AUSTRIA AS A SHOWCASE FOR A NUCLEAR-FREE ENERGY SYSTEM · • Study of Austrian Energy Agency and...
Transcript of AUSTRIA AS A SHOWCASE FOR A NUCLEAR-FREE ENERGY SYSTEM · • Study of Austrian Energy Agency and...
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AUSTRIA AS A SHOWCASE FOR A NUCLEAR-FREE ENERGY SYSTEM
We love energy efficiency
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1 SAFE NUCLEAR INTERMEZZO
2 RISE OF RENEWABLES
3 STRATEGIC OUTLINE
4 TRANSPARENCY FOR CUSTOMERS
5 RÈSUMÈ
CONTENTS
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1 | SAFE NUCLEAR INTERMEZZO
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1956: Austrian Nuclear Energy Studies Company was founded
1963-1970: consortium of electric utilities makes preparations to start construction of a nuclear power plant (NPP)
1969: National Energy Concept includes one NPP
1971: Government gives green light for construction
1972: breaking ground for Zwentendorf NPP
• 50 km northwest of Vienna
• 720 MW, boiling water reactor
1976: updated Energy Concept calls for 3 NPPs 3.300 MW in total until 1990
1978: NPP Zwentendorf ready for operation
• even fuel rods were on-site but not inserted
AUSTRIA'S NUCLEAR EPISODE
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REFERENDUM ON NOVEMBER 5, 1978 SHOWS NARROW „NO“
50,47% 49,33%
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1978: December 5: Anti-Nuclear Law
• Prohibition of nuclear energy in Austria
1978: Mothballing of NPP Zwentendorf
• Efforts to carry out a new referendum in the next years
1979: accident at NPP Three Miles Island
1985: consortium of the NPP decides a „quiet“ liquidation
1986: disaster of Chernobyl
• 10,3% of Austria‘s state territory was contaminated
NPP Zwentendorf today
1985: IT‘S ALL OVER
Quelle: EVN AG & PRIMA VISTA Media & Consulting GmbH
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2 | RISE OF RENEWABLES
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ENERGY POLICY RESPONSE: FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLES
0
10.000.000
20.000.000
30.000.000
40.000.000
50.000.000
60.000.000
70.000.000
80.000.000
in M
Wh
biomass, wind, pv
hydro
gas
oil
coal & non-res waste
• electricity production from renewables
more than doubled within the last 4 decades
• grew faster than total generation
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WIND – THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE WITHIN THE ECO-ELECTRICITY SUPPORT SCHEME
Plus 1.700 GWh from small hydro (2014)
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DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN LINE WITH DEMAND
0
10.000.000
20.000.000
30.000.000
40.000.000
50.000.000
60.000.000
70.000.000
80.000.000
in M
Wh
others
energy sector
housholds
transport
industry
domestic generation
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ELECTRICITY NET IMPORTS HAVE BEEN COST DRIVEN SINCE 2003
-30.000.000
-20.000.000
-10.000.000
0
10.000.000
20.000.000
30.000.000
-25,0%
-20,0%
-15,0%
-10,0%
-5,0%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
in M
Wh
(im
po
rt -
exp
ort
s) /
do
mes
tic
con
sum
pti
on
electricity imports
electricity exports
import dependence
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SHARE OF RENEWABLES IS GROWING ALSO IN OTHER SECTORS
67,0%
52,6% 49,2% 48,9%
43,0%
38,7%
31,9%
7,3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
electricity generation
agriculture
service sector
househoulds
district heating
industry
final energy
transport (incl.electricity)
Calculation of %-shares based
on EU-Renewables Directive
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IN HEATING RENEWABLES ARE FIRST (INCLUDING HOT WATER PRODUCTION)
coal 0,8%
oil 15,9%
gas 24,0%
electricity 8,0%
district heating 21,1%
renewables 30,3%
30% of total final energy consumption
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OVERALL PICTURE – OIL & COAL LOST, RENEWABLES GAINED MARKET SHARES
25,2% 15,6% 16,3% 12,5% 9,7% 9,7%
48,6%
51,6% 42,2%
41,9% 37,4% 36,2%
13,1% 17,8%
20,8% 22,5%
23,5% 20,6%
9,6% 10,6%
10,8% 12,3%
9,4% 10,6%
5,9% 5,8% 9,3% 10,3%
17,5% 19,2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013
fossil waste
other renewables
hydro
gas
oil
coal
share of energy sources on total primary energy consumption
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AUSTRIA - SHARE OF RENEWABLES ARE RIGHT ON EU-TARGET
20
,9%
21
,8%
23
,8%
24
,9%
27
,5%
26
,9%
26
,3%
30
,3%
29
,8%
24,2% 25,6%
27,5% 28,3%
30,4% 30,7% 30,7% 32,1% 32,5%
34,0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
share in gross domesticconsumption
share in gross final energyconsumption
based on EU-Renewables Directive
target
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3 | STRATEGIC OUTLINE
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ENERGY INTENSITY AS PROXY FOR EFFICIENCY IS THE „FIRST FUEL“
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
in T
eraj
ou
le
energy intensity
fossil waste
other renewables
hydro
gas
oil
coal
total
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NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY LIMITS THE DEMAND & CALLS FOR MORE RENEWABLES
Energy demand 2020/2005
Buildings -10%
Households, SMEs, services,
agriculture +10%
Energy-intensive industries +15%
Transport -5%
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• Implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU)
• Mixed approach
• Strategic efficiency measures (e.g. taxes, subsidies)
• Saving obligation of all energy suppliers
