AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

107
AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ Politehnica University of Timişoara Buildings Faculty Civil Engineering and Installations Department NEW SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

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P olitehnica U niversit y of T imişoara Buildings Faculty Civil Engineering and Installations Department. NEW SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS. AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ. Main Characteristics of Industrial Wastes as to be Used in Sustainable Building Materials. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Page 1: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

AUTHOR:

Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Politehnica University of TimişoaraBuildings Faculty

Civil Engineering and Installations Department

NEW SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

Page 2: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Main Characteristics Main Characteristics of Industrial Wastes as of Industrial Wastes as

to be Used in to be Used in Sustainable Building Sustainable Building

MaterialsMaterials

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Industrial wastes - Industrial wastes - generalities generalities

• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, mills and mines.

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• It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution.[1] Some examples of industrial waste are chemical solvents, paints, sand paper, paper products, industrial by-products, metals, and radioactive wastes.

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• Toxic waste, chemical waste, industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste are designations of industrial waste. Sewage treatment plants can treat some industrial wastes, i.e. those consisting of conventional pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants require specialized treatment systems.

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE:

- FLY ASH

1.FINE

2. ULTRAFINE

3. DENSE SLLURY

- MICROSILICA (SILICA FUME)

- PHOSPHO-GYPSUM

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X-ray deffraction:X-ray deffraction:

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• The industrial wastes represent a huge problem in our days.

This simple sentence represents the base problem that makes the starting point of the scientific researches all over the world in all the research fields. Researches in the building material follow this trend.

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• New building materials having industrial waste into their composition were tested and designed all over the world. These materials can make a big difference into the industrial wastes management.

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• Speaking about environmental and climate protection, building material industry occupies an important place because it generates about a quarter of the total amounts of wastes. If this industry is to further develop it should take into consideration of producing new sustainable materials.

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• The fundamental characteristic of a friendly environmental building material is to reduce its negative impact and to enhance positive impact on the environment into its manufacturing procedure as well as into its composition.

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• Taking into consideration all above mentioned facts, one can state that the future building materials must be made using the existing wastes from all industrial wastes.

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• One power plant produces annually around 1,170,000 tons of fly ash wastes which are to be deposited on fields near populated areas, resulting in health problems for humans and animals in the same manner, affecting also the surrounding vegetation.

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Figure 1. Fly ash deposit

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• The utilisation of fly ash by the construction industry is regulated by technical standards, such as the EN450 standards in Europe, the ASTM C-618 standards in the USA and their equivalents in Asia.

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• Various methods have been attempted to improve the quality of fly ash in an effort to make it more suitable for industrial applications. The most simple and commonly applied process is to grade the fly ash by particle size, which categorises it for a range of cementitious applications. This is referred to as Classified Ash.

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• Additional improvements are made by the removal of some carbon in an effort to bring the overall Loss on Ignition (LOI) content below the 7 per cent demanded by BSEN450 Category A & B for use as a CEM I replacement in ready-mixed concrete.

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• The XXI st century has a big problem to solve: to reduce the environmental problems that appeared during the big industrial development in the past century. This leads to important problems regarding the design and preparation of the building products and materials, so that finally to obtain an economic cost of the product, on short and long time periods, also a “friendly with the environment” during its fabrication process.

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• Romania it is one of the world’s biggest fly ash producers, this is because of burning a low quality of coals. In the 1980 year, 15 millions tones of fly ash were produced.

• The fly ash it is an important industrial waste that resulted from the burning of powder coal at temperatures between 1.200 – 1.600 °C. From each tone of coal it results 0.15 – 0.6 tones of fly ash.

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• In our days, in Romania there are recorded 951 industrial waste deposits that cover a surface over 11000 hectares.

• Table 1 present the industrial waste deposits as they are presented by Government Department.

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• The reuse of fly ash as an engineering material primarily stems from its pozzolanic nature, spherical shape and relative uniformity. Nearby Timisoara City at Utvin, there it is one of the biggest air pollution sources from west Romania: the fly ash deposit of Power Plant South Timisoara. This deposit covers 50 hectares and it was started since 1987. In this moment, special equipment is in function which produces dense slurry. This dense slurry is and admixture of fly ash and water in 1:1 proportion.

