDIVIDUOAPRENDE LOS PATRONES DE CONDUCTA PERMISIBLES EN VARIOS GRUPOSSOCIALES Y LAS CONSECUENCIAS QUE TENDRA LA ADOPCION DE UNO

DE ELLOS.Se trata de un complicado proceso en el que esta. inrnersa la familia y, en consecuencia,

toda la sociedad incluyendo sus instituciones como la escuela, la iglesia, los medios decomunicacidn...

Segun maduran los ninos, tendran la ter-nativa de it reconsiderando muchos de lospatrones sociales que hair adquirido mediantela socialzacion; pero en terminos generatescads uno ira aceptando como propias lasactitudes que el-proceso inculcd en 61 o ella.

Mientras somos ninos la socialization es unproceso evidence que se refuerza continua-mente:-

Jose, no le des a to he"Miguel, estate quieto."

recogestu cuartofPero de adultos v una vez hemos interiori

zado esos patroness los mismos se refuerzanmediante la action de diversas presionessociales.

Por el momento nos interesa saber cam° se differentia la socialization de un nino de unanina. iEs la misma?iyor clue no?

16

Objetivo'5: Dada unalista .ecare ro es.

Empecernos par recordar -que mediante la socializaciOn se asignan alindividuo unos roles.

? LOS ROLES SON LAS DIVERSAS TAREAS 0 PAPELESQUE UN INDIVIDUO REALIZA EN UNA SOCIEDAD.

En la siguiente lista hay varios roles que realizan hombres y mujeres. Escribe una M allado de los que comummente realiztan las mujeres y una H en los que comUruyiente realizanlos hombres. Cuando sean ambos, escribe una A.

1. Arm de case2. Sacerdote3. Maestro4. Esposa5. Padre

Los roles comunes o tradicionales de la mujer son ama de casa y esposa; el hombre realizaroles de sacerdote y padre. Arnbos pueden ser maestros.

Bien sea por condiciones bidligicas o por el ambiente socia=l, mujeres y hombres estandestinados a ejecutar roles diferentes en nuestra sociedad. En la socializaciOn del rao y de lat&ia, el proceso ,diferenciado toma el nombre de socializacion de roles sexuales. Es decir,se educarin a unos' y otros. para cumplir con limas tareas segidn- el sexo

SOCIALIZACION DE ROLES SEXUALES ES EL PROCESO MEDIANTE EL CUALUN INDIVIDUO RECIBE LA ASIGNACION DE ROLES SOCIALES QUE SE

CONSIDERM4 PROPIOS DE SU SEXO.

17, )

Objetivo 6: Identificare socializaciOnde roles xues a traves, de log juguetesque se le reg a tm n#7io una mna

Desde pequefios, varones y hembras son educados para asurnir roles distintos. El procesomediante el cual se les prepara se llama socializacion de- roles sexuales.

Este proceso diferenciado_ conlienza desde la curia; y con datos sencillos podemoscorroborarlo.

Compara ahora los regalos.e relaciOn veg entre esos juguetes y la socializaciOn de roles sexuales?

Generalmente los juguetes que regalarnos a las nifias suelen sen muilecas, juegos de cafe,planchitas. -A los nenes les regalamos: estaciones de gasolina, pelotas, carritos. Los primerosestan relaciallados con las tareas domesticas; los segundos con el trabajo, la mecanica...z ueroles estmos socializando en el nino y la nina?

El rol de rnadre, esposa y ama de casa a la nina.El rol de proveedor, trabajador al nitro.

Fin una lista de regalos que comprarfas a unanena:1.

2.

3.

4.

5

Ithora, haz una lista de regalos queharias aun tenet1

2

3.

4.

5

18

Ob etivo 7. Mediante la agrupaciOn delas caracteristicas atribuiclasv ninos

y nmas bajo las categorias de pasividady agresividad identificare socializacitin

de roles sexuales:,Es asi corno ternprano en la infancia comenzamos a interiOnar nuestros roles sexuales y.

sociales. Los hacernos nuestros y aprendemos; ademas, que Segtin nuestro sexo debemoscomportarnos de una forma deierminada. . .

godrias hacer una lista de las caracteristicas que diierencian a un ratio de una nina?Nino Nina

Ahora, agrupa eras caracteristicas hajo las siPasividad

tes categoria's:

Agresividad

i.Puedeg decir ahora a cudl de los dos sexos se le asignan mas caracteristicas de pasividad?Haz una rnarca de cotejo ) en el cuadro:

VaronesHernbras

La generalidad de las personas opina que una de las caracteristicas prop as del varOn es laagresividad y de-la mujer, la pasividacl. A base de lo que hemos descrito corno proceso desocializaciOn, pothiamos plantearnos la siguiente pregunta:

LSera que las nifias son socializadas para ser pasivas y los winos para, ser agresivos?Intenternos una respuesta.

