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Title

CLOTHING AND TEXTILE FOR EXTEME EREDICATION OFPOVERTY AND HUNGER IN THE NEW MILLENIUM: A WAY

FORWARD TO SELF SUFFICIENCY

Abstract This paper examined the various ways of acquiring skills in Clothing and Textiles, different strategies for sustaining and implementing self actualization towards eradicating poverty and hunger through sewing, hat and bead making, fabric dyeing and printing, knitting, embroidery works, crocheting, pattern drafty and alteration.

Country Nigeria

Author Details AUTHOR Title of author MRS. Surname FALANAFirst Name MARYName of Institution ADEYEMI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION,

ONDOAddress of Institution P. M. B. 520, ONDO, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

.E-mail address of author [email protected] biography Nigeria Certificate in Home Economics Education 1982, B. ED. Home Economics, 1994, M.SC. Clothing and Textiles, 2000 and currently pursuing Ph.D in Clothing and Textiles. Lecturer, ADEYEMI College of Education, ONDO. Married with children and a widow.

Author Details AUTHOR 2Title of author MRS.Surname FASAKINFirst Name FOLARINLEName of Institution ADEYEMI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION,

ONDOAddress of Institution P. M. B. 520, ONDO, ONDO STATE,

NIGERIA E-mail address of author [email protected] biography Nigeria Certificate in Home Economics Education 1990, B. ED, 2001, Presently pursuing M.SC. in Home Economics, Lecturer in the department of Home

1© 2010 MARY FALANA & FOLARINLE FASAKIN

mailto:[email protected]





Economics. ADEYEMI College of Education, ONDO. Married with children.

Category-Home Economics-Education-Consumer-Sustainable Development

Theme -UN Millennium Development Goals

Type of Contribution -Discussion paper





CLOTHING AND TEXTILES FOR EXTEME EREDICATION OF POVERTY AND HUNGER IN THE NEW MILLENIUM: A WAY

FORWARD TO SELF SUFFICIENCY

Introduction

Clothing and textiles ranks with food and shelter in man’s survival in his environment. Though,

the purpose of clothing and textiles remains the same but the way of using them for boosting the

economic situation varies across nations and is adequately geared towards the development of

skills. Government policy on education for self reliance is highly pronounced in the areas of

clothing and textiles. Adepeko (2004)1, attests that “hardly can any country be actively

developed without paying obeisance to clothing”. In view of this statement, it is evident that

clothing and textiles paves the way for economic development of the family among nations. The

objectives of this paper therefore, is to examine and highlight the contribution of clothing and

textiles in developing skills that fully support the family economy so as to eradicate poverty, at

the same tine educate people on the ways of improving their knowledge of skill acquisition in

clothing, and textiles

Concept of Home Economics

Clothing and textiles is an aspect of Home Economics. According to Samson and Obiora

(1981)2, Home economics education is the study of human and material forces affecting homes

and families and the utilization of this knowledge for the benefit of mankind. Home economics

encompasses the areas of Food and nutrition, Home management and clothing and textiles.

Clothing and textiles being the core of this subject matter is a tool for family economic stability

with particular reference to eradicating poverty and hunger through skill acquisition, it cuts

across nations as most fashion galore around the world are credited to clothing.

________________________________________________________________________1. Adepeko, Developing our Economy through the Applied Arts. The Journal of Home Economics Vol. 5

Home Economic Department, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo. (2004). P. 51.2. Samson, O. & Obiora, Introduction to the Teaching of Home Economics, Spectrum Books, Ltd., Ibadan

Nigeria (1981), p. 85.





Clothing is anything applied to or put upon any part of the body for any purpose (Samson and

Obiora, 1981), this infers that dresses and accessories are involved. Textiles deals with the study

of fabrics in respect of sources and construction processes (Samson ibid), according to John

Picton (1988)3, who has this to say that an ignorance of textiles is an ignorance of dominant

cultural realities.

Textile and fabrics are distinguished, according to their literal meaning, textile came from

(texere) a word meaning to weave while fabric means to make, build or fabricate. Fabric is the

generic term for fibrous construction. Textile has its sources in plants, barks, cotton raffia, silk

and wool. Fiber existed long before the advent of the white men. In Nigeria, cultivation of

cotton and indigo plant as the raw material for textile production for export and local

consumption were found every where (Bolaji et al (1993)4.