• all energy sources are covered (oil/transport fuels, gas, coal, biomass, electricity)
• suppliers have to prove savings which amounts to 0,6% of their deliveries to end users in the previous year
• savings are calculated based on defined methods
• Big enterprises have to
• implement energy management systems or
• carry out energy audits
• Efficiency measures in the building stock of the Federal Government requested
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACT WILL UNDERPIN THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
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• Life cycle analysis of nuclear power
• Study of Austrian Energy Agency and Ecology Institute in 2011
• on behalf of Austrian Climate and Energy Fund
• Key importance of the ore grade for the energy balance
• in the range of 0,02% - 0,01% it turns negative (no energy surplus)
• in the past five decades world wide ore grade was 0,05% to 0,15%
• one third of identified reserves have ore grade under 0,03%
• downward trend is obvious
• Result: CO2-emissions of nuclear power can more than double recent levels
• no „low carbon technology“
• CO2 avoiding costs are higher than all other technologies except traditional coal fired plants
• Doubts on security of supply and several other significant risks
• „The EU is highly dependent on the import of nuclear fuel and related services …“ (EC: Energy Union Package, 2015)
• accidents, health, safe long-term disposal of waste, proliferation, economics
THE MYTH OF NUCLEAR AS „CLIMATE PRESERVER“
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SCENARIO FOR AUSTRIA'S ELECTRICITY SUPPLY 2050
Source: A. Veigl (2012) – Perspectives for Austria: Comparison of national studies
geothermal
wind
photovoltaics
hydro
biomass
imports
growth constant pragmatic ambitious Energy
Energy
balance
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2050
MOST PROVINCES PLAN TO BECOME ENERGY INDEPENDENT UNTIL 2050
Energy independence
2050
2050
2050
2050
2050
2035
2025 electricity & heat
mobility
2020:
50% RES
2020:
34% RES
2030 electricity
& heat
Federal level: 2020 – EU targets
2030 – strategy work in progress
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4 | TRANSPARENCY FOR CUSTOMERS
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• EU Electricity Directive requires the specification of
• the contribution of each energy source
• to the overall fuel mix of the supplier
• in the previous year
• EU Renewables Directive contains
• guarantees of origin of electricity produced from renewable energy sources
• in response to a request from a producer of such electricity
• Member States can recognize guarantees of origin issued by other Member States
• EU Directive on the promotion of cogeneration includes • guarantee of origin of the electricity produced from high efficiency cogeneration
BRINGING THE ENERGY SOURCE TO LIGHT
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• electricity suppliers are obliged to disclose the mix of primary energy sources
• to generate their deliveries to end users
• for all single energy sources, renewables and fossil
• based on guarantees of origin
• plus CO2-emissions and radioactive waste
• shown on annual bills, advertisements and information materials
• starting January 1, 2015 total supply should be labelled
• before “unknown” origin was rated with ENTSO-E Mix
• from 2014 on, at least all supply to households had to be labelled
• system based on the guarantees of origin database of the regulator, E-Control
• covers the full life cycle of the single guarantee of origin
• issuing – transfer – redeeming
• comprehensive review published in annual labelling report
AUSTRIA´S APPROACH TO ELECTRICITY LABELLING
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2013 – 93% OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IS LABELLED
Source: E-Control
known renewables: 78,58%
known fossil fuels: 14,35%
other known primary fuels: 0,27%
unknown origin: 6,8%
CO2: 103,33 g/kWh
Radioactive waste: 0,05 mg/kWh
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DECREASING SHARE OF ELECTRICITY WITH UNKNOWN ORIGIN
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY WITH UNKNOWN ORIGIN in %
Source: E-Control
2015
0%
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5 | RÈSUMÈ
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• efforts to put NPP Zwentendorf into operation were stopped by a referendum in 1978
• utilisation of renewables was a successful alternative • Austria No. 1 for renewable electricity generation in the EU
• generation from renewables more than doubles within the last decades
• renewables also play an important role in the overall energy picture
• energy strategy for the mid- and long term continues to rely on renewables
• but „first fuel“ is energy efficiency • Energy Efficiency Act will accelerate the creation of an efficiency market
• due to its high risks and inefficient energy- and CO2-balance nuclear energy is no option
• consumers should receive transparent information on how their electricity is generated • an effective and harmonised approach for electricity labelling all over Europe is necessary
• Austria’s scheme can be a role model
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Prof. Herbert Lechner
Deputy Director
Chief Scientific Officer
Österreichische Energieagentur – Austrian Energy Agency
Mariahilfer Strasse 136
A-1150 Vienna
Tel: + 43 1 5861524 - 0
Fax: + 43 1 5861524 - 340
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.energyagency.at
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!