Recuerclas los regains que harias a un nine:Pistolas BolasCarritos Estaciones de gasolinaTrenes Bates

19

Todos ellos implican ejercloio, movinilentg, accion. zAgresiv dad, iniciativa?Ups regalos de las Mims:

.MunecAsTazas para caféLibros de pintar

Lmplican recogimiento, quietud, serienidad. zPasividad; tranquilidad?Vemos con gran naturalidad que se fornieriten y refuercen estas caracteristicas en nifios

y n nas i damos una nfirada al pasado, recordaremos que a nuestros abuelos y abuelas tam-bien se les socialize) asi.

tiene eso de malo?No son juicios morales los que estas haciendo: solo tratas de entender por que y cOmo las

hembras y los varones son diferentes.

Una senora de 70 alms explica:creo que las cosas han cambiado mucho.

Hoy en dia vas a cualquier ofichia y hay -unmonton de. mujeres trabajando. Cuando yo mecriaba, uno no pensaba runs que en casarse...y los padres no mandaban Vii' las muchachas ala escuela porque no era la costumbre."

Desde una perspectiva ifistorica, es ciertoque tanto los. roles de varones como hembrashan cambiado, Nuestro sisten-ia de instruccionofrece educacion obligatOria a ninos y nirias yambos se educan para que puedan tener unasopcipnes en el futuro,

Los roles sexuales no son los rriismos que hace chlcuenta ailos. Los nifi, is de .olizan con criterios diferentes para una sociedad distinta.

L Y por que ha ocurrido esto?Porque la sociedad ha cambiado y los procesos de producciOn han propiciado que ujer

se incorpore a los rnismos. Las viejas estructuras familiares se han transformado.A base de estas observaciones, podemos plaMearnos un problema:i,Estamos educando a las nifias de hoy paraque cumplan esos nuevos roles? 0, por el con-

trario, eseguimos presentandoles una imagen del siglo pasado?

a-

20

b etivo 8: Dada una tade mays aseverack-2)nes, entificare

-estereotipos sex. s.Mientras hay mujeres doctoras, abogados; rrlientras las mujeies trabajan en fdbricas, en

oficinas, seguimos diciendo, sin embargo, que las rililas "deben ser pasivas!Ese es un estereotipo sexual.

ESTEREOTIPO SEXUAL ES UNA.IDEA QUE SE FIJA Y SE PERPETUA CONRESPECT° A LAS CARACTERISTICAS RESUPONEMOS PRO-PIA S DE

UNO,U OTRO XO.mujeres son deb les. ""

"Los hombres son insensibles.""Las niflas son pasivas.""Los nifios son agresivos."

Se estereotipan no solo las caracteristicas de personalidad, sino tambien los roles sexuales.Los roles sexuales estereotipados son aquellos que. asignan a hombre y mujer unas. tareasconvencionales, tradicionales. Y durante el proceso de socializacion se internaz.an en lapersona:

"A mi me cost6 mucho ser bailarin: Mispadres pensabari que el ballet era coca demujeres u homosexuales. Cra,ndo les comulii-clue rni deseo de aprender ballet, pusieron, elfgrito en el cielo... Jamas! Tuve que irme de lacasa.:.estudiar ballet con grandes sacrificiospara llegar a ser,ro que soy. Mi esposa deseaque nuestro nitio tambien sea bailarin; pero yo -opino que es el quien debe escoger su carrera."

trata de un caso real. Es la queja de unvaron que tuvo que luchar cpntra los prejuiciosde sus padres para poder reMizarse como per-sona. Para ellos segun les habianeducado hay roles que una rnujer o unhombre no deben reaLzar porque "son propios"del sexo contrario.

zAfecta la sexualidad el hecho de que se realice una tares no eo ipada? Ante's de con-testar esta pregunta, es precis() definjr idenifficaciOn con el gen

IDENTIFICACION CON EL GENERO ES LA CONCIENCLA YACEFTACION QUE UN INDIVIDUO TIENE DE SU SEXO.

Cuando un individuo tiene claramente establecido que es varon o hembra y funcionasexualmente a base de esa consciencia, no imports cua_ntas tareas no tradicionales realice,sus inclinaciones sexuales, corresponden a su sexo.

Eso es preciso aclararlo porque muchas personas creen = como los padres del bailarin deballet que si un individuo ejecuta tareas no tradicionales, va a cambiar su sexo. Esto sedebe a que mucha gente identifica, a nivel rnconsciente, unos simbolos con el sexo. As unaescoba se asocia con una mujer y un guante de pelota con un hombre.

edeS iden estereotipos sexuales? Escribe una E en el spacio co es ndiente:1. Las mujeres son pasivas.2. Los hombres son agresivos,'3 Solo las mujeres pueden.ser madres.4. Solo los varones pueden ser bomberos.5. Algunas mujeres son dentistas.6. Los hombres son insensibles.7. Las mujeres' son sentimentales.8. Aigunos himbree son corteses.9. Algunas mujeres son negras.

Los estereotipos sexuales son los siguientes:1. Las mujeres 'son pasivas.2. Los hombres son agresivos.4. SOlo los hombres pueden ser bornberos.6. "Los hombres son insensibles.7. Las mujeres son sentimentales.