Importance of Clothing and Textiles

The importance of clothing and textiles cannot be over emphasized, embedded in it are:

Historical Orientation: Shows the mode of dressing of the ages past such as the dress form of

the era of renaissance, Elizabethans time, and reflecting it to the new millennium. Nwabugo

(2004)5, notes that article of adornment ranks highest among inheritance items in Africa.

Identification purpose: This relates to a particular community, nationality, religious affiliation

and cultural traits.

Improvement of the appearance: Clothing tends to improve our good points, conceals the

figure defects and accentuates our physical appearance by adorning it.

Medium of communication: Relating to ideas about customs, culture, value and status of

people are communicated through clothing.

_______________________________________________________________________3. Picton, History Design and Craft of West Africa Woven Cloth: A paper presented at a Symposium

organized by National Museum of Africa Arts Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Pp. 16 & 16.4. Bolaji et al, , Diversity of Creativity in Nigeria, His Will Infro Sources Management Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria.

Pp. 189, 195.5. Nwabugo, Costume, Make up and Hair Styles as Visual Textiles, Unpublished Thesis, University of

Ibadan, 2004 p. 223.





Costume booster: concerning the reflection of status, roles/ professional/ occupational/

festive/ceremonies, traditional and rituals and perfected by the regalia worn for these events.

Nudity control: The ability to cover the nakedness and save the body from the scrutiny of

others. The role of clothing also include behavioral value, emotional and belief, physical/

mental challenges and protection among others.

Crafts relating to clothing and textiles for economic stability and eradication of

poverty

Manipulative skills in clothing and textiles for eradicating poverty has limitless diversity, it

increases the strength of economy buoyancy, elevates income and reduces expenditure through:

Home sewing /Garment construction: An enviable economic boosting profession acquired

either through formal or informal education, the later being associated with apprenticeship

programme. Skills in home sewing are popular among people of all ages, different styles ranging

from loose and fitted garments are springing up day by day. Home makers can make progress

and get value for their job to support their family economically. Through home sewing simple

renovations can be carried out to effect partial or total reconstruction on fabrics or clothing.

According to Awosika (2003)6, partial reconstruction is the ability to make amendment on an

article while total reconstruction is effecting total change from the original shape or style of a

garment or an article.

6. Awosika, B. I. Wardrobe Planning and Maintenance, Pat Ade Publisher Ltd., Ondo, Nigeria (2003) P. 89.

Pattern drafting/alteration: In the past, commercial patterns found their way into different

countries (including Nigeria). Producers of these patterns marketed their products at affordable





prices. Today, these pieces of pattern envelopes are not within the reach of common people,

probably due to the sky rocketing price. As important as commercial patterns are to beginners in

their bid to learn sewing processes, it is essential that commercial patterns be made available and

at a low cost. Home makers have the opportunity of using the skills acquired in clothing to enrich

positively the economic situation of their family and eradicate poverty, with little capital and

time devoted to pattern production for use in homes and for sales to fashion houses to generate

fund for the family.

Knitting: Knitting is the art of joining a fabric by interlocking yarns in series of connected loops

either by hand or machine. Ash et al (1991)7, identified these types of knitting procedures,

domestic or hand knitting, industrial knitting and regional knitting. In any form of knitting, the

garment structure is formed as knitting progresses. The domestic hand knitting is time

consuming but it is a fruitful venture of the leisure hour of home economics family (Cesac,

1980)8. Expertise in hand knitting of small items such as children’s ware (stockings, caps, dress,

shawl etc.) earns the family substantial economic stability. Thinking of the machine made

knitting, saving a little amount constantly on the profit made from hand knitted items will pave

way for the purchase of a knitting machine, which the operation/manipulation can be learnt

without much trouble. Honestly, sky is the limit to economic stability as communities such as

schools patronize the supply of knitwear garments such as cardigans and pullover.

_______________________________________________________________________7. Ash J. et al. Components of Dress Design, Manufacturing and Image making in the fashion Industry ,

Routledge, London. New York (1991), p. 46.8. Cesac, Home Economic for Secondary Schools Clothing and Tectile. Macmillan Nigerian Publishers

Ltd., Lagos. (1980). P. 175.