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• Fly ash utilization, especially in concrete, has significant environmental benefits including:

• - increasing the life of concrete roads and structures by improving concrete durability;

• - net reduction in energy use and greenhouse gas and other adverse air emissions when fly ash is used to replace or displace manufactured cement;

• - reduction in amount of coal combustion products that must be disposed in landfills;

• - conservation of other natural resources and materials.

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Experimental programmeExperimental programme• Experimental determinations were made on

new building materials realized with ultra fine fly ash (from Timisoara Power Plant) classical binders and sand.

• There were realized mixtures with the following compositions:

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UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

COMPOSITIONS:

For series 1, 3 and 5, the materials structures are: - Water = 20%;

For series 2 and 4, the materials structures are: - Water = 15%;

- Dry Materials = 80% from:

aggregate = 40% (sand 0-4 mm);

blended binders = 60%.

- Dry Materials = 85% from:

aggregate = 40% (sand 0-4 mm);

blended binders = 60%.

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UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

COMPOSITIONS:

BATCHWater

[%]

Lime

L

[%]

Cement

C

[%]

Fly Ash

FA

[%]

Sand

0-4 mm

[%]

Superplasticiser

Series 1 L10 C10

20 4.8 4.8 38.4 32 FM 40

Series 2 L10 C10

15 5.1 5.1 40.8 34 FM 40

Series 3 L10 C10

20 4.8 4.8 38.4 32 Plaston

Series 4 L10 C10

15 5.1 5.1 40.8 34 Plaston

Series 5 L10 C10

20 4.8 4.8 38.4 32 -

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UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Physical and mechanical characteristics of building materials with fly ash:

Batch

Apparent density

a, [kg/m3]

Tensile strength

ft, [N/mm2]

Compression strength

fc, [N/mm2]

7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

Series 1 L10 C10 1843 1690 2.60 2.74 10.23 20.87

Series 2 L10 C10 1947 1840 3.96 2.58 13.32 20.01

Series 3 L10 C10 1684 1465 3.14 1.87 11.83 12.95

Series 4 L10 C10 1919 1725 3.69 2.57 12.55 15.16

Series 5 L20 C10 1895 1804 2.48 2.11 7.70 17.10

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To establishing the blended binders compositions was used the next model:

 %Blended binders=%(classic binders + UFA) = 100% (1)

where:

- classic mineral binders=cement (C)+lime (L);

- UFA=ultra fine fly ash from Power Plant.

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• The blended binder compositions were fixed by using 10%, 20% and 25% of lime (L), 5%, 10% and 20% of cement and ultra fine fly ash (UFA) was obtaining from relation:

%UFA=100%-%Blended binders (2)

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• During the compound mixing the superplasticizer (polycarboxylatether) was added in 0.5% from blended binder’s mass proportion.

• The prismatic samples have been made with 40x40x160 mm dimensions.

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The samples were realized in two steps:

▪first was prepared a manual dry mixture from sand, ultra fine fly ash, lime/cement;

▪second, water was added, the mixture was

2 minutes mechanical mixed, superplasicizer was added and 2 minutes mechanical mixed again.

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The compactness was performed on jolting table in two sequences: 30 jolts in 30 seconds for the first half fresh material and 30 jolts in 30 seconds for the steel mould filled with all fresh material quantity.

The samples were kept into wet air box until 28 days age.

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Experimental resultsExperimental results

Apparent density, bending tensile Apparent density, bending tensile

strength and compression strength and compression

strength are present into Table 3.strength are present into Table 3.

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The apparent density at 28 days age for different batches, presented in Table 3, have a value between 1762 kg/m3 and 1987 kg/m3 which framed the materials in medium heavy mortars category or cell concretes.

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UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Tensile strength

2.6

3.96

3.14

3.69

2.482.74

1.87

2.57

2.11

2.58

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

20% Series 1 L10C10

30% Series 2 L20C10

20% Series 3 L10C10

20% Series 4 L10C10

20% Series 5 L10C10 BATCH

fct [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

Legend:

(L+C)

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Compression strength

11.83

20.8720.01

15.1617.1

12.5513.32

10.23

7.7

19,00

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

20% Series 1 L10C10

30% Series 2 L20C10

20% Series 3 L10C10

20% Series 4 L10C10

20% Series 5 L10C10 BATCH

fc [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

Legenda:

(L+C)

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• For materials of G1 group• Mechanical strength obtained at 7 and 28

days age, have the optimal behaviour for series 1 L10 C10 and series 3 L20 C10.