Todas las frases anteriores generalizan unas caracteristicas presupuestas en uno u otrosexo. Afirmar que Jas mujeres son pasivas" es decir que "todaslas mujeres son pasivas." Nosigruftca esto lo rnt rno que."algunas personas (hombres y mujeres) son pasivas"

Ni la pasividad ni la agresividad, ni la destreza para un trabajo especifico, rd la sen-sibilidad o los s tirrileriros son privativos de un sexo. Ambos 'como sexes hUrnanostienen dfferencias dividuales de personalidad, segan sus experiencias y temperamentos..toimportante es con ar cuan diferentes podemos hacer esas ixperiencias para unos y otros;cuan diferente es la educacion que damos a nifos y nifias; y pensar seriarnente si no esta-rernos privando s rthios de unas experiencias que le posbiliten su desarrollo como serhuman°.

22

jetiVo 9: A base de la keturada, definir&esteteotipo sexu

HAGAMOS UN EJERCICIOto a una ingeniera. Tiene un casco azul protector:plums en sus manos y les melica

breros dim° an-eglar una caldera. Ve reduciendola en tarnailo...conviertela en nifiadue ene en sus manos? LUn juguete a base de motores? zUn equip) electrOnico de

juguete? Una miffieca? zUna tacita? LDe que manera podemos educar a nuestras nifias Paraque--,desde pequefias aprendan ciertas destrezas? zeual es la solucion?

2,Tratards de presentarles a tus estudiantes varones y hernbras multiples alternativas de -7trabajo? zLes_ensefiards laminas que proyeeten a personas de arnbos sexos realizando tareasdistintas? zEvitaras estereotipear a tus estudiantes por sexo?

guedes definir estereotipo sexual?

n estereotipo sexual es una idea que se fija y se perpettia con respectb a las earacteristicasque se presuponen propias de in sexo .

continuaciOn regresards a la Pre-prueba inicial del_mOdulo y volveras a realizarla.

POST-PRUEBA1. Escribe una E al lado de. la frase que sea estereotipo:

A. Los seres hunianoS'son mortales.B. Los rnexicanos son vagos.

2. Escribe una R al lado de la frase que sea estereotipo racial:A. Los 'negros son fuertes.B. Lin alto porcentaje de nuestra poblaciOn es de rata negra.

3. Escribe una Ps at lado de la frase que sea un prejuicio:A Toc los los chinos son toritos.B. Los chinos son asiaticos.

4. Escribe una D al lado de la frase quetimplique discrinairiaciOn:A En la televisiOn no aparecen muchos artistas negros.B. En Madrid vil.ten muchos latinoamericanos.

5. Escribe ES al lado de la frase que sea estereotipo sexual:A. Los varones tienen mas habilidad matematica que las hembra

_ _ B La maternidad es exclusiva del sexo femenino.6. Escribe una R al lado de la frase que define roles:

A. Los roles son las diversas tareas que un Lndividuo i ealiza en una sociedad.B Los roles son falsas ideas sobre la mujer.

7. Eskribe una S al lado de la frase que define sociatizacion:A Es el proceso mediante el cual un individuo aprende pa ones de conducta

perrnisibles en su sociedad.B Es el rechazo a todas las normas establecidas.

Compara tus respuestas con las que ernitiste en la Pre-prueba. Si has logrado mayor puntua-ciOn que en la misma, has avanzado Much°. Puedes pasar ahora al Modulo 2.

24

DiscrliTnacion:

2. Estereotipo:

3. Estereotipo ,Racial:4. Estereotipo Sexual:

5. Prejuicio:

6. Roles:

7. SocializaciOn:

8. SocializaciOn de Ro esSexuales:

. SoelalizaciOn del:tolesSexuales Estereotipados:

Sato de inferioridad a una persona a base de cr iteriosracistas, religiososi politicos o sexuales. -

Idea que se fija y se petpetlia sobre las caracteristicasque presuponemos propiassde una persona_ o srupo.Ideas estereotipadas con respect° a una raza.Idea que selija y se perpetfia con respecto a las caracte-rislicas que presuponemos propias de uno u otro sexo.Juicio formulado sin tener un conocirniento cabal de unapersona, grupo o hecho.Tareas o papeles que un Lndividuo realiza en unasociedad.

Proceso mediante el cual el individuo aprende los pat-roves de conducta permisibles en varios grlipos socialesy las cansecuenciag que tendra la adopcion de uno deellos.Proceso mediante el ctrl un indivicluo recipe la asigna-ciOn de roles sociales que se corisiderari propios desusexo.

Proceso mediante el cual se le asigna unas tareas con-Vencionales, tradicionales, fijadas y-perpetuadas por lasjnstituciones sociales.

25 3

EN ICTraducrion en Ingles

IDBELIEFS,

ITUDES-

II\iTRODUCTION . . .. .

'OBJECTIVE § . . ..... . .. . . . . . . ....... . . 2

PRE-TEST . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . 3

ANSW1RS 4

PART

STEREOTYPES

RACIAL STEREOTYPES

PREJUDICE

RACISM:DISCRIMINATION

POSTTEST .