Source: Claremont et al. (1987)9

Hat making: It has become a phenomenon in the society to accentuate our dressing with

headdress such as hats in their multiple variations to places like the church, wedding, formal

parties and many more. Craftsmanship expertise in hat and hair piece making will go a long

way to solve financial constrains and boost family economy. Unique magazine (2008)10,

averred that there is an array of unique hats with a rare touch of class, elegance, simplicity

and sometimes flamboyance for the daring hat lovers.

Source: Unique magazine (2008)10

____________________________________________________________________9. Claremont et al, The Beatrix Potter Kitting Book, Penguin group, London (1987), P. 26, 95, 119.10. Unique magazine, Hat Affairs Catalogue for Makers of Hats and Beaded Jewelry, Lagos (2008), Vol.

1 Issue 4, p. 2.





Crochet work: It is a craft done with single yarn and a hook needle. Various clothing (dresses,

accessories) and household items such as table covers, arm rest, chair backs etc. are dividends of

crocheting work. A collection of a set of these items packed and labeled for sales improves the

economic standard of the family

Beading and sequinning: The art of beading and sequinning enhance the surface design of

clothing. Beads are small objects of any shape or colour and almost of hard material such as

metal, red mud, ivory, stone, glass, wood plastics and other like substances (World encyclopedia

1967)11. Cesac (1980)12, states that beads and shells have been used for self adornment from

ancient times. Sequins are made of metals, plastic, ivory or any other solid materials, they are

produced as flat objects in different shapes, and both are sources of intricate handcrafts when

applied to clothing items like dresses and accessories such as bangles, bags, shoes, necklaces

neckbands, hair bonds, and men’s cap among others.

Source: Unique Magazine (2008)13

_______________________________________________________________________11. World Encyclopedia (1967).12. Cesac, Home Economic for Secondary Schools Clothing and Textile. Macmillan Nigerian Publishers

Ltd., Lagos. (1980). P. 175.13. Unique magazine, Hat Affairs Catalogue for Makers of Hats and Beaded Jewelry, Lagos (2008), Vol.

1 Issue 4, p. 27.





Clothing maintenance: Carrying out simple processes of clothing maintenance at home perhaps

solves minor problems facing homemakers at the same time prevents waste and saves money.

Household repairs such as mending of edge tear, patching and darning of weak areas are ways of

reducing cost and save money for the family to eradicate poverty

Embroidery work: It is the application of beautiful designs on fabrics using complimentary

coloured threads either on clothing, apparels or household articles, this can equally be employed

to enhance the services of a home maker in extending the strength of their family economic

buoyancy towards eradicating poverty.

Textile Surface Design/Decoration: Bolaji et al (1993)14, submits that there is subtle and

vigorous revolution in contemporary approach to textile decoration. Processes of textile

decoration include dyeing and printing techniques which can be carried out manually or

industrially in a textile industry. Fabric decoration employs mostly the resist, prints, embroidery

and appliqué (Ogunduyile, 2005)15.

Fabric Dyeing: Dyeing is the application of colour to fabrics in dye bath the application of

different colours can be achieved through various techniques such in tie /dye and batik,

application of colour can be through the indigenous dye obtained from both plants and animal

sources such a from roots, leaves, barks, flowers, nuts etc.. and from shells of animals The

contemporary dyes come in different vibrant colours for dyeing processes.

Fabric Printing: is application of coloured paste to fabric surface through a mesh such as in

hand printing and screen printing. At the cottage level, wood and block and the screen printing

techniques are widely used..(Ogunduyile 2005)16.

________________________________________________________________________14. Bolaji et al, , Diversity of Creativity in Nigeria, His Will Infro Sources Management Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria.

P. 215.15. Ogunduyile, S. R. Cottage Textile Production: A step out of poverty. Inaugural Lecture Series 41 Delivered

at Federal University, Akure Nigeria (2005), P. 16.16. Ogunduyile, S. R. Cottage Textile Production: A step out of poverty. Inaugural Lecture Series 41 Delivered

at Federal University, Akure Nigeria (2005), P. 21.





Source: Ogunduyile (2005)17

In any form of textile decoration patterns are introduced to fabric surface by covering parts of the

fabric to be dyed with resisting agents, the resisting agents are responsible for preventing the dye

solution from penetrating the covered areas. Simple home dyeing can be carried to renovate

faded clothes and other household articles for the purpose of brightening their surfaces, this art

can be extended to others to generate fund for the family to cob poverty.