• Although have obtained high levels of fc to 28 days (> 30 N / mm2), fct presents a decrease for the age of 7 days to 28 days. These characteristics are proper for small items such as paving plates.

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• For a constant percentage of 10% cement, the increase of the percentage of lime of 10% (series 6 L10 C10) to 20% (series 8 L20 C10) led to lower fct with 0.35 N/mm2, representing 12.0% and to increase fc with 3.74 N/mm2.

• For the case of constant quantity of lime (10%) and increasing the proportion of cement to 10% (Series 6 L10 C10) at 20% (series 9 L10 C20) an increase of fct with 0.12 N/mm2 (4.1%) and of fc with 8.82 N/mm2 (46.4%).

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• The thermal conductivity coefficient was determinate with Almemo 2290-8 device for series 1 L10 C10 and the values obtained was l = 0.70 W/(m●K). This coefficient is the same like brick and less than concrete thermal conductivity.

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• The technical efficiency, thermal efficiency, economic efficiency and sustainability index are presented into Table 4.

• A reference Materials was chosen as an ideal material for comparison with classical as well as with new materials.

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• The technical, thermal and economic efficiency was express taking into account three coefficients as follow:

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• From Table 4 and Fig. 1 it can be concluded:

• The thermal efficiency b1 as the ratio between the thermal resistance R and the cost C, has the maximum value for Reference Material (25) and for cell concrete (10.8). The new materials are characterized by thermal efficiency between 2.2 to 3.4. The small value were obtained for ordinary concrete b1=1.0 and solid brick b1=1.2.

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• The economical efficiency b2 expressed by the ratio between the compressed strength and cost has the minimum values are for cell concrete (8) and solid brick (9) due to smaller value of the compressive strength. Economical efficiency for new material with the values between 45 and 62 is very similar with the Reference Material (50).

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• Technical efficiency, as ratio between the compressive strength and the apparent density is with the maximum value for the Reference Material (33). From the new materials the Series 3 (18.4) and Series 4 (18.2) are characterized with the higher value. The ordinary concrete as well as the cell concrete has obtained the smaller values (11 and 8.9); the minimum value is for solid brick b3=5.9.

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Sustainability of new materialsThe sustainability index was calculated by

formula:

• This index refers to four components of the sustainability dimensions: ecological (by E=energy), economic (by C=cost) and social (by R=thermal transfer resistance and fc=compressive strengths).

)f

f0.15

R

R(0.15

C

C0.3

E

E0.4S

Rc

cR

RR

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• The results of the analysis of sustainability are presented into Table 4 and Fig. 2. Reference material was chosen to have the maximum value of sustainability index (S=1).

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• The solid brick is characterized by a minimum value of S=0.271 as well as cell concretes with S=0.478 due to of high energy included for obtaining, a higher cost and a small compressive strength. The new materials have a sustainability index of S=0.612-0.817 which is higher as compared with ordinary concrete S=0.53.

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• The sustainability was expressed, too, by the energy only with the next relation:

• where: ER is the energy of the Reference Material and E is the energy incorporated by the other materials. The energy sustainability index was obtained as S1=0.444-0.920 for new materials with ultra fine fly ash and of S1=0.364 for cell concrete as well as of S1=0.332-0.388 for ordinary concrete. The minimum values has the solid brick S1=0.271.

E

ES

R

1

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ConclusionConclusion• The new materials are characterised by

an important economical efficiency like Reference Materials.

• Technical efficiency, as a ratio between the compressive strength and apparent density is a high one as compared with reference Material.

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• The thermal efficiency expressed by the thermal efficiency index b1 as well as by energetic sustainability index S1 of the new materials is much better as compared with ordinary concrete (the best value were obtaining for series 6 and 10).

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• A comprehensive characterisation of the new materials was defined by a new concept: sustainability index S (see formula 6).

• According to this index the new materials (especially series 6 and 10) are very close to Reference Material which means they are sustainable.

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• Taking into account the characteristics presented before, the new materials with industrial waste (ultra fine fly ash) are recommended to be used as prefabricated blocks for masonry and slabs for pavement.