PART rl

SOCIALIZATION,

SEXUAL ROLE

SOCIALIWI N OF SEXY IAA, ROLES

SEXUAL STEREOTYPES

IDENTIFICATION WITH GENDER

POSTTEST

GLOSSARY

22

23

INTRODUCTION

We schoolteachers are busy people. While most people finish work when they leave theiroffice or factory, we carry home exams and books, correct tests, prepare materials for thenext days classes, and spend entire nights planning semester course work. Maybe that's whymany people think that our profession is truly a vocation and that you need to have a specialcalling for it. It is true that in spite of all the headaches and mishaps, we like our jobs andderive great satisfaction from them.

Teaching is not an easy job but it gives elementary schoolteachers the chance to shape thepersonality of a small child from the very first day his eyes wander curiously across theschool grounds. Do you remember the times you have listened excitedly to a child's firststruggling attempts to read? "R-RRUN S-SSPPOT-T R-RRUN" Good, Johnny, very good!

We know that teaching children to read and write, or to add and subtract, is not our onlytask. Joey, sit down immediatelr "Ann, give Mark his book!" We also teach children how tobehave,.."You must be honest." And we also try to develop, as far as we are capable, their sen-sitivity. "This I7ovVer is beautiful,"

Of all our tasks, discipline is one of the most time consuming. However, we seldom stop toconsider the importance of this process through which we instill in children attitudes ofrespect and consideration towards others As responsible adults, we want our children to

' acquire good manners and behavioral patterns and to follow the basic rules of social inter-action.

We, the teachers, are the ones who convey to children ideas, opinions, feelings, attitudes,prejudices...as we believe and feel, so we pass on to our students our beliefs and our feelings.What a responsibility! A religious teacher will instill his devoutness; a teacher who is keenon sports, his interest in athletics. But, what about a prejudiced teacher? Well, the same thinghappens. Consciously or subconsciously, a racist teacher will transmit anti-human valueswhich perpetuate beliefs that offend human beingS and hinder their development. Racismis not the only prejudice that must be erradicated from our classrooms. There are still othernegative attitudes which perpetuate the unequal treatment of human beings. Let us do somesoul searching...let us stop to review our attitudes and make an effort to improve ourselvesand to discard those attitudes which discourage true co-existence.

In this module you will find some tools to begin. Each section of the module has been pre-pared especially for you, to suit your needs and experience. You will achieve, step by step,certain objectives as you widen your understanding of the forces behind ideas, beliefs andattitudes of our times.

This series of modules constitutes a step not towards the acquisition of academic data butrather towards a greater awareness of problems that involve us all and for whiCh we are allresponsible. Look within yourself: discover how close is the reality of a better education foryour s,tudents, male and female, and how capable you are of introducing changes in yourclassroom to improve your students' lives.

LETS MOVE FORWARD!

I

The topics and materials that follow are designed to facilitateaccomplishment of -the following objectives:

MY OBJECTIVESI. Given a list of statements, I will identify the stereotypes.2. In a given paragraph I will underline the phrases that are

racial stereotypes.3. After reading selected paragraphs, I will define prejudice

and racism.4. By counting the photographs of black and white people in

a magazine, I will identify discrimination.5. I-Will identify roles from a given list.6. I will identify socialization of sexual roles as evidenced by

the toys given to boys and girls.7. I will identify socialization of sexual roles by classifying

the characteristics attributed to boys and girls has passiveor aggressive).

8. I will identify sexual stereotypes from list of ninestatements. (-

9. After reading seleciet d paragraphs, I will define sexualstereotypes.

2

To measure how much I learn, I will complete,the following test. After taking the test, I willcheck the next page to find out what I should study based on my answers.

PRE-TEST1. Write an S beside the sentence that is a stereotype:

A.B.

en are mortal.exicans are lazy.

2. Write an.R beside the, sentence that a racial stereotype:A. Blacks are strong.B. A high percentage of our popUlation is BlaCk:

3. Write a P beside the sentence that is an example of prejudice:A. All Chinese are fools.B Chinese are Asians.

4. Write a D beside the sentence that is an example of discrimination:A. There aren't many black artists on television.B There are many Latinamericans livin in Madrid.

5. Write an SS beside the sentence that is a sexual stereotype:A. Males have more mathematical ability than females.B. Maternity belongs exclusively t e female sex.

6. Write an R beside the sentence that defines roles:A. Roles are the different tasks an individual carries out in socieB. Roles are false ideas about women.

7-. Write-an S beside the sentence that defines socializAtion:A: It is the process through which an individual learns the permissible

patterns of behavior in a society.B. It is the rejection of all established rules.

ANSWERS

Score 2' points for each correct answer:

1-B

2-A

3-A4-A5-A

6-A7-A

If you scored 14 points, you are very well informed about thissubject. This module will provide: additional information tosupplement what you already know.

If you scored 12 points or,less, begin reading themodule:

part of his

PART ITOPICS:

STEREOTYPESRACIAL STEREOTYPES

PREJUDICEDISCRIMINATION

Objective 1,. Given ,alt of statementsI will ten the stereo es.

