Equality of Opportunities and Welfare in a Model of Job - Pau Balart
Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart
description
Transcript of Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart
Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart
World Science Forum Budapest November 2005
Knowledge and Innovation: Challenges and uncertainties for the South
• The knowledge Economy, in the context of other issues relevant to development and society.
• A developing country eager to close the knowledge – divide. The Cuban experience.
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYECONOMY
• Highly qualified human resources
The rapid pace of change in specific supporting technologies (mobile telephony, internet, genetic engineering, etc)
Knowledge and information as theprincipal sources of added value
KEY FEATURES
• Knowledge as the main “limiting resource”
• Entrepreneurial competitionfor innovation, differentiationand high standards of excellence
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
Globalization
• World wide distribution of goods and services in
“real time”
• Intellectual property protection
NORTH - DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED20% of World Population20% of World Population
- 80% resources- 80% resources
SOUTH - UNDEVELOPEDUNDEVELOPED80% of World Population80% of World Population
- 20% resources- 20% resources
A)A) World resources:World resources:86% GDP86% GDP68% Foreign Investment68% Foreign Investment71% Trade71% Trade82% Export markets82% Export markets80% Energy resources80% Energy resources
B)B) Knowledge&InnovationKnowledge&Innovation::80% world investment in R&D80% world investment in R&D2.5% of GDP for S&T2.5% of GDP for S&T93% Internet users93% Internet users85% Scientific articles85% Scientific articles90% Patents90% Patents
ECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSIONECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSION
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
North has control ofNorth has control of
200.9
94
67.7
46.339.2 35.2 31.6 28.6 24.8 22.3 20.4 17.9 15.3 14.6 13.6 12.3 12.2 10.8 10.6 9.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
North America
13.5
19.4
103.
1 302.
3
221.
4
Latin America/ Caribbean
Europe
Africa
Asia
Oceania
MiddleEast
56.2
108.
1
114.
3
5.34.5
18.1
7.616.3
TOTAL889
361
Internet users throughout the World Millions of Users
2000:
2005:
World Science Forum Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
259.
6
SOLID NORTHERN ECONOMIES vs FRAIL SOUTHERN ECONOMIES
Export Technological Intensity with respect to with Total ExportsExport Technological Intensity with respect to with Total ExportsRegions/Countries 1999-2003
Primaryproducts
Productsmanufac.
with natural resources
Low and intermediatetechnology
manufac. goods
High Tech manufac.
goods
NORTH
UnitedStates
7.7 12.6 4.6 33.1
EU 6.1 18.6 53.9 21.5Japan 0.4 7.7 60.2 31.6SOUTH LAC 27.3 17.5 38.3 16.9China 6.2 9.9 61.2 22.7Thailand 12.3 16.6 40.1 30.9
The Biotech Industry WorlwideThe Biotech Industry Worlwide
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
94 96 98 94 96 98
USA
EUROPA
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
34%
30%
4%
15%
17%
EUUSA
Japan
Latin America and CaribbeanEast and SoutheastAsia
ICT Exports, 1996-2003. (% of total)
Year 2005, more than: 4,000 companies 300,000 employees 370 products in clinical trial phase III200 FDA* approved drugs and vaccinesRevenues:In 1992: 8 Bn USD; 2002: 50 USD Bn.
I Trends: Technical barriers and privatization of knowledge.
II The number of professionals living away from their country of origin grew from: 75 x 106 in 1965 to 120 x 106 in
1990 and reached 150 x 106 in 2000. During the past 40 years: 33% of qualified African professionalsimmigrated to
Europe. 1.1 x 106 Latin American scientist and researchers
immigrated to industrialized countries which is equivalent to a transfer of 3 billions US Dollars.
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
Intellectual property rights (I) Intellectual property rights (I) and Brain – drain (II)and Brain – drain (II)
Bridging the knowledge - divide:The Cuban Experience
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
Universities, Institutions and Universities, Institutions and UUniversityniversity G GraduateraduatessHigher Education in CubaHigher Education in Cuba
64
1959 1976 2005
3
28
Total enrollment: 15 609 83 957 300 000
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in: From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in:
Sciences:• Social / Humanities• Natural / Exact • Technical/Agricultural/Econ.
Medical Sciences16 %
Education 37.6 %
38%
Others8 %
Innovative university for scientific,Innovative university for scientific,academic and productive excellence, thatacademic and productive excellence, thatforms professionals mainly for the software forms professionals mainly for the software Industry. Industry. With:With:•8000 students and 700 professors.8000 students and 700 professors.•A high technological installed capacity.A high technological installed capacity.•Links with the Cuban enterprise system.Links with the Cuban enterprise system.•Production based learning process.Production based learning process.
University of Informatic SciencesUniversity of Informatic Sciences
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
Science and Technology in Cuba
Investment: In 2004: 1.75 % of its GNP for research activities; 0.82% directly to R&D There are 15 scientists and engineers working in the science and technology sector per 1000 economically active inhabitants.
Institutions: 218 institutions, 118 are research centres.
Staff: 31,400 persons work in these institutions, women represent the 52% of the total labor force
CENPALAB
CNB
CIM
IPK
I. FINLAY
CIE NEUROSCIENCESCIGB
West Havana Scientific Pole
CNIC
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
The Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry
Strategic concepts forbuilding a biotechnologysector: •Closed – loop organizations.
•Export – oriented organization•Building of an Intellectual Property platform. •A tight relationship between
research and the industrialstrategy
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
Factors contributing to success in Cuba
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
1. Strongscience base
6. Technologytransfer
4. Instituting Networking &Co-operation
2. Developed a national education programme
3. Capacity building of a “critical mass” of educational and R&D institutions and it’s legal frameworks
5. Created similar to S&T parks in Biotech and ICT
7. S&T strategiescoherent with national interests
8. ¨Soft factors¨: Human resources of excellence
Education, science&tech.
CONCLUDING REMARKS• polarization of science is not only a
problem in itself, but also jeopardizes the emergence of viable solutions to other.
• The ability to use knowledge is increasingly linked to the ability to generate it.
• science benefits from diversity of approaches to a given problem
• North-South scientific cooperation as a form of aid to developing countries, rather than as a joint approach to global problems that affect everyone
S&T development in Cuba, steams from Jose Marti central ideas: To be free, first be educated
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum
THANK VERY MUCHTHANK VERY MUCHFOR YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTION
THANK VERY MUCHTHANK VERY MUCHFOR YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTIONDr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science
Forum