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MATERIALS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

COMPOSITIONS:

BatchWater

[%]

CementC

[%]

Fly AshFA[%]

Sand0-4 mm

S[%]

Series 1 C5 25 5 70 25

Series 2 C10 25 10 65 25

Series 3 C15 25 15 60 25

Series 4 C20 25 20 55 25

Page 62: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Physical and mechanical characteristics of building materials with fly ash:

Batch

Apparent density

a, [kg/m3]

Tensile strengthft, [N/mm2]

Compression strength

fc, [N/mm2]

7 days 28 days 7 days 28

days 7 days 28 days

Series 1 C5 1539 1348 0.54 0.63 2.99 3.45

Series 2 C10 1560 1321 0.68 0.89 3.46 3.71

Series 3 C15 1610 1436 0.72 1.06 5.11 5.92

Series 4 C20 1642 1462 1.15 1.75 5.44 6.33

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UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

C5 C10

C15C20

7 days

28 days

6.33

5.29

3.713.45

5.44

5.11

3.46

2.99

1

2

3

4

5

6

7fc [N/mm2]

BATCH

Compressive strength

7 days

28 days

Legend:

Page 64: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The composition mixture with industrial recycling waste (fly ash and silica fume):

No. Batch Water[%]

Lime[%]

Cement

[%]

Silica fume[%]

Fly ash[%]

Sand[%]

1. Series 1L10 C10 22.4 4.7 4.7 - 37.2 31

2. Series 2L10 C10 M5 22.4 4.7 4.7 2.3 34.9 31

3.Series 3L10 C10 M10

22.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 32.5 31

4. Series 4L10 C20 M5 22.4 4.7 9.4 2.3 30.2 31

5.Series 5L15 C15 M10

22.4 7.0 7.0 4.7 27.9 31

6.Series 6L10 C20 M10

22.4 4.7 9.4 4.7 27.8 31

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UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Physical and mechanical properties

No. Batch

Apparent density

a, [kg/m3]

Tensile strength

ft, [N/mm2]

Compression strengthfc, [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

7 days

28 days

7 days

28 days

1. Series 1L10 C10 1726 1718 0.70 2.62 4.14 11.62 6.76

2.Series 2L10 C10 M5

1735 1724 1.61 3.75 5.83 15.04 8.72

3.Series 3L10 C10 M10

1747 1736 1.61 4.03 6.10 16.60 9.56

4.Series 4L10 C20 M5

1774 1743 2.23 4.21 8.70 20.18 11.58

5.Series 5L15 C15 M10

1754 1754 2.22 4.45 7.66 21.51 12.34

6.Series 6L10 C20 M10

1784 1758 2.64 4.68 10.04 23.79 13.53

,a

cf

kg

mkN

Page 66: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Compressive strengths:

(L+C+M)

11.62

15.04

20.1821.51

23.79

10.04

4.145.83

7.668,70

6,10

16,60

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

20% Series 1 L10C10

25% Series 2

L10C10M5

30% Series 3

L10C10M10

35% Series 4

L10C20M5

40% Series 5

L15C15M10

40% Series 6

L10C20M10 BATCH

Rc [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

Legend:

f

Page 67: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The material composition with fly ash and phospho-gypsum:

No. Batch Water[%]

Lime[%]

Cement

[%]

Phospho-

gypsum[%]

Fly ash[%]

Sand[%]

1. Series 1G10 L10 C10 20 4.8 4.8 4.8 33.6 32

2. Series 2G10 L20 C10 20 9.6 4.8 4.8 28.8 32

3. Series 3G10 L10 C20 20 4.8 9.6 4.8 28.8 32

Page 68: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The physical and mechanical characteristics for material with fly ash and phospho-gypsum:

No. Batch

Apparent density

a, [kg/m3]

Tensile strength

ft, [N/mm2]

Compression strength

fc, [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

7 days

28 days

7 days

28 days

1. Series 1G10 L10 C10 1821 1812 1.16 4.80 4.64 26.60 14.67

2. Series 2G10 L20 C10 1846 1831 1.18 7.03 4.65 28.02 15.30

3. Series 3G10 L10 C20 1858 1847 1.39 6.91 5.61 32.39 17.53

,a

cf

kg

mkN

,R

a

c

kg

mkN

Page 69: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Tensile strength:

1.16 1.18 1.39

7.03 6.91

4,80

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

30% Series 1

G10L10C10

40% Series 2

G10L20C10

40% Series 3

G10L10C20 Batch

R i [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

Legend:

(L+C+G)

f

t

Page 70: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Compressive strength:

4.64 4.655.61

26.628.02

32.39

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

30% Series 1

G10L10C10

40% Series 2

G10L20C10

40% Series 3

G10L10C20 Batch

Rc [N/mm2]

7 days

28 days

Legend:

(L+C+G)

f

Page 71: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

BUILDING MATERIALS WITH ULTRA FINE FLY ASH:

Group BATCH Water[%]

Lime[%]

Cement[%]

Ultra fine Fly Ash

[%]

Sand0-4 mm

[%]

Sand4-8 mm

[%]

G1

Series 1 L10 C10 20 4.8 4.8 38.4

32 -

Series 2 L20 C5 20 9.6 2.4 36.0

Series 3 L20 C10 20 9.6 4.8 33.6

Series 4 L10 C20 20 4.8 9.6 33.6

Series 5 L25 C10 20 12.0 4.8 31.2

G2

Series 6 L10 C10 15 3.4 3.4 27.2

51 -Series 7 L20 C5 15 6.8 1.7 25.5

Series 8 L20 C10 15 6.8 3.4 23.8

Series 9 L10 C20 15 3.4 6.8 23.8

G3

Series 10 L10 C10 15 3.4 3.4 27.2

32 19Series 11 L20 C10 15 6.8 3.4 23.8

Series 12 L10 C20 15 3.4 6.8 23.8

Page 72: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Physical and mechanical characteristics of hardened mixtures:

BATCH

Apparent densitya, [kg/m3]

Bending tensile strengthft, [N/mm2

Compressive strengthfc, [N/mm2]

7 days age 28 days age 7 days age 28 days age 7 days age 28 days age

Series 1 L10 C10 1855 1762 4.42 2.76 19.76 30.01

Series 2 L20 C5 1813 1766 3.61 1.87 15.75 28.91

Series 3 L20 C10 1853 1773 4.07 2.50 19.28 32.56

Series 4 L10 C20 1850 1780 3.01 2.57 19.33 32.43

Series 5 L25 C10 1840 1790 3.63 1.98 17.05 30.01

Series 6 L10 C10 2017 1987 4.36 3.51 16.44 24.26

Series 7 L20 C5 1965 1940 3.06 3.40 12.63 24.93

Series 8 L20 C10 1989 1896 3.69 3.21 14.51 27.29

Series 9 L10 C20 1938 1839 3.92 3.28 14.43 28.17

Series 10 L10 C10 1932 1822 2.90 2.92 11.80 19.01

Series 11 L20 C10 1920 1805 2.35 2.57 11.85 22.75

Series 12 L10 C20 1906 1820 3.27 3.04 15.66 27.83

Page 73: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 74: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA MATERIALS SUSTAINABILITYMATERIALS SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABILITY:

Page 75: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA MATERIALS SUSTAINABILITYMATERIALS SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABILITY:

Environmental 40%

Economic 30%

Social 30%

Embodied energy (CO2 emission)

70p

Cost of operation and maintenance

35p

Protection of health

25p

Recycled material 10p

Erection time 30p

Comfort25p

Waste, dust and noise 10p

Long service life 25p

Structure safety 25p

Land use 10p

Recycled material 10p

Architectural adaptability

25p

Page 76: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The technical efficiency:

x100xC1

x100CR

1 λβ The thermal

efficiency:

x100Cfc

2 βThe economical efficiency:

a

c3

β

Energetic sustainability index: E

ES

R

1

)ff

0.15RR

(0.15CC

0.3EE

0.4S Rc

cR

RR

SUSTAINABILITY INDEX:

Page 77: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

1.16

62.23

46.92

57.50

45.23

56.77

41.85

9.26

33.33

0.992.84 2.912.922.753.003.202.232.482.422.672.96

10.80

25.00

3.39 8.10

50.00

45.06

52.5052.42

54.3556.23

55.1554.13

8.93

5.88

11.04

15.2912.60

10.43

15.32

14.3912.8512.2116.77

18.2218.36

16.37

17.03

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0S

eri

es

1

Se

rie

s 2

Se

rie

s 3

Se

rie

s 4

Se

rie

s 5

Se

rie

s 6

Se

rie

s 7

Se

rie

s 8

Se

rie

s 9

Se

rie

s 1

0

Se

rie

s 1

1

Se

rie

s 1

2

C 1

6/2

0

So

lid B

rick

Ce

ll co

ncr

ete

Re

f. M

at.