LOOK OUT KID, THE BOOGEYMAN IS GOING TO GET YOU

If we didn't drink out soup... the boogeyman would get us. If we climbed up on the roof...the boogeyrnan would get us. If we were disobedient...the boogeyman would get us. Wegrew up threatened by the shadow of the boogeyrnan. Apparently, our parents could not finda better way to discipline us than to frighten us with that legendary figure which children-visualize in many ways: Today, many years later, our fear of that abominable monster hasdisappeared. We are adults and our myths have been left behind.

Our ideas have changed and they keep changing. "One never stops learning, we say. Neverthe-less, once in a while, we stubbornly cling to our opinions even though everything indicatesthat we are wrong. "I am as I am, and will not change.. .oven if I am wrong! This is what I believe!"If we all behaved in this way, it would hardly be possible to understand each other.

Oh, what a pretentious person!

Think about those times we have been introduced to someone and immediately we havedisliked them. You think ..."oh, what a pedantic person and immediately all possible com-munication is cut off. Time goes by and that first impression remains. You have pre-judgedthat person... that is to say, you have formed an opinion of that person without knowing hirnlher As far as you are concerned, what you believe is final and absolute. Add to the situationthe fact that the person is Argentinian. "Argentinians are pretentious," you think and then, assimple as that, you have formulated .a stereotype-.

A STEREOTYPE IS A SET IDEA THAT PERPETUATES ITSELF.

The term stereotype originated in printing shops. A stereo -e was a metal sheet whereletters (also knOwn as types) were set. When pressed over paper, letters were printed andreproduced indefinitely.

The term stereotype was later applied in the behavioral sciences to describe an analogousprocess. Imagine that the metal sheet is our mind. On it we fix an idea, for example, "Eskimosare savages," and we reproduce it as with the printing press indefinitely, as "exact Copiesof the original," without thinking or' reasoning, r)(-; the following menial exercise: Think 'about Mexicans. What images come to your mind? Tacos? Bullfights? Or perhaps the carica-ture of g man squatting against a wall with an enormous hat over his face?

That is a stereotype. We reproduce an idea or image to include all the members of a group..it true that all MeXicans are always resting against a wali...asleep?-The message in this

image is that "Mexicans are lazy."

-:Can you identify a stereotype?

61

Some of the sentences below are stereotypes. Identify them with an S.

I. Argentinians are Spanish/Americans.2 Americans are smart.3. Chinese are Asians.4. Blacks are strgng.5 Whites are belutiful:

The stereo ies are: 2, 4 avid 5. That Chinese are Asians is 'a documented fact. Take theexample "Whites are beautiful." In this stereotype, there is a racist overtone, as in all stereo-

es that attribute certain traits to all members of a particular race.

Objective 2: I will underlinethe racial stereo es in a paragraph.

RACIAL STEREOTYPE IS THE AGGREGATE OF STEREOTYPED IDEASWITH RESPECT TO A RACE.

The following statements are racial stereotypes:

Blacks are strong.

Whites are beautiful.

In the following paragraph, underline the phrases which are racial stereotypes...

How I love to travel! Every chance I have I hop on a plane in search of adventure. It's funny...many times I have gone to a country thi _king it would be a certain way and have found itto he vl-y different from-what I had image ed. My last trip was to the Orient, to Japan. I wasimpress F1- by the country's beauty and exot\cism. The Japanese were not as I had imaginedthem to be I thought they would be shy, uiet, strange, conservative...somewlat foolishand old fashioned. I was very surprised to find big discotheques, with men and womendressed like me dancing to the latest beats. Moreover, the men we re more outOing andtalkative than I had thought. I had a good time.

The racial stereotypes in the previous paragraph are the beliefs the person held beforevisiting the Orient and meeting the Japanese. The person thought Orientals were "shy,quiet, strange, conservative, foolish and old fashioned." It was necessary for that person to"see it to believe it." The generalized and simplified image he had of the Japanese culture wasindeed a racial stereotype,

Racial stereotypes ire based.on prejudice.

Objectiye 3: After reading thisparagraph, I will define prejudice

and racism. Prejudices are judgments for-mulated without thorough knowledge of a

person, group or fact.Prejudiced ideas like racial stereotypes are not based on an objective understanding ofreality. On the contrary, they pre-judge an individual or group without knowing them. Preju-dice, like all the ideas. beliefs and attitudes that human beings have, is the result of social,psychorcigical, historical, political and economic factors: As such, the confrontation betweenthe subject and the object of its prejudice involves the subject's whole view Of the world.,When an individual rejects another because of the color of his skin, it is because he sees inthat color More elements than the white, black or yellow of the skin se elements, the.sum total of prejudiced ideas against a race, define racism. Can you efine prejudice?

Prejudice is a judgment formulated without thorough knowledge of a person or group.

RACISAI IS A GROUP OF PREJUDICES AND STEREC TYPED BELIEFS HELD ABOUT APARTICULAR RACE

Racism has not excluded the white race. -Tak(s:,..,for txample, Nazi Germany's persecution ofthe Jewish people. In Hitler's. Germany Jews were persecuted, stripped of all their belongingsand massacred because the Nazis were convinced that they belonged to a "superior race" andthat Jews were :Inferior; Jews haven't been-the only victims of racism, so have been Blacks.