Textile Manufacture/Weaving

Fabric/cloth is formed by mechanization of the interlacing of warp and weft yarns in the heart of

weaving process (Picton, 1988)18. Lengths of woven cloth are produced from which garments are

cut, in most parts of the world fabrics are woven from natural, man-made and synthetic fibers,

traditional weaving technique can be achieved on horizontal or vertical loom.

Among Ebira people of Benue State in Nigeria the art of weaving has been practiced mainly by

women who initially hand-spun the thread before weaving it on the vertical loom (Saliu 2004)19.

Some ethnic groups are typical of their weaving techniques, among the Yorubas of South

Western Nigerian with particular reference to “Aso-ofi”, Ebira Okene cloth, Akwete cloth of

Igbo in Imo state, the Kente cloth of the people of Ghana all of which are now back on the loom

and competing with the industrially produced textiles by all ramifications.

Source: Saliu A.R. (2004) P. 2

17. Ogunduyile, S. R. Cottage Textile Production: A step out of poverty. Inaugural Lecture Series 41 Delivered at Federal University, Akure Nigeria (2005), P. 26.

18. Picton, History Design and Craft of West Africa Woven Cloth: A paper presented at a Symposium organized by National Museum of Africa Arts Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Pp. 16 & 17.

19. Saliu, A.R., Ebira Cloth Weaving and Decoration: Types Motifs and Function. In Nigerian Crafts and Techniques. Nigerian Crafts Forum, Department of Industrial Design. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria (2004) P.2





Every individual should strive to undergo training in local weaving for continuity in combating

poverty in the society at large, a field trip to wavers shed will enhance the craft of weaving

globally.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of job opportunities for people to improving their standard of living, boost

the economic standard and eradicate poverty has been revealed in the study.

Emphasis was placed on acquiring skills to promote self sufficiency. Suggestions were given to

how skill acquisition in clothing and textiles can be fully utilized in promoting skills among

family setting of an individual. It is believed that the level of poverty will be drastically reduced.

REFERENCES

Adepeko, E.O.(2004) Developing our Economy through the Applied Arts. The Journal of Home Economics volume 5, Home Economics Department, Adeyemi College if Education, Ondo, Nigeria. P.51.

Ash J. et al (1991), Components of Dress Design, Manufacturing and Image Making in the Fashion Industry, Routledge, London New York. P.46.

Awosika, B. I. \(2003) Wardrobe Planning and Maintenance Pat Ade Publishers. Ondo, Nigeria. P.89.

Bolaji C. et al (1993), Diversity of Creativity in Nigeria, His Will Infro Sources Management Ltd. Ibadan, Nigeria Pp189,195 and 215.

Cesac, (1980), Home Economics for Secondary Schools Clothing and Textiles. Macmillan Nigerian Publishers Ltd. Lagos. P.158.

Claremon et al, (1987),The Beatrix Potter Knitting Book, Penguin Group London. Pp. 26,95 and 119.

Nwabugo J. (2004), Costume, Make Up and Hair Styles as Visual Textiles, Unpublished Thesis, University of Ibadan. P.223.

Ogunduyile S.R.(2005), Cottage Textile Production: Astep oyut of Poverty. An Inaugural Lecture Series 41. Delivered at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria P.1.

Picton J. (1988), History, Design and Craft of West Africa Strip Woven Cloth





A Paper presented at a Symposium organuxed by Natuinal Musium of African Arts, Smithsonia Institution. Washington D.C. Pp. 16 and 17.

Saliu, A.R. (2004), Ebira Cloth Weaving and Decoration: Types Motifs and Function. In Nigerian Crafts and Techniques. Nigerian Crafts Forum , Department of Industrial Design. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria P.2

Samson O. et al (1981), Introduction to the Teaching of Home Economics, Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria. P 85.

Hat Affairs(2008), Unique Magazine for Makers of Hats and Beaded Jewelry, Vol.1, Issue 4. P 6 and 24.

Unique magazine (2008), Hat Affairs Catalogue for Makers of Hats and Beaded Jewelry, Lagos. Vol. 1 Issue 4, p. 2.




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