Eff

icie

ncy In

dex

Thermal Efficiency Economical Efficiency Technical Efficiency

Fig.1 Technical, Thermal and Economical efficiency

Page 78: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

0.72

0.60

0.51 0.520.44

0.86

0.74

0.630.67

0.92

0.65 0.67

0.33

0.16

0.36

1.00

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Serie

s 1

Serie

s 2

Serie

s 3

Serie

s 4

Serie

s 5

Serie

s 6

Serie

s 7

Serie

s 8

Serie

s 9

Serie

s 10

Serie

s 11

Serie

s 12

C 1

6/20

Solid

Bric

k

Cel

l con

cret

e

Ref

. Mat

.

Ener

getic

sus

tena

bilit

y, S

1

Energetic sustainability of Reference Materials and new materials

Page 79: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Sustainability Index of Reference Materials and new materials

0.78

0.700.67 0.68

0.61

0.820.76

0.710.75

0.82

0.690.74

0.53

0.27

0.48

1.00

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Serie

s 1

Serie

s 2

Serie

s 3

Serie

s 4

Serie

s 5

Serie

s 6

Serie

s 7

Serie

s 8

Serie

s 9

Serie

s 10

Serie

s 11

Serie

s 12

C 1

6/20

Solid

Bric

k

Cel

l con

cret

e

Ref

. Mat

.

Sust

enab

ility

Inde

x, S

Page 80: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

CONCRETES SUSTAINABILITY:

MaterialOrdinary concrete SCC

Composition [kg/m3]

Price[€/m3]

Composition [kg/m3]

Price[€/m3]

Cement CEM I 42,5 R 405.9 38.09 477.2 44.8Limestone filler 91 5.4 -  Silica fume - - 53.5 78Fly ash - - 53.5 50Fine aggregate

0/4 mm river - - 987.3 580/4 mmcrushed

839.8 40 - -

Coarse aggregate

4/8 mmcrushed

447.9 27 - -

4/8mm river 526.5 31

Super-plasticizer

GLENIUM ACE 30

6.1(1.5% from cement)

6 7.2(1.5% from cement) VISCOCRETE

7

Water 367.4 0.5 198.8 0.2W/C 0.905 - 0.416 -

Page 81: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

SUSTAINABILITY:

ORDINARY CONCRETE:

SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE:

685.03.03.04.02

21

OC

UHPC

OC

UHPC

OC

UHPC

Noise

Noise

Cost

Cost

CO

COS

740.03.03.04.02

22

SCC

UHPC

SCC

UHPC

SCC

UHPC

Noise

Noise

Cost

Cost

CO

COS

Page 82: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

CONCRETE ELEMENTS DURABILITY: CARBONATION

PROFESSOR C. BOB FORMULAINITIAL PERIOD

- average depth of carbonation or chloride penetration, mm; - concrete compressive strength, N/mm2; - time of CO2 or/and Cl- action, years;

Numerical values of c, k and d:Carbonation process Chloride ion penetration

c - cement type - CEM c - cement type - CEM

Cement

I 52,5

(R)

I 42,5

(R)

II A-S32,5R

II B III A Cement I 42,5-I52,5

II A-S32,5R II B III A

c 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.0 c 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.67k - environmental conditions k - environmental conditions

Environmental conditions

Indoor

OutdoorWet concrete Environmental conditions Value of k = k1 · k2Protect

edAverag

e

RH, % ≤ 60 70-75 80-85 > 90 Temp

0C 0-5 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45

k10.67 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

k 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 RH% 50 85 100

k2 0.75 1.00 0.75

d – concentration of CO2 d – concentration of chloride ion

CO2 in% 0.03 0.10 % of surface

concentration0% in front 20% 50% 65

% 85%g/m3 0.36 1.20

d 1.00 2.00 d 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.16

tf

dkc150x

c

_

cf

t

Page 83: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Clay bond for masonry:

BatchWater Lime Cement Saw

dustClay

bond

[%] [%] [%] [%] [%]

Series 1 C10 30 0 8 0 72

Series 2 C15 SD5 30 0 7 3,5 59.5

Seres 3 C10 SD5 30 0 10 3,5 56.5

Series 4 C10 SD5 25 0 10 3,5 61.5

Series 5 L15 SD5 25 10 0 3,5 61.5

Page 84: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Clay bond

No. crt. BATCH

a,

[kg/m3]fc,

[N/mm2]

7 zile 7 zile

1. Series 1C10 1149 1,34

2. Series 2C15 SD5 1229 1,38

3. Series 3C10 SD5 1259 1,56

4. Series 4C10 SD5 1323 2,19

5. Series 5L15 SD5 1259 1,25

Page 85: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 86: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

SAW DUST

Page 87: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

CLAY BOND SOIL

Page 88: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 89: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 90: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 91: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 92: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 93: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 94: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 95: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA BUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEBUILDING MATERIALS WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Page 96: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Politehnica University of TimişoaraBuildings Faculty

Civil Engineering and Installations Department

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND LAB DETERMINATIONS REGARDING CONCRETE SHRINKAGE

Page 97: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

1.Theoretical considerations upon drying shrinkage of concrete

The main factors that influence the size of drying shrinkage process are:-The aggregates used in the concrete -The water content-The building elements dimensionsThe cement characteristics have a little or no

influence upon concrete shrinkage

Page 98: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

• The long period of shrinkage development in the concrete elements having a big volume/surface ratio, it can be computed (CEB-FIB, 1990) by use of the following relationship:

 

000, tttt ssss s0 = 1 x 2

1

2

h0

s

t

t0

- initial shrinkage coefficient;

- factor which depends on the enviroment;

- factor which depends on h0;

- thickness coefficient , depends on the elements dimension and enviromental humidity;

- factor of shrinkage time evolution, depends on h0;

- concretes age;

- the age at which the contretes drying started.

Page 99: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

2. Used shrinkage admixtures

The experimental tests were based on establishing the optimum utilisation procentage of three different additives for shrinkage reducing of the hardened concrete; also the optimisation of the compositions and manufacturing technology for these types of concretes, by using the products and materials tipically for our country

Page 100: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

•The tested additives were:

•SR - 2 it is an superior alchool base admixture,the recomanded dosage it is (0,5 – 3,0) % from C

•ECLIPSE the recomanded dosage it is (1,0–2,5) % from C

•FM 40 the recomanded dosage it is (0,2 – 2,5) % from C

Page 101: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

3. Characteristic shrinkage and cracking index

1.) - Characteristic shrinkage, eguals to the ratio between the shrinkage presented by the concrete element and its compression strength determined on cubic samples with l=15 cm, at 28 days.

=

For building elements, when has the smallest values, the admixtures efficiency it should be considered bigger.

c

cf

ε

Nm2

Page 102: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

on

Characteristic shrinkage – admixture percentage

Page 103: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

• 2.) γ – cracking index equals to the ratio between the effort which is present into concrete element and its bending tensile strength determined on standard prisms at 28 days.

γ =

• It will be considered that the concrete element will crack if γ 1.

ctfσ

γ= ct

cfεE

Page 104: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Cracking index γ – admixture percentage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4

Admixture percentage

Cra

ck

ing

in

de

x

Eclipse

SR - 2

FM 40

Martor

Page 105: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

• Introducing the two new coefficients, - characteristic shrinkage and γ – cracking index, one should can estimate accuratly yhe cracking tendency of a hardened concrete, taking into account its mechanical strengths. This manner is of useful hand when designing concrete structures and also for estimations regarding to the durability of such structures.

Page 106: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

By mean of these coefficients, - characteristic shrinkage and γ – cracking index, it can also be established the efficiency of an admixture in shrinkage reduction, leading to an optimisation of shrinkage reduced concretes composition.Taking into account these two coefficients, it is proposed, as future work, the writing of provizory instructions for the compositions of shrinkage reduced concretes.

Page 107: AUTHOR: Lect. PhD. Eng. LIANA IUREŞ

Thank You for Your Attention!