The prejudiced mind creates a series of "myths" about the personality of its victims. It ascribesthe victim's personality certain inherent deficiencies and weaknesses. Through these

myths, the group in power is able to continue dominating its victims. By spreading the beliefthat the victim's race is inferior, the racist group is able to maintain its power. Psychologically,the victim of racism internalizes these myths and feels inferior and worthless. Sometimes,as in Ihe case of Nazi Germany; society as a whole is controlled by the racist group that uti-lizes every available Means (books,' schools, newspapers, etc.) to disseminate racial stereo-types. All actions taken to perpetuate these conditions are called discrimination.

Can you define racism?

Racism i t gro up cif prejudices_ and stereotyped beliefs held about a particular race.

Objective 4: I will iden discrdiscriminationby counting the phvtograp of white and

black people in a magazine.3.

DISCRIMINATION IS TO TREAT A PERSON AS INFERIOR ON THE BASIS OFRACIAL, RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL OR SEXUAL PREJUDICES.

Let's identify discrimination. Take any magazine and count the pictures of black people youfind; count the pictures of white people. Jot' down your answers:

Total white people:-

Total black people:

You will notice there are more whites than blacks. The magazine- is projecting an image of\.v hates having a more productive and rewarding social life. Seldom is there any mention ofachievements by blacks, and certainly there are many blacks leading useful and productivelives. We find discrirnination in ri -igines just as we find it in many other situations.

Nov you're ready for some homework. Watch a television series featuring blacks and ana-lyze the type of image they are projecting.

Another xample: Let's look at TV again. The bad guys are trying to steal a secret chemicalformula from the good guy` is it that more often than not, the "bad guy' is an Oriental?The Oriental is the villian who waits behind the draperies, curved dagger in hand.

When they are not "spies," Orientals are portrayed as launderers or in other service positions,They are ridiculed because of their speech, the way they walk, etc. Their accent, their cus-toms and traditions are made fun of.

Both are examples of stereotypes. In the first case, the idea presented is "Orientals are badguys"; in the second case, "Orientals are .stupid."

'hat effect (loos this type of television series have on our children? How many stereotypedniages and prejudices are being encouraged?

Lets look at another situation:

The Wong family arrived in the community a month ago Little Ting was enrolled in the localschool.:Ting came home in tears one afternoon. A boy at school accused him of being sillyand stupid, like the Chinese on television. The boy made fun of his accent -and refused tobe his friend.

Flow could. Nit-. Wong explain to his young son that he was a victim of. stereotyping? Howcould he protect his child from this and Other discriminatory experiences that might takeplace because other children have stereotyped ideas about the Chinese?'

Will you be more aware of stereotypes in your classroom and of how to avoid them? Willyou make an effort to represent persons of different races and nationalities engaged in differ-ent occupations ankl professions? Will you Project a positive image of all races?

POST-TESTIn the back of this booklet you will find a set of pages labeled Appendix A. Follow theinstructions, thereon. Then return to this page.

(

Score two ) points' for each stereotype you were able to identify correc

The correct answers are:

4. Arabs are shrewd merchants.5. Chinge are unfriendly and serious.6. Haitians are very romantic.7. Mexicans are lazy.

Y.

Did you .get a perfect score? Congratulations. Go on to the next page. Any incorrect answers?Go on to the next page but before you do, check your answers again and make wire youunderstand why you made a mistake. Why isn't the one' you chose an example of a stereo-

e?

No correct an s?,

Briefly define a stereo

A stereotype is a fired "idea, about the characteristics we presuppose belong to a person orgroup of persons.

SOCIALIZATIONROLES

SOCIALIZATION OF SEXUAL ROLESSEXUAL STEREOTYPES

SOCIALIZATION OF STEREOTYPED SEXUAL ROLES

baby spoke. the baby spoke...

To watch a cidldIvelop and growls a wonderful experience. The firsemotion and joy of those first sentences. A most, cherished memory for many parents.

poken word... the

It is at home, from the parents, that a child learns his language, behavior patterns, skills, andattitudes. This learning process by which a child learns certain attitudes, values, preferences,likes afid dislikes, is called socialization .

SOCIALIZATION IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH THE INDIVIDUALLEARNS THE PERMISSIBLE BEHAVIOR PATTERNS PROPER TQ A SOCIAL

GRO P AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF ADOPTING THESE PNITERNS.

very complex process involving the family and society as a whole, and including itsinstitutions, schools, churches, organizations, cornynunications media, etc.

e child. grows and matures he has the option of revising and reconsidering many ofthese - ' avior patterns acquired' through socialization. But as a general rule, he will acceptas his owr most of the attitudes impressed upon him, during the socialization, process.

As the child grows up, socialization is continuous and evident process:

Jcairrie don't hit your sister,"

"Tara, be still."

"Danny, pick up your room."

Once we have internalized these behavior patterls as adults, they are constantly reinforcedby varying social prewires.

At thig:Frroment we are concerned with the differences found in the socialization processesof boys and girls. Is the socialization process the same for both? Why not?

4

Objective 5 Givert.ajit$tI will identify -roles.

It is important. to ecall t ha.

crilizatioiTprocess assigns specific roles to each individual.

ROLES APE THE DIFFERENT TASKS .4ND/DUTIES AN INDIVIDUAL2ERFORMS IN SOCIETY

Here is alist of sonic roles per-- rmed by men andperformed by women and with an IWthose usuallylothexes should be identified with a B.

en, Wen y wi a W those usuallyruled by men. Doles perfOrmed by

1.' Housekeeper2.. Priest3 Teacher4. Wife5 Father

Traditionally women.ari assigned roles cif housekeeper andBoth Men and woMen can be teachers,-

merl are priests and fathers

Whethei it is due to biolbgical differences or to the social environment, men and women areexpected to play different roles in our society. In the socialization process of boys and girlsthis difference.is called socialimtion sexu vies. This means that children are educated toperform certain roles' and engage in certani ctivities, in accordance with their sex:;

SOCIALIZATION OF SEXUAL ROLES, IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH ANINDIVIDUAL IS ASSIGNED CERTAIN SOCIAL ROLES IN ACCORDANCE WITH

HIS OR HER SEX.

*dive 6: I will idenf= Yalta-

toys usually given to ehil en.From the very start, boys and girls are educated to assume different roles. This process iscalled socialization of sexual roles.

Socialization starts at birth and we can prove it easily:

Make a list of toys you would give a little girl:

1.

23

4.

5.

Make a list of toys you would give a little beiy!,1

1

2.

3.

4

5.

Now, compare both lists,

What relationship can you see between toys and socialization of sexual roles?

As a rule, girls are given dolls, tea sets, pots and pans, etc. Boys are given balls, trucks, ser-vice stations, etc. The first set of toys is related to homemaking and housekeeping. Thesecond is related to active play and mechanics. What roles are we assigning to girls and boys?

The role of mother, wife and housekeeper is assigned to the girl

The role of provider and laborer is assigned to the boy.

Objective 7: I will grou as passiveor a essive those traits assigied to

boys andFrom early infancy we begin to internalize our sexual and social roles. They beco e part ofus and we learn how to behave in agreement with our sex.

Can you list some traits that distinguish boys from girls?

Boys Girls

Now regroup these traits in the following categories:

Passiv,e

Which sex is assigned more pass.ve

Aggressive

aits? Check the correct blank.

Boys

Girls

Most persons think that aggressiveness is a male trait and passiveness a female trait. Basedon what we have just learned about the socialization process, we ask:

Are girls being trained to be passive?

Are boys being trained to be aggrayive?

Let's try to find an answer.

Remember the toffs :given to boys:

gunscarstrains

ballsservice s ationsbats

All require exercise, move e action; Ag essivencs tiative?

-Girls were given:

They imply awe serene

dollstea setscolorfng books

and calm. Passiveness? Tranquility.

We feel it is natural to encourage and reinforce the development of different traits in boysand girls. Looking back, our grandparents were socialized the same way

What's wrong with it?

We aren't making moral judgments. We are just trying to understand how and why boysand girls are different.

A 70-year-old woman explains:

"I think times have really changed. Today you find many women working iii offices andoutside their homes. When I was growing up, our goal was to get marrieck..wrents didn'tsend girls to school, it just wasn't expected."

When viewed historically, the roles assigned to boys and girls have changed. Our educa-tional system now requires that both boys and girls attend school to prepare for the future.

Sexual roles are different from what they Were fifty years ago. Today, children are theproduct of different socialization criteria. They are being prepared for a different society-

And why ,has all this taken place?

Because society eff has changed. A need for women to become pastructure of the family has been changed.

On the basis of this, we have a problem:

labor force. The

Are we educating today's girls for these new roles? Or, are we still assigning them their rolein the last century?

Objedive 8: Given a list of statementsiden f sexual stereo es.

Even if there are women lawyers-and doctors_ and even if women work in factories andoffices, we continue saying "girls should be passive."

This is a sexual stereb pe.

SEXUAL STEREOTYPE IS AN IDEA THAT FIXES ANDPERPETUATES ITSELF WITH RESPECT TO TRAITS

WHICH WE ASSUME BELONG TO ONE OR- THE OTHER SEX:

"Women are eak.""Men are insensitive."

"Girls,are passive,""Boys are aggressive."

Not only are personality traits stereotyped, the same is done with sexual roles. Stereotypedsexual roles are those that, assign to men and women occupations traditionally_associatedwith their sex. Throughout the socialization process, each person internalizes these roles:

"I had a tough time becoming a dancer. My parents thought ballet was for women and homb-sexuals.When I told them I wanted to become a ballet dancer they were very upset. I had toleave home and deprive myself of everything in order to study and become what I am. Mywife would like our,son to become a dancer too, but I feel it should be up to him to choosehis career:'

This really happened.Itis the story of moan who had to fight his own parents' prejudicesin order to pursue his chosen career. His parents as did most of their generation believedthat there were certain roles that 'belonged' to one sex and thns should not be performed bymembers of the oppositesex. Does playing an unstereotyped role affect sexuality? Prior toanswering this question, we must define gender identification.

GENDER IDENTIFICATION IS AWARENESSANt) ACCEPTANCE OF ONE'S OWN SEX.

When an individual has clearly established his sexuality and he or she functions on the basisof this consciousness, regardless of how many non-traditional tasks he or she may perform,his or her sexual preferences will correspond to his or her sew.

This concept must be understood, because many people as in the case of the ncer'sparents believe that if an individual chooses a non-traditional role, his or her sexuality illchange. This can be attributed to the wide-spread subconscious identification of certain sym-bols with a particular sex. For example, a broom bring_ s to mind the image of a woman and abaseball mitt that of a man.

Can you ident sexual stereo es? Write an S next to each of the

1. Women are passive.WI are aggressiVeTOnly women can .be mothers.

4 Only men can be firefighters.5. Some, women are dentists.6. Men are insensitive.7, Women are sentimental.8 Some men are courteous.9 Some women are Black.

The following were sexua

1. Women are passive.2. Men are aggressive.4. Only men can be firefighters.6. Men are insensitive.7. Women are sentimental.

All these sentences generalize certain traits assumed-to belong to one particular sex. Saying"women are passive" is to say that "all women are passive! It is not the same as saying "Somepeople (men and women) are passive:'

Neither passive nor aggressive traits nor skills, sensitivity or feelings belong exclmively toa particular sex. Both men and women as human beings have individual and personalitydifferences which are manifestations of their temperaments, and are attributable to the,variety of their backgrounds. We should examine the education we are offering to our chil-dren. IS it different for boys and girls? Are we depriving our children of experiences which

s 'would help them deVelop fully as human beings?

Objective 9 Bs ed on reame sexual stereo

Let's do this exercise.

Imagine a 'WornarP engineer. She wears a yellow hard hat and, blueprints in hand, sheis instructing some workers on how to repair a' boiler: Now, go back in 'dine...pictureher as a little girl.- What is she playing with? A mechanical toy? An electronic set? A doll?A tea set? How can we educate girls so that froth the very start they begin leanithgdertain skills? What is the solution to this problem?

Will you introchibe your male and female students to many career alternatives? Will 'yOu.show them, pictures of men and women in different occupations and professions? Willyou avoid sexually stereotyping your studentg?

Please define sexual stereo

Sexual stereotype is an idea that fixes and perpetuates itself with respect towe assume -belong to a .particular sex.

Go on to the post-test on the following page acrd answer all the .questions.

nits ,which

POST-TESTI. Write an S beside the sentence that is a stereotype:

A. Men are mortal.B.) Mexicans are lazy.

2. Write an R beside the sentence that is a racial tereo pe:A. Blacks are strong.B. A high percentage of our population is Black.

7,,

Write a P beside the sentence that is an example of prejudice:A. All Chinese are foolgB. Chinese are Asians.

Write!a D beside the sentence that is an example of d scriminalion:A There aren't many black artists on television.B There' are many Latinamericans living in Madrid.

5. Write an SS beside the sentence that is a sexual stereotype:A. Males have more mathematical ability than females.B. Maternity belongs exclusively to the female sex.

6. Write an R beside the sentence that defines roles:A Roles are the different tasks an individual carries out in societB Roles are false ideas about women.

7. Write an. S beside the sentence that defines sociali tion:A it is the process through 1,(sfhich an individual le- the per sable

patterns of behavior in a _ociety.B It is the rejection of all established rules.

Compare these answers with your answers to the pre-test. If you have a higher score youhave made great progress.

ejudice:

Racial stereo

Roles:

Sexual stereotype:

'on:

Socialization ofsexual roles:

To treat a person as inferior on the basis of aciaprejudiced criteria.

Formulation of a judgment without thoroughof a person, group or fact.

Stereotyped ideas with respect to a race.

The different tasks a-nd duties an individual performs

owledge

Socie

An idea that fixes and perpetuates itself with respect otraits which we assumebelong to a particular sex.

Process through which the individual learns, the permis:sible behavior patter proper to a social group and theconsequences of ado _g these patterns.

Process through which- ual is assigned certainsocial roles in accordance with his or her sex.

Socialization- ofstereotyped sexual roles:. Pf-ocess through which an individual is assigned tasks

which are conventional, traditional,' fixed and perpetu-ated by social institutions.

Steeo pe An idea that fixes and perpetuates itself with respect totraits whiCh we assume belong to a particular person orgroup.

STEREOTYPES STERESTEREOTYPES STEREThe following cards describe sevSelect.the cards that have STERE

STEREOTYPES, -- STEREOTYPESSTEREOTYPES STEREOTYPES

different people_ .

TYPES.

MORTAL

A G F T BUSINESSMEN

k PEOPLE ARE UNFRIENDLYAND ALWAYS FROWNING

MEXICANS ARE LAZY

PEOPLE FROM MADRID ARE SPANIARDS